Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3976 859191 829763 2026-06-17T08:31:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330031662|Airing]]" 859191 wikitext text/x-wiki Airing shine aikin ratayewa ko shimfiɗa abubuwa da fallasa su ga iska, kuma wani lokacin zafi da haske. Ana amfani da wannan aikin don bushe nau'ikan masana'antu da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don bushewa ta amfani da iska shine tufafi. Ya ƙunshi ƙaramin waya wanda aka rataye tufafi da takalma (cikin wasu) ta hanyar amfani da pegs ko kawai shimfiɗa labarin akan layin. == Dalilan da suka sa == Iska tana dauke da [[Turirin Ruwa|tururi na ruwa]]; iska mai dumi na iya riƙe ruwa fiye da iska mai sanyi. Idan zafin jiki na iska ya sauka ya wuce wurin raɓa, ruwan zai tarwatsa. Ma'anar raɓa ita ce ma'anar inda yanayin dangi ya kai 100%, kuma iska ta zama mai cike da ruwa. Idan ruwa ya kwanta a kan kayan aiki, zai iya haifar da ruɓewa, ƙira, ƙura, da sauran lalacewa. Don hana wannan, ana fitar da su a bayyane, kuma ana rarraba iska mai laushi a kusa da su don bushe su. Ana iya kashe wasu tsire-tsire masu rai ta hanyar iska na sa'o'i da yawa kafin a kwashe zane.<ref name="heirloom">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Marjorie M. |date=March 1, 2008 |orig-date=updated March 1, 2012 |title=Caring for your Textile Heirlooms |url=https://fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/sites/fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/files/ct-lmh.062.pdfhttps://fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/sites/fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/files/ct-lmh.062.pdf |access-date=22 January 2022 |publisher=University of Kentucky, School of Human Environmental Sciences Family & Consumer Sciences Extension |language=en |quote=Avoid storage in basements or other places where high humidity and poor air circulation are found. When mildew already exists on the fabric, kill the growth by exposing the textile to gently moving warm dry air and to warmer temperatures. Shaded outdoor airing for two to three hours on a warm day will kill mildew fungi. Then it can be removed by careful hand vacuuming (see Cleaning Procedures). |ref=FCS2-707}}</ref> A cikin gini tare da iska mai zafi, ana kawo iska daga waje kuma ya dumi, don haka an saukar da danshi na cikin gida. A yanayin sanyi, yanayin zafi a cikin irin wannan ginin zai bushe sosai, kuma iska ba za ta kasance da mahimmanci ba. A cikin yanayin zafi inda ba a amfani da dumama sosai ba, ƙarancin zai iya zama matsala. Kamar yadda numfashi yake a kusan 100% zafi, numfashi a cikin ɗaki zai karfafa kwantar da hankali. Jikin mutum yana dumama kuma yana sanyaya tufafin da yake sawa. Fitar da tufafi bayan sanyawa ya sake bushewa.<ref name="storage">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Marjorie M. |date=December 1, 1990 |orig-date=updated June 1, 2007 |title=Clothing Storage |url=https://fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/sites/fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/files/ct-lmh.062.pdf |access-date=22 January 2022 |publisher=University of Kentucky, School of Human Environmental Sciences Family & Consumer Sciences Extension |quote=Air clothing after wearing and before it is stored. A good airing of several hours or overnight allows the moisture absorbed from the body during wearing to evaporate. Airing also helps deodorize garments naturally. |ref=CT-LMH.062}}</ref> Ana amfani da iska don rage ƙanshi [1] kuma ba da damar wanke tufafi akai-akai.[2][3] Rage ci gaban microbial baya, tushen ƙanshi na yau da kullun shine kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa. Kamar yadda suke da saurin canzawa, za su kasance suna narkewa cikin iska lokacin da aka watsa labarai. Isar da iska a waje ya fi kyau lokacin da zafi na waje ya fi ƙasa, sau da yawa tsakanin 10:00 na safe da 3:00 na yamma, tsakar safiya zuwa tsakar rana.<ref name="futon">{{Cite web |last=L. |date=28 November 2012 |title=How to Air Your Futon |url=http://wandertokyo.com/air-your-futon/ |website=Wander Tokyo}}</ref> Iska na 'yan sa'o'i zai tsawaita rayuwar masana'anta, amma iska na dogon lokaci a cikin haske mai ƙarfi na iya lalata shi.<ref name="quiltcare">{{Cite web |last=Niemeyer |first=Shirley M. |last2=Crews |first2=Patricia C. |date=January 1, 2002 |orig-date=last revised November 29, 2007 |title=Care of Quilts: Cleaning |url=https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/9000016365347/care-of-quilts/ |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications Web site |quote=A musty smell often can be diminished by airing quilts in a shaded area outdoors or in a well-ventilated area indoors. Place a large plastic sheet on the ground or floor, cover it with a clean white sheet, and then lay the quilt on top of the sheet for airing. Air quilts away from direct sunlight as direct sunlight or bright indoor light fades colors and weakens fibers. Do not drape quilts over clotheslines. The yarns and fibers are strained, and the weight can break stitches or tear fabrics. Never beat or shake a quilt to remove dust. |ref=G1820}}</ref><ref name="futon" />{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Kayan aiki == Sau da yawa ana rataye tufafi a cikin tufafi ko tufafi, a waje a yanayin bushe, da kuma cikin gida a cikin rigar. Ana iya amfani da na'urar iska ta sama don adana sarari. Ana fitar da kayan ado masu laushi a kwance, a cikin duhu ko wuraren inuwa, don kauce wa faduwar launuka ko raunana fiber. Ana iya amfani da takardar filastik da aka rufe da takardar mai tsabta, wanda aka shimfiɗa a waje a cikin inuwa, don iska abubuwa masu laushi waɗanda ba za a iya rataye su ba.<ref name="quiltcare">{{Cite web |last=Niemeyer |first=Shirley M. |last2=Crews |first2=Patricia C. |date=January 1, 2002 |orig-date=last revised November 29, 2007 |title=Care of Quilts: Cleaning |url=https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/9000016365347/care-of-quilts/ |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications Web site |quote=A musty smell often can be diminished by airing quilts in a shaded area outdoors or in a well-ventilated area indoors. Place a large plastic sheet on the ground or floor, cover it with a clean white sheet, and then lay the quilt on top of the sheet for airing. Air quilts away from direct sunlight as direct sunlight or bright indoor light fades colors and weakens fibers. Do not drape quilts over clotheslines. The yarns and fibers are strained, and the weight can break stitches or tear fabrics. Never beat or shake a quilt to remove dust. |ref=G1820}}</ref> Ana amfani da murfin bushewa, mai laushi, mai launin duhu, mai numfashi, wani lokacin don kare abubuwa daga rana yayin dumama da bushe su a rana.<ref name="futon">{{Cite web |last=L. |date=28 November 2012 |title=How to Air Your Futon |url=http://wandertokyo.com/air-your-futon/ |website=Wander Tokyo}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qn7uxxz98qdcni15qx11mzi8qlvgiyi 859192 859191 2026-06-17T08:31:49Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Airing shine aikin ratayewa ko shimfiɗa abubuwa da fallasa su ga iska, kuma wani lokacin zafi da haske. Ana amfani da wannan aikin don bushe nau'ikan masana'antu da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su don bushewa ta amfani da iska shine tufafi. Ya ƙunshi ƙaramin waya wanda aka rataye tufafi da takalma (cikin wasu) ta hanyar amfani da pegs ko kawai shimfiɗa labarin akan layin. == Dalilan da suka sa == Iska tana dauke da [[Turirin Ruwa|tururi na ruwa]]; iska mai dumi na iya riƙe ruwa fiye da iska mai sanyi. Idan zafin jiki na iska ya sauka ya wuce wurin raɓa, ruwan zai tarwatsa. Ma'anar raɓa ita ce ma'anar inda yanayin dangi ya kai 100%, kuma iska ta zama mai cike da ruwa. Idan ruwa ya kwanta a kan kayan aiki, zai iya haifar da ruɓewa, ƙira, ƙura, da sauran lalacewa. Don hana wannan, ana fitar da su a bayyane, kuma ana rarraba iska mai laushi a kusa da su don bushe su. Ana iya kashe wasu tsire-tsire masu rai ta hanyar iska na sa'o'i da yawa kafin a kwashe zane.<ref name="heirloom">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Marjorie M. |date=March 1, 2008 |orig-date=updated March 1, 2012 |title=Caring for your Textile Heirlooms |url=https://fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/sites/fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/files/ct-lmh.062.pdfhttps://fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/sites/fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/files/ct-lmh.062.pdf |access-date=22 January 2022 |publisher=University of Kentucky, School of Human Environmental Sciences Family & Consumer Sciences Extension |language=en |quote=Avoid storage in basements or other places where high humidity and poor air circulation are found. When mildew already exists on the fabric, kill the growth by exposing the textile to gently moving warm dry air and to warmer temperatures. Shaded outdoor airing for two to three hours on a warm day will kill mildew fungi. Then it can be removed by careful hand vacuuming (see Cleaning Procedures). |ref=FCS2-707}}</ref> A cikin gini tare da iska mai zafi, ana kawo iska daga waje kuma ya dumi, don haka an saukar da danshi na cikin gida. A yanayin sanyi, yanayin zafi a cikin irin wannan ginin zai bushe sosai, kuma iska ba za ta kasance da mahimmanci ba. A cikin yanayin zafi inda ba a amfani da dumama sosai ba, ƙarancin zai iya zama matsala. Kamar yadda numfashi yake a kusan 100% zafi, numfashi a cikin ɗaki zai karfafa kwantar da hankali. Jikin mutum yana dumama kuma yana sanyaya tufafin da yake sawa. Fitar da tufafi bayan sanyawa ya sake bushewa.<ref name="storage">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Marjorie M. |date=December 1, 1990 |orig-date=updated June 1, 2007 |title=Clothing Storage |url=https://fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/sites/fcs-hes.ca.uky.edu/files/ct-lmh.062.pdf |access-date=22 January 2022 |publisher=University of Kentucky, School of Human Environmental Sciences Family & Consumer Sciences Extension |quote=Air clothing after wearing and before it is stored. A good airing of several hours or overnight allows the moisture absorbed from the body during wearing to evaporate. Airing also helps deodorize garments naturally. |ref=CT-LMH.062}}</ref> Ana amfani da iska don rage ƙanshi [1] kuma ba da damar wanke tufafi akai-akai.[2][3] Rage ci gaban microbial baya, tushen ƙanshi na yau da kullun shine kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa. Kamar yadda suke da saurin canzawa, za su kasance suna narkewa cikin iska lokacin da aka watsa labarai. Isar da iska a waje ya fi kyau lokacin da zafi na waje ya fi ƙasa, sau da yawa tsakanin 10:00 na safe da 3:00 na yamma, tsakar safiya zuwa tsakar rana.<ref name="futon">{{Cite web |last=L. |date=28 November 2012 |title=How to Air Your Futon |url=http://wandertokyo.com/air-your-futon/ |website=Wander Tokyo}}</ref> Iska na 'yan sa'o'i zai tsawaita rayuwar masana'anta, amma iska na dogon lokaci a cikin haske mai ƙarfi na iya lalata shi.<ref name="quiltcare">{{Cite web |last=Niemeyer |first=Shirley M. |last2=Crews |first2=Patricia C. |date=January 1, 2002 |orig-date=last revised November 29, 2007 |title=Care of Quilts: Cleaning |url=https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/9000016365347/care-of-quilts/ |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications Web site |quote=A musty smell often can be diminished by airing quilts in a shaded area outdoors or in a well-ventilated area indoors. Place a large plastic sheet on the ground or floor, cover it with a clean white sheet, and then lay the quilt on top of the sheet for airing. Air quilts away from direct sunlight as direct sunlight or bright indoor light fades colors and weakens fibers. Do not drape quilts over clotheslines. The yarns and fibers are strained, and the weight can break stitches or tear fabrics. Never beat or shake a quilt to remove dust. |ref=G1820}}</ref><ref name="futon" />{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Kayan aiki == Sau da yawa ana rataye tufafi a cikin tufafi ko tufafi, a waje a yanayin bushe, da kuma cikin gida a cikin rigar. Ana iya amfani da na'urar iska ta sama don adana sarari. Ana fitar da kayan ado masu laushi a kwance, a cikin duhu ko wuraren inuwa, don kauce wa faduwar launuka ko raunana fiber. Ana iya amfani da takardar filastik da aka rufe da takardar mai tsabta, wanda aka shimfiɗa a waje a cikin inuwa, don iska abubuwa masu laushi waɗanda ba za a iya rataye su ba.<ref name="quiltcare">{{Cite web |last=Niemeyer |first=Shirley M. |last2=Crews |first2=Patricia C. |date=January 1, 2002 |orig-date=last revised November 29, 2007 |title=Care of Quilts: Cleaning |url=https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/9000016365347/care-of-quilts/ |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications Web site |quote=A musty smell often can be diminished by airing quilts in a shaded area outdoors or in a well-ventilated area indoors. Place a large plastic sheet on the ground or floor, cover it with a clean white sheet, and then lay the quilt on top of the sheet for airing. Air quilts away from direct sunlight as direct sunlight or bright indoor light fades colors and weakens fibers. Do not drape quilts over clotheslines. The yarns and fibers are strained, and the weight can break stitches or tear fabrics. Never beat or shake a quilt to remove dust. |ref=G1820}}</ref> Ana amfani da murfin bushewa, mai laushi, mai launin duhu, mai numfashi, wani lokacin don kare abubuwa daga rana yayin dumama da bushe su a rana.<ref name="futon">{{Cite web |last=L. |date=28 November 2012 |title=How to Air Your Futon |url=http://wandertokyo.com/air-your-futon/ |website=Wander Tokyo}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cslswv7a9gbpfj1ouwagq9s59wmxvy0 0 5185 859198 717447 2026-06-17T08:37:09Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 859198 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Daular Sokoto''' ( Arabic , a zahiri: '''Halifanci a Ƙasar Sudan''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Sarkin Musulmi''', ya kasance [[Khalifofi|Khalifancin]] [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulmi Ahlus Sunna]] a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] ne ya kafadaular a shekarar 1804 a lokacin [[Jihadin da kasar gobir]] bayan fatattakar [[daular Gobir]] a [[Jihadin Danfodio|yakin Fulani]] . Iyakar daular khalifa ta kai wasu sassan [[Kamaru]] da [[Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso da]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] a halin yanzu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lofkrantz |first=Jennifer |year=2012 |title=Intellectual Discourse in the Sokoto Caliphate: The Triumvirate's Opinions on the Issue of Ransoming, ca. 1810 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24393055 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=385–401 |jstor=24393055}}</ref> A shekara ta 1837, Khalifanci yana da yawan mutane miliyan 10-20, wanda ya zama daula mafi yawan jama'a a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Usman dan Fodio: Sokoto Caliphate founder – DW – 02/24/2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/usman-dan-fodio-founder-of-the-sokoto-caliphate/a-51995841#:~:text=In%201837%2C%20the%20Sokoto%20Caliphate,April%2020%2C%201817%20in%20Sokoto. |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> An wargaje lokacin da Turawan Ingila, Faransanci, da Jamusawa suka mamaye yankin a shekarar 1903 suka mayar da shi cikin sabuwar kafuwar [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya Protectorate]], Senegambia da Niger da [[Kamerun]] (na karshen [[Yaƙe-yaƙen Adamawa|yakin Adamawa]] ) bi da bi. Halifa ta fito ne bayan da [[Hausa Bakwai|Sarkin Hausa]] [[Yumfa|Yunfa]] ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Usman Dan Fodio a cikin 1802. Don guje wa tsanantawa, Usman da mabiyansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa [[Gudu]] a watan Fabrairun 1804. Mabiyan Usman sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga Usman a matsayin [[Amir na Muminai|Kwamandan Masu Aminci]] ({{Transl|ar|Amīr al-Muʾminīn}}). A shekara ta 1808, Khalifancin Sokoto ya sami iko a kan Hausaland da jihohin da ke kewaye da shi. A karkashin Khalifa na shida [[Ahmadu Rufai]], jihar ta kai iyakarta, ta rufe babban yanki na Yammacin Afirka. A cikin 1903, sojojin Burtaniya sun kashe Khalifa na goma sha biyu kuma na karshe [[Muhammadu Attahiru I|Attahiru]], wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Khalifa. Developed in the context of multiple independent [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausa Kingdoms]], at its peak, the caliphate linked over 30 different emirates and 10–20+ million people in the largest independent polity in the continent at the time. According to historian [[John Iliffe (masanin tarih)|John Iliffe]], Sokoto was "the most prosperous region in tropical Africa." The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the [[Amir na Muminai|Amir al-Mu'minin]], the [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sultan of Sokoto]].<ref name="countrystudies">{{Cite book|last=Helen Chapin Metz}}</ref> Bayin sun yi aiki a gonaki kuma yawancin jama'a sun tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci.<ref name="Lovejoy1978">{{Cite journal |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E. |year=1978 |title=Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=341–368 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700016200 |s2cid=154760889}}</ref> A shekara ta 1900, Sokoto tana da "akalla miliyan 1 kuma watakila kusan bayi miliyan 2.5" na biyu ne kawai ga Kudancin Amurka (wanda ke da miliyan huɗu a 1860) a cikin girman tsakanin dukkan al'ummomin bayi na zamani. Jan Stafford Hogendorn da Paul Ellsworth Lovejoy sun rubuta cewa "Kimaninmu ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa bayi sun kasance tsakanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu da rabi na yawan jama'ar Khalifanci, wanda tabbas ya ƙidaya miliyoyin da yawa kuma watakila kusan miliyan 10". Kodayake masu mulkin mallaka na Turai sun soke ikon siyasa na Khalifanci, an riƙe taken sultan kuma ya kasance muhimmiyar matsayi na addini ga Musulmai Sunni a yankin har zuwa yau. Jihad din Usman Dan Fodio ya yi wahayi zuwa ga jerin [[jihadi]] masu alaƙa a wasu sassan Savanna da [[Sahel]] na Sudan da ke nesa da iyakokin abin da ke yanzu Najeriya wanda ya haifar da kafa jihohin Islama a yankunan da ke yanzu a cikin Senegal, Mali, [[Ivory Coast]], Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Sudan.<ref name="countrystudies">{{Cite book|last=Helen Chapin Metz}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMetz1991">[[Helen Chapin Metz|Metz, Helen Chapin]], ed. </cite></ref> Kyautar Khalifancin Sokoto da koyarwar [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] sun bar tasiri mai dorewa a tarihin yankin, gami da Najeriya ta zamani da Afirka ta Yamma. Zamanin Sokoto ya samar da wasu sanannun marubuta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] tare da manyan shugabannin masu gyara guda uku, Usman, [[Abdullahi dan Fodio|Abdullahi]] da Bello, suna rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari uku da aka haɗa a kan batutuwa daban-daban, gami da ma'ana, [[Tafsiri|tafsir]], lissafi, shugabanci, doka, ilimin taurari, nahawu, magani, da sauransu. Wasu sanannun malamai na wannan zamanin sune [[Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa|Shaikh Dan Tafa]] da [[Nana Asma'u]] . Dukkanin wadannan malamai har yanzu ana nazarin su sosai a Yammacin Afirka da wasu har zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buba |first=Malami |date=2018 |title=The legacies of the Sokoto Caliphate in contemporary Nigeria |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12482 |journal=History Compass |language=en |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=e12482 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12482 |s2cid=149506869 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate – Prof Murray Last |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> == Sunayen suna == Throughout the 19th century, the Islamic state founded by [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] had no fixed name. In [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], the local lingua franca, it was sometimes referred to as ''daular'' ''<nowiki/>'Uthmaniyya'' ("Uthmani state"), not to be confused with the [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman state]], the original ''daular'' ''<nowiki/>'uthmaniyya''. Usman and his successors, who ruled from [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]], used the title of [[Amir na Muminai|Commander of the Believers]] (''Amir al-mu'minin'' in [[Larabci|Arabic]]; ''Sarkin Musulmi'' in Hausa; ''Lamido Julbe'' in [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]]). The townspeople of the capital, Sokoto, were known as ''Kadirawa'', followers of the [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyya]] Sufi order.: lix <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Burnham |first=Philip |last2=Last |first2=Murray |date=1994 |title=From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe "Aristocracy" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392525 |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=34 |issue=133/135 |pages=313–357 |issn=0008-0055}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da Burtaniya ta yi a Sokoto, [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|mai mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya]] ya nada Muhammad Attahiru II a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na sabuwar [[Sokoto Emirate|Masarautar Sokoto]], yana nuna asarar ikon mallaka a kan sauran sarakuna da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga gwamnan. Ba kamar sauran sarakuna na asali a yankin ba, duk da haka, an ba shi taken girmamawa na Sultan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tibenderana |first=Peter Kazenga |date=1987 |title=The Role of the British Administration in the Appointment of the Emirs of Northern Nigeria, 1903-1931: The Case of Sokoto Province |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181548 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=231–257 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tibenderana |first=Peter K. |date=1988 |title=The Irony of Indirect Rule in Sokoto Emirate, Nigeria, 1903-1944 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/524584 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=67–92 |doi=10.2307/524584 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref> Ba a taɓa amfani da taken ba a ƙarni na 19 kuma an tanada shi ne kawai ga sarakuna masu ƙasƙanci, kamar su sarakunan [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] da [[Zazzau|Zaria]], duka manyan biranen da ke da alhakin Khalifa a Sokoto. A cikin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960, Murray Last ne ya gabatar da lakabin "Sokoto Caliphate" kuma ya zama sunan da aka fi yarda da shi. A cewar Last, aikin Farfesa Abdullahi Smith, Shugaban Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria ne ya rinjayi kalmar. Smith yana son amfani da kalmar 'caliphate' lokacin da yake koyar da tarihin jihar Usman. Lokacin da Last ya lakafta takardar karatun PhD na 1966 "The Sokoto Caliphate", mai kula da shi Smith ya fi son "The Caliphate of Sokoto", amma gajeren "Sokoto Caliphate" (Daular Sakkwato a cikin Hausa) ya zama mafi karɓa.[1][2] : 6 Na ƙarshe ya bayyana dalilinsa:<blockquote>Shawarwarin sake lakafta jihar tarihi wanda babban birninsa yake a Sokoto wani bangare ne na ilimi, wani bangare na siyasa: ilimi, saboda muna buƙatar kalmar Islama mai kyau don jihar Islama mai dacewa (da kuma kalmar da za a iya tabbatar da ita a kan shaidar rubutu da kuma tushen shari'a na fasaha); siyasa, saboda sabuwar gwamnatin yankin mai cin gashin kanta ta Arewacin Najeriya tana buƙatar samfurin da za ta kafa sabon ɗabi'ar siyasa ta "aiki da bautar".</blockquote>Wasu malamai sun kalubalanci wannan hujja kuma suna ci gaba da amfani da tsoffin kalmomi kamar [[Fulani]] Empire (l'empire peul a [[Faransanci]]). Sake lakabin da Last da Smith suka yi ya nuna fassarar [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihad na Usman]] a matsayin ƙungiya ta addini kuma, saboda haka na Sokoto a matsayin ƙasar Musulunci, maimakon a matsayin 'mulkin' kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin marubutan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.<ref name=":1" /> : 25 Tunanin shi ne cewa 'masarautar' tsarin siyasa ne wanda 'tseren' daya, 'ƙasa' ko 'ƙabilar' ta mamaye wasu kungiyoyi, kuma ta cire su daga gwamnati.<ref name=":1" /> Fassarar motsi a matsayin juyin juya halin 'ƙabilar' ta Fulani ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa duk sai daya daga cikin sabbin sarakuna sun kasance Fulani. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai yawa tsakanin malamai shine cewa ƙungiyar Usman ta farko addini ce. : 8-9 <ref name=":14" /> <ref name=":15" />:: 102  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ochonu |first=Moses |date=2015 |title=Caliphate Expansion and Sociopolitical Change in Nineteenth-Century Lower Benue Hinterlands |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.1.0133 |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=133–178 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.1.0133 |issn=2327-1868}}</ref> [4] An zaɓi sarakuna na farko a kan ibada a matsayin malaman musulmi, kuma ana sa ran su samar da mulkin Islama mai kyau.<ref name=":1" /> Boko Haram operates primarily in Borno State, and the historical context of the state, which is the central fragment of the old Kanem-Bornu empire of the Kanuri people, has effects today. Bornu, led by Shaikh al-Kanemi, had a history of resistance against the Sokoto jihad and actively opposed the encroachment and ideology of the caliphate. There were intense debates and correspondence between Bello and al-Kanemi during the jihad, reflecting their differing perspectives. While the Sokoto Caliphate had limited success in fully subjugating Bornu, Boko Haram, founded by Muhammad Yusuf and later led by Shekau, emerged from the Kanuri community. Their ideology criticized the established Islamic tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate, considering it impure and in need of reform. They sought to return to what they perceived as more orthodox practices based on Salafi thought, rejecting the Maliki law and Sufi influences of the Sokoto Caliphate. Influential Salafi scholars in Nigeria critique Boko Haram, highlighting their leaders' lack of proper education in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and their misinterpretation and misuse of Salafi texts. This is in contrast to the Sokoto jihad leaders who were renowned Maliki scholars, with Usman and Abdullahi already being respected scholars prior to the jihad.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tsm14ihi5uetgmm9jx6rey245q3ywvy 0 7168 858915 800318 2026-06-16T13:31:33Z Drseeyah muhammad 45910 Suga 858915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}{{Databox}} [[File:Millet 01.jpg|thumb|ana yin waina da gero]] [[File:Masa podrida cookies (Pampanga).jpg|thumb|Sa hoto<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:00000IMG_00000_BURST20221225095656789_COVER.jpg</ref>]] [[Fayil:Cooked masa.jpg|thumb|waina ]] [[Fayil:Cooked masa.jpg|thumb|Masa]] '''Masa''' [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c900485kzkgo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwi7gLqV1vaGAxV9S_EDHdVyBeUQyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw0O6-X6dTS1oqursusjeBNf</nowiki></ref> ce wacce aka fi sani da suna '''Waina,''' kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abincin [[gargajiya]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cw4mneknpz2o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjp5Ies1vaGAxXqQEEAHSO5DlMQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw2d7AjKiH_xkc4PzrJqYQik</nowiki></ref>, Musamman a [[Kasar Hausa|Kasar Hausa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/rayuwata/20240405-yadda-al-adar-tashe-ke-neman-gushewa-a-kasar-hausa&ved=2ahUKEwjTxqXC1vaGAxV6YEEAHYytDiAQxfQBKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw22riWDkZ-JEV9aoS3p5O6o</nowiki></ref>. Abinci ne wanda aka fi cin shi da safe,kuma ana cin shi a koda yaushe. [[Fayil:Masa (Waina).jpg|thumb|waina]] Yadda ake haɗa ta shine da shinkafar tuwo da kuma "yeast" da kanwa ko hodar cincin dadai sauransu. Akan ci shi ne da miyar taushe. Ana kuma iya cin shi haka nan, musamman idan aka sa masa [[sukari]] ko kuli kuli. Mutanan jihar [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/24/bauchi-to-revive-tourism-sector/&ved=2ahUKEwiYm63b1vaGAxUsQ0EAHTjLDkkQxfQBKAB6BAgWEAE&usg=AOvVaw1o6lDbg_MpqfxuuCeYFKPH</nowiki></ref> sune suka fi kwarewa a kan harkar masa wato waina. <ref>https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/recipes/9032246-waina-da-miyar-gyada</ref><ref>http://girking.blogspot.com/2018/09/yanda-ake-hada-waina-ta-zamani.html</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> Sannan masa iri iri ce, akwai masa ta zallar masara, akwai Masa ta dawa akwai kuma masa ta zallar [[Shinkafa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/farashin-shinkafa-tumatir-da-gari-ya-qaru-da-kashi-141-cikin-shekara-guda-nbs/&ved=2ahUKEwiS29_11vaGAxUFYPEDHZL2AOQQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw2FrWAuIZKQ_nVrGYz0CcNZ</nowiki></ref>, akwai kuma wadda ake haɗa shinkafa da [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwjnj9GX1_aGAxVlUkEAHRdrBkQQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, akwai kuma masar [[gero]]. Ana cin ta da Suga,garin kuli-kuli ko kuma da miyar taushe yana da daɗi sosai. [[File: Waina (Local Sausage).jpg|thumb|Mace tana tuyar masa]] == Bibiliyo == * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da shida 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034. * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masa}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Abincin Hausawa]] dqmqwlaoypalglpj0986gir27z9vcoc 0 9241 858994 434429 2026-06-16T17:09:30Z Kaddi123 38060 858994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bodinga''' [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce a [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jahar Sokoto]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . Hedkwatar ta tana cikin garin Bodinga. Yana da yanki na 564&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar shekarar 2006. <ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yng.html HASC, population, area and Headquarters Statoids]</ref> Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 852. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}}{{LGAs and communities of Sokoto State}} bodinga na daya daga ciki manya lokal government a sokoto,tana da Dan majalisa guda biyu,ita ce lokal government da tsohon shugaban chief Army staff faruku sifawa ya fito,Allah ya Albarci lokal government din da noma rani da damana ,sana tana da Yan kasuwa da Yan Boko,tana daya daga lokal mai yawan jama'a. 1wcj4op505g3u1dh9i08caoul020hoy 0 9246 858998 423403 2026-06-16T17:22:08Z Kaddi123 38060 858998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yabawa {{Stub}}yabo lokal government ta a cikin jahar sokoto,tana a yamacen jahar sokoto,tana da din bin tarihi a cikin daular shehu Dan bodiyo,domin sarkin yabo daya daga ciki manya masu ba sarki Muslim shawara,yabo lokal government tana daya cikin lokal government masu manya Yan boko a jahar sokoto,tana da Dan majalisa guda daya.yabo lokal government sunfi yin Noma damana bisa ga na na Rani. 7fpt2h5yjrbn0pmbnnnbc4uzn72f78r 0 9526 859259 371159 2026-06-17T10:41:11Z M Bash Ne 12403 859259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DAWAKI.jpg|thumb|Mustafa Bala Dawaki.]] '''Mustafa Bala Dawaki''' (An haife shi a shekarata alif 1968) a garin dawakin kudu dake jahar Kano. ==Karatu== Dawaki yayi makarantar primary a dawaki daga bisani kuma sai yatafi GSCS dake garin wudil ya kammala a shekarar 1986. Sannan daga nan kuma ya halarci Jami`ar Bayero inda ya sami DEGRINSA na farko a shekarar 1990. yayi Degrinsa na biyu a ƙasar Ingila har ya karanci ɓangaren cigaban na`ura wato (Conventry Univer. U.K Msc Software Development). a shekara ta 2003, daga nan kuma ya tsallaka zuwa Dundee Business School Scotland a shekarar 2009 inda yayi (MBA Corporate Finance) ==Siyasa== An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar tarayya a shekarar 2011, a matsayin wanda zai wakilci Dawakin Kudu da Warawa. Ya riƙe muƙamin da dama a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar najeriya. ==Nasarori== Mai girma ɗan majalisar tarayya Mustafa Bala Dawaki, mai wakiltar Dawakin Kudu da Warawa, ya kawowa jama`arsa da yake wakilta gagarumin cigaba. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dawaki, Mustafa Bala}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1968]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] sxq5xbqkfkubki8oozp2z3mhz2sfu1m 0 9559 859016 843076 2026-06-16T18:12:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwer ta Yamma''' daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]]. == Yanayin Ƙasa == Ƙaramar Hukumar Gwer ta Yamma tana da yanayin damina da rani irin na yankunan zafi, inda ruwan sama ke sauka galibi daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba. Lokacin rani yana gudana daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yayin da zafin jiki yakan kasance tsakanin digiri 23 °C (73 °F) zuwa 34 °C (93 °F). Haka kuma, yawan ruwan saman shekara yana tsakanin milimita 1,200 zuwa 1,600 (inci 47–63).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate data for cities worldwide - Climate-Data.org|url=http://climate-data.org/|website=climate-data.org|access-date=2025-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006173530/http://climate-data.org/|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]] g5gl2r7p7vrkkovt8g3x54zxpfnjawb 0 10317 859262 521251 2026-06-17T10:42:44Z M Bash Ne 12403 859262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hadiza Bala Usman''' (an haifeta a ranar 2 ga watan '''Janairun''' shekarar (1976). [[Dan Najeriya|'Yar Najeriya]] ce, yar siyasa. Ita ce tsohuwar ''Manajar Darekta'' ta [[Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya]], wadda aka fi sani a Turance da ''Nigerian Port Authority "NPA"'', shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ne ya naɗa ta muƙamin, a ranar Litinin 11 ga watan Yuli, a shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/07/13/fg-confirms-hadiza-bala-usmans-appointment/ |access-date=2019-02-12 |archive-date=2019-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130918/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/07/13/fg-confirms-hadiza-bala-usmans-appointment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga bisani ta kasance ita ce Shugabar Ma'aikatan gidan gwamnatin [[Jihar Kaduna]].<ref name=":0">Cite news|url = http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/06/el-rufai-names-hadiza-bala-usman-first-female-chief-of-staff/|title{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} = El-Rufai names Hadiza Bala Usman, First Female Chief of Staff|last = Adi|first = Femi|date = 29 June 2015|work = The News Nigeria|access-date = 2 February 2016|via =</ref>Hadiza Bala Usman cikakkiyar mamba ce a jam'iyya mai mulki a yanzu [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).<ref>Cite news|url = http://newswirengr.com/2015/02/18/bringbackourgirls-campaign-coordinator-urge-nigerians-to-vote-in-apc-vote-out-pdp-government-on-march-28/#|title = #BringBackOurGirls Campaign Coordinator Urge Nigerians To Vote In APC & Vote Out PDP Government|last = Abdullahi|first = Musa|date = 18 February 2015|work = NewsWire NGR|access-date = 2 February 2016|via = </ref> == Mai bada shawara Ga Shugaba Tinubu == Shugaba [[Bola Ahmed Tinubu]] ya naɗa '''Hadiza Bala Usman''' a matsayin mai ba shi shawara ta musamman kan harkokin siyasa da daidaitawa, a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2023. <ref>https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-appoints-hadiza-bala-usman-hannatu-musawa-as-special-advisers</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/northern-youths-hail-hadiza-balas-appointment-assa-on-policy-and-coordination/</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/19/president-tinubu-appoints-hadiza-bala-usman-hannatu-musawa-as-special-advisers/</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/19/president-tinubu-appoints-hadiza-bala-usman-hannatu-musawa-as-special-advisers/</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Hadiza Bala}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] gw5y8nr6tpyzjiel9z8f81lvmflvouy 0 10494 859038 856491 2026-06-16T19:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hadiza Aliyu on Dandalina.jpg|thumb|hadiza a dandalina]] [[Fayil:Ha-Hadiza Aliyu.ogg|thumb|Hadiza Aliyu]] [[Fayil:Hadiza Gabon Kannywood actress.jpg|thumb|Hoton hadiza gabon]] '''Hadiza Aliyu''' wacce akafi sani da '''Hadiza [[Gabon]]''' (An haife ta a ranar daya 1 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da tara miladiyya 1989) a kasar Gabon,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiza Aliyu|url=http://www.hadizaaliyu.com/about/}}</ref> Hadiza Aliyu ta Kasance Shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a [[Hausa]] film a [[Najeriya]], a ƙarƙashin masana'antar film ta Hausa wato kannydwood.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145350/https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa. == An haifi Hadiza Aliyu [[Gabon]] ne a ƙasar [[Libreville]] da ke ƙasar [[Gabon]], ta dawo ƙasar mahaifiyar ta [[Najeriya]] daga bisani domin wasu dalilai, inda tayo karatu, sannan ta fara harkan fim, Haifaffiyar garin [[Libreville]], [[Gabon|Jamhuriyar Gabon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312300834.html|title=Nigeria: I Had to Learn Hausa to Feature in Kannywood - Hadiza Gabon|author=All Africa|publisher=Amina Alhassan and Mulikat Mukaila|accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> Hadiza Aliyu ‘yar gidan Malam Aliyu ne wanda dattijo ne. A bangaren mahaifinta, Hadiza 'yar asalin ƙasar Gabon ce, kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta, asalin ta Fulani ce daga [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=I want to settle down – Gabon - Blueprint|url=http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/10/06/i-want-to-settle-down-gabon/|access-date=2015-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131520/http://www.blueprint.ng/2014/10/06/i-want-to-settle-down-gabon/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandire a kasar haihuwarta inda ta rubuta jarabawarta ta A-Level tare da burin zama lauya sannan daga baya ta zabi Lauya a matsayin kwas din da ta fi so. Ta fara karatun jami'a a matsayinta na daliba, amma dole ta daina zuwa makaranta saboda wasu matsaloli da suka dabaibaye karatun nata. Karatun nata ya tsaya a lokacin kuma hakan ya ba ta damar halartar shirin difloma a cikin Harshen Faransanci kuma daga baya ta zama malama mai koyar da Faransanci a wata makarantar sirri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/biography/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> == Shahara == Tana daya daga cikin manyan jarumai mata a masana'antar fim ta kannywood, dake arewacin Nigeria. Tana da masoya da dama , tayi fina finai shaharrru a masana'antar. Ta fito a fim mai dogon zango na tashar Arewa 24 mai suna GIDAN BADAMASI, kuma ta fito a shahararren fim mai dogon zango MANYAN MATA. A halin yanzu ta buɗe wani filin tattaunawa da manyan mutane Sannan nu mai suna GABONS ROOM TALK. ==Fim== Hadiza Aliyu ta shiga [[Kannywood]] ba da dadewa ba bayan ta shigo daga [[Gabon]] zuwa [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta tashi daga [[Adamawa]] zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] yayin da take sha'awar shiga masana'antar fim ta [[kannywood]] tare da dan uwan ta. Ta samu damar ganawa da [[Ali Nuhu]] kuma ta nemi taimakonsa don kaddamar da ita a matsayin 'yar fim. Hadiza ta fara fitowa ne a shekara ta 2009, inda aka sanya ta a Artabu, ta samu shiga masana'antar fim ta [[kannywood]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai mata tare da taimakon [[Ali Nuhu]] da kuma jagorancin Aminu Shariff . Ta kasance shahararriyar 'yar wasan Hausa ce. Mutane da dama na gani da daukan ta a matsayin jarumar 'yar wasan [[Kannywood]] kuma abar koyi musamman yadda take fitowa cikin sutura na al'ada da kyau, tana fitowa a wasannin barkwanci na ban dariya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiza Gabon - HausaFilms.tv|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_gabon}}</ref> Hadiza ta kasance ita ce jakadiyar da ta daga cikin kamfanin sadarwa na Najeriya MTN Nigeria da kuma kamfanin abincin Indomie, ta karbi kyautar Best Actress Jury Award a 2nd Kannywood Award wanda kamfanin MTN Najeriya suka dauki nauyin bayarwa. Ita ce wacce ta kafa gidauniyar HAG Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/filmography/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Elites|first1=The|title=Famous Kannywood Actress Hadiza Aliyu Gabon, Debuts In Nollywood Movie|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/famous-kannywood-actress-hadiza-aliyu-gabon-febuts-in-nollywood-movie/|website=The Elites Nigeria|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=21 September 2017|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024225402/http://www.theelitesng.com/famous-kannywood-actress-hadiza-aliyu-gabon-febuts-in-nollywood-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The trailer for Mike Ezuruonye's new movie ‘Lagos Real Fake Life’ isn't quite there yet » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/the-trailer-for-mike-ezuruonyes-new-movie-lagos-real-fake-life-isnt-quite-there-yet/|website=YNaija|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Husseini|first1=Shuaibu|title=Gold for Kannywood’s shinning star, Hadiza Gabon, from Queensland|url=https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/gold-for-kannywoods-shinning-star-hadiza-gabon-from-queensland/|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=12 November 2016|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024225403/https://m.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/gold-for-kannywoods-shinning-star-hadiza-gabon-from-queensland/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lere|first1=Muhammad|title=Kannywood: Hadiza Gabon features in first Nollywood movie - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/243849-kannywood-hadiza-gabon-features-first-nollywood-movie.html|website=Premiumtimenews|accessdate=24 October 2019|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hadiza Gabon - HausaFilms.tv|url=http://www.hausafilms.tv/actress/hadiza_gabon/}}</ref> Hadiza Gabon ta yanke shawarar shiga Nollywood a shekara ta 2017, biyo bayan [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Sani Musa Danja]], [[Yakubu Muhammad|Yakubu Muhammed]], Maryam Booth da [[Rahama Sadau]] . An saka ta a fim dinta na farko na Nollywood kusa da Mike Ezuruonye, Mike Angel da Emmanuella a fim mai taken ''Lagos Real Fake Life .'' == Jakadanci == Acikin watan Disambar shekarar 2018 ne, kamfanin NASCON Allied Plc,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagfoundation.com/|title=HAG Foundation - Committed to Serving Humanity|work=|publisher=HAG Foundation|accessdate=22 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010123/http://www.hagfoundation.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ke reshen rukunin kamfanonin [[Dangote Group|Dangote]] , ya bayyana Hadiza Aliyu a matsayin jakadiyar jakadancin Dangote Classic Seasoning a yayin ƙaddamar da kayan haɗa kayan a [[Kano#Tarihin%20Kano|Kano]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NASCON introduces Dangote classic seasoning into Kano market|url=https://businessday.ng/companies/article/nascon-introduces-dangote-classic-seasoning-into-kano-market|work=Businessday NG|date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASCON launches New Dangote Classic Seasoning Cubes|url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Products%20&%20Services/NASCON-launches-New-Dangote-Classic-Seasoning-Cubes/43162#:~:text=The%20Company%20used%20the%20occasion,to%20all%20women%20in%20Nigeria|website=NASCON launches New Dangote Classic Seasoning Cubes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brand Ambassador Market Tour|url=https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/|website=NASCON|date=16 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145350/https://www.nasconplc.com/2019/07/16/brand-ambassador-market-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Taimako == Acikin shekara ta 2016, Hadiza Gabon ta kafa Kungiyar agaji mai suna HAG Foundation Da nufin inganta rayuwar talakawa ta hanyar samar da taimako a bangarorin ilimi da kiwon lafiya gami da wadatar abinci, Ta zama daya daga cikin ‘yan wasa mata na farko a tarihin [[Kannywood]] da ta gabatar da irin wannan taimakon jin kai. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ta ziyarci sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] inda ta ba da gudummawar kayayyakin abinci, kayan masaka da sauran kayan masarufi da mazauna sansanin suke bukata saboda rikicin arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/entertainment/hadiza-gabon-enlivens-idp-camp/138523.html|title=Hadiza Gabon enlivens IDP camp|work=Daily Trust|publisher=Ibrahim Musa Giginyu|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref> == Lamban girma == Hadiza Aliyu ta samu kyaututtuka da girmamawa da dama waɗanda suka hada da shekara ta 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards da [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|2nd Kannywood / MTN Awards]] a shekara ta 2014. Saboda karramawar da ta yi a matsayin 'yar fim, Hadiza ta karrama acikin shekarar 2013 daga tsohon Gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Dakta Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso]] . An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Hollywood ta Afirka a matsayin Jarumar Jarumai mata .<gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="140"> |Hadiza Gabon tana karban lamban girma </gallery> === Awad === Lamban girman da Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta samu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gabonofficial.com/|title=Gabon Official|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324024235/http://www.gabonofficial.com/#!/awards-and-projects/|archive-date=2015-03-24|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Lamban girma ! Rukuni ! Fim ! Sakamako |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kwankwasiyya Award | Recognition Award |Kwankwasiyya Award | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards | Best Actress (Hausa) | ''Babban Zaure'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | City People Entertainment Awards | ''Best Actress (Hausa)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards - Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |website=hausafilms.tv |accessdate=24 October 2019}}</ref> | ''Babban Zaure'' | {{Nom}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | 2nd Kannywood/MTN Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Linda Ikeji's Blog|url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2015/02/kannywood-awards-when-mtn-celebrates.html}}</ref> | Best Actress of the Year(Jury Choice)<ref>{{cite web|title=Premium Times Nigeria|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/176070-late-ibro-honoured-mtn-kannywood-awards-2015.html}}</ref> | ''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Kannywood AWA 24 Film & Merit Award | Best Supporting Actress | ''Ali Yaga Ali'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | African Hollywood Awards | Best Actress<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/hausa-movies-arts-entertainment/214643-hadiza-gabon-usman-uzee-honoured-african-hollywood-awards.html |title=Hadiza Gabon, Usman Uzee honoured at African Hollywood Awards |work =Premium Times Nigeria |publisher=Mohammed Lere |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> | ''African Films in Hausa Language'' | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | Arewa Night Award | Recognition Award | | {{won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | 2017 Best of Kannywood Award | Best Actress (Hausa)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agbon |first1=Ehis |title=2017 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS (NOMINEES FOR KANNYWOOD) |url=https://procyonnews.com/2017-city-people-movie-awards-nominees-for-kannywood/ |website=Procyon News |accessdate=24 October 2019 |date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018124155/https://procyonnews.com/2017-city-people-movie-awards-nominees-for-kannywood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | {{Nom}} |- |} === Kyaututuka === Jadawalin kyaututtukan martabawa da Hadiza Aliyu Gabon ta samu {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Girmamawa !Rukuni !Bangare |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Kano State Senior Secondary Schools Management Board |Certificate of Appreciation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BNwVKYBhVtd/|title=Hadiza Aliyu Gabon on Instagram: Alhamdulillah ✌🏼️👌👌🏻|work=Instagram|publisher=Hadiza Aliyu Gabon|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> |''Educational Support'' |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Statup Kano |Certificate of Appreciation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AdizatouGabon/status/809842395844149252|title=Was honored to be part of Startup Kano Women Conference.. Women empowerment gives me so much joy. Alhamdulillah.|work=Twitter|publisher=Hadiza Aliyu|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> |''Empowerment Support'' |- ! scope="row" |2016 |Billycares Charity Foundation |Recognition Award | ''Philanthropy'' |- ! scope="row" |2019 |Hausa Students Association of Nigeria (BUK) |Recognition Award |''Educational Support'' |- |} === Fina finai === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ Fina finan ta |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Shekara ! Sunan Fim ! Matsayin ! Nau'i |- | | ''Daina Kuka'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Farar Saka'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Fataken Dare'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Kolo(film)|Kolo'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Mukaddari'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Sakayya'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Umarnin Uwa'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | | ''Ziyadat'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2009 | ''Artabu'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2010 | ''Wasila(film)|Wasila'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2010 | ''Umarnin Uwa'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Aisha Humaira'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | '''Yar Maye'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Badi Ba Rai'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Akirizzaman'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Dare Daya'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2012 | ''Wata Tafi Wata'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Da Kai Zan Gana'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Haske'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2013 | ''Ban Sani Ba'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Mai Dalilin Aure'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Ali Yaga Ali'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Basaja'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Uba Da 'Da'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Indon Kauye'' | Jaruma | Comedy/Fim |- | 2014 | ''Ba'asi'' | Jaruma | Fim |- | 2014 | ''Jarumta'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2017 | ''Gida da waje'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2017 | ''Ciki Da Raino'' |Jaruma |Comedy/Fim |- |2019 | ''Hawwa Kulu'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Wakili'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Dan Birnin'' | Jaruma | Fim |- |2019 | ''Gidan Badamasi'' | Jaruma | Comedy/Fim |} == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-overlay" heights="140" caption="Hotunan Hadiza Gabon"> File:Hadiza Aliyu on Dandalina.jpg|Sanye da farin kaya File:Hadiza Gabon.jpg </gallery> == Duba nan == * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Jamila Nagudu]] * [[Fati Washa]] * [[Maryam Booth]] * [[Maryam Yahaya]] * [[Aisha Aliyu Tsamiya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aliyu,Hadiza}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Mata yan fim]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] gue1eou9y8yypdyq59qifuez9cvlen4 0 11137 859082 831468 2026-06-16T21:07:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 6 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halimatu Ayinde''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, 1995) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga [[Najeriya]] wadda take taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ta yi fice wajen taka leda tare da ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Najeriya, wato ''Super Falcons'', inda ta wakilci ƙasar a manyan gasanni na duniya da nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/teams/nigeria/squad](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/teams/nigeria/squad) |title=FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 – Nigeria Squad |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Halimatu Ayinde a jihar Kaduna da ke arewacin Najeriya. Tun tana ƙarama take nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ta fara taka leda a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin daga baya ta samu damar shiga manyan kungiyoyin mata a Najeriya. Hazakarta da ƙwarewarta wajen sarrafa ƙwallo da kare tsakiyar fili sun taimaka mata wajen zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan mata na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.cafonline.com/](https://www.cafonline.com/) |title=CAF Player Profile – Halimatu Ayinde |publisher=Confederation of African Football |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙungiya == Ayinde ta fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar ''Delta Queens'' ta Najeriya. A lokacin da take can, ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙungiyar tare da nuna ƙwarewa sosai a tsakiyar fili. Bayan nasarorin da ta samu a gida Najeriya, ta samu damar zuwa ƙasashen waje domin ci gaba da taka leda a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.flashscore.com/player/ayinde-halimatu/](https://www.flashscore.com/player/ayinde-halimatu/) |title=Halimatu Ayinde Player Stats |publisher=Flashscore |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Ayinde ta koma ƙungiyar ''Western New York Flash'' a Amurka inda ta taka leda a gasar mata ta National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Duk da cewa zamanta bai daɗe sosai ba, hakan ya ba ta damar samun gogewa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.nwslsoccer.com/](https://www.nwslsoccer.com/) |title=NWSL Player Information – Halimatu Ayinde |publisher=NWSL |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya ta koma ƙasar Sweden inda ta shiga ƙungiyar ''Eskilstuna United''. A can ne Ayinde ta fara nuna bajintarta sosai a nahiyar Turai, inda ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar wajen kare baya da kuma haɗa kai tsakanin 'yan wasan tsakiya. Ta shafe shekaru masu yawa tana taka rawar gani a kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://escunited.com/](https://escunited.com/) |title=Eskilstuna United Squad Profile |publisher=Eskilstuna United |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2021 ta koma ƙungiyar ''BK Häcken'' ta Sweden, inda ta ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar Damallsvenskan. Kwarewarta wajen kwace ƙwallo da taka rawar jagoranci sun sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiyar fili a gasar mata ta Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://bkhacken.se/](https://bkhacken.se/) |title=BK Häcken Women's Team |publisher=BK Häcken |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa da ƙasa == Ayinde ta fara wakiltar Najeriya a matakin manya tun daga shekarar 2015. Ta kasance cikin tawagar ''Super Falcons'' da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata (WAFCON).<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/](https://www.fifa.com/) |title=Halimatu Ayinde – FIFA Profile |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Najeriya lashe gasar ''Women's Africa Cup of Nations'' a shekarun 2016 da 2018. Salon wasanta na ƙarfi da kuma iya katse hare-haren abokan hamayya sun sa masu horarwa suka riƙa dogaro da ita sosai a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football](https://www.bbc.com/sport/football) |title=Super Falcons and WAFCON Coverage |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayinde ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2019 da kuma ta 2023. A gasar 2023, ta taimaka wa Najeriya kaiwa zagayen ‘yan 16 bayan nuna ƙwazo a wasannin rukuni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023) |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An fi sanin Halimatu Ayinde da ƙwarewarta wajen kare tsakiyar fili, kwace ƙwallaye, da kuma hana abokan hamayya samun damar kai hari. Tana da ƙarfin jiki da kuma iya rarraba ƙwallo cikin natsuwa. Wannan ya sa take da muhimmanci ga ƙungiyarta da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.goal.com/](https://www.goal.com/) |title=Analysis of Halimatu Ayinde's Playing Style |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Najeriya === * '''Women's Africa Cup of Nations''' Zakara: 2016, 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/](https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/) |title=WAFCON Winners History |publisher=CAF |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Kungiyoyi === * '''BK Häcken''' Svenska Cupen Women: 2022–23<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://bkhacken.se/](https://bkhacken.se/) |title=BK Häcken Honours |publisher=BK Häcken |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 01014dipxirp94ngsaaprzjxzrmv30m 0 11336 859254 788872 2026-06-17T10:37:45Z M Bash Ne 12403 859254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bala Mohammed (Inkiya Kauran Bauchi)''' An haife shi ne a farkon Watan Oktoban shekarar ta alif dari tara da hamsin da takwas, 1958)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=51a91d0d264d5da3JmltdHM9MTcxOTEwMDgwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTI4Mw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=Bala+Mohammed+biography&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmF1Y2hpc3RhdGUuZ292Lm5nL2dvdmVybm9ycy1wcm9maWxlLw&ntb=1</ref> Miladiyya.(A.c) Bala Mohammed yayi karatu ne a gida har ya samu Digiri a harshen [[Turanci]] a Jami’ar [[Maiduguri]] a shekarar 1982, Bala Mohammed ya soma aiki ne a matsayin mai kawowa gidan jaridar nan ta The Democrat [[rahoto]] a shekarar 1983 [https://arewa9ja.com.ng/biography/ Bio]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} bayan ya kammala karatu. Daga nan kuma Mohammed ya koma aikin gwamnati har zuwa shekarar 2000, Bala Mohammed yayi aiki a ma’aikatu daban-daban wanda su ka haɗa da Ma’aikatar ma’adanai da ta harkokin cikin gida, da Ma’aikatar harkokin jirgin sama. A ƙarshe dai yayi ritaya a matsayin Darekta a [[Najeriya|Nigerian]] Meteorological Agency. Bala Mohammed ya shiga siyasa ne bayan yayi ritaya inda yayi takara, ya kuma ci kujerar Sanatan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] ta Kudu a shekarar 2007. Sanatan na ANPP ya samu matsala da tsohon Mai gidan sa watau Gwamna [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Yuguda Isa Yuguda] wanda ya koma [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a mulkin [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Yar'adua]]. Labarai LABARAI Takaitaccen tarihin Mai Girma Gwamnan Jihar Bauchi mai jiran-gado Talata, Maris 26, 2019 at 7:04 Safiya by Muhammad Malumfashi A jiya ne hukumar zaɓe ta INEC ta sanar da cewa Sanata Bala Mohammed ne ya lashe zaɓen gwamna da aka yi a (jihar Bauchi) inda ya doke gwamna mai-ci. Mun kawo kaɗan daga tarihin Kauran Bauchi [https://login9ja.com/category/news/ News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414213901/https://login9ja.com/category/news/ |date=2023-04-14 }}. ==Tarihi== # Haihuwa da karatu An haifi Bala Abdulƙadir Mohammed ne a farkon Watan Oktoban shekarar 1958, kenan yana da shekaru 67 yanzu a Duniya. (Bala Mohammed) yayi karatu ne a gida har ya samu Digiri a harshen Turanci a Jami’ar Maiduguri a shekarar 1982. # Aikace-aikace Sanata Bala Mohammed ya soma aiki ne a matsayin mai kawowa gidan jaridar nan ta The Democrat rahoto a shekarar alif 1983 bayan ya kammala karatu. Daga nan kuma Mohammed ya koma aikin gwamnati har zuwa shekarar 2000. # Aikin Gwamnati Bala Mohammed yayi aiki a ma’aikatu daban-daban wanda su ka haɗa da Ma’aikatar ma’adanai da ta harkokin cikin gida, da Ma’aikatar harkokin jirgin sama. A ƙarshe dai yayi ritaya a matsayin Darekta a (Nigerian Meteorological Agency). Sabon gwamnan ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar da ke kula da jirgin kasa a Najeriya watau (Nigerian Railway Corporation) daga shekara ta 2005 har 2007. Kafin nan kuma yayi aiki da Isa Yuguda a matsayin mai ba sa shawara daga 2000 zuwa 2005. # Siyasar Bala Mohammed ya shiga siyasa ne bayan yayi ritaya inda yayi takara, ya kuma ci kujerar Sanatan Bauchi ta Kudu a 2007. Sanatan na ANPP ya samu matsala da tsohon Mai gidan sa watau Gwamna Isa Yuguda wanda ya koma PDP a mulkin 'Yaradua. A shekarar 2010 ne shugaban kasa na rikon kwarya watau [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nada Bala Mohammed a matsayin Ministan babban birnin tarayya Abuja har zuwa 2015. Sanatan yana cikin waɗanda suka fara cewa a naɗa Jonathan kan mulki a wancan lokaci. A zaɓen 2019 ne Bala Mohammed ya doke gwamna Mohammed Abubakar, na jam’iyyar APC inda ya samu kuri’u 515,113. APC ta samu kuri’a 500,625 ne a zaɓen inji hukumar [https://login9ja.com/ INEC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413141409/https://login9ja.com/ |date=2023-04-13 }} mai zaman kan-ta. [[Nijeriya]] .<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/hausa/51194870 |date= 24 January 2020 |accessdate= 20 November 2021 |title= Wane ne Bala Muhammad Kauran Bauchi?|publisher= BBC Hausa.Com}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/denudation-remembering-dr-bala-mohammed-bauchi|date= 29 April 2010 |accessdate= 30 November 2021 |publisher= pambazuka.org |title= Denudation: Remembering Dr Bala Mohammed|last= Ali |first= Rechard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.naijabasic.ng/kaura-economic-empowerment-programme-keep-in-bogoro-and-tafawa-local-governments/ |date= 15 January 2022 |accessdate= 20 April 2022 |publisher= Naijabasic.ng |title= Kaura Economic Empowerment Programme Keep In Bogoro and Tafawa balewa L.G.A |archive-date= 8 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071157/https://www.naijabasic.ng/kaura-economic-empowerment-programme-keep-in-bogoro-and-tafawa-local-governments/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.naijabasic.ng/gov-bala-mohammed-has-constructed-2500-housing-units-to-reduce-housing-deficit-in-bauchi-state/|date=17 January 2022|accessdate=20 April 2022|publisher=Naijabasic.ng|title=Gov. Bala Mohammed has Constructed 2,500 housing units to reduce housing deficit in Bauchi State.|6=|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208073632/https://www.naijabasic.ng/gov-bala-mohammed-has-constructed-2500-housing-units-to-reduce-housing-deficit-in-bauchi-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.naijabasic.ng/governor-bala-mohammed-constructed-over-500-classrooms-in-bauchi-state-to-enhance-education/|date=31 January 2022|accessdate=20 April 2022|publisher=Naijabasic.ng|title=Governor Bala Mohammed constructed over 500 classrooms in Bauchi State to enhance education.|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001014251/https://www.naijabasic.ng/governor-bala-mohammed-constructed-over-500-classrooms-in-bauchi-state-to-enhance-education/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://labaranyau.com/duk-yen-takarar-shugabancin-nijeriya-bawanda-yakai-bala-muhammad-kungiyar-niger-delta/|title=Duk Yen Takarar Shugabancin Nijeriya Bawanda Yakai Bala Muhammad – Kungiyar Niger Delta|author=Labaranyau.com|date=2022-04-27|publisher=Bala MD|language=ha|access-date=2022-04-27|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519112958/https://labaranyau.com/duk-yen-takarar-shugabancin-nijeriya-bawanda-yakai-bala-muhammad-kungiyar-niger-delta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Education and career == Bala Mohammed Abdulkadir Sauran Bauchi, ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a shekarar 1965 a makarantar firamare ta garin Duguri, Bauchi, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1971 tare da takardar shaidar barin farko daga alif 1972 zuwa 1976, ya halarci Makarantar Gwamnati ta Bauchi, (ONT) ya sami WAEC. Ya sami shaidar ci gaba a shekarar 1979 daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Arewa maso Gabas. Ya sami digiri na farko ta Arts daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] . <ref name="tday0407">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2010 |title=Ministers - the Profiles (ii) |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004080526.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410205033/http://allafrica.com/stories/201004080526.html |archive-date=10 April 2010 |access-date=2010-04-15 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> A shekara ta 1988, Mohammed ya kammala karatun gudanarwa a [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa ta Najeriya]] (ASCON), kuma a shekara ta 1997, ya sami takardar shaidar daga Cibiyar Saye da Sayarwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Governor’s Profile – BASG |url=https://www.bauchistate.gov.ng/governors-profile/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mohammed ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida a alif 1982 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin editan labarai na jaridar ''Mirage'', a matsayin mai ba da labarai tare da [[Hukumar Labarai ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Dilancin Labarai na Najeriya]] (NAN), kuma a matsayin edita na jihar da ke kula da Benue a jaridar ''Democrat'' daga 1983 zuwa 1984. <ref name=":3"/> Ya yi canjin aiki zuwa aikin gwamnati a matsayin jami'in gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1994. Daga nan sai ya koma shugabancin (sakatariyar ofishin) a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa. Mohammed ya taka matakatan gwamnati cikin sauri. Tsakanin 1995 da 2005, ya ci gaba daga babban jami'in kayan aiki a Ma'aikatar Ma'adanai ta Tarayya zuwa mataimakin daraktan a Ma'aikatan Wutar Lantarki da Karfe ta Tarayya, mataimakin Darakta / Mataimakin na Musamman ga Ministan Mai Girma a Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya. Ya yi ritaya da son rai daga aikin gwamnati a matsayin daraktan kuma daga baya ya shiga siyasa.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=31&page=1&state=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200811/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=31&page=1&state=7 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammed, Bala}} [[Category:dan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Gwamnonin jihar Bauchi]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1958]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Bauchi]] [[Category:Maza]] 1kwc8zky1f0nde9sxs6bgglimvtowiu 0 15050 859257 718716 2026-06-17T10:39:17Z M Bash Ne 12403 859257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Naja'atu Bala Muhammad''' (An haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari Tara da hamsin da shida 1956 miladiyya.(A.c) tana ɗaya daga cikin mata a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] wacce suke takarawa a siyasan ce. Itace mace ta farko da ta fara zama Sanata, wacce ke wakiltar gundumar [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] ta Tsakiya. Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin mace ta farko da ta riƙe shugabacin ƙungiyar [[dalibai]] ta Ƙasa daga fitacciyar [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Zariya]] (ABU) sannan kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar - Shugaban ƙungiyar Daliban [[Najeriya]] ta Ƙasa (NANS).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-22|title=Naja'atu Bala Mohammed: First Elected Female SUG President In ABU Zaria {{!}} The Abusites|url=https://www.theabusites.com/hajia-najaatu-bala-mohammed/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-05-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501091750/https://www.theabusites.com/hajia-najaatu-bala-mohammed/}}</ref> Tana ikirararin cewa ita ta kawo Shugaban ƙasar [[Najeriya]] mai ci, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] cikin siyasa, da kuma kan karagan mulkin shugabancin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-21|title=Insecurity: I introduced Buhari to politics ― Hajiya Nàja'atu Mohammed|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/insecurity-i-introduced-buhari-to-politics-%e2%80%95-hajiya-najaatu-mohammed/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙuruciya da ilimi == An haifi '''Muhammad Naja'atu''' a shekara ta alif 1956, a cikin garin Kano.ta tsakiya cikin dangin Alhaji Ali Abdullahi, wanda ya kasance mai kishin zamantakewar al'umma kuma daya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi zamani da Malam Aminu [[Kano]] a ƙungiyar ' Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU)'.<ref>{{cite news|title=HAJIYA NAJATU MUHAMMED: THE UNASSAILABLE PROGRESSIVE AMAZON|url=http://www.newsgrainmagazine.com/2016/04/hajiya-najatu-muhammed-unassailable.html|accessdate=8 December 2016|work=www.newsgrainmagazine.com|publisher=News Grain|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003351/http://www.newsgrainmagazine.com/2016/04/hajiya-najatu-muhammed-unassailable.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muhammad a halarci makarantar firamare a St. Louis Private School, Kano, sannan ya tafi Sakandiren WTC a [[Kano]]. Ta samu digiri na farko a fannin [[tarihi]] daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Zariya|Zaria]]. == Rayuwarta == '''Naja'atu Muhammed''' ta kasance tsohuwar matar [[Bala Mohammed|Dr Bala Muhammed]], mai bai wa gwamnan jamhuriyya ta biyu Mallam [[Abubakar Rimi]] shawara kan harkokin siyasa. Wasu mutane ne suka kashe mijinta shekaru 28 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni bayan da Malam [[Abubakar Rimi|Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi]] ya zargi mai martaba Sarkin Kano, [[Ado Bayero]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ali|first1=Richard|title=Denudation: Remembering Dr Bala Mohammed Bauchi|url=https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/denudation-remembering-dr-bala-mohammed-bauchi|website=Pambazuka News|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bala Muhammad, Najaatu}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:yan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:yan Najeriya]] ls30ishb0wxgp4xs7gmg49qikr3nku1 0 15139 858928 831599 2026-06-16T13:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}} '''Gloria Chinasa Okoro''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1987) tsohuwar ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga Najeriya wadda ta buga a matsayin mai kai hari. Duk da cewa an haife ta kuma ta taso a Najeriya, ta wakilci tawagar mata ta ƙasar Guinea Equatorial a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Chinasa ta shahara ne saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafar mata a Afirka da kuma nasarorin da ta samu a wasu ƙasashen Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gloria Chinasa Okoro a birnin Enugu da ke Najeriya, inda ta taso tare da iyalanta. Tun tana ƙarama take nuna ƙwarewa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, lamarin da ya sa ta fara taka leda a matakin ƙungiyoyin mata na cikin gida. Hazakarta da saurin motsi a fili sun sa masu horarwa suka fara lura da ita tun kafin ta kai matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/gloria-chinasa/201798](https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/gloria-chinasa/201798) |title=Gloria Chinasa Player Profile |website=Playmaker Stats |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == Chinasa ta fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar mata ta ''Rivers Angels'' a Najeriya. A lokacin tana daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gaba a gasar mata ta Najeriya. A shekara ta 2005, yayin wani wasa da wata ƙungiya daga Guinea Equatorial, ta zura ƙwallaye uku, abin da ya ja hankalin jami’an ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Guinea Equatorial gare ta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> Bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 2011, Chinasa ta koma ƙungiyar ''Unia Racibórz'' ta ƙasar Poland. A can ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa ƙungiyar lashe gasar Ekstraliga ta mata. Ta kuma zama daga cikin fitattun masu zura ƙwallaye a gasar, inda ta lashe kyautar mafi yawan cin ƙwallaye a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa |website=Wikipedia Español |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> Daga baya ta ci gaba da buga wasa a ƙasashe daban-daban kamar Lithuania, Belarus, Albania da Faransa. Ta wakilci ƙungiyoyi irin su ''Gintra Universitetas'', ''Bobruichanka'', ''Vllaznia'' da kuma ''Rouen''. Wannan ya nuna irin gogewar da ta samu a nahiyar Turai kafin daga bisani ta koma ƙungiyar ''E Waiso Ipola''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.soccerzz.com/player.php?id=201798](https://www.soccerzz.com/player.php?id=201798) |title=Gloria Chinasa Career Stats |website=Soccer ZZ |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Ko da yake ‘yar Najeriya ce, Gloria Chinasa ta amince ta wakilci tawagar mata ta Guinea Equatorial bayan da jami’an ƙasar suka gayyace ta. Ta fara taka leda a tawagar ƙasar tun shekara ta 2006. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2006, ta zura ƙwallon farko a tarihin Guinea Equatorial a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> Chinasa ta taimaka wa Guinea Equatorial lashe kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata a shekarun 2008 da 2012. Ta kasance daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wajen ɗaga martabar ƙwallon ƙafar mata a ƙasar. Haka kuma ta wakilci ƙasar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2011 da aka gudanar a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/159598/gloria-chinasa](https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/159598/gloria-chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa Bio |website=ESPN |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 2011, Chinasa ta buga wasu muhimman wasanni ciki har da wasan da suka yi da Australia inda tawagarta ta sha kashi da ci 3–2. Duk da rashin nasara, an yaba da yadda ta nuna ƙwarewa da jajircewa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.soccerzz.com/player.php?epoca_id=140&id=201798](https://www.soccerzz.com/player.php?epoca_id=140&id=201798) |title=Gloria Chinasa 2010/2011 Stats |website=Soccer ZZ |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Gloria Chinasa da saurin gudu, iya kai hari da kuma kammala kwallo a gaban raga. Ta kasance ‘yar wasa mai iya taka rawar gani a matsayin mai kai hari ko kuma winger. Hazakarta wajen neman sarari da saurin zura ƙwallaye ya sa ta yi fice musamman a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/chinasa/profil/spieler_6592.html](https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/chinasa/profil/spieler_6592.html) |title=Gloria Chinasa Profile |website=Soccerdonna |access-date=2026-05-07 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Tare da ƙungiyoyi === * '''Unia Racibórz''' Ekstraliga ta mata: 2011–12, 2012–13 Kofin Poland na mata: 2011–12 * '''E Waiso Ipola''' Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino: 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa Honours |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> === Tare da tawagar ƙasa === * '''Guinea Equatorial mata''' Kofin nahiyar Afirka na mata: 2008, 2012 Zakarun nahiyar Afirka na mata sau biyu<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa |website=Wikipedia Español |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka na musamman === * Mafi yawan cin ƙwallaye a gasar Ekstraliga ta mata: 2011–12, 2012–13 * Mafi yawan cin ƙwallaye a Kofin Poland na mata: 2012–13<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) |title=Gloria Chinasa Achievements |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> == Gadonta == Gloria Chinasa na daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan mata daga Najeriya da suka samu damar taka leda a matakin duniya tare da wakiltar wata ƙasa a nahiyar Afirka. Nasarorin da ta samu sun kasance abin koyi ga matasan ‘yan wasa mata a Afirka musamman wajen nuna cewa hazaka da jajircewa na iya kai mutum zuwa manyan matakai a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/gloria-chinasa/201798](https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/gloria-chinasa/201798) |title=Gloria Chinasa Legacy |website=Playmaker Stats |access-date=2026-05-07}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Chinasa) Gloria Chinasa a Wikipedia ta Turanci] [[https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/159598/gloria-chinasa](https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/159598/gloria-chinasa) Gloria Chinasa a ESPN] [[https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/chinasa/profil/spieler_6592.html](https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/chinasa/profil/spieler_6592.html) Gloria Chinasa a Soccerdonna] {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinasa, Gloria}} [[Category:Haihuwar 1987]] [[Category:Mutane masu rai]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata na Najeriya]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata na Guinea Equatorial]] [[Category:Masu kai hari a ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Rivers Angels]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Unia Racibórz]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya a ƙasashen waje]] pkxh04wqeuw63rzg33wu3i8ssksm068 0 17322 859236 640486 2026-06-17T09:58:23Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 859236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}} {{databox}} '''Ibrahim Muhammadu Maccido ɗan Abubakar,''' (Haihuwa: 20 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta 1928Rasuwa: 29 ga watan Oktobar shekarar ta 2006), wanda aka fi sani da '''Muhammadu Maccido''', shi ne [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi na]] 19 a [[Nijeriya|kasar nigeria]]. Ya kuma kasance da na farko ga sarkin musulmi Abubakar III (shekarar ta 1903&#x2013;shekarar ta 1988) <ref>Daily, Peoples (2023-09-23). "Muhammadu Maccido, the 19th Sultan of Sokoto (20 April 1928 – 29 Oct. 2006), - Peoples Daily Newspaper". Retrieved 2024-07-08.</ref>wanda ya kasance Sarkin Musulmi na tsawon shekaru 50.sarkin musulmi Muhammadu Maccido ya yi ayyuka da dama, na gwamnati a lokacin rayuwarsa kuma ya yi fice sosai a matsayin mai hulda da Shugaban kasar Nijeriya [[Shehu Shagari]] (mulki shekarar 1979 &#x2013; shekarar ta 1983) har zuwa lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki suka kawar da Shagari daga mulki. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekarar 1988, shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soji a Najeriya, [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ya nada Ibrahim Dasuki (mulki a shekarar ta 1985 &#x2013; shekarar ta 1993) a matsayin sabon [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi]], shawarar da ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai ƙarfi a duk arewacin Nijeriya. A shekarar ta 1996, [[Sani Abacha]] (shekarar 1993 &#x2013; shekarar ta 1998), tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Nijeriya 6, ya tumɓuke Dasuki daga muƙaminsa ya kuma naɗa Maccido sabon Sarkin Musulmi. An kuma naɗa Maccido a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta 1996 kuma ya yi mulki daga matsayin na tsawon shekaru goma. Ya kuma yi amfani da mukamin don kokarin sasanta rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin al’ummar Musulmin arewacin Najeriya, da inganta alaka da sauran al’ummomin Musulmi, da rage rikice-rikicen kabilanci a cikin Najeriya.<ref>Nigeria: Sultan Maccido's Bio-Data". All Africa. Retrieved July 8, 2024.</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta 2006, bayan ganawa da Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Maccido ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin saman kamfanin jirgin sama na ADC Airlines Flight 53, tare da ɗansa Badamasi Maccido, yayin da suke komawa Sakkwato. Akuma n binne shi a Sakkwato tare da yawancin sauran Sarakunan na Sakkwato. == Rayuwar farko == Muhammadu Maccido yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan yaran da Sarki Siddiq Abubakar III ya haifa kafin Abubakar ya zama Sarkin Musulmi a shekarar 1938. An haife shi ne a 20 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1928 a wajen garin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] a garin [[Dange Shuni]] . {{Sfn|Whiteman|2006}} {{Sfn|Falola|2009}} Sauran yara da yawa sun mutu yayin haihuwa kuma don haka lokacin da aka haifi Muhammadu ga babbar matar Abubakar Hauwa, an ba shi ƙarin suna Maccido (ma'anar ''bawa'' ) don ƙoƙarin kawar da rashin sa'a. Duk da cewa Abubakar ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu ne kawai kafin ya zama Sarkin Musulmi, amma ya riga ya sami karin' ya'ya 53 bayan haka. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Maccido ya yi fice a kotun Abubakar yayin da yake girma kuma tsarin shugabancin mahaifinsa na da matukar tasiri a karshen mulkin kasar Maccido. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Misali ɗaya shi ne a shekarar 1943 lokacin da Sardauna Ahmadu, wanda ya ƙalubalanci Abubakar a zaɓen a matsayin sarki, ana zarginsa da karkatar da kuɗin haraji kuma Abubakar ya hukunta shi da kurkuku; amma, Ahmadu ya kuma ɗauki lauya a kudu don daukaka kara kan hukuncin kuma kotun Burtaniya ta ba da umarnin a daina tuhumar. Yanayin siyasa ya yi matukar damuwa bayan wannan kuma daga wannan Maccido ya koyi yin sulhu da abokan adawar siyasa. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Maccido ya yi karatu a kwalejin da ke [[Zariya]] kafin ya yi karatu a shekarar 1952-1953 a Kwalejin Kudancin Devon da ke Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Whiteman|2006}} == Shiga cikin siyasa == A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na mulkin Biritaniya a kan yankin, Maccido ya zama mai tasiri a cikin muƙamin siyasa daban-daban. A shekarar 1951, Maccido ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna yana]] mulkin Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato. Kodayake yana da ƙuruciya kuma ƙaramin memba na Majalisar, ya sami damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa da shugabannin farko na Nijeriya da yawa saboda ɗan sarki ne. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} A ƙarshen shekarar 1950s, [[Zamfara]] da sauran al'ummomin arewa sun fara fuskantar rikice-rikicen rikici tare da jam'iyyun siyasa da ke gwagwarmaya da juna kafin zaɓen shekarar 1959. An tura Maccido zuwa ga al'ummomin don zama wakilin [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] a kokarin rage tashin hankali. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato a cikin shekarun 1950 ciki har da Kansilan Ayyuka (1956), Kansila na Raya Karkara (1959), da Kansilan Aikin Gona (1960). {{Sfn|Falola|2009}} Tare da rikice-rikicen bayan samun 'yanci a Najeriya, wanda ya karu sosai bayan kisan Firimiya [[Ahmadu Bello|Sir Ahmadu Bello]] (daga Sakkwato) a shekarar 1966, Maccido ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa mahaifinsa a kokarin sasanta rikicin. A Sakkwato, wasu fusatattun Musulmai sun yunkuro zuwa Cocin Katolika da nufin rusa ginin a wani bangare na fushin da ake yi wa Ibo da Kirista. Maccido da Marafa, suruki ne ga Ahmadu Bello, sun sadu da taron kuma suka shawo kansu suka watse don hana lalata cocin. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Shekarar da ta biyo baya, Maccido ya zama Kwamishina na Majalisar zartarwar Jihar Arewa maso Yamma kuma ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona sannan daga baya Ma'aikatar Lafiya. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Duk da cewa ya yi nesa da gwamnatocin sojoji a shekarun 1970s, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami’in tuntuba tsakanin masarautar Sakkwato da shugaban Najeriya [[Jerin shugabannin jihohin Najeriya|na]] tsawon shekaru a lokacin Shugabancin [[Shehu Shagari]] . {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} A cikin shekarar 1986, Maccido ya bar siyasa a cikin kasar ya koma ga mahaifinsa mara lafiya Abubakar da siyasar cikin gida a Sakkwato. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kuduri aniyar rashin lafiya sosai saboda ayyukan ofis, Maccido ya kasance daga cikin Inungiyar Inner don gudanar da Masarautar. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} == Dasuki a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi == Abubakar III ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988 yayin da [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Babangida ya]] kasance shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake a gargajiyance a tsarin addinin Sakkwato, masu zaɓen masarautu daban-daban ne suka dauki nauyin lamarin suka zabi Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988. Amma, a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, gwamnatin soja ta Babangida ta yanke hukuncin cewa Ibrahim Dasuki, wanda ya kalubalanci Maccido ga matsayin kuma mashahurin abokin kasuwancin Babangida ne, zai zama sabon sarki. Nan take rikici ya barke a Sakkwato da sauran arewacin Najeriya tare da magoya bayan Maccido wadanda ke nuna rashin amincewarsu da katsalandan din sojoji a cikin masarautu. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Maccido an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. {{Sfn|Falola|2009}} Ya dawo bayan mulkin Babangida amma bai goyi bayan jajircewar mabiyansa ga Dasuki ba. Ya karfafawa magoya bayansa gwiwa da kada su yi tarayya da mulkin Dasuki kuma su kasance a rabe. Rayuwa ta bunkasa cikin wahalar kudi ga Maccido kuma gidansa ya fara zama mara kyau kuma har wayarsa ta katse saboda rashin biyan kudi. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Musulmai da yawa a arewacin Najeriya sun yi adawa da mulkin Dasuki, tare da jerin korafe korafe da suka hada da cewa Dasuki ya rusa gidan [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammed Bello]], Sarkin Musulmi na biyu, don yin gyare-gyare a harabar gidan sarautar. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} == Sultan == Maccido daga baya ya dawo da kuɗi. Ya fara shigo da kayayyaki da sayar da kayayyakin ga 'yan kasuwar gida, kafin ya zama sarki. Marigayi [[Sani Abacha]] ne ya cire Ibrahim Dasuki daga wannan muƙamin a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1996. Ba tare da bin tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Sakkwato ba, Abacha ya nada Maccido a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi kuma an naɗa masa sarauta, ko kuma nadin sarauta, a 21 ga watan Afrilu 1996 a Sultan Masallacin Bello. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} A matsayin Sultan, ya zama jagora na ruhaniya ga al'ummar musulmin Najeriya kuma shugaban masarautar Sokoto. {{Sfn|Polygreen|2006}} Don kaucewa matsaloli tare da Dasuki da magoya bayansa, Maccido ya roki Abacha da ya tabbatar an bi da shi ta hanyar mutuntaka kuma za a bar shi ya dawo daga gudun hijira bayan wani dan lokaci. Lokacin da ‘yan fashi da makami suka far wa Dasuki a gidansa, Maccido ya aika da wani jami’in hukuma don ba Dasuki goyon baya. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin muƙamin nasa, ya kuma zama Shugaban Majalisar Ƙoli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci a Nijeriya kuma ya yi kyakkyawar alaka da sauran kungiyoyin Musulmi a duk duniya daga wannan matsayin. Ya halarci Taron Duniya kan Addinin Musulunci, ya tafi Saudiyya don tara kudi don makarantun Islamiyya, kuma ya yi mu’amala sosai da Musulmai a wasu wurare a duniya. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} Don tallafawa musulmai a arewacin Najeriya, Maccido ya ba da wata kungiya ga kungiyar mata mata ta ilimi, ta kafa makaranta a wajen Sakkwato, sannan ta fara wani babban yunkuri na yada kwayar cutar shan inna a yadu. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} A shekara ta 2004, ya shirya bukukuwan [[jihadi]] na shekara biyu na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa Masarautar Sakkwato, da kuma fara Yaƙin Fulani . {{Sfn|Whiteman|2006}} Tare da karuwar rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmai a Najeriya, Maccido ya yi ƙoƙari don kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali kuma ya sa baki sau da yawa don rage tashin hankali. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} A lokacin da yake sarki, ya kuma ba sarakunan gargajiya wasu 'ya'yansa uku. An nada dansa Malami a matsayin "danburan sokoto"; Ahmed, wanda yanzu haka Sanata ne, an nada masa rawani a matsayin "Mainan Sokoto"; da Bello, wanda shi ne Shugaba na FBN Holdings a Najeriya, an nada shi da "Kyakkyawan Sakkwato". Koda bayan mutuwar mahaifinsu, dukkansu sun riƙe mukamansu na manyan sarakunan halifancin. Koyaya, Maccido ya nuna adawa ga gwamnatin jihar ta Najeriya lokacin da suka yi kokarin baiwa [[Shi'a|mabiya Shi’a ‘]] yan cirani damar yin salla a masallatan Sokoto. Kamar mahaifinsa, ya yi adawa da wannan yunƙurin kuma ya ƙi ba da damar yin addu'a ga Musulmin Shi'a. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} == Mutuwa == Bayan bikin [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|karamar Sallah]] a shekarar 2006, Maccido ya tafi [[Abuja]] don ganawa da Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . Bayan wannan taron, Maccido ya hau jirgi ya dawo Sokoto ranar Lahadi 29 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin jirgin akwai ɗaya daga cikin 'ya' ya Badamasi Maccido (wanda shi ne Sanata daga Sakkwato), jikan sa, da sauran hukumomin gwamnatin yankin da suka je Abuja domin bitar ilmi. Jirgin na ADC Airlines mai lamba 53 ya fadi ne jim kadan bayan tashinsa ya kashe yawancin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ciki har da Maccido, dansa, da kuma jikan sa. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} {{Sfn|Polygreen|2006}} Maccido jikinsa bai ƙone ba, yana mai sauƙin ganewa. An jagoranci gawarsa a kan titunan Sakkwato tare da dubun dubatan masu makoki da suka hallara. An kuma binne shi a babban kabarin sarakunan Sokoto (Hubbare), kusa da na mahaifinsa. {{Sfn|Boyd|2010}} == Manazarta == === Bayanan kula === {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == *   * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6096858.stm ''Tarihi: Sultan na Sokoto''], Martin Plaut, Labaran BBC, 29 ga Oktoba 2006 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061103202144/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article18 ''Katolika suna ɗaukaka kyawawan halayen Maccido''], ''The Guardian, Nijar'', Nuwamba 3, 2006 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061114114554/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article21 ''Sarkin Morocco ya yi alhinin marigayi Sultan, da sauran wadanda hatsarin ya rutsa da su''], ''The Guardian, Nijar'', Nuwamba 3, 2006 {{Sarakunan Sokoto}} [[Category:Sarakunan Sakkwato]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9cib6xy3mbqu3jugm41upi39rnfj4yx 0 17399 858923 525884 2026-06-16T13:43:42Z Drseeyah muhammad 45910 Ta kudi 858923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ibrahim M. Ida''' (an haife shi a 15 ga Janairun shekarar 1949) an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazaɓar Katsina ta Tsakiya ta [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], [[Nijeriya]], inda ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Mayu shekarata 2007. Shi memba ne na jam`iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] . <ref name="TI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.transparencyng.com/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=70%3Asen-ibrahim-m-ida&catid=29%3Asenators&Itemid=69 |title=Transparency for Nigeria entry |access-date=2021-02-17 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319210600/http://www.transparencyng.com/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=70:sen-ibrahim-m-ida&catid=29:senators&Itemid=69 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ida ya sami AIB, London (1977), MSc a harkokin Banki da Tattali, Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar (1983) da LLB, BL, Jami'ar Abuja (2003). Kafin a zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dattawa ya riƙe muƙamin Kwamishinan Kuɗi, na Jihar Katsina da kuma Sakatare na din-din-din na Ma’aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya. Bayan an zabe shi, an naɗa shi kwamitoci kan Dokoki da Kasuwanci, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa mai zaman kanta, ta Kudi da Tsaro & Sojoji. <ref name="TI"/> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Katsina]] rfwqem13ehetmrnfw0w4qer1x4i0hrt 0 20080 859083 840196 2026-06-16T21:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland''', wanda aka sani da '''Halin Yanayin Ireland''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v The Government of Ireland & Ors|url=https://www.courts.ie/view/judgments/681b8633-3f57-41b5-9362-8cbc8e7d9215/981c098a-462b-4a9a-9941-5d601903c9af/2020_IESC_49.pdf/pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/tag/canjin-yanayi/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905193823/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/tag/canjin-yanayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Ƙasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta shekarar 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Ƙoli ta umarci gwamnati da ta ƙirƙiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ta shekarar 2015. == Bayan fage == [[File:Irish_Department_of_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Department_of_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications.png|thumb|Sashen Kula da Muhalli, Yanayi da Sadarwa na Irish]] [[File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher3_Pumbaa80.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher3_Pumbaa80.jpg|thumb|Gwanin Moher, Ireland]] Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=National Mitigation Plan 2017|url=https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/national-mitigation-plan-2017.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na ƙasa).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 - A Brief Overview|url=https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/construction-and-engineering/climate-action-and-low-carbon-development-act-2015-a-brief-overview|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.mccannfitzgerald.com}}</ref> Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=2015 Climate Act, section 3|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/46/section/3/enacted/en/html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=2015 Climate Act, section 4|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/46/section/4/enacted/en/html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - CSO - Central Statistics Office|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii18/greenhousegasesandclimatechange/#:~:text=Ireland%20had%20the%20third%20highest,EU%20average%20of%208.8%20tonnes|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.cso.ie|language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa".<ref>https://climate-calculator.climatehero.org/?source=GoogleKeywords&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=12575203829&gclid=Cj0KCQjwkILEBhDeARIsAL--pjxuSoYxWcDyhR6rqcUfgkgDGV_PlC9o4VfAsHAMxpSNbmb6LvgjQ7IaAklFEALw_wcB</ref> Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=Climate Change Advisory Council Periodic Review Report 2017|url=http://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CCAC_REVIEWREPORT2017.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203095232/http://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CCAC_REVIEWREPORT2017.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2019|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Sullivan|first=Kevin|title=Climate Change Advisory Council strongly criticises Government plan on climate|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/climate-change-advisory-council-strongly-criticises-government-plan-on-climate-1.3316390|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Friends of the Irish Environment|url=https://www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org/aboutus|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org}}</ref> FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Climate case|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/climate-case/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.<ref name=":2" /> == Babban Kotun == A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na shekarar 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar [[Faris|Paris]] don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/friends-of-the-irish-environment-v-ireland/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/friends-of-the-irish-environment-v-ireland/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Carolan|first=Mary|title=Supreme Court to hear appeal over Government's 'flawed' climate change plan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/supreme-court-to-hear-appeal-over-government-s-flawed-climate-change-plan-1.4176313|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019|title=Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v The Government of Ireland|url=https://app-justis-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/case/friends-of-the-irish-enviroment-clg-v-the-government-of-ireland/fulltext-judgment/aXidm5udmWadl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430083604/https://login.jproxy.nuim.ie/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.justis.com%2Fcase%2Ffriends-of-the-irish-enviroment-clg-v-the-government-of-ireland%2Ffulltext-judgment%2FaXidm5udmWadl|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> == Kotun Koli == Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.<ref name=":3" /> Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya.<ref name=":4" /> An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.<ref name=":1" /> Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Ryall|first=Áine|title=Supreme Court ruling a turning-point for climate governance in Ireland|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/supreme-court-ruling-a-turning-point-for-climate-governance-in-ireland-1.4323848|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Kenny|first=David|title=Opinion: The Supreme Court's ruling on the government's climate plan is a watershed moment|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/supreme-court-ruling-government-climate-plan-impact-5165222-Aug2020/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en}}</ref> Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boland|first=Lauren|title=Supreme Court finds government climate plan falls "well short"|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/supreme-court-climate-case-ireland-5164687-Jul2020/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en}}</ref> Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keena|first=Colm|title=Court’s quashing of climate plan a cause for international embarrassment|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/court-s-quashing-of-climate-plan-a-cause-for-international-embarrassment-1.4318932|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Supreme Court rules in favour of Climate Case Ireland|url=https://greennews.ie/supreme-court-rules-in-favour-of-climate-case/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Green News Ireland|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117000412/https://greennews.ie/supreme-court-rules-in-favour-of-climate-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":5" /> == Amsawa == An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland"<ref name=":5" /> kuma "lokacin ruwa".<ref name=":6" /> Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Frost|first=Rosie|date=2020-07-31|title=Irish citizens win case to force government action on climate change|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/07/31/irish-citizens-win-case-to-force-government-action-on-climate-change|access-date=2020-11-15|website=living|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-01|title=Climate change: 'Huge' implications to Irish climate case across Europe|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53619848|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Los jueces reclaman al gobierno de Irlanda un plan de acción climática más exigente|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20200801/482593085953/irlanda-accion-climatica-emergencia-climatica.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=La Vanguardia|language=es}}</ref> Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Ryan welcomes the judgement of the Supreme Court today in relation to National Mitigation Plan|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/410b1-minister-ryan-welcomes-the-judgement-of-the-supreme-court-today-in-relation-to-national-mitigation-plan/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=www.gov.ie|language=en}}</ref> == Tasiri == Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi.<ref name=":7" /> Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Supreme Court to hear Climate Case Ireland appeal|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/supreme-court-to-hear-climate-case-ireland-appeal/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The World from PRX|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922205749/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Amidst a climate and biodiversity crisis, hope emerges: Friends of the Irish Environment win historic ‘Climate Case Ireland’ in the Irish Supreme Court|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/amidst-a-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis-hope-emerges-friends-of-the-irish-environment-win-historic-climate-case-ireland-in-the-irish-supreme-court/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == nbivmxe3q3qg91mk2o819q5wlhdkpxc 4 21908 859116 858520 2026-06-16T21:26:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 859116 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:LHORD'S Kreatives|LHORD'S Kreatives]] |[[Special:Contributions/LHORD'S Kreatives|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 14 ga Yuni 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Alixcpp|Alixcpp]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alixcpp|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Amaheeru|Amaheeru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amaheeru|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Traumamedic55|Traumamedic55]] |[[Special:Contributions/Traumamedic55|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |5 |[[User:KeywanTonekaboni|KeywanTonekaboni]] |[[Special:Contributions/KeywanTonekaboni|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Aakubau|Aakubau]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aakubau|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Ssw407|Ssw407]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ssw407|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Sdg1969|Sdg1969]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sdg1969|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |9 |[[User:The C of E|The C of E]] |[[Special:Contributions/The C of E|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Մոնիկա11|Մոնիկա11]] |[[Special:Contributions/Մոնիկա11|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Ahmed ezouine|Ahmed ezouine]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahmed ezouine|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |12 |[[User:S3r0|S3r0]] |[[Special:Contributions/S3r0|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Bogdan 1956|Bogdan 1956]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bogdan 1956|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Jéjé3333|Jéjé3333]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jéjé3333|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Mewhen123|Mewhen123]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mewhen123|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Sham3un|Sham3un]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sham3un|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Tajudeen Abdullahi Olaoluwa|Tajudeen Abdullahi Olaoluwa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tajudeen Abdullahi Olaoluwa|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Mt baffah|Mt baffah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mt baffah|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Brightpaw|Brightpaw]] |[[Special:Contributions/Brightpaw|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |20 |[[User:MarcelekSkarpetka|MarcelekSkarpetka]] |[[Special:Contributions/MarcelekSkarpetka|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Lcsun|Lcsun]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lcsun|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Paul The Writer|Paul The Writer]] |[[Special:Contributions/Paul The Writer|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Gotitnowletsgo|Gotitnowletsgo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gotitnowletsgo|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Bogelund04|Bogelund04]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bogelund04|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Usama Bin Musa|Usama Bin Musa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Usama Bin Musa|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Bjrmurray|Bjrmurray]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bjrmurray|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Lucian GAVRILA|Lucian GAVRILA]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lucian GAVRILA|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Sierra.txt|Sierra.txt]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sierra.txt|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Monica Serobyan|Monica Serobyan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Monica Serobyan|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Balmina|Balmina]] |[[Special:Contributions/Balmina|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Krissantemum|Krissantemum]] |[[Special:Contributions/Krissantemum|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |32 |[[User:-- -- --|-- -- --]] |[[Special:Contributions/-- -- --|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Faruku muhammad|Faruku muhammad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Faruku muhammad|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Evolveship|Evolveship]] |[[Special:Contributions/Evolveship|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |35 |[[User:PedroHAB1001|PedroHAB1001]] |[[Special:Contributions/PedroHAB1001|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 15 ga Yuni 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Advacheck princess|Advacheck princess]] |[[Special:Contributions/Advacheck princess|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Manilarosa|Manilarosa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Manilarosa|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Nxgrizzle|Nxgrizzle]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nxgrizzle|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Nghtt|Nghtt]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nghtt|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Imdashti|Imdashti]] |[[Special:Contributions/Imdashti|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Modu kgg|Modu kgg]] |[[Special:Contributions/Modu kgg|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aurafish|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Idrissrahman|Idrissrahman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Idrissrahman|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Candy-Kubik|Candy-Kubik]] |[[Special:Contributions/Candy-Kubik|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |45 |[[User:فرزام میم|فرزام میم]] |[[Special:Contributions/فرزام میم|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Sir Morosus|Sir Morosus]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sir Morosus|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |47 |[[User:هي علامة|هي علامة]] |[[Special:Contributions/هي علامة|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |48 |[[User:51mohamedbadr|51mohamedbadr]] |[[Special:Contributions/51mohamedbadr|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Muffy4|Muffy4]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muffy4|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Isderion|Isderion]] |[[Special:Contributions/Isderion|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 16 ga Yuni 2026 |- |} lixxt3s799hlex9vo21ujr9xb0prgqf 0 25991 859264 244469 2026-06-17T10:45:45Z M Bash Ne 12403 859264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hon '''Sani Umar Bala''' Tsanyawa (An haife shi a shekarar 1970) a karamar hukumar Tsanyawa ta jihar Kano, Najeriya. ya kasance shi Injiniya ne, dan siyasa, kuma memba mai wakiltar mazabar Kunchi/Tsanyawa a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/amp/see-list-of-elected-house-of-representatives-members-from-kano-state</ref> ==Farkon rayuwa da Karatu== Hon Umar ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati ta Karaye, Jihar Kano inda ya zauna kuma ya ci jarrabawar Babbar Makarantar Sakandare (SSCE) a 1988. Ya zarce zuwa Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Injiniya (1995) da kuma MBA (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://kanostate.gov.ng/min-for-youth-and-sports |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085058/http://kanostate.gov.ng/min-for-youth-and-sports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Aiki da Siyasa== Hon Umar Bala ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Darakta (Shugaba) na Sahabi Electrical & Mechanical Co. Ltd. Daga watan Oktoban shekarar 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2014, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Manajan Ayyuka da Gyarawa a Kamfanin Riƙe Kamfani na Najeriya (PHCN). Ya kuma kasance Manajan Kasuwanci tare da Kamfanin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki na Kano (KEDCO).<ref>https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/sani-bala-umar</ref> A shekarar 2015 Hon Umar Bala an zabe shi mamba mai wakiltar mazabar Kunchi/Tsanyawa a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya karkashin tsarin jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). Sannan aka kara zabarsa a shekararar 2019 Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Al'amuran Jama'a. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1970]] a7tadzdpnndzm53vhk850dwvalm8igc 0 26645 859140 784723 2026-06-17T02:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 4.0.svg|thumb|Harsashe na COVID-19]] '''Shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen annoba''' ya faru a ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyin fadin [[Duniya-30|duniya]]. Hukumar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Lafiya ta Duniya tana]] rubuta shawarwari da jagorori, kodayake babu wata hanyar da za a bi don bitar shirye-shiryen ƙasashe na annoba da saurin ba da amsa. Ayyukan kasa ya dogara da gwamnatocin kasa. A cikin 2005-2006, kafin cutar murar alade ta 2009 da kuma a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, gwamnatoci a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Faransa]], [[Birtaniya|UK]], da sauransu sun gudanar da dabarun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, amma sau da yawa sun rage hannun jari bayan annoba ta 2009 don rage farashi. Wani bita na watan Yuni na 2018 ya ce shirye-shiryen annoba a ko'ina ba su isa ba, tunda ƙwayoyin cuta na yanayi na iya fitowa da sama da kashi 50% na adadin masu mutuwa, amma ƙwararrun [[Kiwon Lafiyar Burtaniya|kiwon lafiya]] da masu tsara manufofin sun tsara kamar dai cututtukan ba za su taɓa wuce kashi 2.5% na mace-macen cutar ta Sipaniya ba. 1918.<ref name="ox2">{{Cite web|last=Kamradt-Scott|first=Adam|editor3-first=Jeremy|editor3-last=Youde|editor2-first=Kelley|editor2-last=Lee|editor1-first=Colin|editor1-last=McInnes|date=2020-03-19|title=The Politics of Pandemic Influenza Preparedness|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190456818-e-32|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.001.0001|isbn=9780190456818}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci da yawa sun gudanar da atisayen zanga-zanga (ciki har da Crimson Contagion ) wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin ƙasashe ba za a shirya su ba.<ref name="The New York Times 20202">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Outbreak: A Cascade of Warnings, Heard but Unheeded|website=The New York Times|date=2020-03-19|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422171027/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html|archive-date=22 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stracqualursi 20202">{{cite web|last=Stracqualursi|first=Veronica|title=New York Times: HHS' pandemic simulation showed how US was ill prepared for coronavirus|website=CNN|date=2020-03-19|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/politics/hhs-pandemic-simulation-crimson-contagion-report/index.html|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422223619/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/politics/hhs-pandemic-simulation-crimson-contagion-report/index.html|archive-date=22 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Gwamnatoci ko manyan ‘yan kasuwa ba su dauki mataki ba. Rahotanni da dama sun jadada gazawar gwamnatocin kasashe wajen yin koyi da bullar cututtuka da suka gabata da annoba da kuma annoba. Richard Horton, babban editan ''The Lancet'', ya bayyana "amsar duniya ga SARS-CoV-2 [a matsayin] babbar gazawar manufofin kimiyya a cikin tsararraki". Barkewar da ta faru a farko a Hubei, Italiya da Spain sun nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiya na kasashe masu arziki da yawa sun mamaye. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da raunin kayan aikin likita, kayan aikin gadaje masu kulawa da sauran buƙatun likitanci, ana sa ran za a yi rashin lafiya tun da farko. == Ƙasashen Duniya == Hukumar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin Duniya sun]] yi gargadi game da hadarin barkewar annoba a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, musamman bayan barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 . Hukumar Kula da Shirye-shiryen Duniya ta fitar da rahotonta na farko a ƙarshen 2019. Shirye-shiryen masu zaman kansu kuma sun haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da barazanar annoba da buƙatun ingantaccen shiri. A cikin 2018, WHO ta ƙaddamar da kalmar, Cuta X, wanda "yana wakiltar ilimin cewa mummunar annoba ta kasa da kasa na iya haifar da kwayar cutar da ba a sani ba a halin yanzu don haifar da cutar ɗan adam" don mayar da hankali kan bincike da ci gaba a kan yiwuwar 'yan takara na gaba, a -lokacin da ba a sani ba, annoba. Rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa da rashin ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa iyakance shirye-shirye. Shirin rigakafin mura na WHO ya US$ &nbsp;Kasafin kudin shekara biyu miliyan, daga cikin kasafin kudin WHO na 2020-2021 na US$ &nbsp;biliyan. Ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga cikin shekaru suna shirya duniya don annoba da annoba. Daga cikin waɗancan akwai Ƙungiyoyin Ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka, wanda Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates suka kafa, Wellcome Trust, da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai . Tun daga shekarar 2017 Haɗin gwiwar ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da hanyar da za a bi don magance cututtukan da suka kunno kai kamar COVID-19, wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka saurin rigakafin rigakafi da bincike na rigakafi don magance barkewar cutar. <ref name="wsj-prep">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/preparing-for-the-next-pandemic-11585936915 "Preparing for the Next Pandemic"], ''Wall Street Journal'', April 3, 2020</ref> <ref>Gates, Bill.</ref> == Kasashe == === Faransa === Bayan gargadi da karuwar shirye-shirye a cikin 2000s, cutar ta murar aladu ta 2009 ta haifar da saurin magance cutar a tsakanin kasashen Yamma. Halin ƙwayar cuta ta H1N1/09 tare da alamu masu sauƙi da ƙarancin kisa a ƙarshe ya haifar da koma baya game da wuce gona da iri na ɓangaren jama'a, kashe kuɗi da tsadar rigakafin mura na 2009 . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba a sabunta dabarun tara kayan aikin likita na ƙasa bisa tsari ba. a Faransa, € &nbsp;Miliyoyin siyan abin rufe fuska, alluran rigakafi da sauran su na H1N1 a karkashin nauyin ministar lafiya Roselyne Bachelot sun sha suka sosai.   Hukumomin lafiya na Faransa sun yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2011 cewa ba za su sake dawo da hannun jarin su ba domin rage saye da kashe kudaden ajiya da kuma dogaro da kayayyaki daga China da kuma kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci da kuma rarraba alhakin ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu bisa ga zaɓi. Tarin dabarun Faransa ya ragu a cikin wannan lokacin daga abin rufe fuska biliyan ɗaya da abin rufe fuska FFP2 miliyan 600 a cikin 2010 zuwa miliyan 150 da sifili, bi da bi a farkon 2020. === Ƙasar Ingila === Amintattun Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya [[Birtaniya|ta Ƙasar Burtaniya]] (NHS) ta aiwatar da kwatancen cututtukan mura kamar mura tun bayan barkewar cutar murar H5N1 ta 2007 ("murar tsuntsaye"). Russell King, manajan juriya a cikin NHS a lokacin, ya ce " Ofishin Majalisar ya gano samuwa da kuma rarraba PPE <nowiki>[</nowiki> kayan kariya na sirri ] a matsayin wani yanki na annoba."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lay|first1=Kat|last2=Fisher|first2=Lucy|title=Coronavirus: Shortage of masks and gowns for NHS staff foreseen over a decade ago|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/coronavirus-shortage-of-masks-and-gowns-for-nhs-staff-foreseen-over-a-decade-ago-8v8fcb0z3|access-date=5 December 2020|work=[[The Times]]|date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Darasi Cygnus ya kwana uku kwaikwaiyo motsa jiki da za'ayi ta NHS Ingila a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2016 zuwa kimanta tasiri na a tamkar H2N2 mura cutar AIDS a UK.<ref name="powys2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.powysthb.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/documents/1145/Board%5FItem%5F2.6%5F%20Pandemic%20flu%20Annual%20Report.pdf|title=POWYS PANDEMIC INFLUENZA PLANNING UPDATE 2016|last=Bale|first=Donna|date=25 January 2017|website=powysthb.wales.nhs.uk|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503223929/http://www.powysthb.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/documents/1145/Board%5FItem%5F2.6%5F%20Pandemic%20flu%20Annual%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-2020-03-282">{{Cite news|last1=Nuki|first1=Paul|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/28/exercise-cygnus-uncovered-pandemic-warnings-buried-government/|title=Exercise Cygnus uncovered: the pandemic warnings buried by the government|date=28 March 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 March 2020|last2=Gardner|first2=Bill|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name="pegg2">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/what-was-exercise-cygnus-and-what-did-it-find|title=What was Exercise Cygnus and what did it find?|newspaper=The Guardian|author=David Pegg|date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Annex A: about Exercise Cygnus|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-pandemic-preparedness/annex-a-about-exercise-cygnus|access-date=24 November 2020|website=[[Department of Health and Social Care]]}}</ref> Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila ne ya gudanar da shi wanda ke wakiltar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web}}</ref> Sassan gwamnati goma sha biyu <ref name=":0" /> a fadin Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa, da kuma tarukan juriya na gida (LRFs) sun halarci. Fiye da ma'aikata 950 daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, gidajen yari da ƙaramar hukuma ko gwamnatin tsakiya sun shiga cikin kwaikwayar ta kwanaki uku, kuma an gwada ikon su na jure yanayin matsanancin damuwa na likita. <ref name="pegg">{{Cite web}}</ref> An sanya mahalarta a cikin mako na bakwai na barkewar cutar - kololuwar rikicin, lokacin da ake samun babbar bukatar kiwon lafiya. A wannan mataki, an kiyasta kashi 50% na mutanen sun kamu da cutar, inda kusan mutane 400,000 suka mutu. <ref name="pegg" /> Halin da ake tsammani shine an yi maganin kuma an saya amma har yanzu ba a kai ga Burtaniya ba.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Public Health England|date=2017|title=Exercise Cygnus Report|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/927770/exercise-cygnus-report.pdf|journal=Public Health England|pages=57}}</ref> Jami'an asibiti da na jin dadin jama'a za su fito da tsare-tsare na gaggawa don kula da matsalolin albarkatu, yayin da jami'an gwamnati ke fuskantar yanayin da ke buƙatar yanke shawara cikin gaggawa. Don tabbatar da yanayin da ya dace, an gudanar da tarurrukan COBRA tsakanin ministoci da jami'ai. An yi amfani da kantunan labarai na kwaikwayi da kafofin watsa labarun don ba da sabuntawar tatsuniyoyi. <ref name="pegg" /> Wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar a gidan yanar gizo na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar ta Burtaniya ya bayyana cewa ba a yi niyyar gudanar da atisayen ne don gudanar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a nan gaba ba, ko kuma nuna matakan da za a bi don guje wa yaduwar cutar. <ref name=":0" /> Sakamako daga motsa jiki ya nuna cewa annobar za ta sa tsarin kiwon lafiyar kasar ya durkushe daga karancin kayan aiki,<ref name="Telegraph-2020-03-283">{{Cite news|last1=Nuki|first1=Paul|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/28/exercise-cygnus-uncovered-pandemic-warnings-buried-government/|title=Exercise Cygnus uncovered: the pandemic warnings buried by the government|date=28 March 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 March 2020|last2=Gardner|first2=Bill|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name="Guardian2">{{Cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/mar/29/uk-strategy-to-address-pandemic-threat-not-properly-implemented|title=UK strategy to address pandemic threat 'not properly implemented'|date=29 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=29 March 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> tare da Sally Davies, babban jami'in kula da lafiya a lokacin, yana mai bayyana cewa rashin isassun magunguna da dabaru. zubar da gawarwakin lamari ne mai tsanani.<ref name="newstatesman_2020-03-162">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/health/2020/03/government-documents-show-no-planning-ventilators-event-pandemic|title=Government documents show no planning for ventilators in the event of a pandemic|last=Lambert|first=Harry|date=16 March 2020|website=New Statesman|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="thetimes_2016-12-272">{{Cite news|last=Smyth|first=Chris|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/nhs-fails-to-cope-with-bodies-in-flu-pandemic-test-8pnmdpdfx|title=NHS fails to cope with bodies in flu pandemic test|date=27 December 2016|work=The Times|access-date=31 March 2020|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> An rarraba cikakken sakamakon atisayen tun asali<ref name="lbc_2020-03-302">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/radio/presenters/nick-ferrari/extraordinary-exchange-care-minister-coronavirus/|title=Nick Ferrari's extraordinary exchange with Care Minister over pandemic test exercise|date=30 March 2020|website=LBC|language=en|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> amma daga baya aka fitar da su sakamakon binciken jama'a da matsin lamba. A watan Nuwamba 2020, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa an tattauna duk darussan da aka gano daidai da la'akari da shirye-shiryenta na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web}}</ref> ''Jaridar Daily Telegraph ta'' ruwaito wata majiyar gwamnati tana cewa sakamakon simulation din ya yi matukar ban tsoro da ba za a iya bayyana shi ba.<ref name="Telegraph-2020-03-284">{{Cite news|last1=Nuki|first1=Paul|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/28/exercise-cygnus-uncovered-pandemic-warnings-buried-government/|title=Exercise Cygnus uncovered: the pandemic warnings buried by the government|date=28 March 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 March 2020|last2=Gardner|first2=Bill|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> A cewar ''The Telegraph'', motsa jiki ya haifar da zato cewa tsarin " kariya ga garken " zai zama mafi kyawun amsa ga irin wannan annoba.<ref name="telegraph_Hope_2020-04-262">{{Cite news|last=Hope|first=Christopher|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/04/24/jeremy-hunt-says-has-no-problem-governments-2016-pandemic-report/|title=Jeremy Hunt says he has no problem with Government's 2016 pandemic report being published|date=24 April 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=26 April 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name="telegraph_Gardner_2020-04-262">{{Cite news|last1=Gardner|first1=Bill|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/18/covid-19-strategies-britain-planned-herd-immunity-asia-intended/|title=Covid-19 strategies: Britain planned for herd immunity while Asia intended to contain virus|date=18 April 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=26 April 2020|last2=Nuki|first2=Paul|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> ''Jaridar The Guardian'' ta Burtaniya ta fitar da wani bangare na rahoton binciken daga baya, wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwar jama'a kan yadda aka sarrafa shi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news|last1=Pegg|first1=David|last2=Booth|first2=Robert|last3=Conn|first3=David|date=7 May 2020|title=Revealed: the secret report that gave ministers warning of care home coronavirus crisis|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/revealed-the-secret-report-that-gave-ministers-warning-of-care-home-coronavirus-crisis|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2020, lokacin da jaridar ''The Guardian'' ta yi hira da Martin Green, shugaban zartarwa na Care England, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya, ya ce a baya gwamnati ba ta sanar da sassan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ba game da rashin iya aiki idan annoba ta tashi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Day|first1=Michael|title=Covid-19: Concern about social care's ability to cope with pandemics was raised two years ago|journal=BMJ|date=11 May 2020|volume=369|doi=10.1136/bmj.m1879|doi-broken-date=6 May 2021|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1879|language=en|issn=1756-1833}}</ref> Exercise Alice wani motsa jiki ne na MERS coronavirus na Burtaniya motsa jiki daga 2016 wanda ya ƙunshi jami'ai daga Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila da Sashen Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a.<ref>{{cite web|title=SCHEDULE 2 – THE SERVICES|url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Airborne-high-consequence-infectious-diseases-service-specification-children.pdf|access-date=2021-06-10|website=NHS England|page=6}}</ref> Moosa Qureshi, mai ba da shawara a asibiti wanda ya sami bayanan da ba a bayyana a baya ba game da Alice a cikin 2021 ya ce motsa jiki "ya kamata ya shirya mu don kamuwa da kwayar cutar da ke da tsawon lokaci fiye da mura, wanda zai iya rayuwa a kan gurɓataccen wuri fiye da mura, wanda ke buƙatar girma. matakan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma waɗanda ba za a iya yin rigakafin su ba kafin igiyar ruwa ta biyu. Wannan yakamata ya haifar da dabaru daban-daban akan PPE da keɓewa daga dabarun mura."<ref name="Booth2">{{cite news|last1=Booth|first1=Robert|title=Secret planning exercise in 2016 modelled impact of Mers outbreak in UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/10/secret-planning-exercise-in-2016-modelled-impact-of-mers-outbreak-in-uk|access-date=2021-06-10|work=The Guardian|date=2021-06-10}}</ref> Richard Horton, babban editan ''The Lancet'', ya ba da shawarar cewa manufofin tattalin arziki sun taka rawa a cikin Burtaniya "rashin yin aiki kan darussan" fashewar SARS na 2002-2004 da kuma Burtaniya "ba a shirya sosai" don COVID -19 annoba. Wani bincike ga ''The Guardian ya'' lura cewa keɓancewa da yankewa, gami da dogaro da gwamnati kan ƴan kwangila masu zaman kansu yayin bala'in COVID-19, ya “ fallasa” Ingila ga kwayar cutar: “kayan aikin da aka taɓa kasancewa don magance rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a. an samu karaya, kuma a wasu wurare an ruguza su, ta hanyar manufofin da gwamnatocin Conservative suka bullo da su a baya-bayan nan, tare da wasu sauye-sauyen da suka faru tun a shekarun da jam’iyyar Labour ta yi tana mulki.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/31/how-a-decade-of-privatisation-and-cuts-exposed-england-to-coronavirus|title=How a decade of privatisation and cuts exposed England to coronavirus|first1=Felicity|last1=Lawrence|first2=Juliette|last2=Garside|first3=David|last3=Pegg|first4=David|last4=Conn|first5=Severin|last5=Carrell|first6=Harry|last6=Davies|date=31 May 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Amurka === Dangane da Indexididdigar Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, kima na Amurka-Britishka wanda ya ba da damar tsaron lafiyar lafiya a cikin kasashe 195, Amurka a cikin 2020 ita ce “mafi shiri” al'ummar waɗannan kimantawa sun dogara ne akan nau'i shida. Babban nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 sune: Amsa da sauri, Tsarin Lafiya da Rigakafi. <ref>[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/these-are-the-countries-best-prepared-for-health-emergencies/ "These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies"], ''World Economic Forum'', February 12, 2020.</ref> <ref name="cfr">[https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-global-health-survey-found-months-coronavirus-pandemic "What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic"], Council on Foreign Relations, March 24, 2020.</ref> Duk da wannan kima, Amurka ta kasa shirya mahimman tarin kayan aikinta na shirye-shiryen da aka yi hasashen zai zama dole kuma ta kasa bin takaddun tsare-tsarenta yayin aiwatar da martani ga cutar ta COVID-19.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} == Rahotannin da ke hasashen barkewar annoba a duniya == [[File:Alex_Azar_declares_PHED_for_Coronavirus.jpg|thumb|[[Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a|Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam (HHS)]] [[Alex Azar|Alex Azar ya]] sanya hannu kan sanarwar gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a.]] Amurka ta fuskanci annoba da annoba a tsawon tarihinta, ciki har da [[Mutanen Espanya mura|mura na 1918 na Mutanen Espanya]] wanda ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 550,000,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patterson|first1=David|last2=Pyle|first2=Gerald|title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic|url=https://photographworks.me/2020/04/13/spanish-flu-death-rates-by-country/|website=Photograph Works|date=13 April 2020|access-date=24 January 2021|ref=1}}</ref> [[Murar Asiya|cutar ta Asiya ta]] 1957 wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 70,000,<ref>{{cite web|title=1957 Asian Flu Pandemic|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/hsc-scen-3_pandemic-1957.htm#:~:text=In%201957,%20the%20Asian%20flu%20pandemic%20resulted%20in,of%20which%206,716%20were%20ascribed%20to%20influenza%20itself|website=Global Security|publisher=Global Security|access-date=24 January 2021|ref=2}}</ref> da kuma 1968 [[Hong Kong mura|mura ta Hong Kong]] wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 100,000.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Honigsbaum|first1=Mark|title=Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics|journal=Lancet|year=2020|volume=395|issue=10240|pages=1824–1826|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31201-0|pmid=32464113|pmc=7247790|ref=3}}</ref><ref name="abc72">{{cite news|last1=Miguel|first1=Ken|title=Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions|url=https://abc7news.com/5974174/|access-date=March 22, 2020|publisher=ABC 7 News|date=February 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lileks|first1=James|title=How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu|url=http://www.startribune.com/how-the-news-media-played-down-the-pandemics-of-yore-from-spanish-flu-to-swine-flu/568899732/?refresh=true|access-date=March 22, 2020|work=Star Tribune|date=March 18, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404015206/https://www.startribune.com/how-the-news-media-played-down-the-pandemics-of-yore-from-spanish-flu-to-swine-flu/568899732/?refresh=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Jeremy|title=The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/were-not-facing-second-spanish-flu/607354/|access-date=March 22, 2020|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> A cikin annoba ta baya-bayan nan kafin COVID-19, [[Cutar murar aladu|cutar murar aladu ta 2009 ta kashe]] rayukan Amurkawa sama da 12,000 tare da kwantar da wasu 270,000 a asibiti cikin kusan shekara guda. <ref name="abc7">{{cite news|last1=Miguel|first1=Ken|title=Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions|url=https://abc7news.com/5974174/|access-date=March 22, 2020|publisher=ABC 7 News|date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> Ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Leken Asiri ta Amurka|Leken Asiri ta Amurka]], a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara na ''[[Ƙididdigar Barazana a Duniya na Ƙungiyoyin Leken asirin Amurka|Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya]]'' na 2017 da 2018, ta ce idan wani coronavirus mai alaƙa ya kasance "ya sami ingantaccen watsawa tsakanin mutum-da-dan Adam", zai sami " yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta". ''Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta'' 2018 ta kuma ce sabbin nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke "sauƙin yaduwa tsakanin mutane" sun kasance "babban barazana".<ref name="auto72">[https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/SSCI%20Unclassified%20SFR%20-%20Final.pdf "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127051251/https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/SSCI%20Unclassified%20SFR%20-%20Final.pdf |date=2021-01-27 }}, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, May 11, 2017</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Reider|first1=Rem|title=Contrary to Trump's Claim, A Pandemic Was Widely Expected at Some Point|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/contrary-to-trumps-claim-a-pandemic-was-widely-expected-at-some-point/|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=[[Factcheck.org]]|date=March 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DilanianFebruary292">{{cite news|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|title=U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/u-s-intel-agencies-warned-rising-risk-outbreak-coronavirus-n1144891|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|date=February 29, 2020}}</ref> Hakazalika, Kididdigar ''Barazana ta Duniya ta'' 2019 ta yi gargadin cewa "Amurka da duniya za su kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar mura ta gaba ko kuma barkewar wata cuta mai saurin yaduwa wacce za ta iya haifar da yawan mace-mace da nakasa, wanda ke matukar shafar tattalin arzikin duniya." takura albarkatun kasa da kasa, da kuma kara kira ga Amurka na neman tallafi." <ref name="DilanianFebruary29">{{cite news|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|title=U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/u-s-intel-agencies-warned-rising-risk-outbreak-coronavirus-n1144891|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|date=February 29, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="threats">[https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR---SSCI.pdf " "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205025345/https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR---SSCI.pdf |date=2019-02-05 }} Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 29, 2019</ref> == Sabunta tsare-tsare da jagororin == Gwamnatin Amurka ta sabunta shirinta na barkewar cutar<ref name="plan52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/pan-flu-report-2017v2.pdf|title=Pandemic Influenza Plan, 2017 UPDATE|date=April 2017|website=CDC|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> da jagororin jama'a<ref name="guide52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/pdfs/rr6601.pdf)|title=Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza — United States, 2017|date=2017-04-21|website=CDC|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> <ref name="cdc5a2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nonpharmaceutical-interventions/tools-resources/educational-materials.html|title=Educational Materials – Nonpharmaceutical Interventions|date=2019-01-28|website=CDC|language=en-us|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> a cikin Afrilu 2017. A cikin Janairu 2017 ta sabunta kiyasin gibin albarkatun<ref name="nat52">{{Cite news|last=Klippenstine|first=Ken|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/covid-military-shortage-pandemic/|title=The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming|date=2020-04-01|work=The Nation|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> <ref name="dod52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/454422848/Pentagon-Influenza-Response|title=Pandemic Influenza and Infectious Disease Response|last=Northern Command, US DOD|date=2017-01-06|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> da jerin batutuwan da gwamnatin Amurka za ta yi la'akari da su (wanda ake kira littafin wasan kwaikwayo).<ref name="play52">{{Cite news|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6819268/Pandemic-Playbook.pdf|title=Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents|date=2017|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Shirin da jagororin sun kasance jama'a. Kiyasin kayan aiki da jerin batutuwa ba jama'a ba ne, kodayake ba a rarraba su ba kuma 'yan jarida sun samo su kuma sun bayyana su. <ref name="nat5">{{Cite news|last=Klippenstine|first=Ken|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/covid-military-shortage-pandemic/|title=The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming|date=2020-04-01|work=The Nation|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> <ref name="play5">{{Cite news|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6819268/Pandemic-Playbook.pdf|title=Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents|date=2017|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Kididdigar sojoji na gibin albarkatu a cikin Janairu 2017 ya lura "Rashi da lahani ... rashin abubuwan more rayuwa, da PPE ... da ƙayyadaddun gwajin tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. . . Tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya mamayewa ta hanyar haɓakar lambobi masu ban mamaki. Hakanan ana iya iyakance wadatar ma'aikata yayin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka kamu da cutar."<ref name="dod53">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/454422848/Pentagon-Influenza-Response|title=Pandemic Influenza and Infectious Disease Response|last=Northern Command, US DOD|date=2017-01-06|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> A karshe shekara na gwamnatin George W. Bush, da ilimin halittu da aikin likita Advanced Research and Development Authority (a division na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Human Services) "kiyasta cewa an ƙarin 70,000 inji [ventilators] za a bukata a matsakaiciya mura cutar AIDS ."<ref name="NYT Mission Failed2">{{Cite news|last1=Kulish|first1=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html|title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|date=2020-03-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-12|last2=Kliff|first2=Sarah|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Silver-Greenberg|first3=Jessica}}</ref> Jerin batutuwa, ko littafin wasan kwaikwayo, ya ƙunshi yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yanayin annoba. A lokacin yanayi na yau da kullun, ba a sami tattaunawa game da kimantawa da haɓaka tarin kayayyaki don amfani a cikin gaggawa ba. <ref name="play53">{{Cite news|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/6819268/Pandemic-Playbook.pdf|title=Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents|date=2017|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> A Amurka; [[Dabarun Hannun Jari na Ƙasa|Tsarin Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannu na Ƙasa]] da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da [[Cutar murar aladu|cutar ta mura ta 2009]] ba gwamnatin [[Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama|Obama]] ko gwamnatin [[Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump|Trump ta cika ba]] . Jagororin 2017 sun lura cewa maganin rigakafin ''cutar murar alade na 2009 H1N1pdm09'' ya ɗauki watanni takwas kafin a samu don rarrabawa a ƙarshen 2009.<ref name="guide53">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/pdfs/rr6601.pdf)|title=Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza — United States, 2017|date=2017-04-21|website=CDC|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Alurar riga kafi na kwayar cutar SARS ta 2003 ya ɗauki shekaru 13 yana haɓaka, kuma yana shirye don gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2016, waɗanda har yanzu ba su faru ba.<ref name="nbc52">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/scientists-were-close-coronavirus-vaccine-years-ago-then-money-dried-n1150091|title=Scientists were close to a coronavirus vaccine years ago. Then the money dried up.|work=NBC|access-date=April 13, 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706717|title=SARS vaccines: where are we?|date=2009|work=Medscape|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Maganin rigakafin cutar MERS na 2009 ya ɗauki shekaru goma yana haɓaka, kuma ya fara gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2019.<ref name="mers52">{{Cite news|last=Walter Reed Army Institute of Research|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-mers-cov-vaccine-safe-strong-immunity.html|title=MERS-CoV vaccine is safe and induces strong immunity in Army-led first-in-human trial|date=July 25, 2019|work=Medial Xpress|access-date=April 13, 2020|language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, jagororin sun ce watanni shida kawai za a buƙaci don haɓakawa da rarraba rigakafin cutar ta gaba, suna gaya wa makarantu da kulawar rana cewa za su buƙaci rufe wannan dogon lokaci. <ref name="guide5">{{Cite web}}</ref> Koyaya ƙa'idodin sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su yi tsammanin kusan makonni biyu na rufe makarantu, suna masu cewa ma'aikata na iya buƙatar zama a gida makonni biyu tare da 'ya'yansu.<ref name="work52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nonpharmaceutical-interventions/pdf/gr-pan-flu-work-set.pdf|title=Get Your Workplace Ready for Pandemic Flu|date=April 2017|website=CDC|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Sharuɗɗan ba su tsammanin rufe kasuwancin kasuwanci ba, kodayake binciken ya daɗe yana annabta raguwar 80% a cikin fasaha, nishaɗi, da nishaɗi,<ref name="guide54">{{Cite web}}</ref> da 5% zuwa 10% sun faɗi a cikin sauran ayyukan tattalin arziƙi sama da shekara guda, tare da faɗuwar faɗuwa a cikin manyan watanni.<ref name="work522">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nonpharmaceutical-interventions/pdf/gr-pan-flu-work-set.pdf|title=Get Your Workplace Ready for Pandemic Flu|date=April 2017|website=CDC|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> Nazarin shirye-shiryen annoba bai magance ayyukan gwamnati don taimakawa kasuwanci ba, ko hanyar murmurewa. <ref name="anu2">{{Cite web|url=https://cama.crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/working-papers/2006/262006.pdf|title=Global Macroeconomic Consequences of Pandemic Influenza|last=McKibben|first=Warwick, and Alexandra Sidorenko|date=February 2006|website=Australia National University|access-date=2020-04-24|archive-date=2020-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024024757/https://cama.crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/working-papers/2006/262006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sharuɗɗan da ake tsammani "a lokacin annoba, kamuwa da cuta a cikin wani yanki na iya ɗaukar kusan makonni shida zuwa takwas."<ref name="nat522">{{Cite news|last=Klippenstine|first=Ken|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/covid-military-shortage-pandemic/|title=The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming|date=2020-04-01|work=The Nation|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Jagororin 2017 sun jera matakan da za su iya faruwa, har zuwa warewar marasa lafiya na gida na son rai, da keɓe gida na son rai na abokan hulɗar su har zuwa kwanaki uku. <ref name="guide55">{{Cite web}}</ref> Babu wata tattaunawa ko shirin rufe kasuwancin ko ba da umarnin mutane su zauna a gida, wanda zai iya yin bayanin jinkirin jami'ai game da yanke shawara kan umarnin zama a gida a cikin bala'in COVID-19 na 2020 da rashin shiri don bambanta marasa mahimmanci daga mahimman ma'aikata., da kuma kare muhimman ma'aikata. A cikin [[1918 cutar mura|barkewar cutar mura ta 1918 da]] yawa biranen sun rufe aƙalla sanduna, har zuwa makonni shida, kuma galibin biranen suna da keɓewar wajibi da keɓe marasa lafiya da abokan hulɗa.<ref name="jama5a2">{{Cite journal|last1=Markel|date=2007-08-08|issn=0098-7484|pmid=17684187|doi=10.1001/jama.298.6.644|pages=644–654|issue=6|volume=298|language=en|journal=JAMA|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/208354|title=Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities During the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic|first7=Martin S.|first1=Howard|last7=Cetron|first6=Alexandra Minna|last6=Stern|first5=Joseph R.|last5=Michalsen|first4=Alexandra|last4=Sloan|first3=J. Alexander|last3=Navarro|first2=Harvey B.|last2=Lipman|doi-access=free}}</ref> Biranen da suka fi tsananin rufewa sun sami mafi kyawun farfadowar tattalin arziki.<ref name="nyt52">{{Cite news|last1=Badger|first1=Emily|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/03/upshot/coronavirus-cities-social-distancing-better-employment.html|title=Cities That Went All In on Social Distancing in 1918 Emerged Stronger for It|date=2020-04-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-13|last2=Bui|first2=Quoctrung|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name="ssrn52">{{Cite journal|last1=Correia|first1=Sergio|last2=Luck|first2=Stephan|last3=Verner|first3=Emil|date=2020-03-30|title=Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3561560|website=SSRN|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3561560}}</ref> Sharuɗɗan sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su kasance a shirye don kiyaye ma'aikata ƙafa 3, kodayake jagororin sun ce tari da atishawa na iya aika ƙwayoyin cuta ƙafa shida.<ref name="mers522">{{Cite news|last=Walter Reed Army Institute of Research|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-mers-cov-vaccine-safe-strong-immunity.html|title=MERS-CoV vaccine is safe and induces strong immunity in Army-led first-in-human trial|date=July 25, 2019|work=Medial Xpress|access-date=April 13, 2020|language=en}}</ref> Bincike ya ce atishawa na iya aika ɗigon ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 27, kuma za su iya kwana a cikin na'urorin samun iska. <ref name="jama52">{{Cite journal|last=Bourouiba|first=Lydia|date=2020-03-26|title=Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763852|journal=JAMA|volume=323|issue=18|pages=1837–1838|language=en|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4756|pmid=32215590|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="usat52">{{Cite news|last=Culver|first=Jordan|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/03/30/coronavirus-social-distancing-mit-researcher-lydia-bourouiba-27-feet/5091526002/|title=6 feet enough for social distancing? MIT researcher says droplets carrying coronavirus can travel up to 27 feet|work=USA Today|access-date=2020-04-13|language=en-US}}</ref> Jagororin ba su yi la'akari da nisa tsakanin abokan ciniki ko tsakanin su da ma'aikata ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} Tun daga ƙarshen yakin cacar baka, [[Rasha]] ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe don tayar da rashin yarda ga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da kuma cewa [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], [[Cutar murar aladu|cutar murar aladu ta 2009]], [[Jerin bullar cutar Ebola|barkewar cutar Ebola da cutar ta]] [[Annobar cutar covid-19|COVID-19]] [[Bioweapon|makamai ne na Amurka]] . <ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=Annex A: about Exercise Cygnus|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-pandemic-preparedness/annex-a-about-exercise-cygnus|access-date=24 November 2020|website=[[Department of Health and Social Care]]}}</ref> == Sake tsarawa da tashi == A May 2018, [[Mashawarcin Tsaron Kasa (Amurka)|shawara kan harkokin tsaro]] [[John Bolton]] sake tsarafa da zartarwa reshe ta [[Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka|Amurka National Security Council]] (NSC), sun fi mayar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau cikin kungiyar alhakin duniya [[Tsaron lafiya|kiwon lafiya tsaro]] da kuma [[biodefense]] -established da gwamnatin Obama bin [[An samu bullar cutar Ebola a Amurka|2014 cutar Ebola]] -into wani ya fi girma kungiyar alhakin don [[magance yaduwa]] da biodefense. Tare da sake tsarawa, shugaban kungiyar kare lafiyar lafiya ta duniya da kare lafiyar halittu, Rear Admiral [[Timothy Ziemer]], ya bar zuwa wata hukumar tarayya, yayin da [[Tim Morrison (mai ba shugaban kasa shawara)|Tim Morrison]] ya zama shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa.<ref name="KellyMarch202">{{cite news|last1=Kessler|first1=Glenn|last2=Kelly|first2=Meg|title=Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/20/was-white-house-office-global-pandemics-eliminated|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="disband3">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ce014d94b64e98b7203b873e56f80e9a|title=Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised|author-last=Riechmann|author-first=Deb|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 14, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> Masu sukar wannan sake fasalin sun kira shi da "warzawa" ƙungiyar masu shirye-shiryen annoba.<ref name="disband2">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ce014d94b64e98b7203b873e56f80e9a|title=Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised|author-last=Riechmann|author-first=Deb|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 14, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> <ref>Bethania Palma, ''[https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/experts-officials-pandemic-2018 Did Experts and Officials Warn in 2018 US Couldn't Respond Effectively to a Pandemic? ]''</ref> Bayan barkewar cutar Coronavirus, 'yan jaridu sun yi ta tambayar Trump game da wannan sake fasalin, kuma Trump ya ba da martani masu karo da juna. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da aka tambaye shi a wani taron manema labarai ko zai "sake tunani" zabin 2018 na rashin samun ofishin shirye-shiryen annoba, Trump ya nuna cewa sake fasalin ya kasance zabi mai ma'ana a lokacin saboda "ba za ku taba yin tunani da gaske ba [a] annoba] zai faru{{Spaces}}Wanene zai yi tunanin ko za mu kasance da batun?" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Remarks by President Trump After Tour of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention {{!}} Atlanta, GA|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-tour-centers-disease-control-prevention-atlanta-ga/|date=March 6, 2020|language=en-US|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Maris, lokacin da ''[[PBS NewsHour|wakilin PBS NewsHour]]'' White House [[Yamiche Alcindor|Yamiche Alcindor ya]] tambaya ko sake fasalin ya kawo cikas ga martanin gwamnati game da barkewar cutar sankara, Trump ya caccaki ta da yin wata "mummunan tambaya", kuma ya kara da cewa: "Ban yi ba.{{Spaces}}. . . Watsewa, a'a, ban san komai game da shi ba{{Spaces}}. . . Gwamnati ce, kila suna yin haka, su bar mutane su tafi{{Spaces}}... abubuwa kamar haka suna faruwa."<ref>{{Cite web|title="I Don't Know Anything About It," Trump Says About White House's Elimination of Pandemic Response Team|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/03/i-dont-know-anything-about-it-trump-says-about-his-white-house-eliminating-the-pandemic-response-team.html|last=Mathis-Lilley|first=Ben|date=March 13, 2020|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, dan jaridar Fox News John Roberts ya fara tambaya da cewa "kun kawar da ofishin cutar kanjamau a Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa," kuma Trump ya amsa da cewa, "Ba mu yi hakan ba," yana kwatanta zargin sau hudu a matsayin "karya". "amma ban kara yin bayani ba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trump Attacks Fox News' John Roberts For Asking A Normal Question|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-attacks-fox-news-john-roberts-pandemic-team-question_n_5e854e0ac5b6f55ebf47b67c|last=Harvey|first=Josephine|date=April 1, 2020|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-16/|date=April 1, 2020|language=en-US|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yulin 2020, gwamnatin ta shirya ƙirƙirar sabon ofishin rigakafin cutar a cikin Ma'aikatar Jiha.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Atwood|first1=Kylie|last2=Gaouette|first2=Nicole|date=July 2, 2020|title=Trump administration moves ahead with plan to open new pandemic office as coronavirus crisis intensifies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-state-dept-new-pandemic-office/index.html|access-date=July 2, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, [[Mashawarcin Tsaron Gida|mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaron cikin gida]] [[Tom Bossert|Tom Bossert ya]] bar gwamnati, bisa rahoton Bolton. Bossert ya taimaka wajen haifar da tsare-tsaren kare lafiyar halittu na gwamnatin Trump, kuma alhakinsa ne ya daidaita martanin gwamnati a yayin da ake fuskantar rikicin halittu.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Lori|last2=McDonald|first2=Jessica|last3=Farley|first3=Robert|title=Democrats' Misleading Coronavirus Claims|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/democrats-misleading-coronavirus-claims/|access-date=March 21, 2020|date=March 3, 2020|work=[[Factcheck.org]]}}</ref> Magajin Bossert, [[Doug Tsoro|Doug Fears]], da Magajin Tsoro [[Peter J. Brown]], ya ɗauki nauyin kare lafiyar halittu na DHS. ''[[Labaran Bloomberg|Bloomberg News ya]]'' ruwaito a cikin Janairu 2020 cewa kare lafiyar halittu a lokacin ya kasance "mafi shahara" bangare na alhakin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaron Gida.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jacobs|first1=Jennifer|last2=Dlouhy|first2=Jennifer A.|title=Trump Homeland Security Adviser to Leave Soon, Sources Say|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-30/trump-s-homeland-security-adviser-fears-is-said-to-leave-soon|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=Bloomberg News|date=April 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jacobs|first1=Jennifer|title=White House Homeland Security Aide Likely to Be Reassigned|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-19/white-house-homeland-security-adviser-being-shifted-out-of-job|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=Bloomberg News|date=January 20, 2020}}</ref> A wani [[Luciana Borio|tashin jirgin, Luciana Borio]], darektan Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa don shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kare lafiyar halittu, ta bar mukaminta a cikin Maris 2019. ''[[The Washington Post|Jaridar Washington Post ta]]'' ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa Fadar White House ba za ta tabbatar da ainihin wanda ya maye gurbin Borio ba.<ref name="KellyMarch203">{{cite news|last1=Kessler|first1=Glenn|last2=Kelly|first2=Meg|title=Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/20/was-white-house-office-global-pandemics-eliminated|access-date=March 21, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> [[Reuters|Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya]] ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa gwamnatin Trump ta yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin barkewar cutar Coronavirus ta rage yawan ma'aikatan da ke aiki a ofishin CDC na Beijing daga 47 zuwa 14. A cewar kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters, daya daga cikin ma’aikatan da aka kawar a watan Yulin shekarar 2019, yana horar da kwararrun likitocin kasar Sin don magance barkewar cututtuka a wuraren da suke da zafi. Trump ya yi ikirarin cewa rahoton yanke mai horar da ‘yan wasan ba daidai ba ne 100%, amma CDC ta Amurka ta yarda cewa rahoton gaskiya ne.<ref name="TaylorMarch232">{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Marisa|title=Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-u-s-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S|access-date=March 24, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|date=March 23, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TaylorMarch262">{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Marisa|title=Exclusive: U.S. slashed CDC staff inside China prior to coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv-idUSKBN21C3N5|access-date=April 18, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ta rufe ofisoshin [[Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa|gidauniyar Kimiyya ta kasa]] (NSF) da [[Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amirka|hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka]] (USAID) da ke Beijing; Jami'an Amurka guda daya ne ke kula da wadannan ofisoshin kowannensu. <ref name="TaylorMarch26">{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Marisa|title=Exclusive: U.S. slashed CDC staff inside China prior to coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv-idUSKBN21C3N5|access-date=April 18, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Trump ta amince cewa ta kawar da wani matsayi na gudanarwa daga ofishin [[Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka|ma'aikatar aikin gona ta Amurka ta]] Beijing; Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayar da rahoton cewa, matsayin ya sa ido kan shirin kula da cututtukan dabbobi. <ref name="TaylorMarch26" /> Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma kawo karshen bayar da kudade ga shirin [[PREDICT (USAID)|gargadin]] farko na cutar ta PREDICT a kasar Sin, wanda ya horar da kuma tallafawa ma'aikata a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kasashen waje 60, tare da dakatar da aikin filin a Satumba 2019. <ref>[https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection Trump administration ended coronavirus detection program] March 2, 2020 LATimes.com</ref> Masana kimiyyar da ke da alhakin gano yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sun riga sun miƙe da nisa da sirara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-the-coronavirus-slipped-past-disease-detectives|title=Why the Coronavirus Slipped Past Disease Detectives; Groups of scientists tasked with identifying pandemic-prone microbes were stretched too far and thin|first=Charles|last=Schmidt|date=April 3, 2020|website=[[Scientific American]]|access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref> == Ƙoƙarin inganta abin rufe fuska da wadatar iska == Tun daga 2015, gwamnatin tarayya ta kashe $9.8{{Spaces}}miliyan akan ayyuka guda biyu don hana ƙarancin abin rufe fuska amma sun watsar da ayyukan biyu kafin kammalawa.<ref name="wp-masks2">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/federal-government-spent-millions-to-ramp-up-mask-readiness-but-that-isnt-helping-now/2020/04/03/d62dda5c-74fa-11ea-a9bd-9f8b593300d0_story.html|title=Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now|first=Jon|last=Swaine|website=Washington Post}}</ref> An sanya hannu kan kwangilar BARDA ta biyu tare da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Bincike na Albuquerque, don tsara abin rufe fuska mai darajar N95 wanda za a iya sake amfani da shi a cikin gaggawa ba tare da rage tasiri ba. Kodayake rahotannin tarayya sun yi kira ga irin wannan aikin tun daga 2006, ba a sanya hannu kan kwangilar ARA ba har sai 2017, kuma ta rasa lokacin cikar watanni 15, wanda ya haifar da cutar ta 2020 ta isa Amurka kafin ƙirar ta shirya. <ref name="wp-masks">{{Cite web}}</ref> Annobar numfashi da ta gabata da tsare-tsare na gwamnati sun nuna bukatar tara na'urorin hura iska da ke da sauki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ba su da horo don amfani da su. BARDA Project Aura ya ba da [[Neman shawarwari|buƙatun shawarwari]] a cikin 2008, tare da burin amincewar FDA a cikin 2010 ko 2011. An ba da kwangilar samar da injinan iska har 40,000 ga Newport Medical Instruments, ƙaramin masana'anta, tare da farashin da aka yi niyya na dala 3,000, wanda ya yi ƙasa da injunan da suka fi rikitarwa da ke tsada sama da $10,000, kuma ya samar da samfura tare da amincewar FDA a cikin 2013. . [[Covidien|Covidien ya]] sayi NMI kuma bayan ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don kammala aikin (ya kawo jimlar kuɗin zuwa kusan $8).{{Spaces}}miliyan) ya nemi gwamnati da ta soke kwangilar, ta ce ba ta da riba. <ref name="nyt-vent">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html|title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|first1=Nicholas|last1=Kulish|first2=Sarah|last2=Kliff|first3=Jessica|last3=Silver-Greenberg|date=March 29, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Gwamnati ta ba da sabon $13.8{{Spaces}}kwangilar miliyan ga [[Philips]], a cikin 2014. Zane don Trilogy Evo Universal ya sami amincewar FDA a cikin Yuli 2019. Gwamnati ta umarci masu ba da iska 10,000 a watan Satumba na 2019, tare da tsakiyar 2020 na ƙarshe don isar da farko da kuma ƙarshen 2022 don kammala duka 10,000. Duk da barkewar annobar a watan Disamba, karfin kamfanin ya samar da isassun kayan da za a iya cika cikakken tsari, da kuma ikon gwamnati na tilastawa samar da sauri cikin sauri, gwamnati ba ta cimma yarjejeniya da Philips don hanzarta isar da kayayyaki ba har sai ranar 10 ga Maris., 2020.<ref name="nyt-vent2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html|title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|first1=Nicholas|last1=Kulish|first2=Sarah|last2=Kliff|first3=Jessica|last3=Silver-Greenberg|date=March 29, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="propublica-vent2">{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/taxpayers-paid-millions-to-design-a-low-cost-ventilator-for-a-pandemic-instead-the-company-is-selling-versions-of-it-overseas-|title=Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas.|first1=Sebastian|last1=Rotella|first2=Patricia|last2=Callahan|first3=Tim|last3=Golden|date=March 30, 2020|website=ProPublica.org}}</ref> A tsakiyar Maris, buƙatar ƙarin masu ba da iska ya zama kai tsaye, kuma ko da babu wata kwangilar gwamnati, sauran masana'antun sun ba da sanarwar shirin yin dubun-dubatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/01/824610787/fema-hadnt-ordered-ventilators-manufacturers-forged-ahead-anyway|title=FEMA Hadn't Ordered Ventilators. Manufacturers Forged Ahead Anyway|website=NPR.org}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Philips ya kasance yana siyar da sigar kasuwanci, Trilogy Evo, akan farashi mafi girma, <ref name="propublica-vent">{{Cite web}}</ref> bar 12,700 kawai a cikin [[Dabarun Hannun Jari na Ƙasa|Babban Hannun Jari na Ƙasa]] tun daga Maris 15. <ref name="nyt-vent" /> Idan aka kwatanta da ƴan kuɗin da aka kashe kan abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don kamuwa da cutar, biliyoyin daloli sun kashe hannun jarin dabaru na ƙasa don ƙirƙira da adana maganin cutar [[anthrax]], da isassun [[Agana|allurar rigakafin cutar]] sankarau ga ƙasar baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile-was-ready-but-not-for-this-135266|title=Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this|first=Andrew|last=Lakoff|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> == Dabarun mayar da martani mai yiwuwa == A cikin 2016, NSC ta fitar da dabarun cutar da shawarwari gami da motsi cikin sauri don gano cikakken yiwuwar barkewar cutar, samun ƙarin kudade, yin la'akari da kiran [[Dokar Samar da Tsaro ta 1950|Dokar Samar da Tsaro]], da tabbatar da isassun kayan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. An yi wa gwamnatin Trump bayani game da shi a cikin 2017, amma ta ki sanya shi a hukumance. <ref>Dan Diamond and Nahal Toosi, ''[https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/25/trump-coronavirus-national-security-council-149285 Trump team failed to follow NSC's pandemic playbook; The 69-page document, finished in 2016, provided a step by step list of priorities—which were then ignored by the administration.]''</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Annobar cutar covid-19]] * [[Karancin da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19]] * [[Rigakafin annoba]] * [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya]] * [[Tsarin Ƙirar Cutar Cutar]] * [[Ƙungiyar Amsar Cutar Cutar|Tawagar Amsar Cutar Cutar]] : ''Darakta na Tsaron Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da Biodefense'', 2016-2018, a Amurka * [[Kawai-in-lokaci masana'antu]] * [[1918 mura na Spain]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Covid-19]] 0648mfvrpd3x2zifhxte5rklee5p4os 0 27963 859137 796929 2026-06-16T23:04:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Emir_Abdullahi.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_Abdullahi.png|thumb|Sarki Abdullahi sarkin Harar na karshe]] [[Fayil:Harar, Ethiopia - 52016721525.jpg|thumb|Garin Harar dake Ethiopia]] '''Harar''' ('''Gēy''' ''"The City"'',<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leslau|first1=Wolf|title=An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary|journal=Annales d'Ethiopie|date=1959|volume=3|page=275|doi=10.3406/ethio.1959.1310}}</ref> Oromo: ''Adare Biyyo'', Somali: Herer, Larabci: هرر) birni ne mai katanga a gabashin [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. A harshen larabci ana kiranta da '''Birnin Waliyyai''' (Larabci: مدينة الأَوْلِيَاء). Harar babban birnin lardin Harari ne a ƙasar Habasha. Har ila yau birnin na Harar ya kasance wurin gudanar da mulki a shiyyar Hararghe ta Gabas ta yankin Oromia.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Wehib|first1=Ahmed|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|title=History of Harar and Harari|date=October 2015|publisher=Harari people regional state, culture, heritage and tourism bureau|year=2015|page=5}}</ref> Tsohon birnin yana kan wani tudu a gabashin kasar kuma yana da nisan kusan kilomita dari biyar daga kujerar gwamnatin tarayya da babban birnin Addis Ababa a tsayin mita 1,885 (6,184 ft). Shekaru aru-aru, Harar ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci, wacce hanyoyin kasuwanci ke haɗe da sauran kasashen Habasha, da daukacin yankin kahon Afirka, da yankin Larabawa, da Asiya, da ta tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da na waje. Harar Jugol, tsohon birni mai katanga, UNESCO ta sanya shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya a shekara ta 2006 saboda karramawar al'adunsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19189&Cr=world&Cr1=heritage|title=Panda sanctuary, tequila area join UN World Heritage sites|publisher=Un.org|date=2006-07-13|access-date=2013-07-23}}</ref> Saboda dadewar da Harar ta yi na shiga harkar kasuwanci a yankin Larabawa, gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma mayar da ita wani laifi na ruguza ko tsoma baki a duk wani wuri na tarihi da ke cikin birnin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da gidajen dutse, gidajen tarihi da abubuwan da aka watsar daga yaƙi. A cewar UNESCO, ana la'akarin "birni na hudu mafi tsarki na Musulunci" tare da masallatai 82, uku daga cikinsu sun kasance tun karni na 10, da wuraren ibada 102.<ref name="unesco1189">{{cite web|title=Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1189|work=World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|quote=It is considered 'the fourth holy city' of Islam, having been founded by a holy missionary from the Arabic Peninsula.|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5176110.stm|title=Five new heritage sites in Africa|access-date=2006-12-18|date=July 13, 2006|publisher=BBC|quote=Harar Jugol, seen as the fourth holiest city of Islam, includes 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th Century, and 102 shrines.}}</ref> Littafin ''Fatḥ Madīnat Harar'' na Yahyá Naṣrallāh, tarihin garin da ba a buga ba a karni na 13, ya rubuta cewa fitaccen waliyi Abadir Umar ar-Rida da wasu shugabannin addini da dama sun zauna a tudun Harar c. 1216 (612 AH).<ref name="Uhlig">Siegbert Uhlig, ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N'', Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319.</ref> Daga baya Sarkin Musulmi Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ya mai da birnin Harar sabuwar hedikwatar masarautar Adal a shekara ta 1520.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''History of Ethiopian Towns'' (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982), p. 49.</ref> Birnin ya ga koma bayan siyasa a lokacin da Masarautar Harar ta biyo baya, sai dai ya dawo da wani muhimmin matsayi a zamanin Khedivate na Masar. A lokacin daular Habasha, birnin ya ruguje yayin da yake da wata daraja ta al'adu. == Tarihi == [[File:Harar,_porta_di_buda_03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar,_porta_di_buda_03.jpg|left|thumb|Katangar birnin Harar]] Lokacin da aka kafa Harar ba a bayyana ba, kuma an ba da shawarar ranaku daban-daban.<ref name="Insoll">{{cite book|last1=Insoll|first1=Timothy|title=The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-65171-9|pages=77-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frC8SAu9QxQC|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Ko ta yaya, birnin Harar na zamani ya samo asali ne tun a shekarun 1700 da farko, amma wurin da kansa ya kasance wurin zama na birni tsawon lokaci mai tsawo.<ref name="Insoll" /> Wataƙila asalin mazauna yankin su ne mutanen Harla.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gebissa|first=Ezekiel|author-link=Ezekiel Gebissa|title=Leaf of Allah: Khat & Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia 1875-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga91oPVFb5MC&pg=PA207|year=2004|publisher=Ohio State University Press|isbn=978-0-85255-480-7}}</ref> Harar wani yanki ne na masarautar Harla a karni na shida.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Belayneh|first1=Anteneh|title=Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and Dengego valleys, eastern Ethiopia|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|year=2014|volume=10|page=18|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-10-18|pmid=24499509|pmc=3933041}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Insoll|first1=Timothy|title=First Footsteps in the Archaeology of Harar, Ethiopia|journal=[[Journal of Islamic Archaeology]]|url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JIA/article/view/35273/32239|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2020-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204183432/https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JIA/article/view/35273/32239|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zamanin Musulunci, birnin ya kasance karkashin kawancen kasashen Zaila.<ref name=":0" /> A cewar wani Bayahude mai tafiya a ƙarni na goma sha biyu Benjamin na Tudela, yankin Zeila ƙasar Havilah ce, wadda al-Habash ta keɓe a yamma.<ref>{{cite book|title=The St. James's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84|year=1868|publisher=Houlston & Wright|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adler|first=Elkan Nathan|author-link=Elkan Nathan Adler|title=Jewish Travellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mflHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28606-5|page=61}}</ref> A ƙarni na tara, Harar ta kasance ƙarƙashin masarautar Maḥzumī ta Sultanate of Showa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ethno-History of Halaba People|page=15|url=http://www.southtourismeth.org/pdf/Books-and-Study-lists/The-ethno-history-of-halaba-people.pdf|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150911/http://www.southtourismeth.org/pdf/Books-and-Study-lists/The-ethno-history-of-halaba-people.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Østebø|first=Terje|author-link=Terje Østebø|title=Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOn3ykfBN-0C&pg=PA56|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-18478-7|page=56}}</ref> Musulunci ya samu gindin zama a tudun Harar a karni na 10-11 CE ta hanyar kasuwanci da Zeila.<ref name="Insoll" /> A karni na 13, Musulunci ya zama addini mafi rinjaye a yankin.<ref name="Insoll" /> === Tashin Harar Musulmi === Harar ta zama cibiyar al'adu da addinin Musulunci a yankin kahon Afirka a karshen tsakiyar zamanai. A cewar Fatḥ Madīnat Harar, fitaccen Waliyi Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, tare da wasu malaman addini da dama, sun fito ne daga yankin larabawa domin su sauka a tudun Harar kimanin shekara ta 612H (1216 miladiyya), inda ake zaton Abadir ya hadu da Harla, Gaturi da mutanen Argobba.<ref>{{cite book|last=Braukämper|first=Ulrich|author-link=Ulrich Braukämper|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA107|year=2002|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5671-7}}</ref> A bisa al'ada, dan'uwan Abadir Fakr ad-Din ya kafa daular [[Mogadishu]], yayin da daya daga cikin zuriyarsa ya kafa masarautar Hadiya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hassen|first=Mohammed|author-link=Mohammed Hassen|title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2015|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84701-117-6|page=99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Luling|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Luling|title=Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqgEAAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-7658-0914-8}}</ref> Bisa ga tarihin Amda Seyon I na ƙarni na 14, Gēt (Gēy) wani yanki ne a ƙasar Harla.<ref>{{cite book|last=Budge|first=E. A. Wallis|author-link=E. A. Wallis Budge|title=A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-64915-1|page=297}}</ref> A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, Harar tana cikin masarautar Adal, ta zama babban birninta a shekara ta 1520 a karkashin Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad. Karni na sha shida shine zamanin Zinare na birnin. Al’adun yankin sun bunƙasa, kuma mawaƙa da yawa sun zauna suna yin rubuce-rubuce a wurin. Har ila yau, ya zama sananne ga kofi, saƙa, kwando da kuma hada littattafai. Daga Harar, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, wanda aka fi sani da "Gurey" da "Grañ", dukkansu ma'ana "Hagu" sun kaddamar da yakin mamaya a karni na sha shida wanda ya kara tsawon mulkin siyasa tare da yin barazana ga wanzuwar 'yan mulkin mallaka. Makwabtan Gabashin Orthodox Kirista daular Habasha. Sarki Nur bn Mujahid wanda ya gaje shi ya gina katangar kariya a kewayen birnin.<ref>Dr. [[Enrico Cerulli]], ''Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia,'' Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931</ref> Tsayin mita hudu tare da kofofi biyar, wannan tsari da ake kira Jugol, yana nan daram kuma alama ce ta garin ga mazauna. Mutanen Siltʼe, Wolane, Halaba da Harari sun zauna a Harar, su ukun kuma suka koma yankin Gurage.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crass|first1=Joachim|title=The Qabena and the Wolane: Two peoples of the Gurage region and their respective histories according to their own oral traditions|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie|date=2001|volume=17|issue=1|page=180|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2001_num_17_1_997|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> Nan da nan bayan yakin Ahmad, Harar ta fuskanci yunwa mai tsanani.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Farashin abinci da dabbobi sun tashi sosai: Sa'a daya (raka'a daidai da hannu hudu) na dawa ''ashraf'' 12, gishiri daidai gwargwado ya kai 15.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Saniya ta haura ashraf 300.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Yayin da tattalin arzikin ya farfado daga yunwa, farashin sa'a na dawa ya fadi zuwa 4-5 mahallak (wani bangare na ashrafi).<ref name="Zekaria" /> Wata yunwa kuma a zamanin Nur bn Mujahid ta kai kudin sa'ar dawa zuwa 2 ashraf.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Wannan shine farkon ambaton ashrafi da mahallak a matsayin darikar kudi a Harar.<ref name="Zekaria">{{cite journal|last1=Zekaria|first1=Ahmed|title=Harari Coins: A Preliminary Survey|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|date=1991|volume=24|pages=23-46|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965992|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> [[File:Harar_balconies.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar_balconies.jpg|left|thumb|Bargon katako a kan titunan Harar.]] Masarautar Harar ita ma ta buge kudinta, al'amurra na farko masu dauke da kwanan wata da za a iya karantawa a shekara ta 615 bayan hijira (1218/19 miladiyya); amma babu shakka an fitar da sulalla na farko a shekara ta 1789 CE, kuma an fitar da ƙarin har cikin ƙarni na sha tara.<ref>[[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], ''An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia'' (London: Lalibela House, 1961), p. 267.</ref> Elisée Reclus (1886) ta yi bayanin manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na dadaddiyar hanya daga Harar zuwa Zeila, hanya daya ta bi ta kasar Gadabuursi da kuma hanya daya ta ratsa cikin yankin Issa, dukkansu ’yan kabilar Dir ne: “Hanyoyi biyu, wadanda galibin ‘yan fashin ne suka toshe su daga Harrar zuwa Zeila, daya ya tsallaka wani lungu da sako zuwa arewacin garin, daga nan ne suka koma cikin kwarin kwarin Awash ta mashigin Galdessa da kwarin, daga nan kuma a guje. zuwa tekun ta yankin Issa, wanda ke ratsa shi da jerin duwatsun da ke bijirewa zuwa kudu, dayan kuma mafi kai tsaye amma ya fi karkata, ya nufi arewa-maso-gabas zuwa mashigar Darmi, ta ratsa kasar Gadibursis ko Gudabursis.Garin Zeila. yana kudu da wani karamin tsibiri na tsibirai da rafukan da ke bakin gabar teku inda 'yan kabilar Gadibursi suka mamaye ta, tana da tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu, daya da jiragen ruwa ke bi amma jiragen ruwa ba za su iya ba, yayin da daya kuma ba shi da nisa da kudancin garin. , ko da yake kunkuntar sosai, yana daga zurfin ƙafa 26 zuwa 33, kuma yana ba da mafaka mai aminci ga manyan sana'a."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reclus|first=Elisée|url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/universalgeograp10recl.pdf|title=The Earth and its Inhabitants The Universal Geography Vol. X. North-east Africa|date=1886|publisher=J.S. Virtue & Co, Limited, 294 City Road|language=en|quote=Two routes, often blocked by the inroads of plundering hordes, lead from Harrar to Zeila. One crosses a ridge to the north of the town, thence redescending into the basin of the Awash by the Galdessa Pass and valley, and from this point running towards the sea through Issa territory, which is crossed by a chain of trachytic rocks trending southwards. The other and more direct but more rugged route ascends north-eastwards towards the Darmi Pass, crossing the country of the Gadibursis or Gudabursis. The town of Zeila lies south of a small archipelago of islets and reefs on a point of the coast where it is hemmed in by the Gadibursi tribe. It has two ports, one frequented by boats but impracticable for ships, whilst the other, not far south of the town, although very narrow, is from 26 to 33 feet deep, and affords safe shelter to large craft.}}</ref> === Tabarbarewar Harar === [[File:Street_scene-_Harar-High_St._leading_to_market,_Abyssinia_(Ethiopia)_LCCN2014683643.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_scene-_Harar-High_St._leading_to_market,_Abyssinia_(Ethiopia)_LCCN2014683643.jpg|right|thumb|Wani yanayi a kan hanyar zuwa kasuwa a Harar, tsakanin 1900 zuwa 1920.]] Bayan rasuwar sarki Nur, Harar ta fara raguwar dukiya da mulki. Wani sarki daga baya, Imam Muhammed Jasa, dan uwan ​​Ahmad Gragn, wanda aka fi sani da, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi ya mika wuya ga matsi na karuwar hare-haren Oromo, kuma a shekara ta 1577 ya yi watsi da birnin, ya koma Aussa ya nada dan uwansa sarkin Harar. Sabon sansanin ba wai kawai ya gaza samar da karin tsaro daga kabilar Oromo ba, ya ja hankalin al'ummar Afar da ke makwabtaka da su, inda suka far ma ayarin da ke tafiya tsakanin Harar da gabar teku. Imaman Aussa ya ragu a karni na gaba yayin da Harar ta sami 'yancin kai a karkashin 'Ali ibn Da'ud, wanda ya kafa daular da ta yi mulkin birnin daga 1647 zuwa 1875, lokacin da Masar ta mamaye shi.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp. 375-377</ref> Harar ta dogara sosai kan Berbera don kasuwanci tun tsakiyar zamanai. A cewar Richard Francis Burton, wanda ya ziyarci garuruwan Berbera da Harar a lokacin tafiyarsa, ya sake maimaita wata shahararriyar Harari yana cewa a shekarar 1854 ya ce: "Wanda ya yi umarni a Berbera, ya rike gemun Harar a hannunsa."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Raymond|title=The Battle of Adwa|date=2011|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=74|language=en}}</ref> Wani muhimmin kaso na cinikayyar da ke tsakanin garuruwan biyu masu tarihi ya kasance karkashin ikon 'yan kasuwa 'yan kabilar Somali Isaaq ne, wadanda kuma suka shiga cinikin fitaccen kofi na Harari, wanda aka sanya wa suna Berbera Coffee a kasuwannin duniya.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Frederick|title=An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia|date=1877|publisher=Cengage Gale|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> Harar kuma ta kasance gidan malaman kasar Somaliya da dama da suka zo birnin domin yin karatu wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Sheikh Madar. Malaminsa Kabir Khalil wanda yana daya daga cikin manyan Malamai 3 na Harar.<ref name="First Footsteps in East Africa">{{cite book|last1=Burton. F.|first1=Richard|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|date=1856|pages=360|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=sheikh+madar|title=Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1|isbn=9781909112797|page=80|last1=Abdullahi|first1=Abdurahman|date=2017-09-18}}</ref> Ga dukkan alamu Harar ta fara kera tsabar kudi ko kadan a ci gaba da yi a zamanin sarki Abd al-Shakur bn Yusuf.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Tsirrai masu tsira daga mulkinsa suna da inganci, tare da babban abun ciki na azurfa da bayyanannun rubuce-rubucen da ke nuna amfani da mutuƙar kyau.<ref name="Zekaria" /> An yi watsi da kudin sosai a karkashin Muhammad bn Ali, wanda ya bullo da wani sabon nau'in tsabar kudi, wanda aka hada da kwano sosai, domin ya cika hakkinsa ga 'yan uwansa Gosa. Ya zartar da cewa duk wanda ke da tsohon kudin sai ya canza shi da sabon nau'in.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Muhammad Mukhtar, wani jami’in sojan kasar Masar, ya rubuta a shekara ta 1876 yana mai yin Allah wadai da wannan a matsayin babban ha’inci.<ref name="Zekaria" /> A shekara ta 1883, wani matafiyi ɗan ƙasar Jamus ya rubuta cewa kuɗin bai kai ko da kashi ɗaya bisa goma na ƙima ba.<ref name="Zekaria" /> === Tarihi 1875-1974 === A shekara ta 1875 Muhammad Rauf Pasha ya jagoranci sojojin Masar daga Zeila zuwa cikin yankin kudu maso gabashin Habasha, yana mai nuna cewa balaguro ne na kimiyya. Ya mamaye Harar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1875.<ref>{{citation|last=Zewde|first=Bahru|title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pYpDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|page=PT74|date=17 March 2002|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-4572-3}}</ref> Da farko Rauf Pasha ya dakatar da kudaden Harari daga zazzagewa, sannan ya aika da wasu samfura zuwa Alkahira domin yin nazari, da fatan ya maye gurbinsu da kudin Masar.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Sai dai gwamnatin Masar ta kasa bayar da isassun kudade don yin hakan, ta kuma shawarce shi da ya ajiye kudin Harari.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Sai dai an sake tantance darajar mahallak din Harari daga 33 zuwa Maria Theresa thaler kafin 300 zuwa dala bayan.<ref name="Zekaria" /> Da zarar an kammala nazarin abubuwan azurfar tsabar tsabar, an ƙara canza wannan zuwa 311 zuwa thaler.<ref name="Zekaria" /> A lokacin mulkin Masar (1875-1884), Arthur Rimbaud ya zauna a cikin birni a matsayin ma'aikacin gida na kamfanoni daban-daban na kasuwanci da ke Aden; ya dawo a 1888 don ci gaba da kasuwancin kofi, miski, da fata har sai da wata cuta mai muni ta tilasta masa komawa Faransa. Wani gida da aka ce shi ne wurin zama a yanzu ya zama gidan tarihi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Munro-Hay|first=Stuart|year=2002|title=Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|page=184|isbn=978-1-86064-744-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWNTfztz5KoC&pg=PA184}}</ref> A shekara ta 1885 Harar ta sami 'yencin kanta a karkashin Amir Abdullahi, amma wannan ya kai shekaru biyu kacal har zuwa ranar 6 ga Janairun 1887 lokacin da yakin Chelenqo ya kai ga mamaye Harar daga hannun Sarki Menelik na biyu na daular Habasha da ke girma a Shewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Caulk|first=Richard A.|year=1971|title=The Occupation of Harar: January 1887|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=1–20|jstor=41967469}}</ref> Harar ita ce wurin da kasar Habasha ta zamani ta fara hako tsabar kudinta na farko a karkashin Menelik II, wanda ke dauke da ranar 1885 E.C. (1892 CE).<ref name="Zekaria" /> Harar ta rasa wasu muhimman abubuwan da ta ke da ita na kasuwanci tare da samar da layin dogo na kasar Faransa wanda aka gina daga Addis Ababa zuwa Djibouti, wanda da farko ya nufa ya bi ta cikin birnin, amma ya karkata zuwa arewacin tsaunukan da ke tsakanin Harar da kogin Awash domin samun kudi. Sakamakon haka ne aka kafa Dire Dawa a shekarar 1902 a matsayin Sabuwar Harar. Birtaniya ta yi shirin farfado da hanyar kasuwanci mai dimbin tarihi ta Harar-Berbera ta hanyar hada garuruwan biyu ta layin dogo a matsayin hanyar karfafa kasuwanci. Sai dai majalisar ta ki amincewa da matakin ne bisa hujjar cewa zai cutar da Entente Cordiale tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniya.<ref>{{cite report|title=Berbera-Harrar Railway Survey Vol. 1|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1915675}}</ref> {{quote|An ba da shawarar hanyar jirgin kasa daga Berbera zuwa Harrar a cikin Abyssinia a matsayin hanyar kawo cikin yankin kariya cikin sauƙi, kuma a lokaci guda na ciyar da kasuwancin Abyssinia; amma an ki amincewa da cewa yin gogayya da layin dogo na Faransa daga Jibouti zuwa Adis Ababa zai zama mummunar manufa a daidai lokacin da aka samu ciminti..<ref>The Navy Everywhere, 1919. p. 244</ref>}} [[File:Harari_Traditions_(2202473839).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harari_Traditions_(2202473839).jpg|left|thumb|Wani gida na gargajiya a birnin Harar wanda aka kawata shi da rubutun addinin musulunci.]] Dakarun Italiya karkashin Marshall Rodolfo Graziani sun kwace Harar a lokacin yakin Italo da Habasha na biyu a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1936. Bataliya ta daya ta sojojin Najeriya da ta taso daga Jijiga ta hanyar Marda Pass, ta kwace birnin na abokan kawance a ranar 29 ga Maris 1941.<ref>Anthony Mockler, ''Haile Selassie's War'' (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), pp. 145, 367f</ref> Bayan kammala yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethiopian a shekarar 1944, an baiwa gwamnatin Birtaniya izinin kafa karamin ofishin jakadanci a birnin Harar, duk da cewa Birtaniya ta ki mayar da martani ta hanyar barin wani dan Habasha a birnin Hargeysa. Bayan rahotanni da yawa na ayyukan Birtaniyya a Haud da suka saba yarjejeniyar London na 1954, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Habasha ta ba da umarnin rufe ofishin jakadancin a Maris 1960.<ref>John Spencer, ''Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years'' (Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), pp. 282-287</ref> === Tarihi 1975 zuwa yanzu === A cikin 1995, birni da kewayenta sun zama yankin Habasha (ko kuma ''kilil'') a cikin haƙƙinsa. Yanzu haka ana aikin gina bututun da zai kai ruwa zuwa garin daga Dire Dawa. == Al'adu == A cewar Sir Richard Burton Harar ita ce wurin haifuwar shukar khat.<ref name="LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIPS: FAMILIES, GRAFTS, PRISONS">{{cite journal|last=Libermn|first=Mark|title=LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIPS: FAMILIES, GRAFTS, PRISONS|journal=Basic Reference|volume=28|pages=217–229|publisher=University Pennsylvania Academics|location=pittsburgh, USA|year=2003|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000217.html|access-date=2012-04-27}}</ref> Asalin [[shuka]] kofi na gida kuma an ce ya fito daga Harar.<ref name="Coffee: A dark history">{{cite book|last=Wild|first=Antony|author-link=Antony Wild|title=Coffee: A Dark History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7-zAAAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Fourth Estate|isbn=978-1-84115-649-1}}</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin Harar an ware shi azaman yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi (Cwb) a cikin tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger. A cikin shekara, yanayin rana yana dumi zuwa dumi sosai, yayin da safiya ke sanyi zuwa laushi. Ruwan sama yana faɗuwa tsakanin Maris da Oktoba tare da kololuwa a cikin Agusta, yayin da Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu yakan bushe. {{Weather box|location=Harar|Apr rain mm=84|Oct low C=13.1|Nov low C=12.1|Dec low C=12.0|rain colour=green|Jan rain mm=17|Feb rain mm=20|Mar rain mm=57|May rain mm=91|Aug low C=13.6|Jun rain mm=68|Jul rain mm=99|Aug rain mm=126|Sep rain mm=94|Oct rain mm=49|Nov rain mm=12|Dec rain mm=6|source 1=Climate-Data<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3656/ |title=Climate-Data : Ethiopia |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref>|Sep low C=13.5|Jul low C=14.0|metric first=yes|Aug high C=22.6|single line=yes|Jan high C=25.3|Feb high C=26.3|Mar high C=27.1|Apr high C=26.9|May high C=27.0|Jun high C=25.5|Jul high C=23.8|Sep high C=23.9|Jun low C=14.1|Oct high C=26.1|Nov high C=25.8|Dec high C=25.8|Jan low C=11.9|Feb low C=12.9|Mar low C=13.7|Apr low C=14.5|May low C=14.6|date=July 2013}} == Alkaluma == Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, birnin Harar yana da jimillar mazauna birane 99,368, daga cikinsu 49,727 maza ne, 49,641 kuma mata ne.<ref name="census2007">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Harari_Statistical.pdf|title=Population and Housing Census 2007 – Harari Statistical|website=[[Central Statistical Agency]]|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209133243/https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Harari_Statistical.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amhara (40.55%), Oromo (28.14%), Harari (11.83%), Gurage (7.94%), Somali (6.82%), da Tigrayans (2.76%); duk sauran kabilun sun ƙunshi kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar ƙasar.<ref name="census2007" /> Amhari ya zama yaren farko da kashi 49.2% na mazauna birni, Afaan Oromo da kashi 23.7%, Geysinan da kashi 12.2%, Somaliya kuma da kashi 6.6%.<ref name="census2007" /> Yawan jama'a. Mazauna biranen da ke da'awar Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da kashi 48.54% na al'ummar kasar sun ba da rahoton cewa sun aikata wannan akida, yayin da kashi 44.56% na al'ummar kasar suka ce Musulmi ne, kuma kashi 6.14% na Furotesta ne.<ref name="census2007" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/harar-COM_30316|title=Harar|website=BRILL}}</ref> === Kabilanci === [[File:An_old_map_of_Harar_featuring_the_Somali_Gadabuursi_Dir_clan.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_old_map_of_Harar_featuring_the_Somali_Gadabuursi_Dir_clan.jpg|thumb|Tsohon taswirar Harar wanda ke nuna Gadabuursi, Geri, Issa, Karanle Hawiye da Berteri Jidwaaq al'ummar Somaliya.]] Barker Haines ya ruwaito a cikin 1840 cewa yawancin mutanen Harar Harari ne amma wasu 'yan Oromo, Afar, Somali Issa da Larabawa 'yan kasuwa na [[Yemen]] sun kasance a wurin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mordechai|first1=Abir|title=Trade and Politics in the Ethiopian Region 1830-1855|publisher=University of London|page=247|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34079/1/11015888.pdf|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2023-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723002238/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34079/1/11015888.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 1855 Richard Francis Burton ya kwatanta Harar da cewa tana da mazauna kusan 8,000; Makiyaya 3,000 (yana nufin makiyaya na lokaci-lokaci da suke "zo mu tafi", Harari 2,500, da Somaliyawa 2,500.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay|journal=Asiatic Society of Bombay|date=1885|volume=16|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dkw_AQAAMAAJ&q=burton+8,000+souls&pg=PA121}}</ref> Burton ya kara da ba da rahoton kasancewar Oromo mai yawa da ke kaiwa garin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burton|first1=Richard|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|publisher=Tylston and Edwards|year=1894|page=[https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi01burtgoog/page/n42 19]|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi01burtgoog|quote=Up to the city gates the country is peopled by the Gallas.}}</ref> A ziyararsa a Khedivate na Masar mamayar masarautar Harar, mai bincike Paultischke Ya bayyana Harar da cewa tana da kusan mutane 40,000 tare da 25,000 daga cikinsu Hararis ne, Oromo 6,000, Somaliya 5,000, Abyssinians 3,000 da kuma tsirarun Turawa da Asiyawa.<ref>{{cite web|title=local history of Ethiopia|url=http://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematicresources/local_history_of_ethiopia/h/ORTHARAR05.pdf|website=Nordic Africa Institute|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055050/http://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematicresources/local_history_of_ethiopia/h/ORTHARAR05.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|Darajarsa Ahmad Bin Abi Bakr, Sarkin Harar.]] Bayan mamaye Masarautar Harar da Daular Habasha ta yi, sai kwararowar Amhara suka mamaye Harar da kewaye.<ref>{{cite book|title=Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136143380|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtnGBQAAQBAJ&q=amhara+settlers+harar&pg=PT113}}</ref> Al'ummar Somaliya mazauna garin sun ragu bayan hambarar da gwamnatin Lij Iyasu da mayakan Abyssiyan suka yi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ficquet|first1=Éloi|title=The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia: New Insights|year=2014|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|page=158|isbn=9783643904768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMj7AgAAQBAJ&q=the+massacre+of+harer&pg=PA159}}</ref> ’Yan asalin Harari ’yan asalin da a da su ke da rinjaye a cikin birnin mai katanga, ba su kai kashi 15% ba, saboda tsarkake kabilanci da gwamnatin Haile Selassie ta yi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adunga|first1=Ayanlem|title=Harari|url=http://www.ethiodemographyandhealth.org/Harari.pdf|website=Ethiopian Demography and Health}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wehib|first1=Ahmed|title=History of Harar and Harari|date=October 2015|publisher=Harari people regional state, culture, heritage and tourism bureau|page=141|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last1=Matshanda|first1=Namhla|title=Centres in the Periphery: Negotiating Territoriality and Identification in Harar and Jijiga from 1942|date=2014|publisher=The University of Edinburgh|page=199|s2cid=157882043|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e51e/aa84c13ba093ddf2bc242117aa9d8179dd71.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131094220/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e51e/aa84c13ba093ddf2bc242117aa9d8179dd71.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>Sakamakon zaluncin da gwamnatin Habasha ta yi, a karshen shekarun 1970 Harari da ke zaune a Addis Ababa sun fi na Harar yawa.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shetler|first1=Jan|title=Building a "City of Peace" through Intercommunal Association Muslim-Christian Relations in Harar, Ethiopia, 1887-2009|url=https://www.manchester.edu/docs/default-source/academics/by-major/philosophy-and-religious-studies/journal/volume-4-issue-1-fall-2010/building-a-city-of-peace-through-intercommunal-association.pdf?sfvrsn=62628962_2|website=Manchester University|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703102450/https://www.manchester.edu/docs/default-source/academics/by-major/philosophy-and-religious-studies/journal/volume-4-issue-1-fall-2010/building-a-city-of-peace-through-intercommunal-association.pdf?sfvrsn=62628962_2|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cewar Feener, Harari ba su farfaɗo ba daga 1948 da ta jagoranci murkushe al'ummarsu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=230|isbn=9781576075166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&q=forever+altered+harari+demographic&pg=PA230}}</ref> Kabilun Somaliya da ke kewaye da Harar sun fito ne daga kabilar Gadabuursi da Issa na Dir da Karanle na Hauwaye. Suna wakiltar mafi yawan kabilun Somaliya a yankin.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/universalgeograp10recl.pdf|title=The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants|language=en}}</ref> Kabilar Darod na Geri da Jidwaaq su ma suna zaune a kusa da Harar. Gadabuursi da Geri Somali sun kai farmaki arewa da arewa maso gabashin garin. Richard Francis Burton (1856) ya siffanta dangin Gadabuursi da Geri na Somaliya a matsayin wanda ya kai gaban Harar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|last=Burton|first=Richard|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1856|edition=1st|quote=and thence strikes south-westwards among the Gudabirsi and Girhi Somal, who extend within sight of Harar.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=gadabuursi+harar&pg=PA100|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|pages=100|isbn=9781569021033|language=en|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|year=1998}}</ref> 'Yan kabilar Issa da Karanle Hawiye sun kai hari arewa da arewa maso yamma yayin da Jidwaaq ke ci gaba da gabas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eErBgAAQBAJ&q=gada+bursi+babile&pg=PA140|title=Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates|last=Slikkerveer|date=2013-10-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136143304|pages=140|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgrDwAAQBAJ&q=burton+gadabursi+harar&pg=PT64|title=A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa|isbn=9780821445730|language=en|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|date=17 March 2003}}</ref> I.M. Lewis (1998) ya ce: "Cikin kasa da ke zagaye da Harar da Dire Dawa da 'yan [[Somaliya|Somalia]] na kabilar Iise da Gadabuursi ke zaune."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&q=dire+dawa+gadabursi&pg=PA100|title=Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society|year=2000|page=11|isbn=9781569021033|format=PDF|df=dmy-all|quote=Including the land round Harar and Dire Dawa inhabited by the Somalis of the 'Iise and Gadabuursi clans.|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.}}</ref> == Tsarin birni == Tsohon birnin Harar mai katanga ya kasu kashi 5: Assum Bari, Argob Bari, Suqutat Bari, Badro Bari, da Asmadiri Bari.<ref name="Insoll" /> Daga nan sai a kara raba wadannan guraren zuwa unguwannin da ake kira toya, wadanda galibi ana kiransu da sunan wurin ibadar musulmi ko wata fitacciyar bishiyar da ke zama wata alama ta gari.<ref name="Insoll" /> A cewar S.R. Waldron, akwai irin waɗannan unguwanni 59 a kusa da 1975.<ref name="Hecht">{{cite journal|last1=Hecht|first1=Elisabeth-Dorothea|title=The City of Harar and the Traditional Harar House|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|date=1982|volume=15|pages=57-78|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965897|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> A ƙarshen 1960s, har yanzu yana yiwuwa a zagaya bayan bangon birni da ƙafa; yin haka ya dauki kusan awa daya.<ref name="Hecht" /> A farkon shekarun 1980, duk da haka, hakan bai yiwu ba saboda birnin ya fara fadada daga birnin mai katanga, tare da gina wasu gine-gine kai tsaye zuwa wajen bangon.<ref name="Hecht" /> == Gidaje == [[File:Harar,_casa_tradizionale,_porta_intagliata_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar,_casa_tradizionale,_porta_intagliata_01.jpg|thumb|Wajen gidan Harari]] Wanda aka fi sani da ''gey gar'' ("gidan birni", jam'i: ''gey garach''), gidajen Harari sun zama wani nau'in tarihi na musamman wanda ya bambanta da sauran yankunan musulmi da kuma sauran sassan Habasha.<ref name="Abubaker">{{cite book|last1=Abubaker|first1=Abdulmalik|title=The Relevancy of Harari Values in Self Regulation|date=2016|publisher=University of Alabama|pages=46-58|url=https://ir.ua.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/3201/file_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Har yanzu ana amfani da tsarin gidan na Harari na gargajiya a yau, inda aka samu sauye-sauye kadan, kuma Harari da suka koma wasu garuruwa suna kokarin bin irin wannan salon.<ref name="Hecht" /> Harari suna alfahari da gidajensu, kuma sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na al'adun Harari.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Ginin bango (''abāt'') ya ƙunshi gidaje da yawa, waɗanda ke da bango iri ɗaya amma ba su da alaƙa.<ref name="Hecht" /> An jera su a tsakar gida, yawancin tagogin da ke fuskantar farfajiyar maimakon titi.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ƙofofin zuwa wuraren zama kusan koyaushe suna nuni zuwa gabas ko yamma; Kofofin da ke fuskantar arewa ko kudu ba kasafai suke ba.<ref name="Abubaker" /> A cewar Kabir Abdulmuheimen Abdulnassir, manoma da ‘yan kasuwa galibi suna fuskantar kofofin gabas ta yadda za su tashi da wuri don yin aiki.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Iyalai da yawa waɗanda ke zaune a fili ɗaya suna raba dafa abinci ɗaya ko biyu, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da wuraren zama.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ganuwar da ke kewaye da mahadi suna haɗuwa tare don su kasance masu ci gaba.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ƙofar waje da ke fuskantar titi yawanci katako ne amma wani lokacin ƙarfe, kuma ana yi musu fenti ko farar fata.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ganuwar sun kafa wani wurin adana kayan tarihi a kusa da su.<ref name="Hecht" /> Wani lokaci wasu mahadi da yawa suna haɗuwa tare zuwa "block" na mahadi, duk an kewaye su da bango ɗaya sannan kuma suna da nasu bango kewaye da su.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana saita waɗannan “blocks” ta yadda baƙo ya wuce fili na farko kafin ya kai na biyu, da dai sauransu.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kayan gini dutse ne na gida, yayin da aka yi amfani da cakuda duwatsun da aka daka da kuma yumbu a matsayin turmi da filasta don rufe bango kafin a wanke su.<ref name="Hecht" /> Haka lamarin yake a sababbin gidaje da kuma na tsofaffi.<ref name="Hecht" /> [[File:Inside_an_Adari_house_(25313093086).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_an_Adari_house_(25313093086).jpg|thumb|Cikin gidan Harari]] Tsarin bene na gidan Harari na yau da kullun yana da rectangular.<ref name="Hecht" /> Babban dakin shi ne babban falo mai suna ''gidīr gar'' ko ''gyar ēqäd''.<ref name="Hecht" /> Gidīr gār yana da dandali masu tasowa da yawa, ana kiransa ''nädäbas'', waɗanda ke aiki azaman kujeru ko gadaje.<ref name="Hecht" /> A hankula gidan zai yi nädäbas biyar.<ref name="Hecht" /> A baya na gidir gar, a hayin daga gaban ƙofar, akwai biyu nädäbas: da "kananan" daya, ko ''tīt nädäba'', sa'an nan a baya shi da "babban" daya, ko ''gidīr nädäba'', wanda shi ne da ɗan mafi girma sama.<ref name="Hecht" /> Waɗannan su ne biyu mafi girma nädäbas.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Ana iya sanya takalma har zuwa tit nädäba, amma sai an cire su.<ref name="Hecht" /> Tīt nädäba ita ce wurin da matasa ko mutanen da ba su da girma suke zama.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Yara kuma barci a kan wannan nädäba.<ref name="Abubaker" /> A tarihi, a kotun sarki, ta zama wurin zama na masu kara ko wadanda ake kara. Gidīr nädäba ya zama dattawa da mutanen da ake ganin sun fi girma.<ref name="Abubaker" /> A tarihance, a fadar sarki, an zaunar da manyan mutane a nan.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Lokacin da mutum ya mutu, ana ajiye jikinsu a kan gidīr nädäba kafin a binne shi a matsayin alamar girmamawa.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Ana haka wani kwano a cikin gidīr nädäba a cika da ruwa a wanke jiki, sannan a sake cika kwandon.<ref name="Abubaker" /> ''Amīr nädäba'', ko nädäba na girmamawa, an keɓe shi ga maigidan gida da ga baƙi masu daraja; yana iya kasancewa a hagu ko dama ya danganta da gidan.<ref name="Hecht" /> An sanya shi ne domin shugaban iyali ya ga duk wanda ya shiga gida ya yi aiki daidai.<ref name="Abubaker" /> The "boye" nädäba, ko ''sutri nädäba'', na iya kasancewa a kowane gefe amma koyaushe yana bayan ginshiƙi mai tasowa ko ''maxazu''.<ref name="Hecht" /> A tarihi, ana kiran wannan da "malassay nädäba" saboda masu gadin sarki suna zaune a nan lokacin tarurruka ko shari'ar kotu.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Ana amfani da sutri nädäba don barci.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana kuma amfani da ita a matsayin wurin zama da miji ke hutawa idan ya dawo gida.<ref name="Abubaker" /> A ƙarshe, akwai ''gäbti äḥer näbäda'', ko kuma wanda ke bayan ƙofar shiga.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kamar amir da sutri nädäbas, wannan na iya kasancewa a hagu ko dama.<ref name="Hecht" /> A sasanninta na baya akwai wasu lokutan da aka gina a cikin kabad ko ɗakunan tufafi da ake kira ''näbäda dēras''.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana adana tsabar kuɗi<ref name="Abubaker" /> da mahimman takardu a cikin ƙirji a cikin näbäda dēra.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana amfani da ɓangaren sama na näbäda dəra don adana tufafi na maigidan gida.<ref name="Abubaker" /> [[File:Interior,_Traditional_Harari_Home_(2775764645).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior,_Traditional_Harari_Home_(2775764645).jpg|thumb|Ganuwar bango a cikin gidan Harari]] Gidīr gār yana da ginanniyar abubuwan da ake kira ''ṭāqēts'' waɗanda ake amfani da su don adanawa da nuna abubuwan sirri.<ref name="Hecht" /><ref name="Insoll" /> Suna da tsayi sosai kuma akwai yawanci 11 daga cikinsu: 5 akan babban bango daura da ƙofar, sauran kuma akan sauran bangon.<ref name="Hecht" /> Niches guda biyu masu rectangular a tsakiyar babban bango (wanda ake kira ēqäd ṭāqēt) yawanci ana amfani da su don adana littattafai, musamman Kur'ani.<ref name="Hecht" /> Siffar su ta rectangular yakamata ya zama mai jan hankali ga mutuwa da kabari.<ref name="Hecht" /> Bugu da ƙari ga manyan wuraren 11, akwai wasu lokuta kuma a cikin nädäbas, waɗanda ake amfani da su don riƙe takalma ko ƙona [[turare]].<ref name="Hecht" /> [[File:Bride_chamber_(24712553173).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bride_chamber_(24712553173).jpg|thumb|Matakalar zuwa qala a hagu, tare da kirtät a bango]] A ko wane gefen kofar akwai wata budaddiyar kofar da za ta nufi ''kirtät'', dakin gefe ne mai karamin rufi da nasa nädäba.<ref name="Hecht" /> Katangar da ke tsakanin kirtät da gidīr gar wani lokaci tana da allon taga tare da sassaken katako na ado.<ref name="Hecht" /> Mata sukan zauna a kirtät lokacin da maza suke da bärça (taron cin abinci da zuzzurfan tunani).<ref name="Hecht" /> A baya, da kirtät ne kuma inda matasa amarya za su zauna a keɓe ga watanni 8 bayan ta bikin aure.<ref name="Hecht" /> A wannan yanayin, hanyar shiga kirtät, wadda ba ta da kofa, za a rufe ta da allon bamboo da labule.<ref name="Hecht" /> Dakin gefe na biyu mai ƙaramin rufi, ''dēra'', an haɗa shi da kirtät ta wata ƙaramar kofa.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana amfani da shi don adana abubuwan da beraye ba su iya kaiwa hari.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kusa da kofa, bangon dəra yana da wani wuri na musamman inda ake ajiye ''aflala''.<ref name="Hecht" /> Waɗannan kwantenan tukwane baƙar fata masu dogayen wuyoyi kuma an rufe su da ledojin kwando masu tsayi da ake kira afla ''uffas''.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana amfani da su wurin adana kayan adon iyali da sauran kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma cibiyar ’ya’yan iyali.<ref name="Hecht" /> A cewar Fethia Ahmed, mai kula da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Harari, murfi da aka juye na nuni da cewa mijin ya rasu kuma akwai wata bazawara da ke zaune a gidan.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Dēra wuri ne mai zaman kansa, inda mata da miji za su iya magana ba tare da 'ya'yansu sun saurari ba.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Haka kuma yara ‘yan tsakanin shekaru 3 zuwa 7 suna amfani da ita wajen cin abinci a cikin watan Ramadan ba tare da ganin jama’a ba, kafin su fara azumin yini a lokacin da suke shekara 7.<ref name="Abubaker" /> An gina wannan dēra ne da dutse mai ratsa jiki ba tare da siminti ba don samun damar samun iskar iska.<ref name="Abubaker" /> Silin da ke saman gidīr gar ya tashi zuwa tsayin gidan.<ref name="Hecht" /> Sama da ɗakunan gefe, duk da haka, akwai wani matakin sama da ake kira ''qala''.<ref name="Hecht" /> Asali ana amfani da qala wajen ajiya, wani lokacin ma wurin kwana, ba a raba ta da gidīr gar ta kowace fuska.<ref name="Hecht" /> Tun da marigayi karni na 19, ko da yake, akwai yawanci wani katako allo raba biyu, da kuma qala ya m zama jinsin na biyu bene, sau da yawa tare da dama da dakuna, ko da yake ba tare da nädäbas ko wasu shigarwa.<ref name="Hecht" /> Matakan hawa zuwa qala yawanci yana ƙunshi matakai 6 zuwa 9.<ref name="Hecht" /> A cikin sababbin gidaje yana da katakon katako da aka sassaka amma a cikin tsofaffin gidaje ba a yi ba.<ref name="Hecht" /> A al'adance ana yin rufin gida ne da kayan itace na bakin ciki waɗanda aka cire haushi.<ref name="Hecht" /> A yau an rufe rufin tare da sauran gidan.<ref name="Hecht" /> Daya daga cikin katako, wanda yake saman gefen tīt nädäba, ana kiransa ḥāmil; yau ana amfani dashi don rataye fitilar neon daga, amma a da mutane za su rataye kwai na ciki saboda an yi imani cewa yin hakan zai kare gidan daga walƙiya.<ref name="Hecht" /> A zamanin yau, rufin an yi shi da katako mai katako, tare da ''ḥāmil'' ya bambanta da girman sa da kuma nau'ikan sa.<ref name="Hecht" /> A al'adance ana yin benaye da jajayen ƙasa (wanda ake kira ''qēḥ afär''), kuma sassan nädäbas waɗanda ba a rufe su da tagumi ko tabarmi su ma an yi musu ja.<ref name="Hecht" /> A yau ana yawan yin tayal, yawanci tare da akalla wasu ja.<ref name="Hecht" /> Jajayen ya kamata ya kasance yana tunawa da jinin da aka zubar a yakin Chelenqo.<ref name="Hecht" /> Wasu gidajen za su kasance suna da ''tīt gār'' na gaba ko kuma "ƙaramin gida", wanda ke da ƙofar daban da kuma nädäba na kansa.<ref name="Hecht" /> Yawancin lokaci ba a haɗa tit gar zuwa babban gida.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ƙananan dangi ke amfani da shi, ko kuma wani lokacin hayar ga masu haya.<ref name="Hecht" /> Tun daga karni na 20, wasu gidaje suna ƙara wani matakin sama da tīt gar kuma suna haɗa shi da qala tare da ba shi ƙofar daban ta wani matakala a wajen gidan.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kowane fili yana ƙunshe da ɗaki dabam don mai hannu ko bawa, ba tare da nädäbas ko ɗakunan gefe ba.<ref name="Hecht" /> Haka kuma za a yi matattarar shanu da jakuna.<ref name="Hecht" /> Hakanan akwai yawanci "gidaje na kicin" ɗaya ko biyu, waɗanda ba a haɗa su da gidajen, galibi suna a kowane gefen farfajiyar.<ref name="Hecht" /> Wadannan dakunan dafa abinci ba su da tagogi, tare da hayaki na fita ta kofar gida, don haka a karshe katangar ta rufe da toka.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana amfani da ɗakunan da aka yi daga kututturen itace don adana kayan abinci.<ref name="Hecht" /> A da, gidajen Harari ba za su kasance da ƙarancin kayan aiki ba.<ref name="Hecht" /> Tun daga karni na 20, kujerun katako masu sauƙi irin na yammacin Turai sun yaɗu, da kuma gadaje na ƙarfe tare da katifan kapok waɗanda aka kafa akan sutri nädäba.<ref name="Hecht" /> Richard Francis Burton ya bayyana gidan sarkin a matsayin ginin daya tilo da aka yi wa farar farare a waje, yana mai nuni da cewa galibin gine-ginen ba a yi musu ado ba a lokacin ziyararsa a shekarun 1800.<ref name="Hecht" /> Yawancin gidaje an kwatanta su da cewa ba fenti ko farar fata ba a ƙarshen 1935.<ref name="Hecht" /> A yau, duk da haka, Hararis yawanci suna wanke gidajensu tare da cakuda lemun tsami (wanda ake kira ''näçih afär'') aƙalla sau ɗaya kuma sau biyu a shekara, sau ɗaya kafin Ramadan kuma sau ɗaya kafin bikin Arfa.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana tsaftace kayan gida da kwanduna sosai a lokaci guda.<ref name="Hecht" /> A yau, maimakon farar fata, wani lokaci ana fentin bango ta hanyar amfani da fenti. Wannan na iya zama kowane launi, kodayake kore shine mafi mashahuri.<ref name="Hecht" /> [[File:Harar,_casa_tradizionale_(anisa)_00.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar,_casa_tradizionale_(anisa)_00.jpg|thumb|Zaure a gidan Harari na gargajiya]] Ado na cikin gida yawanci mata ne ke yin su.<ref name="Hecht" /> Suna rufe nädäbas da tagulla, tabarma, da matashin kai, kuma suna ƙawata bango da kwandon Harari (wanda kuma galibi mata ne ke yin su).<ref name="Hecht" /> A yau ma an rataye farantin enamel da kwanoni a jikin bango.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kwandunan ado gabaɗaya ana rataye su daidai gwargwado kuma bi-biyu.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kowane gida yana da nasa salon adon, kuma mata baƙi sukan yi tsokaci kan yadda suke son yadda ake ƙawata gidan mai masaukin baki.<ref name="Hecht" /> Akwai ra’ayin cewa ‘yan mata kanana sun fi ƙwazo wajen yin ado da gidajensu fiye da manyan mata, da kuma cewa ƙanana ma’aurata suna sake shafa jan ƙasa a benaye sau ɗaya a mako yayin da manya ke yin sa sau kaɗan a shekara.<ref name="Hecht" /> Mafi girman nau'in kwandunan ado su ne nau'in da ake amfani da su don ba da burodi da kayan zaki a wurin taron mata.<ref name="Hecht" /> Waɗannan suna da dogayen murfi masu maƙarƙashiya waɗanda aka rataye a sama kuma suna lulluɓe su.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana rataye su a cikin layuka ɗaya ko biyu akan bangon bayan gidīr nädäba da ƙasan abubuwan da aka gina, kuma yawanci suna cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban.<ref name="Hecht" /> Tsakanin ''ēqäd ṭāqēts'', niches biyu masu rectangular a cikin cibiyar da ake amfani da su don adana littattafai, akwai layi na tsaye na ƙananan faranti na kwando mai suna ''sagaris'' tare da murfi.<ref name="Hecht" /> Ana amfani da waɗannan don hidimar wake a lokacin bikin aure ko jana'izar.<ref name="Hecht" /> Suna yawanci cikin rukuni na 3, tare da 2 daga cikinsu suna raba tsari da ƙira.<ref name="Hecht" /> Kusa da amir nädäba da dəra, an ƙawata bangon da sauran faranti na kwando bibbiyu. Wadannan sun kai girman farantin karin kumallo kuma a al'adance ana amfani da su don yin burodi.<ref name="Hecht" /> Biyu daga cikinsu ana kiransu “kwadunan surukai”, ko kuma ''hamāt mot'', kuma dangin amarya suna gabatar da waɗannan ga surukai a wurin bikin aure.<ref name="Hecht" /> Masu hijira daga Harar sukan yi ƙoƙari su tsaya kan tsarin gidan Harari na gargajiya idan ya yiwu, har ma a cikin gine-gine masu salon gine-gine daban-daban.<ref name="Hecht" /> Za a yi wani nau'i na gidīr gār da aka nuna, tare da tagulla da matashin kai da za su zama näba na yau da kullun, kuma za a yi ado da bangon da kwandon gargajiya na Harari.<ref name="Hecht" /> == Abubuwan jan hankali == [[File:Harar,_moschea_jamia,_interno_06.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar,_moschea_jamia,_interno_06.jpg|thumb|Babban Masallacin Harar]] [[File:Harar,_casa_di_rimbaud,_04.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harar,_casa_di_rimbaud,_04.jpg|thumb|Gidan Arthur Rimbaud da gidan kayan gargajiya]] Bayan katangar dutse da ke kewaye da birnin, tsohon garin na da masallatai 110 da sauran wuraren ibada masu yawa, wanda ya tsaya a dandalin Feres Magala. Manyan gine-gine sun haɗa da Medhane Alem Cathedral, gidan Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, Monument ga Ras Makonnen, wanda Antun Augustinčić ya sassaƙa a 1959 wanda aka lalata a watan Yuni 2020, gidan Arthur Rimbaud, Masallacin Jami na ƙarni na sha shida da Babban Five mai tarihi. Gates na Harar. Filin wasa na Harrar Bira filin wasa ne na gida na Harrar Beer Bottling FC. Hakanan mutum na iya ziyartar kasuwa. Al'adar da ta daɗe ta ciyar da nama ga kurayen da aka hange ita ma ta samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa wani wasan kwaikwayo na dare mai ban sha'awa ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2079781.stm|title=The hyena man of Harar|work=BBC News|date=2002-07-01|access-date=2013-07-23}}</ref> (Dubi kurayen da aka hange a Harar.) Sauran wuraren ban sha'awa sun haɗa da ambaton mafi girma da ke kallon birnin, dutsen Kondudo ko "W", wanda ke ɗaukar dawakai na dawakai. Manufar kimiyya ta 2008 ta ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin kiyaye su, saboda dabbobi suna cikin haɗari sosai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2008/Jan/09Jan08/47466.htm|title=Wild horses exist in Ethiopia, but face danger of extinction: Exploratory Team|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715103628/http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2008/Jan/09Jan08/47466.htm|archive-date=July 15, 2009}}</ref> Selam Bus Line Share Company ne ke ba da sabis ɗin motar bas na tsaka-tsaki. === Gaskiya === Harar Jugol wani misali ne da ba kasafai ba na wani gari mai cike da tarihi wanda ya ci gaba da rike al'adunsa, gine-ginen birane, da al'adun musulmi na Harari har ya zuwa yanzu. Yana daya daga cikin garuruwa masu tsarki na Musulunci a Afirka, kuma hedkwatar wasu tsiraru a cikin Habasha Kirista. Garin mai tarihi yana da iyaka ta zahiri kuma an siffanta shi sosai ta hanyar katangarsa ta karni na 16 da ke kewaye kuma an kiyaye wurin tare da bangarorin gabas da kudu maso gabas na kadarorin. Duk da haka, ayyukan da ba su dace ba, kamar yi wa gidaje, canza ƙofofi daga itace zuwa ƙarfe, ƙaddamar da kayan da ba na al'ada ba da kuma tasirin gani kamar eriya na TV sun kasance a hankali suna shafar sahihancin masana'anta na tarihi. == Yan'uwa garuruwa == {| class="wikitable" !Ƙasa !Gari |- |{{flagicon|FRA}}Faransa |[[File:Emblem_of_the_French_Republic.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_French_Republic.svg|24x24px]] Charleville-Mézières |- |{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|25x25px]] Clarkston |- |{{flagicon|DJI}} Djibouti |[[File:Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Djibouti.svg|27x27px]] Arta |- |{{flagicon|TUR}}Turkiyya |[[File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg|25x25px]] Şanlıurfa |} == Sanannen mazauna == * Abd Allah II bn Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, sarkin Harar na karshe * Abadir Umar ar-Rida, fitaccen waliyyi musulmi kuma wanda ya kafa Harar * Amha Selassie, Sarkin Daular Habasha (Mai Zaɓaɓɓe) * Mahfuz, Imam kuma Janar na Adal Sultanate * Bati del Wambara, matar Ahmad bn Ibrahim al-Ghazi * Nur bn Mujahid, Sarkin Harar * Abdullah al-Harari, shugaban al-Ahbash * Malik Ambar, Shugaban Sultan Ahmadnagar * 'Ali ibn Da'ud, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Harar * Ambasada Mohammed Abdurahman, Lauyan Harari na farko, Jikan Haj Abdullahi Sadiq * Haj Abdullahi Ali Sadiq, Gwamnan Harar 1889 -1914 * Arthur Rimbaud, mawaƙin Faransanci, ya zauna a matsayin ɗan kasuwa a Harar tsakanin 1880 zuwa 1891. * Haile Selassie, Sarkin Habasha * Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, shugaban Adal Sultanate * Sheikh Madar Shirwa, Sheikh Somaliya wanda ya kafa Hargaisa Tariqa (kungiyoyin addini) == Manazarta == <references /> == Ci gaba da karatu == * Fritz Stuber, "Harar in Äthiopien - Hoffnungslosigkeit und Chancen der Stadterhaltung" (Harar in Ethiopia - The Hopelessness and Challenge of Urban Preservation), in: ''Die alte Stadt. Vierteljahreszeitschrift für Stadtgeschichte, Stadtsoziologie, Denkmalpflege und Stadtentwicklung'' ([[:en:W._Kohlhammer|W. Kohlhammer]] Stuttgart Berlin Köln), Vol. 28, No. 4, 2001, {{ISSN|0170-9364}}, pp.&nbsp;324–343, 14 ill. * David Vô Vân, Mohammed Jami Guleid, ''Harar, a cultural guide'', Shama Books, Addis Abeba, 2007, 99 pages * {{cite book |location=Leiden|publisher=Koninklijke Brill|title=The City in the Islamic World|editor=Salma K. Jayyusi|display-editors=etal|isbn=9789004162402|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC|year=2008|chapter=Harar: the Fourth Holy City of Islam|pages=625–642}} kre5lc6xk7w29a0ecswcpiy8nq6xfgu 0 30822 859272 828631 2026-06-17T11:14:56Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859272 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wiki For Human Rights PH - May 25 Meetup and Photowalk 00.jpg|thumb|Matasa wiki masu Kare yancin Yan adam]] '''Matasa Don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Turanci "Youth for Human Rights International''' (YHRI) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka. Masanan Kimiyya sun kafa kuma mafi yawan ma'aikata da kuma samar da kudade, manufar da aka bayyana ita ce "Don koyar da matasa a duniya game da 'yancin dan adam, don haka taimaka musu su zama masu ba da shawara mai mahimmanci don inganta hakuri da zaman lafiya." Kungiyar ta inganta <ref>[http://youthforhumanrights.org/campaigns/2005/2005_humanitarians.html International Youth Movement Turns To 20th Century Humanitarians for Inspiration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301192326/http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/campaigns/2005/2005_humanitarians.html |date=2010-03-01 }}, youthforhumanrights.org</ref> wanda ya kafa Scientology L. Ron Hubbard rubuce-rubucen game da yancin dan adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Gamayyar Sanarwana Yancin Dan Adam]], ta hanyar daukar nauyin rubutun da zane-zane da kuma samar da kayan aiki ga dalibai da jagororin koyarwa ga makarantu.<ref>(n.d.) [http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/about/index.html About YHRI]</ref> A cewar Cocin "Church of Scientology International", Scientologist Mary Shuttleworth kafa kungiyar a watan Agusta shekarar 2001 " a cikin daidaitawa da Church of Scientology International ta Human Rights Office". Shafin yanar gizon Scientology ya bayyana cewa a shekara ta 2004 ya kafa ayyuka a fiye da ƙasashe 26, ciki har da Mexico, Amurka da Suwidin. == Jagoranci == Shugaban '''YHRI''' kuma wanda ya kafa shi ne Mary Shuttleworth (tsohuwar Mary Untiedt), tsohuwar shugabar kungiyar iyaye ta YHRI ta kasa da kasa Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance. Har ila yau, ta kafa makarantun da aka yi amfani da su a Makarantar " Shuttleworth Academy" da "Gidan Makarantar Maryamu." <ref>(n.d.) [http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/about/meetpres.html About Mary Shuttleworth]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Education in Scientology |url=http://www.essentialtraining.org/page5.htm |access-date=2022-03-30 |archive-date=2007-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902225737/http://www.essentialtraining.org/page5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shuttleworth yana rike da babban matsayi a TXL Films, <ref>(n.d.)[http://www.txlfilms.com/maryshuttleworth.html Mary Shuttleworth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127023539/http://www.txlfilms.com/maryshuttleworth.html |date=2006-11-27 }}</ref> kamfanin da ya kirkiro bidiyon kidan ''UNITED'' tare da YHRI.<ref>(n.d.) [http://www.txlfilms.com/films/united_index.html About United] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713100125/http://www.txlfilms.com/films/united_index.html |date=2016-07-13 }}</ref> Masanin kimiyya ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Scientologists On-line |url=http://myreligion.scientologist.net/maryuntiedt/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610084531/http://myreligion.scientologist.net/maryuntiedt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar jaridar "Newsletter ''Church of Scientology International"'', babban darektan YHRI shine Tim Bowles, <ref>[http://www.scientology.org/Humanrights/news/2005/051107.htm International Youth Delegates Spark Human Rights Initiative at David Starr Jordan High School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123042151/http://www.scientology.org/humanrights/news/2005/051107.htm |date=2008-11-23 }}, ''Church of Scientology International'', Human Rights News, October 7, 2005</ref> <ref>[http://www.theta.com/youth-issues/20060603_yi_1.php Youth For Human Rights International - Ghana Human Rights Tour]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Church of Scientology International'', Human Rights News Forum, June 3, 2006</ref> tsohon abokin tarayya na Bowles &amp;amp; Moxon, yana aiki a matsayin babban majalisa na shari'a na Cocin Scientology. Bowles kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Scientology's Citizens Commission on Human Rights.<ref>(n.d.)[http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/about/meetdir.html About Tim Bowles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307142717/http://youthforhumanrights.org/about/meetdir.html |date=2007-03-07 }}</ref> Lynsey Bartilson, wanda ya bayyana a kan jerin talabijin na ''Grounded for Life'', babban mai magana da yawun YHRI ne. Ta girma kuma ta kasance Masanin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, kuma mahaifiyarta Laurie Bartilson tsohuwar abokiyar doka ce a Moxon & Bartilson. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta na kan layi, ta bayyana cewa ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan kirkire-kirkire kuma mawaka don Cibiyar Celebrity Center ta Scientology "Yara kan Stage don Mafi kyawun Duniya." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Bartilson's official home page |url=http://www.lynseybartilson.com/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |archive-date=2018-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712002137/http://www.lynseybartilson.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == YHRI ya hadu tare da TXL Films (wanda Taron Lexton ya kafa, dan YHRI wanda ya kafa Mary Shuttleworth <ref>[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/1/prweb336245.htm Pepsi Honors Mother and Son as Everyday Freedom Heroes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011930/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/1/prweb336245.htm |date=2016-03-05 }}, Press Release, January 23, 2006</ref> ) don Kirkirar bidiyon kidan da ya lashe kyautar, "UNITED." <ref>(n.d.) [http://www.txlfilms.com/films/united_index.html About "United"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713100125/http://www.txlfilms.com/films/united_index.html |date=2016-07-13 }}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2006, sun fito da sanarwar sabis na jama'a na 30 don TV, suna kwatanta kowane Hakkin 30 a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Duniya]].<ref>(n.d.) [http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/watchads/index.html Watch Ads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830224455/http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/watchads/index.html |date=2006-08-30 }}</ref> wanda Sashen Hakkin Dan Adam na Cocin Scientology International na YHRI ya kirkira. <ref name="HRMessage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theta.com/human-rights-education/20070314_hre_1.php |title=Human Rights Message Reaches 130,000 Viewers - Church of Scientology International |access-date=2022-03-30 |archive-date=2017-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217013325/http://www.theta.com/human-rights-education/20070314_hre_1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru == YHRI tana rarraba kayan da ke da alaka da fassararta na Yarjejeniya [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin]] Duniya da shirye-shiryen YHRI, ga yan makaranta a kasashe daban-daban na ci gaba, irin su Amurka, <ref>St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Missouri), September 15, 2006, Title: Hoech sixth-grader attended U.N. human rights meeting</ref> Australia, <ref>The Analyst, May 31, 2006, Title: YHRI Holds Aids Awareness in Paynesville,</ref> United Kingdom <ref>Cornish Guardian, September 1, 2005, Title: Cornwall plays host to human rights festival</ref> da kuma Jamhuriyar Czech. <ref>Czech News Agency CTK, December 9, 2006, Schedule of CTK general news in English, December 10,</ref> YHRI kuma yana aiki a Jamus. A kasar Belgium, ta ba da kyauta, sannan kuma ta gudanar da bikin bayar da kyautuka a kasar Bulgeriya don samun kyauta daya. <ref>New Vision, June 14, 2006, Title: Mande Wins Rights Award</ref> YHRI ta ba da kyauta guda ɗaya ga wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasar Sin, wadda ta inganta ra'ayoyin kungiyar a shafinta na yanar gizo, <ref>South China Morning Post, August 31, 2006, Title: Crusading for human rights</ref> da kuma wani ga wani matashin Masanin Kimiyya na Isra'ila wanda ya nuna fim din, ''UNITED'', kuma ya rarraba kayan YHRI a makarantarsa. An gudanar da taro a Zurich. <ref>Hindustan Times, March 8, 2006, Title: Human rights is everyone's business</ref> Ta tattauna shirin gabatar da lacca da raba kayanta ga daliban makarantar Ghana da Laberiya. <ref>Public Agenda, May 29, 2006, Title: Human Rights Education Ventures to Be Established in Schools</ref> <ref>Accra Mail (Ghana) - AAGM, November 6, 2006 Monday, Title: Inculcate human rights education into school curriculum</ref> <ref>The Analyst, June 7, 2006, Title: Youth Activist Suggests Edu Rights Ventures,</ref> <ref>Africa News, December 7, 2005, Title: Liberia; Take a Fresh Look At Liberia, Says Journalist, Activist</ref> Ta ba da shawarar biyan kananan makarantu a Uganda, <ref>The Monitor, February 27, 2007, Title: Youth Want Govt to Abolish School Fees,</ref> da gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a Najeriya. <ref>Africa News, March 21, 2007, Title: Human Rights Group Organises Peace Rally</ref> A Afirka ta Kudu, asalin kasar Mary Shuttleworth, tana yunkurin ganin an yi "watannin kare haƙƙin dan adam." <ref>BuaNews, February 7, 2007, Title: Youth Group Urges South Africans to Celebrate Human Rights Month,</ref> Aikin kungiyar yana samun goyon bayan dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma masanin kimiyya Tom Cruise <ref>Sunday Herald Sun, January 1, 2006, Title: Tom and Katie's gift of rights,</ref> kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, kamar, zargin, surori na gida na [[Amnesty International]]. <ref>[http://youthforhumanrights.org/about/collaborators.html YHRI Collaborators]</ref> A cewar <nowiki><i id="mwcg">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i></nowiki>, babu Amnesty a Berlin ko hedkwatar hukumar kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Amnesty International a London da ke da masaniya game da irin wannan hadin gwiwar da Amnesty International, tun daga Maris 2013, an cire su daga jerin masu hadin gwiwa a kan gidan yanar gizon YHRI. A cikin 2005, Youth for Human Rights International ta shirya taro a babbar Makarantar Los Angeles. Stephen Strachan, shugaban makarantar sakandaren Jordan, ya ce ko da yake ya san wasu daga cikin masu shirya su Masana Kimiyya ne, bai san dangantakar YHRI da Ikilisiya ba har sai an jera Ikilisiyar Scientology akan kayan tallatawa a matsayin mai tallafawa. Bayan samun labarin hadin gwiwar, an yi yarjejeniya don cire duk wani ambaton Cocin Scientology daga wallafe-wallafe, kuma an aika wasiku ga iyaye cewa dalibai za su bukaci izini don halartar taron. A shekara ta 2007, YHRI ta jagoranci wani kwas na Hakkin dan adam na matukin jirgi a lardin KwaZulu-Natal na Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta rarraba kasida ta L. Ron Hubbard <nowiki><i id="mwfw">Hanyar Farin Ciki</i></nowiki> ga dalibai masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17, kuma sun koya musu ilimin kimiyyar jargon kamar Sikelin sautin, yayin kokarin shigar da su cikin Drug Free Marshalls, kungiyar Scientology kamar Narconon . Wani jami'in gwamnatin lardin ya ce yana fatan kawo shi ga yara miliyan 4.44 na lardin. == Suka == A cikin 2007, a wani taron matasa na 'yancin dan adam wanda YHRI ta shirya, a [[Sydney|Sydney, Ostiraliya]], dalibai uku daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Yan mata ta Canterbury sun nuna damuwa game da abubuwan da suka shafi Scientology a cikin kayan talla. Daya ta ce ta ji "an yi amfani da ita." Sashen ilimi na duba korafe-korafen daliban. Duk da haka, David Clarke, wani mai sassaucin ra'ayi na New South Wales babban gida kuma memba na kungiyar Katolika Opus Dei, ya ce shi ma bai san wata alaka mai karfi tsakanin dandalin matasa da Cocin Scientology ba. Amma, Clarke ya kara da cewa, “Ni dan Katolika ne. Babu wani turawa kamar yadda na iya gani na Scientology." Wani dan jarida na Jamus ya zargi Scientology da tallace-tallace na karya ta hanyar YHRI, daukar mambobi a kaikaice, kuma jami'an gwamnati a Jamus sun ce YHRI yana aiki a matsayin dabarar ɓoyewa ga Scientology. Gidan tarihin Holocaust na Florida ya koka da cewa ba a bayyana hadin YHRI da Scientology ba lokacin da suka yi aiki tare da su don shirya zanga-zangar yancin dan adam a St. Petersburg, Florida a cikin Maris 2007. A cikin kowane dayan abubuwan da ke sama mai shirya YHRI ya amsa cewa, yayin da Ikilisiyar Scientology ta goyi bayan kungiyar su, taron YHRI ne, ba taron Ikilisiya ba kuma sakon Hakkin dan adam ne, ba Scientology ba. Duk da haka, Herald ya ruwaito cewa, a kan kayan da aka raba a taron a Australia, hoton L.Ron Hubbard da furucin sun fi dacewa fiye da na masu gwagwarmaya irin su [[Martin Luther King]] da [[Mahatma Gandhi]] . Ursula Caberta, Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Hukumar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Hamburg, kungiyar masu sa ido kan ilimin kimiyya, ta bayyana cewa YHRI na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Scientology wadanda ke rufe alakarsu da cocin kuma suna neman jawo hankalin matasa da kuma daukar nauyin matasa. A cikin 1995, Majalisar Dattijai ta Hamburg ta fitar da rahoto game da Kimiyyar Kimiyya, inda ya kwatanta tsarinsa da kuma hadarin da ya gabatar wa mutane da al'umma. Daya daga cikin nassi, yana ambaton takardun Scientology, ya bayyana matsayin dukan kungiyoyi, waɗanda, kamar YHRI, suna da alaka da coci. "A cikin bayanin cikin gida, Scientology ya bayyana aikin kungiyoyi masu alaka: Duk kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi suna samar da hanyar sadarwa ta duniya. Kowannensu yana da nasa matsayin da nauyinsa. Amma duk kungiyoyin sabis suna da burin jawo hankali ga fasahar L.Ron Hubbard da isar da ita ga jama'a.' Don haka, kowane aiki, duk da haka yana da alaƙa da Kimiyyance, ya dace da tsarin dabarun dogon lokaci, wanda mafi girman gudanarwa ke jagoranta." == Kimiyya, YHRI Da Hakkin Dan Adam a Turai == Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Scientology na hukuma, YHRI wani bangare ne na yakin neman zabe gaba daya. YHRI, wanda aka fi sani da Jamusanci a matsayin "Jugend für Menschenrechte," yana aiki a Switzerland da Jamus, yana shirya taron kare Hakkin bil'adama ga matasa don inganta hadin kai na addini. Dangane da yakin neman zaben, Antje Blumenthal, dan majalisar dokokin Jamus, ya nuna damuwarsa cewa ana amfani da kyakkyawar manufa ta matasa. <ref name="hugostamm" /> Gwamnatocin Faransa da Jamus, sun bincika Scientology game da take Hakkin dan adam, binciken da kungiyar Scientology ta kira nuna wariya. Ya ba da amsa tare da kamfen na adawa ta hanyar Cocin Scientology International Ofishin Turai na Harkokin Jama'a da Hakkin Dan Adam, ta amfani da sanarwar sabis na jama'a da YHRI ta bayar, kuma Sashen Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Cocin na Scientology International ya kirkira. <ref name="HRMessage"/> == Manazarta == [[Category: Hakkin Dan Adam]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9hbx70c9jqnk3oc0t65kpjd23bwgpfw 0 34261 858927 450516 2026-06-16T13:50:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Global Energy Monitor''' ( '''GEM''' ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta [[San Francisco]] wacce ke ba da kayyade albarkatun mai da ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa a duk duniya. GEM tana ba da bayanai don tallafawa tsaftataccen makamashi da bayananta da rahotanni game da yanayin makamashi da gwamnatoci, kafofin watsa labarai, da masu binciken ilimi ke ambaton su.<ref>{{cite news |title=North American drilling boom threatens big blow to climate efforts, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/25/us-oil-gas-boom-climate-change-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Global Energy Monitor a cikin 2007 ta marubuci kuma masanin muhalli Ted Nace. Asalin sunan "Coalswarm", kuma yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Tsibirin Duniya, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙira bayanan mai bin diddigin tashoshin wutar lantarki na duniya waɗanda masu binciken ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da gwamnatoci suka zama "masu daraja sosai". A cikin 2018, GEM ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta kuma ta faɗaɗa ɗaukar hoto don haɗawa da bututun iskar gas, tsire-tsire na ƙarfe, ma'adinan kwal, wuraren hakar mai da iskar gas da abubuwan sabunta makamashi. == Bincike == Kula da Makamashi na Duniya yana samar da bayanai game da ababen more rayuwa na makamashi ta hanyar bayanan bayanai, taswirori, da bayanan martaba na kan layi na takamaiman ayyukan makamashi da aka ajiye akan GEM ɗin sa. Dandalin Wiki. An yaba wa samfurin don inganta gaskiya da daidaito don gudanar da yanayi. Bayanan GEM yana da dubunnan masu amfani a duk duniya, gami da gwamnatoci, hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu, malamai, jami'o'i, da kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan ya hada da [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], International Energy Agency, Rystad Energy, Oxfam, Saliyo Club, Natural Resources Defence Council, [[Abokan Duniya]], [[Greenpeace]], Cibiyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Makamashi da Tattalin Arziki (IEEFA), [[Bankin Duniya]], Asusun Lamuni na Duniya, Mercator Research Center, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Pembina Institute, Rocky Mountain Institute, Urgewald, World Wide Fund for yanayi, Cibiyar Bincike kan Makamashi da Tsabtace Iska (CREA), da Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Duniya (ICCG), tsakanin wasu. == Kara karantawa == === Manyan rahotanni === * Boom and Bust (2020) * Caca Akan Gas: Haɗarin Haɗari Don Tallafin Tallafin LNG na Dala Biliyan 20 na Japan (2020) * Gas Bubble 2020: Bibiyar Kayayyakin Ayyukan LNG na Duniya (2020) * Yadda Shirye-shiryen Sabon Kwal ke Canjawa A Duniya (2019) * Hanyar Fitar Kwal don 1.5&nbsp;°C (2018) === Burbushin mai === * [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/ Global Coal Shuka Tracker] - Global Coal Shuka Tracker Takaddun data kasance, samarwa, sokewa, da kuma ritayar masana'antar wutar lantarki a duk duniya. * [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-mine-tracker/ Global Coal Mine Tracker] - Global Coal Mine Tracker Takaddun da ke akwai, samarwa, sokewa, da rufe ma'adinan kwal da ayyuka a duk duniya. * [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-public-finance-tracker/ Global Coal Finance Tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429232015/https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-public-finance-tracker/ |date=2022-04-29 }} - Global Coal Finance Tracker ya binciki cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi, na jama'a da na sirri, waɗanda suka ba da kuɗi don tashoshin wutar lantarki tun daga 2010. * [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-fossil-infrastructure-tracker/ Mabiyan Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kasusuwa na] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619205923/https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-fossil-infrastructure-tracker/ |date=2022-06-19 }} Duniya - Mai Binciken Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kasusuwa na Duniya yana tattara bayanai kan ayyukan mai da iskar gas kamar bututun mai da tashoshi. * [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/europe-gas-tracker/ Turai Gas Tracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802212245/https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/europe-gas-tracker/ |date=2022-08-02 }} - Turai Gast Tracker shine cikakken tsarin bayanan burbushin iskar gas a cikin Tarayyar Turai. == Duba kuma == * 350.org * Aikin Gaskiyar Yanayi * Majalisar makamashi mai sabuntawa ta Turai * [[Greenpeace]] {{Sustainability}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} <references /> abw88yt1f7mh5jx1yg41usjsl80nii7 3 37596 859044 827507 2026-06-16T19:42:08Z Leaderbot 30738 /* Notice of expiration of your sysop right */ sabon sashe 859044 wikitext text/x-wiki User:Gwanki Kamin magana shekaran jiya akan in Gyara salmon editing Ina nasamu tsaikon yin maka reply Ne saboda bantaba tataunawa ba ban kuma San yanda akeyi ba == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibrahim abusufyan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim abusufyan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:07, 5 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) == Goge maƙala == Barka da aiki @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], za kaga na goge dukkan maƙalolin da ka ƙirƙira a baya-bayan nan, hakan ya faru ne sakamakon rashin cika ƙa'idar ƙirƙirar maƙala a Hausa Wikipedia. Naga kai sabon edita ne, akwai buƙatar ka karanta [https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_mu%C6%99ala Wannan shafin] kafin ka ci gaba da ƙirƙirar shaguna a Hausa Wikipedia. Idan kana da tambaya kuma zaka iya Tuntuɓa ta a shafi na na tattaunawa. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 16:42, 18 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Murnar Cin gasa == @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Inason nayi amfani da wannan damar domin nayi maka murnar cin gasar WPWP da kayi a mataki da hudu, inamaka fatan alkhaeri. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 11:09, 23 Nuwamba, 2023 (UTC) :@saifullahi As godiya nikeyi,mungode da gudumuwar da kuke bamu wajen sanin yadda ake inganta wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:48, 4 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Hattara == Barka da aiki [[user:Ibrahim abusufyan]] naga [https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musamman:Contributions/Ibrahim_abusufyan gudummuwar ka] kana kokari sosai amma akwai wasu gyara da nake so nayi ma. Yawancin gyaran ka a Hausa Wikipedia kananun gyara ne wanda kuma basu da amfani. Misali; * Idan an rubuta '''Anyi abu a 1999''' kai kuma sai kaje ka kara '''Shekarar''' misali sai ka saka '''Anyi abu a [Shekarar] 1999''', ga misali a [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saliou_Guindo&diff=prev&oldid=429367 nan] wanda hakan ba wani abu ne ba kuma bai dace ba a tsarin rubutu. * Haka kake yi a idan sunan ƙasa yazo misali a [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutanen_Hajong&diff=prev&oldid=429365 Nan] * Haka kake yi idan kwanan wata yazo shima ga misali [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinhild_M%C3%B6ller&diff=prev&oldid=429350 a nan]. Yanayin rubutun ka ya nuna kana so ka tara yawan edits ne ba da niyyar gyara ba. Dan haka ne yasa dukan edits dinka Ƙananan edit ne. Wannan bai dace da tsarin yin editing a Wikipedia ba. -[[User:Gwanki|<b style="color:#FF00FF">Gwanki</b>]][[User talk:Gwanki|<sup style="color:#800000">(Yi Min Magana)</sup>]] 07:36, 31 Mayu 2024 (UTC) :@Gwanki kayi blocking ina saboda ban maka reply ba da kuma ka'idojin da na karya game da yadda ake editing ,naki yimaka reply ne sakamakon rashin anfani da ahafin tataunawa,ni sabon edita ne shiyasa anma insha allahu zan gyara domin maida hanki akan inganta wimipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:10, 4 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) :@Gwanki nayi delay wajen yimaka magana wajen Saba dokoki DA Nike yi akan editing Wikipedia,Ni sabon edita Ne bantaba anfani DA shafin cinke ba shiyasa ban mama reply back,anma idan ka buds Ni to Zan kiyayr kuma Na maida hankali wajen jajircewa akan inganta wannan peji Na Wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:55, 4 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Request for unlock account == User:Gwanki kayi bloking ina sakamakon kamin magana akan yanayin yadda nike edit inna ,da kuma kaidoji dana saba wurin yin editing ,ni sabin edita ne ban taba anfani da shafin tataunawa ba ,naki maidoma da ansa ne sakamakon ban taba anfani da shafin tataunawa ba, zanyi kokari kiyayae duk wasu dokoki na wikipedia ,dimin jajircewa wajen inganta mukaloli, nagide [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 16:08, 3 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Request for unlock Account == User:Bnhamid hassan nayi magana da gwanki anma naga kamar baimin reply ba [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 22:51, 4 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Anfani karawa juna sani == @[[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] Hakika kana kokari sosai wajen inganta mukalu kaci gaba da jajircewa akan ayyukanka [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 13:22, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == Gaisuwa == @[[User:Dev ammar|Dev ammar]] Barka da wannan lokaci, Sannu da aiki. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 13:25, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) :barka dai sannunka da kokari [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 13:29, 6 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC) == Samfuri:Coord missing == Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Na kasa gane me kake kirkira ne da wannan [[Samfuri:Coord missing]] a shafin Hausa Wikipedia? Template ne ko menene? [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 09:37, 7 Satumba 2024 (UTC) :Wannan shafin kirkiraren shafi ne ,ni ina saka mashi databox ne sai dai bansani ba ko hakan ya saba wa ka'ida ne [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 09:38, 7 Satumba 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] Bani na kirkireshi ba ni nasaka mashi databox ne kawai [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 09:39, 7 Satumba 2024 (UTC) ::To ai ba article bane balle a saka masa databox! Take note pls, articles kadai ake saka wa databox., suma sai idan an shigar da su a Wikidata. Amma am sure nan gaba zaka gane. ::Stay safe [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:11, 7 Satumba 2024 (UTC) == Sanya Manazarta (reference) ga mukala == Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Godiya sosai da gudummawar da kake ba wannan shafin da fatan zaka cigaba da jajircewa. [[Offishi mai tsarki na jakadanci a Ruwanda]] ya kamata ka saka mata mukala ko guda daya. Ga dukkan alama fassara ta kayi, to kana iya sanya wa ko ka turamun English version din shi sai in saka. Mu huta lafiya. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 11:34, 9 Disamba 2024 (UTC) :Idan nafahimceka. Cewa kataba fasara wannan shafin kake nufi ko.kuwa [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:37, 9 Disamba 2024 (UTC) == Speedy Deletion [[Ado]] == Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], An goge wannan shafi da ka kirkira [[Ado]] saboda babu isassun hujjoji da zasu nuna cewa akwai garin a Jihar Oyo. Idan kuma kana da hujja kana iya jayayya a maido shafin ku inganta ta. @[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] tagged SPD.. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 15:57, 18 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) == [[Ahmed Sekou]] == Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Wannan mukala da ka kirkira tana da gyararraki da yawa. Na farko suna (title) ba shine sunan da aka san shi ba [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] ne daidai. Na biyu babu ma'ana. Saboda haka zan goge mafi akasarin shafin in kuma gyara sunan. Da fatan za'a rika kulawa nan gaba Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 07:44, 23 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :An goge shafin cikin gaggawa saboda akwai shafin a Hausa Wikipedia [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 07:46, 23 Mayu 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Uncle Bash007|Uncle Bash007]] Na lura da gyaran da kayi nagode aiki mai kyau [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 16:06, 22 Disamba 2025 (UTC) == [[Brenda Fassie]] - American Actor and South African singer conundrum == Assalam, Wannan take da ke sama akwai mutane biyu masu irin sunan kuma na ga ka kirkiri mukala na jarumin fim dan Amurka da Kanada [[Brenda Fassie]] amma kuma bayanan da ke cikin na mawakiya ce 'yar Afirka ta Kudu '''Brenda Nokuzola Fassie.''' Na goge sassan kuma na gyara amma a rika kula pls. Mu huta lafiya. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 07:59, 23 Mayu 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Patroller|Patroller]] Naga gyararakin da kamin Kuma nagide hakan yazo be sakamakon inacikin aikin waya ta ta mutu to nagide da gyaranka Anna Daman nasan cewa akwai gyara a ciki [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 08:16, 23 Mayu 2025 (UTC) ::Mashaa Allahu @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller>>]] 10:54, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == JAFAN == Barka da aiki @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] wannan mukala mai take a sama hakika ta shiga cikin taskataccin mukaloli masu kyau. Kayi kokari sosai sannan a cigaba da kokari. Allah ya taimaka🙏 [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 11:05, 17 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Gyran muƙala == Sannu da kokari Malam - [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] Yakamawa wanan [[Kitty (1810 jirgin ruwa]] mukalan ka gyran ta [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:10, 26 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) Malam sadam kayi gagawa anma hakan zanyi Sai Wani Abu ya gittomin idan ka lura ai duk sauran mukalun kusan duk haka nayi sannan. Na gyarasu na Dan bari ne nagama Wani meeting ne sannan anma kaima kasan ai bazanbarta haka ba[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 13:02, 26 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2025-11-05 06:01:02. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 29 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)</div> == [[Anis Al-Hujjaj]] == Hello Ibrahim! I don't know any Hausa but I am good with wiki-code. I saw that you did a translation of Anis Al-Hujjaj but the translation tool created some errors with citations. I have managed to fix the errors and the article is looking great. Thank you for translating the article I started, and if I can similarly help you with translations of [[:w:en:Wikipedia:GLAM/Khalili#New_articles_created_relating_to_the_Khalili_Collections|articles on related topics]] just ask on [[:w:en:User Talk:MartinPoulter|my English Wikipedia Talk page]]. Best wishes, [[User:MartinPoulter|MartinPoulter]] ([[User talk:MartinPoulter|talk]]) 11:40, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :ok thanks for the correction but mostly when there is network issue the translation tool used to gives such errors [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 12:03, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Admins) will expire on 2026-06-23 08:47:41. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|talk]]) 19:42, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</div> sahsu2sgjxxrecq7ts13a3i2hnf215u 0 38483 858906 829648 2026-06-16T13:10:41Z Dan marayerh 45930 858906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:THE NORTH WESTERN STATE OF NIGERIA.pdf|thumb|Taswirar masarutar yammacin yankin]] Garin [[Gusau]] gari ne da aka kafa shi tun a shekara ta alif Dubu Daya da Dari Takwas da Goma sha Daya(1811), kimanin Shekara Dari Biyu da Goma sha Biyar kenan (215) da suka gabata, bayan tasowar garin daga ‘Yandoto a shekarar alif Dubu Daya da dari takwas da shida (1806). Garin Gusau yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan tsohuwar Jihar Sakkwato kafin daga bisani ya zama babban birnin Jihar [[Zamfara]] a shekarar alif Dubu daya da dari tara da cassa'in da shida (1996). Kamar yadda kundin tarihin kasa na alif Dubu daya da dari Tara da ashirin (1920), ya nuna garin yana kan Titin Sakkwato zuwa Zariya ne kimanin kilomita 179, kilomita 210 tsakaninsa da [[Sakkwato]]. Daga Gabas garin Gusau ya yi iyaka da Jihar Katsina. Daga gabas ya yi iyaka da Kwatarkwashi, daga Arewa kuma ya yi iyaka da garin kaura namoda, a yayin da ya yi wata iyakar da garin Bunguɗu daga Yamma, a bangaren Kudu kuma ya yi iyaka da dansadau da kuma Tsafe. ==Wanda ya kafa garin Gusau== Almajirin Shehu [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usmanu Dan Fodiyo]] da Sheikh Abdul salami ne wato Malam Sambo dan Ashafa Kuma bahaushene ya kafa garin Gusau wanda yake shi da Jama’arsa ba ruwansu da duk harkokin da suka shafi bautar iskokai ko tsafi irin wanda Hausawa ke yi kafin zuwan addinin [[Musulunci]], garin Gusau ba shi da tarihin jahiliya hakan,ne ya sa duk al’adun Gusawa al’adu ne irin na musulunci kuma shigowar wasu mutane wato baki a Gusau bai gurbata kyawawan al’adunsu ba don kuwa mafi yawan bakin da ke tahowa malamai ne na Musulunci da Almajirai [[Fulani|Hausawa]] da wasunsu da kan taho garin don tsira da [[Addini]]nsu da mutuncinsu da kuma dukiyarsu saboda gudun ta addancin Dan fodio dayafara bayan yafara kwadayin samun iko na mulki.A ɓangaren fada kuma duk umurnin da zai fito daga can zai kasance na dabara da abin da musulunci ya yarda da shi ne na kyawawan ɗabi’u da al’adu saboda duk kusan sarakunan da aka yi a garin Gusau Hausawane malamai ne na addinin musulunci. ==Masarautar Gusau== Masarautar Gusau, kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna ta kafu ne a shekara ta alif dari takwas da shida (1806) a hannun Malam [[Muhammadu dan Ashafa]], a wannan shekarar ne a birnin Gada Malam [[Muhammadu Bello]] dan [[Shehu Usmanu]], ya tsaga kasar [[Katsina]] biyu Gabas da Yamma gari saba’in saba’in tsakanin shi Malam Sambo din da kuma Malam [[Umarun Dallaje]], tun daga wannan lokaci ne kuma garin Gusau da masarautarsa suke ci gaba da bunkasa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kafin rasuwar Malam Sambo an yi wani lokaci da hedkwatar wannan masarauta ta koma garin Wonaka sakamakon rashin cikakken tsaro kuma a dalilin namun daji masu hadari, Sai bayan rasuwar Malam Sambo dansa Sarkin Katsina Malam Abdulkadir ya dawo da wannan hedkwatar a mazauninta na farko wato Gusau, a dai dai wannan lokaci ne kuma aka nada Sarkin Musulmi Atiku dan Shehu a lokacin da Malam Abdulkadir ya tafi mubaya’a sai ya labarta wa Amirul muminina wannan ci gaba da aka samu, shi kuma Sarkin Musulmi a nasa bangaren bai yi wata wata ba sai ya umurci Sarkin Zamfara Jibrin da Sarkin kaura Namoda da cewa su sa hannu a kewaye garin Gusau da ganuwa wanda a sakamakon wannan aiki ne garin a matsayinsa na hedkwatar masarautar ta sami kokofi guda tara (9) da suka hada da: kofar Kwatarkwashi, da kofar Katsaura da kofar Rawayya da kofar Jange da kofar Dogo da kofar Mani da kofar Tubani da kofar Koje da kuma kofar matsattsa. ==Tsarin Mulkin masarautar Gusau== A takaice dai garin Gusau yana da masarauta daya mai babban sarki, akwai kuma iyayen kasa goma sha hudu, ‘yan majalisar sarki goma sha takwas, sarautun fada kuma akwai kimanin dari da hudu, Garin yana da masallatan juma’a ashirin da uku yana da kananan makarantun boko guda sittin da hudu matsakaita guda arba’in da uku sannan akwai manyan makarantu guda hudu. Garin Gusau gari ne da yake da manyan kasuwanni guda uku yana kuma da kamfanoni na ‘yan kasuwa guda ashirin da bakwai akwai manyan malaman addinin Musulunci tsakanin rayayyu da wadanda suka rasu kimanin sittin da biyar. Daga lokacin da aka kafa garin Gusau bayan malam Sambo dan Ashafa a 1806- zuwa 1827 an yi sarakuna daga cikin zuri’arsa irin su. == Masarautar Gusau a alif Dari takwas da ashirin da bakwai (1827-1917)== *Malam Abdulkadir daga shekarar (1827-1867) *Malam [[Muhammadu Modibbo]] (1867 -1876) *Malam [[Muhammad Tuburi]] (1876-1887) *Malam [[Muhammadu Giɗe]] (1887-1900) *Malam [[Muhammadu Murtala]] (1900-1916) *Malam [[Muhammadu dangida]] (1916-1917). Daga wannan shekarar anyi wasu Sarakuna da ba a fadi sunayensu ba daga 1917-1984 sannan sai *Alhaji [[Muhammadu Kabir danbaba]] (1984 -2015) *Alhaji [[Ibrahim Bello]] (2015-2025) *Alhaji [[Abdulkadir Ibrahim Bello na 2]] (2025 had zuwa yanzu ==Yiwa masarautar gyaran fuska== A shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003 da aka zabi Alhaji Ahmad Sani Yeriman Bakura gwamnan Jihar Zamfara shi ma ya kara sake fasalin majalisar, masarautar ta Gusau inda ta koma kamar haka. Daga karshe iyayen kasa kuma da suke karkashin wannan masarauta ta Gusau da ake kira Katsinan Gusau, sun hada da Galadima da Mayana da Madawaki da Magajin Sabon Gari da Baraden Tudun Wada da Sarkin Kudun Damba da Ubandoman wanke da Farimanan Magani da Sarkin Yakin Rijiya da Magajin Mada da Kogon Wonaka ta Yamma da Magajin Ruwan Baure.<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwannah |first=Ifeanyi |date=2022-08-06 |title=Zamfara govt commends House of Assembly for passing Social Protection Bill into law |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/08/06/zamfara-govt-commends-house-of-assembly-for-passing-social-protection-bill-into-law/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== 3nlb8prr2szrn1i26kw36jbuttt4cw1 0 38823 859279 742867 2026-06-17T11:21:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Coomassie''' (18 Maris 1942 - 19 Yuli 2018) ya kasance jami'in ɗan sandan Najeriya kuma babban [[Sufeto Janar na Ƴan Sandan (Najeriya)|sufeto Janar]] na [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|'yan sandan Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-10 |title=Abacha Coup: How Obasanjo, Yar'Adua were framed -- Farida Waziri |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/376765-abacha-coup-how-obasanjo-yaradua-were-framed-farida-waziri.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> na 9 a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar [[Sani Abacha]] da [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]. Ya rasu ne a ranar Alhamis 19 ga Yuli 2018 bayan doguwar jinya. Yana da shekaru 76 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nan.ng/metro/katsina-mourns-as-ibrahim-coomassie-acf-chairman-dies/ |title=Katsina mourns as Ibrahim Coomassie, ACF chairman dies - News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) |date=2018-07-19 |website=News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) |language=en-US |access-date=2018-07-20 |archive-date=2018-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233731/http://www.nan.ng/metro/katsina-mourns-as-ibrahim-coomassie-acf-chairman-dies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi rayuwa da ilimi == Ibrahim Coomassie yana cikin manyan ƴaƴan Malam Ahmadu Coomassie, masanin ilimi kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zama babban sakatare a ma’aikatar ilimi a yankin Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/life552008.html |title=Life and time of Coomassie |author=L. Abbas FUNTUA |date=5 May 2008 |publisher=Daily Triumph |accessdate=26 November 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An haifi Ibrahim Coomassie a [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]] a ranar 18 ga Maris 1942. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi, [[Zariya]], Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya, Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Detective, Wakefield, UK da Washington DC a Amurka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=738&Itemid=34 |title=In the News |author=Augustine Adah and Morayo Badmus |date=15 March 2009 |publisher=Newswatch Nigeria |accessdate=26 November 2009 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104636/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=738&Itemid=34 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda == A shekarar 1993 aka naɗa Ibrahim Coomassie babban sufeton ‘yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya gaji [[Aliyu Attah]].<ref name=guard1104>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/life_style/article01//indexn2_html?pdate=110409&ptitle=Politics%20Of%20Who%20Succeeds%20Okiro |date=11 April 2009 |title=Politics of Who Succeeds Okiro |author=Godwin Ijediogor and Samson Ezea |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> A watan Yunin 1994, zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa [[Moshood Abiola|MKO Abiola]] ya shiga hannun jami’an ‘yan sanda ba tare da sammaci ba. An zalunce shi a gidan yari, inda aka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin ya mutu a watan Yunin 1998. Kodayake shugaban 'yan sanda, Coomassie ya kaucewa alhakin tsare shi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usafricaonline.com/nigeria_almustapha.html |title=Abacha's henchman al-Mustapha sings briefly about "Abubakar-Diya Coup" plot, the killing of Abiola, NADECO and other issues |date=27 November 2000 |publisher=USA Africa Online |accessdate=26 November 2009 |archive-date=24 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924220411/http://www.usafricaonline.com/nigeria_almustapha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1996, Coomassie ya ƙaddamar da bincike kan ayyukan 'yan sanda a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] (1985-1993).<ref>{{cite book |title=Warlord politics and African states |author=William Reno |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=1-55587-883-0 |page=203}}</ref> A cikin watan Yulin 1997, Coomassie ya ce yana so ya yi wa Jakadan Amurka tambayoyi da ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Amurka game da jerin hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kaiwa sojoji. Gwamnati ta zargi kungiyar National Democratic Coalition da alhakin, kuma ta fada a bainar jama'a cewa suna zargin jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka sun san tashin bama-bamai tun da farko.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/17/world/nigeria-may-ask-us-ambassador-about-bombings.html |work=New York Times |title=Nigeria May Ask U.S. Ambassador About Bombings |date=17 July 1997 |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 1998, Ibrahim Coomassie ya ce ‘yan jarida na yin mummunar fassara da wani jawabi da shugaban ƙasa Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya yi a watan Nuwamba 1997. Ya ce Janar Abacha ya yi alƙawarin yin afuwa ga wasu fursunoni, amma ba zai saki fursunonin siyasa ba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derechos.net/ijc/monitor/0312.html |title=DETAINEES AND THE I-G |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 March 1998 |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> A wajen bikin yaye jami’an ‘yan sanda a watan Yulin shekarar 1998, Coomassie ya gargaɗi sabbin jami’an kan ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ya ce ya bayar da umarnin cire duk wani shingayen da ‘yan sanda suka tsare. Duk da haka, an ci gaba da tsare ’yan sandan kan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/ndp/ref/index_e.htm?docid=209&cid=0&sec=CH02 |title = NIGERIA: SELECTED ISSUES RELATED TO CORRUPTION |date = January 1999 |publisher = Immigration and refuge board of Canada |accessdate = 26 November 2009 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130101060303/http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/ndp/ref/index_e.htm?docid=209&cid=0&sec=CH02# |archive-date = 1 January 2013 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> A cikin 1998, Coomassie ya lura cewa duk lokacin da ɗan ƙasa ya zama wani sananne, aikinsa na farko shi ne ya nemi jami'an tsaro da 'yan sanda su yi gadin gidansa, a matsayin alamar matsayi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Human rights and the police in transitional countries |author=Lone Lindholt |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=90-411-1781-4 |page=69}}</ref> Sani Abacha ya rasu ne a watan Yunin shekarar 1998, sakamakon bugun zuciya. Tawagar gwamnatin tarayya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibrahim Coomassie ta kai ziyarar jaje ga Mrs. Abacha. A yayin ziyarar, ta zargi wani fitaccen ɗan tawagar da alhakin mutuwar Abacha, kuma ta bukaci Coomassie da ya kama shi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/abacha_last_days.asp |title=Abacha's Last Days |author=Mudiaga Ofuoku |publisher=OnlineNigeria |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 1999, Coomassie yana cikin tawagar da ta tashi zuwa [[Libya]], duk da dokar hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa ƙasar wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta saka, kuma ya tattauna da ministan harkokin wajen Libya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.libyanet.com/1-99nwsc.htm |title=Libya: News and Views |date=January 1999 |publisher=Libyanet |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> Ibrahim Coomassie ya yi ritaya daga aiki ya bar gwamnatin Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] a watan Mayu 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/obas8.htm |title=Response to House of Representatives' Allegations by President Olusegun Obasanjo |publisher=Dawodu |date=7 September 2002 |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> == Wasu ayyukan == A watan Oktoban 1999, binciken da gwamnati ta yi kan cin zarafin gwamnatin Abacha, ciki har da kashe Kudirat Abiola (matar MKO Abiola) a shekarar 1996 da kuma kisan da ake zargin [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa 'Yar'adua]] a tsare a watan Disamba 1997, ya sa aka kama Ibrahim Coomassie. da sauran manyan mutane, ciki har da [[Mohammed Abacha]], ɗan mulkin kama karya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Africa South of the Sahara |author=Europa Publications Limited |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=1-85743-131-6 |page=782}}</ref> An tsare Coomassie a gidan kaso.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/19/world/world-briefing.html |work=New York Times |title=NIGERIA: NEW CRACKDOWN |date=19 October 1999 |accessdate=26 November 2009 | first=Terence | last=Neilan}}</ref> An bayyana cewa Coomassie zai gurfana a gaban kwamitin bincike na musamman na ‘yan sanda. Sai dai kuma a cikin wannan watan, Ministan Yada Labarai Dapo Sarumi ya musanta rahotannin da ke cewa Coomassie na tsare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw_102099b.html |title=NIGERIA: IRIN News Briefs |date=20 October 1999 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA – AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> A watan Agusta 2004, Sarkin Katsina ya naɗa shi a cikin kwamitin ci gaba da bunƙasa ayyukan Jama’atul Nasir Islam a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/08/14/20040814news16.html |title=Katsina Emir Inaugurates JNI Committees |author=Jare Ilelaboye |date=14 August 2004 |publisher=This Day |accessdate=26 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824174707/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/08/14/20040814news16.html |archivedate=24 August 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu na kungiyar [[Arewa Consultative Forum]] for [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina State]]. Manufar dandalin ita ce kare muradun Arewacin Najeriya tare da inganta zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa wanda zai ɗore da ingancin muhalli, rayuwa, da bunƙasar tattalin arzikin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arewaconsultativeforum.org/acf%20executives.htm |title=Executive Officers |publisher=Arewa Consultative Forum |accessdate=26 November 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627065633/http://www.arewaconsultativeforum.org/acf%20executives.htm |archivedate=2009-06-27}}</ref> A cikin watan Satumba na 2008 ya sami munanan raunuka a wani hatsarin mota, kuma ya shafe wani lokaci a cikin kulawa mai zurfi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809180709.html |publisher=Leadership (Abuja) |title=Nigeria: Coomassie Critically Injured in Accident |author=Lawal Saidu |date=18 September 2008 |accessdate=26 November 2009}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2009, ya ba da gudummawar kayan aikin kimiyyar ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na kusan Naira miliyan ɗaya ga makarantar sakandaren ‘yan sanda maza da ke [[Mani]] a jihar Katsina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriapolice.org/headlines-mainmenu-47/105.html |title=Former IGP Coomassie Donates Equipment To Police School |date=19 August 2009 |publisher=Nigeria Police |accessdate=26 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ==Mutuwa== Ya rasu a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2018. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Category:Yan sandan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Katsina]] 4eyg3r9sj7c7zw104a4aqgey5z2kpwj 0 40623 859250 481782 2026-06-17T10:35:19Z Final coat001 30807 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359355992|History of art]]" 859250 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''tarihin fasaha''' yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da mutane suka yi don kowane nau'i na ruhaniya, labari, falsafa, alama, ra'ayi, takardu, kayan ado, har ma da aiki da sauran dalilai, amma tare da jaddadawa ta farko akan siffar gani. Ana iya rarraba [[Painting|zane]]-zane a [[Art|hanyoyi daban-daban]], kamar raba zane-zane masu kyau daga zane-zane; har da mayar da hankali kan kirkirar ɗan adam; ko mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban kamar [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], zane-zane, zane, [[fim]], [[Photography|daukar hoto]], da zane-zane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da fasahar bidiyo, fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, [[talabijin]], da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. Sau da yawa ana ba da tarihin fasaha a matsayin jerin abubuwan da aka kirkira a kowane [[wayewa]]. Don haka ana iya tsara shi azaman labarin babban al'ada, wanda Wonders of the World ya kwatanta. A gefe guda, ana iya haɗa maganganun fasaha na al'ada a cikin labaran tarihi na fasaha, wanda ake kira zane-zane ko sana'a. Mafi kusanci da masanin tarihin fasaha ya shiga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ƙananan al'adu, mai yiwuwa ne cewa za su gano ayyukansu kamar nazarin al'adun gani ko al'adun kayan aiki, ko kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga fannoni da suka shafi tarihin fasaha, kamar [[ilimin ɗan adam]] ko ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. A cikin lokuta na ƙarshe, ana iya kiran abubuwa na fasaha a matsayin kayan tarihi na archaeological. == Tarihi na farko == Fasahar Prehistoric ta haɗa da zane-zane masu yawa da masu zane-zane suka yi daga al'adun da ba su da ilimi, gami da wasu kayan tarihi na farko. Daga cikin abubuwan fasaha na farko akwai kayan ado daga tsakiyar dutse na Afirka. <ref name="Henshilwood 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5558 |pages=1278–1280 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1278H |doi=10.1126/science.1067575 |pmid=11786608 |s2cid=31169551}}</ref> <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Watts |first3=Ian |year=2009 |title=Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...27H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 |pmid=19487016}}</ref><ref name="Texier">{{Cite journal |last=Texier |first=P. J. |last2=Porraz |first2=G. |last3=Parkington |first3=J. |last4=Rigaud |first4=J. P. |last5=Poggenpoel |first5=C. |last6=Miller |first6=C. |last7=Tribolo |first7=C. |last8=Cartwright |first8=C. |last9=Coudenneau |first9=A. |last10=Klein |first10=R. |last11=Steele |first11=T. |last12=Verna |first12=C. |year=2010 |title=A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=14 |pages=6180–6185 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.6180T |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913047107 |pmc=2851956 |pmid=20194764 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano kwantena daga wannan lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu wanda watakila an yi amfani da shi don riƙe fenti tun shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. Wani nau'i na fasahar prehistoric da aka samu a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a Turai, an yi kananan siffofi na prehistorical da aka sani da siffofin Venus tare da ƙirji da ciki masu yawa, wadanda suka fi shahara sune Venus na Hohle Fels da Venus na Willendorf, waɗanda aka samu a [[Jamus]] da Austria. Yawancin suna da ƙananan kawuna, manyan cinya, da kafafu waɗanda ke raguwa zuwa wani batu. Hannun hannu da ƙafafun sau da yawa ba su nan, kuma kai yawanci karami ne kuma ba shi da fuska. Venus na Hohle Fels yana daya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da aka samo a cikin Caves da Ice Age Art a cikin Swabian Jura [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, inda aka gano tsofaffin ayyukan da ba su tsaya ba na fasahar ɗan adam da aka gano, a cikin nau'ikan siffofin dabbobi da na ɗan adam, ban da tsofaffin kayan kida da aka gano har zuwa yanzu, tare da kayan tarihi da suka kasance tsakanin 43,000 da 35,000 BC.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/}}</ref>[8] Mafi sanannun zane-zane na prehistoric sune manyan zane-zanen kogo na Paleolithic waɗanda ke nuna dabbobi a nahiyar Turai, musamman waɗanda ke Lascaux a yankin Dordogne na [[Faransa]]. An san ɗaruruwan koguna masu ado, waɗanda suka haɗa da lokacin [[Upper Paleolithic]] ({{Circa}} 38,000-12,000 BC). Akwai misalai a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Italiya]] da Biritaniya, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin Faransa da [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi da yawa game da manufar fasaha, wanda aka fi yarda da shi shine cewa wani ɓangare ne na al'adun addini, watakila don haifar da nasarar farauta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|22em}} kzrwf5wd52hjzdmcp4c1einoyoodt40 859266 859250 2026-06-17T10:46:44Z Final coat001 30807 859266 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{Databox}} '''tarihin fasaha''' yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da mutane suka yi don kowane nau'i na ruhaniya, labari, falsafa, alama, ra'ayi, takardu, kayan ado, har ma da aiki da sauran dalilai, amma tare da jaddadawa ta farko akan siffar gani. Ana iya rarraba [[Painting|zane]]-zane a [[Art|hanyoyi daban-daban]], kamar raba zane-zane masu kyau daga zane-zane; har da mayar da hankali kan kirkirar ɗan adam; ko mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban kamar [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], zane-zane, zane, [[fim]], [[Photography|daukar hoto]], da zane-zane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da fasahar bidiyo, fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, [[talabijin]], da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. Sau da yawa ana ba da tarihin fasaha a matsayin jerin abubuwan da aka kirkira a kowane [[wayewa]]. Don haka ana iya tsara shi azaman labarin babban al'ada, wanda Wonders of the World ya kwatanta. A gefe guda, ana iya haɗa maganganun fasaha na al'ada a cikin labaran tarihi na fasaha, wanda ake kira zane-zane ko sana'a. Mafi kusanci da masanin tarihin fasaha ya shiga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ƙananan al'adu, mai yiwuwa ne cewa za su gano ayyukansu kamar nazarin al'adun gani ko al'adun kayan aiki, ko kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga fannoni da suka shafi tarihin fasaha, kamar [[ilimin ɗan adam]] ko ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. A cikin lokuta na ƙarshe, ana iya kiran abubuwa na fasaha a matsayin kayan tarihi na archaeological. == Tarihi na farko == Fasahar Prehistoric ta haɗa da zane-zane masu yawa da masu zane-zane suka yi daga al'adun da ba su da ilimi, gami da wasu kayan tarihi na farko. Daga cikin abubuwan fasaha na farko akwai kayan ado daga tsakiyar dutse na Afirka. <ref name="Henshilwood 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5558 |pages=1278–1280 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1278H |doi=10.1126/science.1067575 |pmid=11786608 |s2cid=31169551}}</ref> <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Watts |first3=Ian |year=2009 |title=Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...27H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 |pmid=19487016}}</ref><ref name="Texier">{{Cite journal |last=Texier |first=P. J. |last2=Porraz |first2=G. |last3=Parkington |first3=J. |last4=Rigaud |first4=J. P. |last5=Poggenpoel |first5=C. |last6=Miller |first6=C. |last7=Tribolo |first7=C. |last8=Cartwright |first8=C. |last9=Coudenneau |first9=A. |last10=Klein |first10=R. |last11=Steele |first11=T. |last12=Verna |first12=C. |year=2010 |title=A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=14 |pages=6180–6185 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.6180T |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913047107 |pmc=2851956 |pmid=20194764 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano kwantena daga wannan lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu wanda watakila an yi amfani da shi don riƙe fenti tun shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. Wani nau'i na fasahar prehistoric da aka samu a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a Turai, an yi kananan siffofi na prehistorical da aka sani da siffofin Venus tare da ƙirji da ciki masu yawa, wadanda suka fi shahara sune Venus na Hohle Fels da Venus na Willendorf, waɗanda aka samu a [[Jamus]] da Austria. Yawancin suna da ƙananan kawuna, manyan cinya, da kafafu waɗanda ke raguwa zuwa wani batu. Hannun hannu da ƙafafun sau da yawa ba su nan, kuma kai yawanci karami ne kuma ba shi da fuska. Venus na Hohle Fels yana daya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da aka samo a cikin Caves da Ice Age Art a cikin Swabian Jura [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, inda aka gano tsofaffin ayyukan da ba su tsaya ba na fasahar ɗan adam da aka gano, a cikin nau'ikan siffofin dabbobi da na ɗan adam, ban da tsofaffin kayan kida da aka gano har zuwa yanzu, tare da kayan tarihi da suka kasance tsakanin 43,000 da 35,000 BC.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/}}</ref>[8] Mafi sanannun zane-zane na prehistoric sune manyan zane-zanen kogo na Paleolithic waɗanda ke nuna dabbobi a nahiyar Turai, musamman waɗanda ke Lascaux a yankin Dordogne na [[Faransa]]. An san ɗaruruwan koguna masu ado, waɗanda suka haɗa da lokacin [[Upper Paleolithic]] ({{Circa}} 38,000-12,000 BC). Akwai misalai a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Italiya]] da Biritaniya, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin Faransa da [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi da yawa game da manufar fasaha, wanda aka fi yarda da shi shine cewa wani ɓangare ne na al'adun addini, watakila don haifar da nasarar farauta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|22em}} 6rdgrm90yxb3b9f2zz6ukic4z422x5b 859267 859266 2026-06-17T11:01:37Z Final coat001 30807 859267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''tarihin fasaha''' yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da mutane suka yi don kowane nau'i na ruhaniya, labari, falsafa, alama, ra'ayi, takardu, kayan ado, har ma da aiki da sauran dalilai, amma tare da jaddadawa ta farko akan siffar gani. Ana iya rarraba [[Painting|zane]]-zane a [[Art|hanyoyi daban-daban]], kamar raba zane-zane masu kyau daga zane-zane; har da mayar da hankali kan kirkirar ɗan adam; ko mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban kamar [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], zane-zane, zane, [[fim]], [[Photography|daukar hoto]], da zane-zane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da fasahar bidiyo, fasahar kwamfuta, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, [[talabijin]], da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. Sau da yawa ana ba da tarihin fasaha a matsayin jerin abubuwan da aka kirkira a kowane [[wayewa]]. Don haka ana iya tsara shi azaman labarin babban al'ada, wanda Wonders of the World ya kwatanta. A gefe guda, ana iya haɗa maganganun fasaha na al'ada a cikin labaran tarihi na fasaha, wanda ake kira zane-zane ko sana'a. Mafi kusanci da masanin tarihin fasaha ya shiga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ƙananan al'adu, mai yiwuwa ne cewa za su gano ayyukansu kamar nazarin al'adun gani ko al'adun kayan aiki, ko kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga fannoni da suka shafi tarihin fasaha, kamar [[ilimin ɗan adam]] ko ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. A cikin lokuta na ƙarshe, ana iya kiran abubuwa na fasaha a matsayin kayan tarihi na archaeological. == Tarihi na farko == Fasahar Prehistoric ta haɗa da zane-zane masu yawa da masu zane-zane suka yi daga al'adun da ba su da ilimi, gami da wasu kayan tarihi na farko. Daga cikin abubuwan fasaha na farko akwai kayan ado daga tsakiyar dutse na Afirka. <ref name="Henshilwood 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5558 |pages=1278–1280 |bibcode=2002Sci...295.1278H |doi=10.1126/science.1067575 |pmid=11786608 |s2cid=31169551}}</ref> <ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Henshilwood |first=Christopher S. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Watts |first3=Ian |year=2009 |title=Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...27H |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 |pmid=19487016}}</ref><ref name="Texier">{{Cite journal |last=Texier |first=P. J. |last2=Porraz |first2=G. |last3=Parkington |first3=J. |last4=Rigaud |first4=J. P. |last5=Poggenpoel |first5=C. |last6=Miller |first6=C. |last7=Tribolo |first7=C. |last8=Cartwright |first8=C. |last9=Coudenneau |first9=A. |last10=Klein |first10=R. |last11=Steele |first11=T. |last12=Verna |first12=C. |year=2010 |title=A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=14 |pages=6180–6185 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.6180T |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913047107 |pmc=2851956 |pmid=20194764 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma gano kwantena daga wannan lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu wanda watakila an yi amfani da shi don riƙe fenti tun shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. Wani nau'i na fasahar prehistoric da aka samu a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a Turai, an yi kananan siffofi na prehistorical da aka sani da siffofin Venus tare da ƙirji da ciki masu yawa, wadanda suka fi shahara sune Venus na Hohle Fels da Venus na Willendorf, waɗanda aka samu a [[Jamus]] da Austria. Yawancin suna da ƙananan kawuna, manyan cinya, da kafafu waɗanda ke raguwa zuwa wani batu. Hannun hannu da ƙafafun sau da yawa ba su nan, kuma kai yawanci karami ne kuma ba shi da fuska. Venus na Hohle Fels yana daya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da aka samo a cikin Caves da Ice Age Art a cikin Swabian Jura [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, inda aka gano tsofaffin ayyukan da ba su tsaya ba na fasahar ɗan adam da aka gano, a cikin nau'ikan siffofin dabbobi da na ɗan adam, ban da tsofaffin kayan kida da aka gano har zuwa yanzu, tare da kayan tarihi da suka kasance tsakanin 43,000 da 35,000 BC.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/229 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Oldest Figurative Art is Now an Official World Treasure |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-figurative-art-now-world-treasure-180964035/}}</ref>[8] Mafi sanannun zane-zane na prehistoric sune manyan zane-zanen kogo na Paleolithic waɗanda ke nuna dabbobi a nahiyar Turai, musamman waɗanda ke Lascaux a yankin Dordogne na [[Faransa]]. An san ɗaruruwan koguna masu ado, waɗanda suka haɗa da lokacin [[Upper Paleolithic]] ({{Circa}} 38,000-12,000 BC). Akwai misalai a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Italiya]] da Biritaniya, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin Faransa da [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. An ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi da yawa game da manufar fasaha, wanda aka fi yarda da shi shine cewa wani ɓangare ne na al'adun addini, watakila don haifar da nasarar farauta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|22em}} bnm3s68728e67pohbf6ybuszeqmejrh 0 43178 859201 616064 2026-06-17T08:50:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Black Stars (Ghana national football team) versus Super Eagles (Nigeria national football team).jpg|thumb|hton yan kwallon nigeria]] [[Fayil:A game of football.jpg|thumb|Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya]] '''Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya''' har zuwa shekarar 2008), ita ce hukumar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta [[Najeriya]]. An kaddamar da ita a hukumance a shekarar 1945 kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta farko]] a shekarar 1949. Ya koma CAF a 1959 da [[FIFA]] a shekarar 1960. Hedikwatar NFF tana cikin birnin [[Abuja]] . Kamar yadda na shekarar 2008 ya shirya wasanni uku: Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya, Amateur League da [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya|Women's League]], da kuma gasa biyar, ciki har da gasar cin kofin tarayya da [[Gasar cin Kofi ta Matan Najeriya|na mata]] . Za a yi zaɓe mai zuwa na shekarar 2022<ref>https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2016/vol3issue1/PartF/3-1-2.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=German Gernot Rohr sacked as Nigeria coach|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/German-Gernot-Rohr-sacked-as-Nigeria-coach-1424191|access-date=2022-01-24|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124110947/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/German-Gernot-Rohr-sacked-as-Nigeria-coach-1424191|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sacked Rohr expects Nigeria to have a good Afcon|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59651974|access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=Gernot Rohr : Nigeria sack head coach a month prior to AFCON 2021|url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/12/13/gernot-rohr-nigeria-sack-head-coach-a-month-prior-to-afcon-2021/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Africa Top Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124112449/https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/12/13/gernot-rohr-nigeria-sack-head-coach-a-month-prior-to-afcon-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohr sacked as Nigeria coach with Eguavoen named as replacement {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/rohr-sacked-as-nigeria-coach-with-eguavoen-named-as/blt4047d58f4a0f81b5|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> == Haifuwar Jayayya == Marubuci kuma masanin tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya Kunle Solaja ya gano hujjojin da ke nuna cewa da an kafa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya a shekarar 1933 ba 1945 ba kamar yadda ake tunani a baya. Solaja ya kawo wasu labarai guda biyu ''na Daily Times ta Najeriya'' da aka rubuta daga ranar 21 ga Yuli da 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1933. Na farko wata kasida ce mai suna "Proposed Football Association", ta karshen ita ce tallar da aka gayyace mutane don halartar wani buɗaɗɗiyar taro. {{Quote box|quote=Nigerian Football Association<br /> The inaugural meeting of the above will be held at Health Office, [[Broad Street, Lagos|Broad Street]], at 7&nbsp;pm tonight to discuss the formation of the Association and to pass its Rules. All interested in Football are invited to attend|source=Nigerian Daily Times, 21 August 1933|width=40%}} Jami’in Hulɗa da Jama’a na Hukumar ta FA David Berber, ya bayyana cewa Hukumar ta FA tana da shaidar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya kafin shekarar 1945: “Zan iya ba da shawarar cewa sunan Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya ya fara fitowa a cikin littafin ‘FA Handbook’ a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1938- 1939, a cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwarmu. Sakataren NFA a wancan lokacin shi ne FB Mulford, mai adireshin [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] ." == Jayayyar 2014 == A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2014, a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2014, an dakatar da Najeriya daga [[FIFA]], a taƙaice, <ref>[https://web.(internatinal).html.com HD-print-international-football-by-fifa-due-to-government-interference skysports – Nigeria banned from international football by FIFA due to government interference]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cewar wata sanarwa daga hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya a baya hukumar kwallon kafa ta duniya ta aike da wasika zuwa ga hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya (FFF) inda a ciki ta bayyana damuwar ta ne bayan da hukumar ta NFF ta karbi shari’ar kotu wanda ya hana ta shugaban kasa tafiyar da harkokin kwallon kafar kasar. Duk da haka Najeriya ta dawo gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar 2014 . A cikin watan Satumba, wani rikici ya sake kunno kai wanda ya kai ga rashin samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2015, amma an warware matsalolin, kuma Najeriya ta tsallake zuwa gasar cin kofin Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2014 . <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29107600 BBC – Fifa has confirmed that African champions Nigeria have avoided a ban from global football].</ref> == Dokar Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya == Majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta amince da ƙudurin dokar da za ta soke dokar hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da kuma amincewa da dokar hukumar kwallon kafa [[Majalisar Najeriya|ta]] Najeriya (NFF Act) a shekarar 2019. Ya rage wa Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] amincewar kudirin ya zama doka. <ref>[https://www.brila.net/nigerian-senate-passes-nff-bill/ – Nigerian Senate passes NFF Bill].</ref> <ref>[https://punchng.com/senate-passes-nff-establishment-bill/ – Nigerian Senate passes NFF Establishment bill].</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kasar Najeriya]]   4asfvhsl4oz950v01re6jb5yvg4kom5 0 44101 858912 856678 2026-06-16T13:19:13Z Maiakwai4u 37986 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354626696|Hauwa Allahbura]]" 858912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hauwa Allahbura''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai ba da shawara ga aikinta a fadin makamashi, teku, sadarwa ta dabarun, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ita ce ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, kamfanin makamashi da ayyukan dabarun da ke da hannu a hayar jiragen ruwa da man fetur da sabis na gas. Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari na Cut24 Productions, kamfanin watsa labarai da samar da fina-finai na Najeriya. Allahbura a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta kula da dabarun dijital da shirye-shiryen sadarwa na kamfanoni. An kuma san ta da kafa Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a da nufin ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hauwa Allahbura a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, gami da Crescent International School, Legas; Crescent International Makarantar, Kano; da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], kuma daga baya [[Federal Government College, Ilorin|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ta sami digiri a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London, Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, da Jami'ar Jihar Montana, kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Masarautar Tattaunawa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Ayyuka == === Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi === Allahbura ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗin Najeriya a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An zaba ta don shiga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', inda ta taka rawar Maro . Daga baya ta bayyana kuma ta samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019), ''Las Gidi Vice'', Battle Ground, da ''Okiripoto'' (2020). Ta kafa Cut24 Productions tare da mai shirya fina-finai [[Femi Odugbemi]] kuma daga baya ta zama babban jami'in kamfanin. A halin yanzu tana da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin. === Sadarwar kamfanoni da kasuwancin kasuwanci === Allahbura daga baya ya sauya zuwa sadarwa ta kamfanoni, ci gaban dabarun, da kuma matsayin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta jagoranci hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanoni da dabarun dabarun dijital. Daga baya ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, wani kamfani na Najeriya da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan dabarun, sabis na makamashi, sabis na dijital, da kwangila da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati. === Makamashi da bangaren teku === Allahbura yana da hannu a bangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya ta hanyar Lahbura Energy, wani bangare da ke mai da hankali kan kayan aikin teku, hayar jiragen ruwa, da ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. Ayyukanta a cikin bangaren sun haɗa da sha'awa a cikin sabis na tallafi na waje, kayan aikin ruwa, da ayyukan jiragen ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar makamashi. == Shirye-shiryen jama'a da shawarwari == === Manzanni 24 === Allahbura shine wanda ya kafa 24 Angels Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tallafin kasuwanci, shiga matasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a Najeriya. Ta hanyar shirin, ta goyi bayan kananan kamfanoni da 'yan kasuwa. A karkashin shirin 24 Angels, ta kaddamar da Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin matasa 'yan Najeriya. === Ƙididdigar Tsaro ta Najeriya === Har ila yau, shirin 24 Angels yana kula da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSI), bayanan jama'a da dandalin jin dadin jama'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan shugabanci, tsaro, tattalin arziki, amincewar masu saka hannun jari, da alamun kwanciyar hankali a Najeriya. == Tarihin iyali == Allahbura is the daughter of the late Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura, a retired Deputy Comptroller of Customs. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2014 |''Rovieno'' | |- |2015 |''Binciken Ruwa'' | |- |2016 |''[[Gidi Blues]]'' |Nkem Nochiri |- |2017 |''3 Jama'a ce'' |Oma |- |2018 |''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' |Uwa |- |2018 |''Las Gidi Vice'' |Jemila |- |2019 |''[[Code Wilo]]'' | |- |2020 |''Okiripoto'' | |} == Ƙungiyoyin == * Lahbura24 Limited * Lahbura Makamashi * Cut24 Productions * Manzanni 24 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] akck1lfgata9zj0wru8ravjlv84zxyd 0 47319 859181 486224 2026-06-17T06:51:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} [[Fayil:Holmes Onwukaife 3.jpeg|thumb|Holmes Onwukaife]] '''Holmes Onwukaife''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1992) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan Amurka ne wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyar [[Florida State Seminoles]]. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a jihar Florida daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2014. == Shekarun farko == Onwukaife ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cedar Park a Cedar Park, Texas. Ya yi rikodi guda 286 a lokacin aikinsa. Taurari uku na ɗaukar ma'aikata, an ba shi matsayi na ashirin da tara mafi kyau a waje linebacker a cikin ƙasar ta Rivals.com, samun fiye da 25 Division I scholarship tayi ciki har da irin Ivy League (Jami'ar Harvard). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/footballrecruiting/football/recruiting/player-Holmes-Onwukaife-82684 |title=Rivals.com |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-date=2015-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212222529/https://sports.yahoo.com/footballrecruiting/football/recruiting/player-Holmes-Onwukaife-82684 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin koleji == Onwukaife ya yi jajayen riga a matsayin sabon saurayi na gaskiya a cikin shekarar 2010. A matsayin sa na jajayen riga a cikin 2011, ya ba da gudummawa a duk wasannin 14, yana samun tabo a kan ƙungiyoyi na musamman & a matsayin mai ba da baya na juyawa na biyu. A matsayinsa na biyu na redshirt a cikin shekarar 2012, ya yi yaƙi da raunukan kafaɗa da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar aiki daga Dr. James Andrews. Daga baya za a ayyana shi a matsayin rashin cancantar lafiyarsa har zuwa sauran kakar wasanni. A cikin shekarar 2013 a matsayin ƙarami na jajayen riga, kuma Onwukaife ya kasance ƙwaƙƙwaran mai ba da gudummawa a cikin jujjuyawar tare da ƙungiyar masu ba da baya da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi na musamman. A cikin babban shekararsa ci gaba da raunin kafaɗa zai haifar da rashin cancantar likita kuma zai kawo ƙarshen aikinsa na kwaleji da wuri. Onwukaife ya ci gaba da samun gurbin karatu daga bisani ya kammala digirinsa na farko. == Na sirri == Onwukaife ya kammala karatunsa ne a cikin watan Agustan 2014, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziƙi. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Zilker Park, Litville Texas. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=32900&ATCLID=209588396] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070642/http://www.seminoles.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=32900&ATCLID=209588396 |date=2016-03-04 }} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 6ilasy8tdsf4p5eqljupv8iy23l0434 0 48690 858972 563046 2026-06-16T16:40:57Z Merjoor 14653 858972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maria G. Castro''' ita ce RC Schneider Collegiate Farfesa na [[Aikin tiyatar jijiya|Neurosurgery]] kuma Farfesa na Cell and Developmental Biology a [[Jami'ar Michigan Medical School]] . Binciken nata ya mayar da hankali kan [[Ciwon daji na rigakafi|ilimin rigakafi na ciwon daji]] da [[gliomas]] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Castro kuma ya girma a [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] . <ref name="ies">"Maria G. Castro, PhD" (PDF). ''Irene & Eric Simon Brain Research Foundation''. Retrieved 9 September 2020</ref> A cikin 1979, Castro ta sami digiri na farko a [[Kimiyya|fannin ilmin sunadarai]] daga [[Jami'ar Kasa ta La Plata]] (UNLP) a [[Argentina]] . Ta zauna a UNLP don samun digiri na biyu a [[biochemistry]] a 1981 da fasahar ilimi a 1986, sannan ta yi Ph.D a [[Biochemistry]] a 1986. Bayan karatunta, ta yi hulɗar bincike a [[Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta kasa]] a Amurka a matsayin Fogarty International Visiting Research Fellow a 1988, da kuma [[Jami'ar Karatu]] a Birtaniya a 1990.<ref name="lab">"Maria G. Castro, PhD - Castro/Lowenstein Lab - Brain Tumor Biology & Therapeutics". ''castro-lowenstein.lab.medicine.umich.edu''. Retrieved 9 September 2020</ref> Castro ya auri Dr. [[Pedro R. Lowenstein]] a cikin shekarar 1988, kuma suna gudanar da dakin binciken hadin gwiwa. <ref name="ies2">"Maria G. Castro, Ph.D." ''Neurosurgery – Michigan Medicine''. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> == Sana'a == Castro da Lowenstein sun shiga [[jami'ar California, Los Angeles]] a cikin 2001. A cikin 2011, sun koma dakin gwaje-gwajen halin gwiwa zuwa Jami'ar Michigan. <ref name="ies3">"Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation - Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation and Partners Announce Investment in Novel Immunotherapy Research at the Chad Carr Pediatric Brain Tumor Center at Michigan Medicine". ''www.curethekids.org''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> A halin yanzu, Castro shi ne RC Schneider Collegiate Farfesa na [[Aikin tiyatar jijiya|Neurosurgery]] kuma Farfesa na Cell and Developmental Biology a [[Jami'ar Michigan Medical School]] . Binciken ta yana mayar da hankali kan ilimin rigakafi na ciwon daji, ciki har da nazarin [[Tumor microenvironment|kananan kwayoyin cuta]] da nau'in [[ciwon daji na kwakwalwa]] . <ref>"Neuroscientist receives Javits Award to study how brain tumors thwart immune system". ''EurekAlert!''. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> <ref>"Forbes Scholars". ''Rogel Cancer Center | University of Michigan''. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> An ba Castro lambar yabo ta 2016 Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award daga [[Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa|Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya]] ta [[Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Jijiya da bugun jini ta kasa|Kasa ta Ciwon Jiki da Shanyewar Jiki]] . Kyautar ta ba da tallafin dala miliyan 2.8 don gudanar da bincike don dakin gwaje-gwajenta. <ref>"Rogel Cancer Center names 2 Forbes Scholars to fuel translational research". ''Rogel Cancer Center | University of Michigan''. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</ref> Cibiyar Cancer ta Rogel ta Jami'ar Michigan mai suna Castro a matsayin 2020 Scholar Forbes, yana ba da kudade don bincikenta a cikin nau'ikan [[glioblastoma]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == 96i1ssinuzdn6cizt7ynt2u16r54kjm 0 59121 859041 685886 2026-06-16T19:29:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Gyara mukala}} '''Hafsa Hatun''' ( Ottoman Turkish, " ''matashin zaki'' ") ƴar ƙasar Turkiyya ce, kuma yar'uwar Bayezid I, Sultan na [[Daular Usmaniyya]]. == Rayuwa == Hafsa Hatun ɗiyar Isa Bey ce, sarkin Aydinid. Ta yi aure da Bayezid a shekara ta 1390, bayan ya ci Aydinid. <ref name="leslie">{{cite book|author=Leslie P. Peirce|title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/40 40]|isbn=978-0-195-08677-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir/page/40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=M. Çağatay|last=Uluçay|title=Padişahların kadınları ve kızları|year=2011|pages=25|publisher=Ötüken|isbn=978-9-754-37840-5}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya miƙa wuya ba tare da faɗa ba, aka ɗaura aure tsakaninta da Bayezid. Bayan haka, an kuma aika Isa zuwa gudun hijira a Iznik, wanda ikonsa ya ƙare, inda daga baya ya mutu.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Speros|last1=Vryonis|first2=John Springer|last2=Langdon|title=To Hellenikon Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr: Hellenic antiquity and Byzantium|publisher=Artistide D. Caratzas|year=1993|pages=300|isbn=978-0-892-41445-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Elisábet A |last=Zahariádou|title=Emporio Kai Stauroforia: 'ē Benetokratoumenē Krētē Kai Ta Emirata Tou Mentese Kai Tou Aïdiniou (1300-1415)|publisher=Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies.|year=1983|pages=115}}</ref> Aurenta ya ƙara danƙon zumunci a tsakanin iyalai biyu.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Valley of Civilizations, Büyük Menderes|publisher=Special Administrative Directorate of the Governorship of Aydın|year=1990}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin agaji == Ayyukan jama'a na Hafsa Hatun suna cikin yankin mahaifinta kuma wataƙila an gina su ne kafin ta auri Bayezid. <ref name="leslie"/> Ta ba da aikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin garin Taya da kuma Hermitage a Bademiye, da wani masallaci da aka fi sani da "Hafsa Hatun Mosque" <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.enfal.de/osmanlitarihihasircizade/005.htm#_Toc112381818 |title=Charities of Hafsa Hatun |access-date=2023-09-07 |archive-date=2017-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002092430/http://www.enfal.de/osmanlitarihihasircizade/005.htm#_Toc112381818 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tsakanin shekarata 1390 zuwa shekara ta 1392 daga kuɗin da ta samu a cikin sadakinta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipekyoluuzerindetire.com/tr/camiler-zaviyeler-medreseler/hafsa-hatun-camii/ |title=Hafsa Hatun Mosque Built by Hafsa Hatun |access-date=2014-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518081452/http://www.ipekyoluuzerindetire.com/tr/camiler-zaviyeler-medreseler/hafsa-hatun-camii/ |archive-date=2014-05-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Daular Usmaniyya * [[Daular Usmaniyya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1403]] 1dqle8duvh3w6t0gw9wbalrkd6d8utm 0 61539 858945 856245 2026-06-16T15:37:26Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344786153|Akin Alabi]]" 858945 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa. Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, ya kafa ƙungiya tare da matarsa mai suna TIV <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> waɗanda suka fitar da waƙar da ta shahara, Komole a shekarar 2012 wadda ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da kyaututtukan bidiyo na kiɗa na Najeriya (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Wanda aka zaɓa don kyaututtukan bidiyo na kiɗa na Najeriya (NMVA) a ƙarƙashin rukunin bidiyon bishara mafi kyau. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a1v0cgdc0pcd9zvq77nz1ltsb0sq3hl 858951 858945 2026-06-16T15:48:00Z Ummun Sultan 23935 858951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture & its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> == Yaronta da ilimi == Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies & Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa. Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com/re}}<f> A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, ya kafa ƙungiya tare da matarsa mai suna TIV <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> waɗanda suka fitar da waƙar da ta shahara, Komole a shekarar 2012 wadda ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da kyaututtukan bidiyo na kiɗa na Najeriya (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}</ref> Wanda aka zaɓa don kyaututtukan bidiyo na kiɗa na Najeriya (NMVA) a ƙarƙashin rukunin bidiyon bishara mafi kyau. Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}</ref> Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6073m6xrihkw9sdz1sbwl9bkskqcxxi 0 62390 859187 840598 2026-06-17T08:12:00Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347521773|Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]" 859187 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1971) shi ne darektan [[Fim|fina-finai]] na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2101710/ |access-date=16 January 2017 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Shi ɗan fim ne wanda aka haife shi a jihar Edo wanda ya samar da fina-finai sama da ɗari biyar a kididdigar da akayi. An san shi sosai da fim din tarihinsa na 2014, Invasion 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giant |first=Africa |date=2025-11-19 |title=Invasion 1897: A Pivotal Benin Kingdom Historical Drama |url=https://www.africagiant.org/invasion-1897-film-analysis/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Africa Giant |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen'''Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] . Imasuen ya yi aiki a masana'antar fina-finai tun a shekarar 1995, galibi a matsayin darektan fina-finai da furodusa. A halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Fina finansa suna nuna fannoni da ba a cika gano su ba, haka kuma yana nuna al'adun da Afirka ciki har da kabilanci, maita, aikata laifuka, talauci, addini, da kuma imanin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review at The AFRican Lifestyle Magazine |url=http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103834/http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Imasuen ya yi fim mai suna ''Nogbaisi Ovonramwen'' a cikin 2013. Fim din ya kasance game da Oba Ovonramwen, Oba mai na Benin. A shekara ta 2025, ya yi bikin cika shekaru talatin a masana'antar. Ya ƙaddamar da littafin tarihinsa A Trip in Motion, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Cibiyar Alliance Française / Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Legas, tare da manyan mutane da suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor2 |date=2025-11-02 |title=Lancelot Imasuen caps 30-year career celebration with launch of “A Trip in Motion” memoir |url=https://thisislagos.ng/lancelot-imasuen-caps-30-year-career-celebration-with-launch-of-a-trip-in-motion-memoir/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=A Celebratory Night in Lagos: 'A Trip in Motion' Book Launch Honours Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen - NigeriaMag |url=https://nigeriamag.com/a-celebratory-night-in-lagos-a-trip-in-motion-book-launch-honours-lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Nigeria Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gciib5gs5orarzlax3sws7t2qnnvzid 859188 859187 2026-06-17T08:13:09Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347521773|Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]" 859188 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1971) shi ne darektan [[Fim|fina-finai]] na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2101710/ |access-date=16 January 2017 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Shi ɗan fim ne wanda aka haife shi a jihar Edo wanda ya samar da fina-finai sama da ɗari biyar a kididdigar da akayi. An san shi sosai da fim din tarihinsa na 2014, Invasion 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giant |first=Africa |date=2025-11-19 |title=Invasion 1897: A Pivotal Benin Kingdom Historical Drama |url=https://www.africagiant.org/invasion-1897-film-analysis/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Africa Giant |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen'''Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] . Imasuen ya yi aiki a masana'antar fina-finai tun a shekarar 1995, galibi a matsayin darektan fina-finai da furodusa. A halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Fina finansa suna nuna fannoni da ba a cika gano su ba, haka kuma yana nuna al'adun da Afirka ciki har da kabilanci, maita, aikata laifuka, talauci, addini, da kuma imanin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review at The AFRican Lifestyle Magazine |url=http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103834/http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Imasuen ya yi fim mai suna ''Nogbaisi Ovonramwen'' a cikin 2013. Fim din ya kasance game da Oba Ovonramwen, Oba mai na Benin. A shekara ta 2025, ya yi bikin cika shekaru talatin a masana'antar. Ya ƙaddamar da littafin tarihinsa A Trip in Motion, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Cibiyar Alliance Française / Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Legas, tare da manyan mutane da suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor2 |date=2025-11-02 |title=Lancelot Imasuen caps 30-year career celebration with launch of “A Trip in Motion” memoir |url=https://thisislagos.ng/lancelot-imasuen-caps-30-year-career-celebration-with-launch-of-a-trip-in-motion-memoir/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=A Celebratory Night in Lagos: 'A Trip in Motion' Book Launch Honours Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen - NigeriaMag |url=https://nigeriamag.com/a-celebratory-night-in-lagos-a-trip-in-motion-book-launch-honours-lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Nigeria Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0iypq9y745afp16iu8ymc2ygun0ub5w 859189 859188 2026-06-17T08:23:29Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347521773|Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]" 859189 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1971) shi ne darektan [[Fim|fina-finai]] na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2101710/ |access-date=16 January 2017 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Shi ɗan fim ne wanda aka haife shi a jihar Edo wanda ya samar da fina-finai sama da ɗari biyar a kididdigar da akayi. An san shi sosai da fim din tarihinsa na 2014, Invasion 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giant |first=Africa |date=2025-11-19 |title=Invasion 1897: A Pivotal Benin Kingdom Historical Drama |url=https://www.africagiant.org/invasion-1897-film-analysis/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Africa Giant |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen'''Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] . Imasuen ya yi aiki a masana'antar fina-finai tun a shekarar 1995, galibi a matsayin darektan fina-finai da furodusa. A halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Fina finansa suna nuna fannoni da ba a cika gano su ba, haka kuma yana nuna al'adun da Afirka ciki har da kabilanci, maita, aikata laifuka, talauci, addini, da kuma imanin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review at The AFRican Lifestyle Magazine |url=http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103834/http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Imasuen ya yi fim mai suna ''Nogbaisi Ovonramwen'' a cikin 2013. Fim din ya kasance game da Oba Ovonramwen, Oba mai na Benin. A shekara ta 2025, ya yi bikin cika shekaru talatin a masana'antar. Ya ƙaddamar da littafin tarihinsa A Trip in Motion, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Cibiyar Alliance Française / Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Legas, tare da manyan mutane da suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor2 |date=2025-11-02 |title=Lancelot Imasuen caps 30-year career celebration with launch of “A Trip in Motion” memoir |url=https://thisislagos.ng/lancelot-imasuen-caps-30-year-career-celebration-with-launch-of-a-trip-in-motion-memoir/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=A Celebratory Night in Lagos: 'A Trip in Motion' Book Launch Honours Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen - NigeriaMag |url=https://nigeriamag.com/a-celebratory-night-in-lagos-a-trip-in-motion-book-launch-honours-lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Nigeria Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, wani shirin Kanada, Nollywood Babylon, wanda Ben Addelman da Samir Mallal suka jagoranta, kuma AM Pictures da Hukumar Fim ta Kasa ta Kanada ne suka samar da shi tare da Tashar Fim, ya bi Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen yayin da yake ifim dinsa na 157 Bent Arrows . An buga shirin ne a gasar bikin nuna fina-finai ta Sundance a watan Janairun shekara ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Babylon &#124; Sundance Festival 2009 |url=http://festival.sundance.org/2009/film_events/films/nollywood_babylon |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Festival.sundance.org}}</ref> An saki Bent Arrows a cikin kasuwar gida ta Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 2010. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6tbj9uhc5n8weuwixj6af9gubluk7is 859190 859189 2026-06-17T08:28:22Z Murtala Abubakar Sokoto 45981 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347521773|Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]" 859190 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1971) shi ne darektan [[Fim|fina-finai]] na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2101710/ |access-date=16 January 2017 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Shi ɗan fim ne wanda aka haife shi a jihar Edo wanda ya samar da fina-finai sama da ɗari biyar a kididdigar da akayi. An san shi sosai da fim din tarihinsa na 2014, Invasion 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giant |first=Africa |date=2025-11-19 |title=Invasion 1897: A Pivotal Benin Kingdom Historical Drama |url=https://www.africagiant.org/invasion-1897-film-analysis/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Africa Giant |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == '''Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen'''Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] . Imasuen ya yi aiki a masana'antar fina-finai tun a shekarar 1995, galibi a matsayin darektan fina-finai da furodusa. A halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Fina finansa suna nuna fannoni da ba a cika gano su ba, haka kuma yana nuna al'adun da Afirka ciki har da kabilanci, maita, aikata laifuka, talauci, addini, da kuma imanin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review at The AFRican Lifestyle Magazine |url=http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103834/http://www.africanmag.com/ARTICLE-379-design001 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Imasuen ya yi fim mai suna ''Nogbaisi Ovonramwen'' a cikin 2013. Fim din ya kasance game da Oba Ovonramwen, Oba mai zaman na Benin. A shekara ta 2025, ya yi bikin cika shekaru talatin a masana'antar. Ya ƙaddamar da littafin tarihinsa A Trip in Motion, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2025, a Cibiyar Alliance Française / Mike Adenuga, Ikoyi, Legas, tare da manyan mutane da suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor2 |date=2025-11-02 |title=Lancelot Imasuen caps 30-year career celebration with launch of “A Trip in Motion” memoir |url=https://thisislagos.ng/lancelot-imasuen-caps-30-year-career-celebration-with-launch-of-a-trip-in-motion-memoir/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=A Celebratory Night in Lagos: 'A Trip in Motion' Book Launch Honours Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen - NigeriaMag |url=https://nigeriamag.com/a-celebratory-night-in-lagos-a-trip-in-motion-book-launch-honours-lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Nigeria Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == ''Nollywood Babila'' == A shekara ta 2008, wani shirin Kanada, Nollywood Babylon, wanda Ben Addelman da Samir Mallal suka jagoranta, kuma AM Pictures da Hukumar Fim ta Kasa ta Kanada ne suka samar da shi tare da Tashar Fim, ya bi Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen yayin da yake harbi fim dinsa na 157 Bent Arrows . [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9tqtx6h6bj2bnkcj3egda36r2etjhxa 0 62785 859025 853793 2026-06-16T19:00:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <ref>"Mass burial after Nigerian crash". BBC. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref>[[Fayil:British Aerospace BAC-111-525FT One-Eleven, Tarom AN1046383.jpg|thumb|Hadarin jirgin saman 4426 a Gwammaja]] '''Jirgin EAS Airlines Flight 4226''' ya kasance an shirya jigilar fasinja na cikin gida daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] zuwa [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2002, jirgin da ke aiki a hanyar, [[BAC Daya-Sha Daya|BAC One-Eleven 525FT]] tare da fasinjoji 69 da ma'aikatan jirgin 8, ya fada cikin Gwammaja Quarters, wani yanki mai yawan jama'a a kano mai nisan {{Convert|3|km|mi nmi}} daga filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama, kuma ya tashi da wuta, wanda yayi sanadiyar mutuwar fasinjoji 66 da ma'aikatan jirgin 7. Bugu da kari, an kashe fararen hula akalla 30 a kasa. <ref name="May 5, 2002 This Day (Nigeria)">{{cite news|title=Nigeria plane crash kills 74, toll could rise|first=Collins|last=Edomaruse|author2=Okechukwu Kanu|work=This Day|location=Nigeria|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> <ref name="ASN">Ranter, Harro. "Accident description". ''aviation-safety.net''. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 21 April 2005</ref> Tare da adadin mutane 103 da suka mutu, Jirgin 4226 shine mafi munin hatsarin jirgin sama da ya shafi BAC One-Eleven. <ref name="ASN" /> [[Ofishin Binciken Tsaron Najeriya|Hukumar Binciken Hatsari da Rigakafin Hatsari]] ta Najeriya ta danganta lamarin da kuskuren matukin jirgi. Jirgin ya mamaye titin jirgin ya kuma yi birgima na 'yan mita dari. Kurar da ƙafafun jirgin ke harbawa injiniyoyin ne suka sha, wanda hakan ya hana su isar da wutar lantarki.<ref>"Nigeria names new sports minister - 2002-05-08". VOA News. 8 May 2002. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref> Tsawaita na'urorin saukar da jirgin ya kara dagula yanayin, kuma daga karshe jirgin ya yi hadari saboda rashin saurin iskar da aka yi. Sakamakon rashin na'urar rikodin jirgin da za a iya amfani da shi, ba a iya tantance dalilan da ya sa ma'aikatan suka mamaye titin jirgin ba da gangan ba. <ref name="ACCIDENT_REPORT">{{Cite web |url=https://aib.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EAS-5N-ESF.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-11-20 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222052025/https://aib.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EAS-5N-ESF.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"Nigeria 'set to cancel China friendly'". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref> == Jirgin saman da yayi hadarin == Motoci biyu [[Rolls-Royce Spey|na Rolls-Royce Spey]] turbofan ne suka yi amfani da jirgin. An shigar da injin hagu a cikin 2000 yayin da aka shigar da injin na dama kwanan nan a cikin Mayu 2, an canja shi daga jirgin 'yar'uwar jirgin 5N-ESD.<ref>"Kano State government sets up relief committee following EAS aircraft crash". Daily Trust. 20 May 2002. Retrieved 27 July 2022</ref> An gudanar da babban binciken kulawa na ƙarshe a cikin Janairu 2001. <ref name="ACCIDENT_REPORT2">"5N-ESF EAS AIRLINES BAC 1-11 SERIES 500". Planespotters. Retrieved 24 July 2022.</ref> {{Rp|11–13}} == Fasinjoji da ma'aikata == Daga cikin fasinjojin har da ministan wasanni na Najeriya [[Ishaya Mark Aku]]. Ya kasance yana kan hanyarsa ne don halartar gasar [[2002 FIFA World Cup|cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2002]] tsakanin Najeriya da [[Kenya]]. <ref name="Kano">{{cite news|title=THE KANO CRASH - MAY 4, 2002|publisher=This Day}}</ref> <ref name="mourn">"THE KANO CRASH - MAY 4, 2002". This Day</ref> Julie Useni da Danjuma Useni, matar kuma dan tsohon [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|ministan babban birnin tarayya]] [[Jeremiah Useni]], suma suna cikin jirgin. <ref>"Nigeria in mourning for crash dead". BBC. 5 May 2002. Retrieved 24 July 2022.</ref> Kwamandan jirgin shi ne Kyaftin Peter Abayomi Inneh mai shekaru 49 da tsawon sa'o'i sama da 14,000, <ref name="Pana">"Nigeria: Kano Crash: French Lawyers Visit". Daily Trust. Retrieved 24 July 2022.</ref> daga cikin sa'o'i 7,000 na cikin nau'in. Ya shiga kamfanin jiragen sama na EAS a shekara ta 2000 kuma tun daga nan yake ta tashi a jirgin BAC One-Eleven<ref>"Mass burial for victims of Nigeria plane crash". The Namibian. 8 May 2002. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref>. Mataimakin matukin jirgin dai shi ne jami’in farko mai suna Chris Adewole Adegboye mai shekaru 47.<ref>"Nigerian Plane Crash Death Toll Rises - 2002-05-06". VOA News. 6 May 2002. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref> Ya tara jimillar sa'o'in jirgin sama sama da 8,000, wanda sa'o'i 3,350 ke cikin irinsa. Injiniyoyin jirgin su ne Emmanuel Idoko da Muhammad Sarki. <ref name="Kano2">{{cite news|title=THE KANO CRASH - MAY 4, 2002|publisher=This Day}}</ref> == Faruwar hadari == Jirgin mai lamba 4226 ya taso ne daga [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|filin jirgin saman Mallam Aminu Kano]] dake arewacin kasar zuwa filin jirgin [[Lagos (birni)|saman]] [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|Murtala Muhammed]] dake kudu maso yammacin kasar. Kafin tashin jirgin zuwa Legas, jirgin ya tashi zuwa Jos a [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]] . <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200205120154.html</ref> Lokacin da ya isa Kano, jimillar mutane 36 ne suka sauka a Kano, sannan mutane 47 suka shiga jirgin. Ana sa ran tashin jirgin da misalin karfe 13:30 na rana tare da Captain Peter Inneh da jami'in farko Chris Adegboye a matsayin matukan jirgi. Jirgin na dauke da fasinjoji 69 da ma'aikatansa 8. <ref name="Kano3">{{cite news|title=THE KANO CRASH - MAY 4, 2002|publisher=This Day}}</ref><ref>"Nigerian President Declares National Mourning After Plane Crash". People's Daily. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref> Ma'aikatan jirgin sun nemi izinin farawa da karfe 13:19 na yamma kuma jirgin ya fara tafiya zuwa hanyar taksi. Karfe 12:26 na rana, jirgin ya jera tare da titin jirgi.<ref>"Nigeria in mourning for crash dead". BBC. 5 May 2002. Retrieved 24 July 2022</ref> Kyaftin Peter cikin zolaya ya ce: “FL280 ( {{Convert|28000|ft|m}} ) na EXW4226, a shirye don tafiye-tafiye zuwa sararin samaniya" kuma ATC ta wanke su don tashi daga titin jirgin sama na 23 na Kano tare da baiwa ma'aikatan jirgin taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin zafi da yanayin da ke gaba. Bayan da ATC ta kammala rahoton, ma'aikatan jirgin sun fara jigilar kaya<ref>"BAC-1-11 aircraft grounded after crash". The New Humanitarian. 9 May 2002. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref> == Manazarta == f2vab30erk80zvk210zsstlqr3zn0zn 0 64427 858968 556577 2026-06-16T16:31:01Z Merjoor 14653 858968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Burgeff''' Sunan yanka ne. Fitattun mutane masu sunan sun haɗa da: * [[Hans Edmund Nicola Burgeff]] (daga shekarar alif 1883 zuwa shekarata alif 1976), ɗan asalin Jamusanci, mahaifin Hans Karl. * [[Hans Karl Burgeff]] (daga shekarar alif 1928 zuwa shekarata 2005), ɗan sculptor na Jamus, mai zanen lambar yabo, kuma malamin fasaha. mxgphlbb5eqkfck2fz4yox0cnbseqmk 0 64754 859117 825848 2026-06-16T21:26:59Z Merjoor 14653 859117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Felix Kalu Nmecha''' (an haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob din [[Borussia Dortmund]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Jamus. An san shi da ƙwarewarsa a sarrafa ƙwallo, hangen nesa a fili, da kuma iya kai hari daga tsakiya. <ref>Bundesliga Profile</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Nmecha a birnin Hamburg na ƙasar Jamus, amma yana da asalin Najeriya. Ya tashi ne a ƙasar Ingila inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifinsa ya taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa masa gwiwa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana yaro. <ref>BBC Sport</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Manchester City === Nmecha ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallo ta [[Manchester City]]. Ya taka rawa a ƙungiyar matasa inda ya nuna bajinta sosai kafin ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiya. <ref>Manchester City Official</ref> === VfL Wolfsburg === A shekarar 2021, ya koma [[VfL Wolfsburg]] inda ya samu damar buga wasanni akai-akai a Bundesliga. A wannan kulob ɗin ne ya fara nuna cikakken ƙwarewarsa a matakin manya, yana zura ƙwallaye da bayar da taimako. <ref>ESPN</ref> === Borussia Dortmund === A shekarar 2023, Nmecha ya koma [[Borussia Dortmund]] domin ƙara haɓaka aikinsa. Wannan sauyi ya sa ya shiga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya a Jamus. <ref>Sky Sports</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Da farko Nmecha ya wakilci Ingila a matakin matasa, amma daga baya ya sauya ya koma buga wa ƙasar Jamus wasa. Ya fara bugawa tawagar manya ta Jamus a shekarar 2023. <ref>FIFA</ref> == Salon Wasa == Felix Nmecha ɗan wasa ne mai ƙarfin jiki da iya sarrafa ƙwallo. Yana taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen harba ƙwallo daga nesa. Haka kuma yana taimakawa wajen kare gida idan an buƙata. <ref>Bundesliga Analysis</ref> == Rayuwar Kai == Felix yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna [[Lukas Nmecha]] wanda shima ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma yana taka leda a matakin ƙwararru. Dukansu sun taɓa taka leda a Ingila kafin komawa Jamus. <ref>Transfermarkt</ref> == Manazarta == lm4iu98wpdivvs3st1tkauubyul7a3q 859118 859117 2026-06-16T21:27:47Z Merjoor 14653 859118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Felix Kalu Nmecha''' (an haife shi ranar goma ga watan Oktoba, 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga kulob din [[Borussia Dortmund]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Jamus. An san shi da ƙwarewarsa a sarrafa ƙwallo, hangen nesa a fili, da kuma iya kai hari daga tsakiya. <ref>Bundesliga Profile</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Nmecha a birnin Hamburg na ƙasar Jamus, amma yana da asalin Najeriya. Ya tashi ne a ƙasar Ingila inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifinsa ya taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa masa gwiwa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana yaro. <ref>BBC Sport</ref> == Aikin Kulob == === Manchester City === Nmecha ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallo ta [[Manchester City]]. Ya taka rawa a ƙungiyar matasa inda ya nuna bajinta sosai kafin ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiya. <ref>Manchester City Official</ref> === VfL Wolfsburg === A shekarar 2021, ya koma [[VfL Wolfsburg]] inda ya samu damar buga wasanni akai-akai a Bundesliga. A wannan kulob ɗin ne ya fara nuna cikakken ƙwarewarsa a matakin manya, yana zura ƙwallaye da bayar da taimako. <ref>ESPN</ref> === Borussia Dortmund === A shekarar 2023, Nmecha ya koma [[Borussia Dortmund]] domin ƙara haɓaka aikinsa. Wannan sauyi ya sa ya shiga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya a Jamus. <ref>Sky Sports</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Da farko Nmecha ya wakilci Ingila a matakin matasa, amma daga baya ya sauya ya koma buga wa ƙasar Jamus wasa. Ya fara bugawa tawagar manya ta Jamus a shekarar 2023. <ref>FIFA</ref> == Salon Wasa == Felix Nmecha ɗan wasa ne mai ƙarfin jiki da iya sarrafa ƙwallo. Yana taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen harba ƙwallo daga nesa. Haka kuma yana taimakawa wajen kare gida idan an buƙata. <ref>Bundesliga Analysis</ref> == Rayuwar Kai == Felix yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna [[Lukas Nmecha]] wanda shima ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma yana taka leda a matakin ƙwararru. Dukansu sun taɓa taka leda a Ingila kafin komawa Jamus. <ref>Transfermarkt</ref> == Manazarta == g7dq65l2hljij7el9nrj7npjovqfe8d 0 69747 859298 826442 2026-06-17T11:49:00Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351619504|The Washerman]]" 859298 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} mwknup3qpy7wry5mwwzysy0enss2a1g 859300 859298 2026-06-17T11:49:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a57hmfz4ff1ljgrlsou04c89uedafh5 859301 859300 2026-06-17T11:51:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Washerman'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washerman</ref> fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/actress-etinosa-idemudia-restores-hope-hopeless-washerman/</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h0f2ru69o2fe4qq5jj6097ni49aqdoy 0 69781 859261 389063 2026-06-17T10:41:49Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* An zabi shi */ 859261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Bala Bala Sese''''' fim ne na Uganda wanda Lukyamuzi Bashir ya jagoranta bisa ga rubutun Usama Mukwaya,<ref>{{cite web|author=Run time:&nbsp;not applicable |url=http://ugscreen.net/ugandan-movie/bala-bala-sese |title=Bala Bala Sese &#124; Ugscreen - Ugandan Movies, Actors, Movie News |publisher=Ugscreen |accessdate=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129131902/http://www.ugscreen.net/ugandan-movie/bala-bala-sese |archivedate=29 November 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> tare da Michael Kasaija, [[Natasha Sinayobye]], Raymond Rushabiro, Ismael Ssesanga, Fiona Birungi, Ashraf Ssemwogerere da Ddungu Jabal .<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamukama |first=Polly |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=The Observer - Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |publisher=Observer.ug |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2014-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |archivedate=13 October 2014 }}</ref> Fim na farko na darektan, marubuci da masu samarwa.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=The Observer - Kasaija, Natasha take romance to screen |publisher=Observer.ug |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2014-05-28 |archive-date=2014-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031101432/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22919:kasaija-natasha-take-romance-to-screen&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Labari dangane da fim == Yakin saurayi don soyayya ta hanyar juriya. A gefen tsibirin Sese, John (Michael Kasaija) yana ƙaunar Maggie kuma dukansu suna shirye su ci gaba da ƙaunarsu. Da yake fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafin mahaifin Maggie Kasirivu (Raymond Rushabiro), John, da taimakon ɗan'uwansa Alex (Ssesanga Ismael) ya ƙuduri aniyar ɗaukar komai sai dai ya riƙe ƙaunar rayuwarsa musamman lokacin da ya gano cewa yana da ɗan ƙauyen ƙauyen (Jabal Dungu) wanda shi ma yana shirya wa Maggie == Ƴan Wasa ==   == Fitarwa == === Fim === Babban daukar hoto a kan ''Bala Bala Sese'' ya fara ne a ƙarshen 2012 kuma ya rufe 2014 . yi fim din ne a Tsibirin Ssese a [[Uganda]], daga inda ya ɗauki sunansa. == Saki == fitar da fim din ne a ranar 3 ga Yulin 2015 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Labonita . Sese shine aikin farko Uganda don karɓar tsarin tallace-tallace na ƙwararru kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka samar a cikin gida na wannan shekarar da shekara mai zuwa. zabi shi a cikin 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards for Best Film in a African Language . [1] gudanar da gabatarwa ta farko a Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Luxor a Misira kuma ya yi gasa a cikin dogon rukuni na Narrative tsakanin wasu fina-fukkuna 13 na Afirka. na buɗewa a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 10 Amakula kuma ya cancanci samun lambar yabo ta Golden Impala a fim din Afirka mafi kyau wanda De Noir ya lashe. [1] [2] === Waƙoƙi da sauti === Kundin sauti na Bala Bala Sese ya hada da Nessim (mai samar da kiɗa) tare da waƙar taken hukuma Wuuyo da A Pass da Nessim suka rubuta kuma na Badi Musik. Waƙar ta zama waƙar da ta fi samun nasara har zuwa yau. hukuma na waƙar ya fara ne a ranar 20 ga Maris 2015 a Club Guvnor kuma yana nuna shirye-shiryen bidiyo daga fim din. == Kyaututtuka == === An zaɓe shi === * 2016: Labari mai tsawo, bikin fina-finai na AfirkaBikin Fim na Afirka na Luxor * 2016: Kyautar Golden Impala, Bikin Fim na Duniya na Amakula * 2016: Fim mafi kyau a cikin harshen Afirka, 12th Afirka Movie Academy AwardsKyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 12 * <ref>haff.fi/2016/en/haff-2016-jury-awards/</ref>: Kyautar Juri ta Bikin Fim na Afirka na Helsinki don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Tattaunawar Jama'a. * : Fim mafi kyau, [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]]. An kuma sanya hoton motsi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau na 2015 da 2016 ta hanyar masu sukar da ke gudana. * Na 4 - Anicee Gohar, ''Daular Scoop''&nbsp; * Na 4 - Elizabeth Mcsheffrey, British Airways, Highlife&nbsp;''Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya, Rayuwa Mai Girma'' * Na farko - Douglas Sebamala, ''Mai Kula da Uganda''&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6kn7jn8pthqmp455g0no3qvufe5itrg 0 70790 859139 426556 2026-06-17T02:02:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language family|name=Ɓəna–Mboi|region=[[Adamawa State]], eastern [[Nigeria]]|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Savanna languages|Savannas]]|fam4=? [[Bambukic languages|Bambukic]]|glotto=none}} Harsunan '''Bena–Mboi''' (Ɓəna–Mboi) a.k.a. '''Yungur''' ya zama reshe na dangin [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] . Ana magana da su a tsakiyar [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], gabashin [[Najeriya]], kusa da gabashin karamar hukumar [[Lafia]] . Idiatov & van de Velde (2019) sun rarraba harsunan Bena–Mboi a matsayin [[Harsunan Benue-Congo|Benue-Congo]] . <ref>Idiatov, Dmitry; van de Velde, Mark. 2019. ''[http://idiatov.mardi.myds.me/talks/2019_MAINZ_Adamawa_BENA_Classification_Idiatov_Van_de_Velde_SLIDES.pdf Bena-Mboi is Benue-Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803045349/http://idiatov.mardi.myds.me/talks/2019_MAINZ_Adamawa_BENA_Classification_Idiatov_Van_de_Velde_SLIDES.pdf |date=2024-08-03 }}''. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2019/09/Adamawa-Programme.pdf Adamawa Conference], Department of Anthropology & African Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 9–11 September 2019.</ref> == Rabewa == A cikin gidan yanar gizon Ayyukan Harsunan Adamawa, Kleinewillinghöfer (2011) ya rarraba ƙungiyar Ɓəna-Mboi ko Yungur kamar haka. <ref>Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2011. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/%c9%93%c9%99na-mboi-yungur-group/ Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur) group]. Adamawa Languages Project.</ref> ; Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur) * Ɓəna ** Ɓəna Yungur *** Ɓəna Yungur *** Voro ** Ɓəna Lala *** Ɓəna Lala of Yang *** Ɓəna Lala of Bodwai (Bodɛ) **** Robma **** (Robma na) Dingai * Mboi (Gəna) ** Mboi na Livo; Mboi na Gulungo ** Mboi na Haanda; Mboi of Banga * Kan (Libo) == Sunaye da wurare == A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 75%;" !Harshe ! Reshe ! Tari ! Yaruka ! Madadin rubutun kalmomi ! Sunan kansa don harshe ! Endonym (s) ! Wasu sunaye (na tushen wuri) ! Sauran sunaye na harshe ! Exonym (s) ! Masu magana ! Wuri(s) |- | Ɓena | Yungur | | An raba Ɓəna zuwa dangi 17 kowanne daga cikinsu an ce yana da nau'in nau'in magana, amma suna da alaƙa sosai da ainihin yare daban-daban. | Ebina, Binna, Gibinna | Ebəna | Ɓəna | Lala (ba a ba da shawarar ba), Purra (janar kalma na arewa Ɓəna) | Yungur, Yangur | Yungirba, Yungur | 44,300 (1963) mai yiwuwa har da Lala da Roba; kasa da 100,000 (1990 est.) | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Song and Guyuk LGAs |- | Kayan | Yungur | | | | | | Libo | | | | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Guyuk LGA |- | '''''Lala tari''''' | Yungur | Lala | | | | Ɓəna | | | | 30,000 (SIL); 44,300 tare da Ɓəna (1963) | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Guyuk, Song and Gombi LGAs |- | Yang | Yungur | Lala | | Yan | | | | Lalla | | | |- | Roba | Yungur | Lala | | | | | Gwaram | | | | |- | Ebode | Yungur | Lala | | Ebode | | | | | | | |- | '''''Tarin Mboi''''' | Yungur | Mboi | | Mboire, Mboyi | | | | | | 3,200 (1973 SIL) | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Song LGA |- | Gana | Yungur | Mboi | | Gəna | | | Mboire, Mboyi | | | 1,800 (LA 1971) | [[Adamawa|Adamawa State]], Song LGA, arewa maso yammacin Song. Kauyen Livo da ƙauyuka masu alaƙa |- | [[Banganci|Banga]] | Yungur | Mboi | | | | | | | | | [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Song LGA, yammacin Loko. Ƙauyen Banga da ƙauyuka masu alaƙa |- | Haanda | Yungur | Mboi | | Handa | | | | | | 1,370 (LA 1971) | [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Song LGA, yammacin Loko. Kauyen Handa da ƙauyuka masu alaƙa |- | Voro | Yungur | | | Vɔrɔ | Ebəna, Ebina | Ƙin | Woro | Yungur | | | [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Song and Guyuk LGAs, kudancin titin Dumne. Waltande da ƙauyuka masu alaƙa. |} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Adamawa]] 4br8tkqi2peicnf6p8x6pv8cjpt3s72 0 71062 859255 596977 2026-06-17T10:38:26Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 859255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Y Bala - Bala - geograph.org.uk - 4160831.jpg|thumb|Yankin masu yaren bala]] '''Bala''' (''Lobala'') yare ne na Bantu na [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . A cewar Maho (2009), ya hada da '''Boko''' (''Iboko''). <ref name="Guthrie2">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref> == Rarraba da matsayi == Ana magana da Bala a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a yammacin [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] da kusan mutane 60,000. Yawancin waɗannan ba harshe ɗaya ba ne, amma ana ba da harshe ga ƙarni na gaba, musamman a yankuna masu nisa. Ethnologue <ref name="Ethnologue">Lobala at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)</ref> rarraba harshe a matsayin "mai ƙarfi", ma'ana cewa yana da ɗorewa. Akwai yaruka huɗu na Bala: Likoka, Poko (''Iboko''), Kudancin Lobala, da Tanda . <ref name="Ethnologue">Lobala at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)</ref> == Ƙin yarda == Kamar harsuna da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar Benue-Congo, Bala yana samar da mummunan abu ta hanyar ƙara wani abu ga kalmar Magana. Koyaya, Bala ba sabon abu ba ne saboda yana ƙara ƙididdiga biyu don samar da ƙyama. Wadannan an kara su a matsayin prefix da kuma suffix ga batun affix. Misali, : ''ba-tub-aka'' :: Sun raira waƙa : ''te-ba-ik-aka tuba'' :: Ba su raira waƙa ba ''ka'' nan abubuwa na te da ''ik'' sune nau'i biyu da ke nuna ƙin yarda, an haɗa su da ''ba'' da ke nuna jam'i na uku. Abubuwan ke cikin tub ɗin shine aikatau "don raira waƙa" ''Ruwa'' ''aka'' affix yana nuna Lokacin da ya gabata. : ''moto na t-a-iká mo-phé na baphalnágà na ntóma'' :: Mutumin bai ba shi kudi ko abinci ba ''a'' cikin irin wannan hanyar ana sanya abubuwan da ke ''t'' da t da ''iká'' a cikin ma'anar magana a (yana nuna mutum na uku). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3g300fcdep3duymkv6tf3sefo12njgp 0 71317 859138 813154 2026-06-17T01:58:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859138 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} [[File:Stellenbosch_Magistrate's_Office_(entrance).JPG|thumb| Alamar ginin gwamnati na harsuna uku a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]], [[Turanci]], da Xhosa]] [[File:WIKITONGUES-_Alaric_speaking_Afrikaans.webm|thumb| Mutum mai magana da Afirka]] {{Bar box|title=Languages of South Africa (2017)<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/|title= Africa :: SOUTH AFRICA|date= 8 March 2022|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 24 February 2024|archive-date= 10 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa|url-status= dead}}</ref>}}Akalla harsuna talatin da biyar na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ana magana da su a cikin Jamhuriyar, goma sha biyu daga cikinsu '''harsunan Afirka ta Kudu''' ne: Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Harshen Alamun Afirka ta Kudu, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu, [[Afrikaans]] da Ingilishi, wanda shine harshen farko da ake amfani da shi a cikin jawabin majalisa da na jihohi, kodayake duk harsunan hukuma suna daidai da matsayin doka. Bugu da ƙari, Harshen Alamun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] an amince da shi a matsayin harshen hukuma na goma sha biyu na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2023. Harsunan da ba na hukuma ba suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake kaɗan ne aka ambata da kowane suna. Harsunan da ba na hukuma ba sun haɗa da waɗanda ake la'akari da wasu na Kudancin Afirka </link> harsuna: Khoekhoegowab, [[Khoemana|!]] [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], [[Khoemana|Xirikobab]], [[Ƙarshen harshe|N|uuki]], ǃXunthali, and Khwedam ; da sauran harsunan Afirka, irin su SiPhuthi, IsiHlubi, SiBhaca, SiLala, SiNhlangwini (IsiZansi), SiNrebele (SiSumayela), IsiMpondo /IsiMpondro, IsiMpondomise/IsiMpromse/Isimpomse, KheLobedu ts, Paiwana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SeKuwa, SePulana, SePala ga, SiLaNgomane, SheKgalagari, XiRhonga, SeKopa (Sekgaga), da sauransu. Yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na iya yin magana fiye da harshe ɗaya, kuma sau da yawa akwai diglossia tsakanin nau'ikan harshe na hukuma da na hukuma don masu magana da na karshen. == Alkaluman harshe ==     Yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a matsayin yaren farko da ’yan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ke yi shi ne Zulu (kashi 23), sai Xhosa (kashi 16), sai Afrikaans (kashi 14). Turanci shi ne harshe na hudu da aka fi amfani da shi a kasar (9.6%), amma ana fahimtar da shi a mafi yawan garuruwa kuma shi ne yaren da ya mamaye gwamnati da kafafen yada labarai. <ref>''[[The Economist]]'', "Tongues under threat", 22 January 2011, p. 58.</ref> [[File:Witkruisarend-besigtiging,_drietalige_kennisgewingbord_te_Walter_Sisulu_NBT,_a.jpg|thumb| Alamar harshe uku a cikin Roodepoort, cikin Turanci, [[Afrikaans]] da Tswana]] Yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suna magana da harshe daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassa biyu na harsunan Bantu waɗanda ke wakilta a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]: reshen Sotho-Tswana (wanda ya haɗa da Kudancin Sotho, Arewacin Sotho da Tswana harsuna a hukumance), ko reshen Nguni ( wanda ya haɗa da harsunan Zulu, Xhosa, Swati da Ndebele bisa hukuma). Ga kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin biyu, harsunan da ke cikin wannan rukunin galibi suna iya fahimtar masu magana da kowane harshe na kowane harshe a cikin rukunin. Harsunan ƴan asalin Afirka na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] waɗanda na hukuma ne, sabili da haka suke da rinjaye, za a iya raba su zuwa yankuna biyu na yanki, inda harsunan Nguni suka fi yawa a kudu maso gabas na uku na ƙasar (babban tekun Indiya) da kuma harsunan Sotho-Tswana da suka fi yawa a cikin kashi na uku na arewacin kasar yana cikin ƙasa, kamar yadda kuma a cikin [[Botswana]] da [[Lesotho]] . Gauteng ita ce lardin da ya fi yawan harsuna dabam-dabam, yana da kusan daidai da lambobi na Nguni, Sotho-Tswana da masu magana da harshen Indo-Turai, tare da tasirin Khoekhoe. Wannan ya haifar da yaduwar argot na birni, Tsotsitaal ko S'Camtho/Ringas, a cikin manyan garuruwan lardin, wanda ya yadu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Tsotsitaal a matsayinsa na asali kamar "Flaaitaal" ya dogara ne akan Afrikaans, harshen da aka samo daga Yaren mutanen Holland, wanda shine yaren da aka fi magana da shi a yammacin rabin kasar ( Western da Northern Cape ). Ana magana da Afrikaans a matsayin yaren farko da kusan kashi 61 cikin ɗari na fararen fata da kashi 76 cikin ɗari na masu launi . Wannan kalmar kabilanci ana ɗaukarsa da ma'anar " kabila mai gauraya ", domin tana wakiltar wasu ƙabila masu yawa waɗanda yawancinsu zuriyar yawan bayi ne da Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) ta shigo da su daga wuraren bauta a Yammaci da Gabashin Afirka, kuma daga yankunanta na hanyar cinikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Haka kuma an kawo ƴan gudun hijirar siyasa daga yankin VOC na Batavia zuwa Cape, kuma waɗannan sun yi tasiri sosai wajen samuwar Afrikaans, musamman a cikin tasirinsa na Malay, da kuma farkon adabin Jawi . Na farko shine wanda ya kafa Musulunci a Cape, Sheikh Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (wanda aka sani da Sheikh Yusuf). [[Alhaji|Hajji]] Yusuf wani basarake ne dan asalin kasar Indonesiya, kasancewar kane ne ga Sultan Alauddin na Gowa, a yau [[Makassar]], Nusantara . Yusuf, tare da mabiya 49 da suka hada da mata biyu, ƙwaraƙwarai biyu da yara goma sha biyu, gwamna Simon van der Stel ya karɓi tarba a Cape a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1694. An ajiye su a gonakin Zandvliet, mai nisa a wajen [[Cape Town]], a wani yunƙuri na rage tasirinsa a kan bayin VOC. Sai dai shirin ya gaza; Matsugunin Yusuf (wanda ake kira Macassar ) ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafaka ga bayi kuma a nan ne aka kafa al'ummar Musulunci na farko a Afirka ta Kudu . Daga nan ne aka isar da sakon Musulunci ga al'ummar bayi na Cape Town, kuma wannan al'umma ta kasance ginshiki wajen samar da Afrikaans. Wani abin lura shi ne yadda musulmin Cape musulmi suka fara aikin adabin Afrikaans na farko, wanda aka rubuta da harshen Larabci, wanda ya kasance an daidaita rubutun Jawi, ta yin amfani da haruffan Larabci don wakiltar Afrikaans don dalilai na addini da na quotidian. Har ila yau, ya zama yaren ƙasa na Griqua (Xiri ko Griekwa), wanda ya kasance rukuni mai gauraye. Har ila yau, ana magana da Afrikaans a ko'ina cikin tsakiya da arewacin ƙasar, a matsayin harshe na biyu (ko na uku ko ma na huɗu) na Baƙar fata [[Afirka ta Kudu]] (wanda, a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da SiNtu ) da ke zaune a yankunan noma. Ƙididdigar 2011 ta ƙididdige rarrabawar masu magana da harshen farko kamar haka: === Alkaluma === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Harshe ! colspan="2" | L1 masu magana ! colspan="2" | L2 masu magana ! colspan="2" | Jimillar masu magana <ref name="EthnologueZA" /> |- ! Kidaya ! Na yawan jama'a ! Kidaya ! Na yawan jama'a ! Kidaya ! Na yawan jama'a |- | Zulu | 11,587,374 | 22.7% | 15,700,000 | | 27,300,000 | 46% |- | Hosa | 8,154,258 | 16.0% | 11,000,000 | | 19,150,000 | 33% |- | [[Afrikaans]] | 6,855,082 | 13.5% | 10,300,000 | | 17,160,000 | 29% |- | [[Turanci]] | 4,892,623 | 9.6% | 14,000,000 | | 19,640,000 | 33% |- | Pedi | 4,618,576 | 9.1% | 9,100,000 | | 13,720,000 | 23% |- | Tswana | 4,067,248 | 8.0% | 7,700,000 | | 11,770,000 | 20% |- | Sotho | 3,849,563 | 7.6% | 7,900,000 | | 11,750,000 | 20% |- | Tsonga | 2,277,148 | 4.5% | 3,400,000 | | 5,680,000 | 10% |- | Swati | 1,297,046 | 2.5% | 2,400,000 | | 3,700,000 | 6% |- | Venda | 1,209,388 | 2.4% | 1,700,000 | | 2,910,000 | 5% |- | Ndebele | 1,090,223 | 2.1% | 1,400,000 | | 2,490,000 | 4% |- | SA Harshen Alama | 234,655 | 0.5% | 500,000 | | |- |Sauran harsuna | 828,258 | 1.6% | | | | |- | '''Jimlar''' | '''50,961,443''' | '''100.0%''' | | | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Harshe ! 2022 ! 2011 ! 2001 ! Canji 2011-2022 ( pp ) |- | Zulu | 24.4% | 22.7% | 23.8% | 1.3% |- | Hosa | 16.3% | 16.0% | 17.6% | 0.3% |- | [[Afrikaans]] | 10.6% | 13.5% | 13.4% | -2.9% |- | Sepedi | 10.0% | 9.0% | 9.4% | 1.0% |- | [[Turanci]] | 8.7% | 9.7% | 8.3% | -1.0% |- | Tswana | 8.3% | 8.0% | 8.2% | 0.3% |- | Sesotho | 7.8% | 7.6% | 7.9% | 0.2% |- | Tsonga | 4.7% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 0.2% |- | Swati | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 0.3% |- | Venda | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.1% |- | Ndebele | 1.7% | 2.1% | 1.6% | -0.4% |- | SA Harshen Alama | 0.02% | 0.5% | | -0.4% |- | Sauran harsuna | 2.1 | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% |- ! '''Jimlar''' ! '''100.0%''' ! '''100.0%''' ! '''100.0%''' ! |} === Wasu muhimman harsuna a Afirka ta Kudu === Sauran harsunan da ake magana a Afirka ta Kudu ba a ambata a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, sun haɗa da yawancin waɗanda aka riga aka ambata a sama, irin su KheLobedu, SiNrebele, SiPhuthi, da kuma harsunan da suka haɗa da Fanakalo ( harshen pidgin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman harshe a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai), da Tsotsitaal ko S'Camtho, wani argot wanda ya sami fa'ida mai fa'ida a matsayin rajista na yau da kullun. Yawancin harsunan da ba na hukuma ba an yi iƙirari iri-iri su zama yarukan yarukan hukuma, waɗanda galibi suna bin tsarin wariyar launin fata na Bantustans, inda wasu tsiraru suka kasance cikin ƙabilun Bantustan ko "Ƙasar Gida". Mahimman adadi na baƙi daga [[Turai]], wasu wurare a [[Afirka]], [[Sin]], da kuma yankin Indiya (mafi yawa sakamakon tsarin indenture na Birtaniya) yana nufin cewa ana iya samun nau'o'in wasu harsuna iri-iri a sassan Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin tsofaffin al'ummomin baƙi akwai: Girkanci, [[Gujarati]], [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]], Tamil, [[Talgu|Telugu]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi]], [[Urdu]], Yiddish, [[Italiyanci]] da ƙananan lambobi na Dutch, [[Faransanci]] da [[German language|Jamusanci]] . Tsofaffin Sinawa suna jin Cantonese ko Hokkien, amma baƙi na baya-bayan nan galibi suna jin [[Mandarin Chinese|Sinanci na Mandarin]] . Ana iya amfani da waɗannan yarukan da ba na hukuma ba a cikin ƙayyadaddun amfani na hukuma inda aka ƙaddara cewa waɗannan harsunan sun yaɗu. Mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan harsuna suna da mahimman ayyuka na gida a cikin ƙayyadaddun al'ummomi waɗanda asalinsu ke daure a kewayen harshe da al'adu waɗanda waɗannan harsunan SA ba na hukuma suka yi alama ba. Yare mafi girma wanda ba na hukuma ba shine Portuguese - waɗanda baƙi daga Portugal suka fara magana, musamman Madeira kuma daga baya baƙi da baƙi baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira daga [[Angola]] da [[Mozambik]] bayan sun sami 'yancin kai daga [[Portugal]] kuma yanzu 'yan baƙi na baya-bayan nan daga Portugal. waɗancan ƙasashen kuma - da kuma Faransanci, waɗanda baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira daga [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ke magana. Kwanan nan, masu magana da harsunan [[Arewacin Afirka|Arewa]], Tsakiya da [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] sun isa Afirka ta Kudu, galibi a manyan biranen, musamman a [[Johannesburg]] da [[Pretoria]], amma kuma [[Cape Town]] da [[Durban]] . Angloromani ' yan [[Mutanen Romani|tsiraru]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana. == tanade-tanaden tsarin mulki == Babi na 1 (Sharuɗɗan Kafa), Sashe na 6 (harsuna) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu shine tushen manufofin harshen gwamnati. Rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ingilishi wanda shugaba [[Nelson Mandela]] ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1996 yana amfani da (mafi yawa) sunayen harsunan da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan harsunan da kansu. Sesotho yana nufin Kudancin Sotho, kuma isiNdebele yana nufin Kudancin Ndebele. Kundin tsarin mulki na wucin gadi na 1993 ya yi magana game da ''Sesotho sa Leboa'', yayin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1996 ya yi amfani da "Sepedi" don taken harshen Sotho na Arewa . Kundin tsarin mulki ya ambaci “harshen kurame” a ma’ana guda maimakon Harshen kurame na Afirka ta Kudu musamman. {{Blockquote|:# The official languages of the Republic are [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]], [[Sotho language|Sesotho]], [[Tswana language|Setswana]], [[Swati language|siSwati]], [[Venda language|Tshivenda]], [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]], [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|isiNdebele]], [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]] and [[Zulu language|isiZulu]]. :# Recognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of these languages. :#(a) The national government and provincial governments may use any particular official languages for the purposes of government, taking into account usage, practicality, expense, regional circumstances and the balance of the needs and preferences of the population as a whole or in the province concerned; but the national government and each provincial government must use at least two official languages.<br />(b) Municipalities must take into account the language usage and preferences of their residents. :# The national government and provincial governments, by legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages. Without detracting from the provisions of subsection (2), all official languages must enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably. :# A [[Pan South African Language Board]] established by national legislation must<br />(a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and use of -<br /> &nbsp; (i) all official languages;<br /> &nbsp; (ii) the [[Khoisan languages|Khoi, Nama and San]] languages; and<br /> &nbsp; (iii) sign language; and<br />(b) promote and ensure respect for -<br /> &nbsp; (i) all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Urdu]]; and<br /> &nbsp; (ii) [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and other [[sacred language|languages used for religious purposes]] in South Africa.|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>}} == Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka Ta Kudu A Harsuna Daban-daban == Mai zuwa yana daga gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu : {| class="wikitable" ![[Turanci]] ! [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ! isNdebele ! IsiXhosa ! isiZulu ! siSwati ! Sepdi ! Sesotho ! Setswana ! Tshivenda ! Tsari |- | Preamble | Aanhef | Isendlalelo | Intshayelelo | Isendlalelo | Sendlalelo | Ketapele | Ketapele | Pulamadibogo | Mvulatswinga | Manghenelo |- | Mu mutanen Afirka ta Kudu, | To, mutu mese van Suid-Afrika, | Thina, abantu beSewula Afrika, | Thina, bantu baseMzantsi-Afrika, | Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, | Tsine, bantfu baseNingizimu Afrika, | Rena, batho ba Afrika Borwa, | Rona, batho ba Afrika Borwa, | Rona, batho ba Aforika Borwa, | Har ila yau, Afirka Tshipembe, | Hina, vanhu da Afrika Dzonga, |- | Ku gane zaluncin da aka yi mana a baya; | Ci gaba da ciwon daji; | Siyakwazi ukungakaphatheki kwethu ngokomthetho kwesikhathi sakade; | Siyaziqonda iintswela-bulungisa zexesha elidlulileyo; | Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; | Siyakubona kungabi khona kwebulungiswa esikhatsini lesengcile; | Re lemoga ditlhokatoka tša rena tša b tsayilo; | Re elellwa ho ba le leeme ha rona nakong e fetileng; | Re itse ditshiamololo tsa rona tse di fetileng; | Ri dzhiela nṱha u shaea ha vhulamukanyi kha tsifhinga tsho fhelaho; | Hi lemuka ku pfumaleka ka vululami ka nkarhi lowu nga hundza; |- | Ka girmama waɗanda suka sha wahala don neman adalci da ’yanci a ƙasarmu; | Huldig diegene wat vir geregtigheid da vryheid a cikin ƙasa gely het; | Sihlonipha labo abatlhoriswako ngerhuluphelo lokobana kube khona ubulungiswa netjhaphuluko enarheni yekhethu; | Sibothulel' umnqwazi abo baye bev' ubunzima ukuze kubekho ubulungisa nenkululeko elizweni lethu; | Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; | Setfulela sigcoko labo labahlushwa kuze sitfole bulungiswa nenkhululeko eveni lakitsi; | Re tlotla bao ba ilego ba hlokofaletšwa toka le tokologo nageng ya gaborena; | Re tlotla ba hlokofaditsweng ka lebaka la toka le tokoloho naheng ya rona; | Re tlotla ba ba bogileng ka ntlha ya tshiamo le kgololosego mo lefatsheng la rona; | Ri ṱhonifha havho vha vha tambulela vhulamukanyi na mbofholowo kha shango ḽashu; | Hi xixima lava xanisekeke hikwalaho ko hisekela vululami na ntshunxeko etikweni ra hina; |- | Mu girmama wadanda suka yi aikin gina kasarmu da bunkasa; kuma | Respekteer diegene wat hul beywer het om ons land op te bou en te ontwikkel; en | Sihlonipha labo abasebenzileko ekwakhiweni nekuthuthukisweni kwephasi lekhethu; begodu | Siyabahlonela abo baye basebenzela ukwakha nokuphucula ilizwe lethu; kwaye | Sihlonipha laba abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futsi | Sihlonipha labo labaye basebentela kwakha nekutfutfukisa live lakitsi; futsi | Re hlompha bao ba ilego ba katanela go aga le go hlabolla naga ya gaborena; mu | Re tlotla ba ileng ba sebeletsa ho aha le ho ntshetsa pele naha ya rona; mu | Re tlotla ba ba diretseng go aga le go tlhabolola naga ya rona; mu | Ri ṱhonifha havho vha vha shuma vha tshi itela u fhaṱa na u bveledzisa shango ḽashu; na | Hi hlonipha lava tirheke ku aka no hluvukisa tiko ra hina; a'a |- | Yi imani cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta duk waɗanda ke zaune a cikinta ne, waɗanda suka haɗa kai cikin bambancin mu. | Glo dat Suid-Afrika behoort an almal wat daarin woon, verenig in ons verskeidenheid. | Sikholwa bonyana iSewula Afrika ingeyabo boke abandzindze kiyo, sibambisane ngokwahlukahlukana kwethu. | Sikhholelwa kwelokuba uMzantsi-Afrika ngowabo bonke abahlala looko, bemanyene nangona bengafani. | Sikhholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. | Sikhholelwa ekutseni iNingizimu Afrika yabo bonkhe labahlala kuyo, sihlangene ngekwehlukahlukana kwetfu; | Re dumela gore Afrika-Borwa ke ya batho bohle ba ba dulago go yona, re le ngata e tee e nago le pharologano. | Re dumela hore Afrika Borwa ke naha ya bohle ba phelang ho yona, re kopane le ha re fapane. | Re dumela fa Aforika Borwa e le ya botlhe ba ba tshelang mo go yona, re le ngata e le nngwe ka go farologana. | U tenda uri Afrika Tshipembe ndi ḽa vhoṱhe vhane vha dzula khaɗo, vho vhofhekanywaho vha vha huthihi naho vha sa fani. | Tshembha leswaku Afrika Dzonga i ya vanhu hinkwavo lava tshamaka eka rona, hi hlanganile hi ku hambana-hambana ka hina. |} == Duba kuma ==   * Ayyukan Harsuna na Ƙasa * Sunayen hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Hukumar Kariya da Kare Hakkokin Al'ummomi, Al'adu, Addini da Harsuna|Hukumar Kariya da Kare Hakkokin Al'ummomin Al'adu, Addini da Harsuna]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://salanguages.com Gabatarwa ga harsunan Afirka ta Kudu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829152336/http://www.salanguages.com/ |date=2006-08-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050302091202/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=South+Africa Jerin Ethnologue na Harsunan Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/SouthAfrica PanAfriL10n shafi na Afirka ta Kudu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322025430/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/SouthAfrica |date=2007-03-22 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814142934/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/C2001Interactive.asp Statistics SA] * Hornberger, Nancy H. " [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168870 Manufar Harshe, Ilimin Harshe, Haƙƙin Harshe: 'Yan asali, Baƙi, da Ra'ayin Ƙasashen Duniya] ." ''Harshe a cikin Al'umma'', Vol. 27, Lamba 4 (Dec., 1998), shafi.&nbsp;439-458 * Alexander, Mariya. [https://southafrica-info.com/arts-culture/11-languages-south-africa/ Harsuna 11 na Afirka ta Kudu] (Janairu 2018) [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] crpeze4q8l3rg2e90wyb11hjf3qqt5r 0 71544 858884 803652 2026-06-16T12:19:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gilmário Pinto Vemba''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1985), wanda aka fi sani da '''Gilmário Vemba''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Angola|Angolan]]. An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na O ''Bar na Gilmário'', After Party da Fora de Série . kasance tsohon memba na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo "os Tuneza".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=Gilmário Vemba fala sobre saída do grupo Tunezas |url=https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/fama/gilmario-vemba-fala-sobre-saida-do-grupo-tunezas/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=AngoRussia |language=pt |archive-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001110424/https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/fama/gilmario-vemba-fala-sobre-saida-do-grupo-tunezas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == haife shi a ranar 19 ga Yuli 1985 a [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-01 |title=Conheça o outro lado do Humorista Gilmário Vemba |url=https://platinaline.com/conheca-o-outro-lado-do-humorista-gilmario-vemba/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=PlatinaLine |language=pt |archive-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001104923/https://platinaline.com/conheca-o-outro-lado-do-humorista-gilmario-vemba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title='Em Angola, todos os que nasceram em 1985 já nasceram à beira da morte' – Gilmário Vemba |url=https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/fama/em-angola-todos-os-que-nasceram-em-1985-ja-nasceram-a-beira-da-morte-gilmario-vemba/ |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=AngoRussia |language=pt |archive-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001110423/https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/fama/em-angola-todos-os-que-nasceram-em-1985-ja-nasceram-a-beira-da-morte-gilmario-vemba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ya kammala karatu a fannin alakar kasa da kasa da kuma nazarin siyasa. yi aure kuma yana da 'yan mata uku da yaro daya. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2003, Vemba tare da Daniel Vilola, Orlando Rodrigues, Cesalty Paulo da José Chieta sun kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo os ''Tuneza'' . ci gaba a cikin rukuni sama da shekaru 15, har sai ya bar rukuni a shekarar 2020. cikin 2019, ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo a Portugal tare da taken "Imortal". cikin 2021, ya fara fim dinsa na farko tare da A Dívida (The Debt) wanda Anacleto de Abreu ya jagoranta. fara fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2021 a Cinemax, a [[Luanda]]. watan Yulin 2021, ya sanya hannu tare da sabon shirin gaskiya na TVI O Amor Acontece .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=TVI aposta em Gilmário Vemba para equipa de novo reality show |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/fama/1788032/tvi-aposta-em-gilmario-vemba-para-equipa-de-novo-reality-show |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="After Party" series premieres in August and features Gilmário Vemba in double dose |url=https://www.verangola.net/va/en/072021/Lifestyle/26422/%E2%80%9CAfter-Party%E2%80%9D-series-premieres-in-August-and-features-Gilm%C3%A1rio-Vemba-in-double-dose.htm |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=VerAngola |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001113159/https://www.verangola.net/va/en/072021/Lifestyle/26422/%E2%80%9CAfter-Party%E2%80%9D-series-premieres-in-August-and-features-Gilm%C3%A1rio-Vemba-in-double-dose.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2022, yana daya daga cikin masu fafatawa na dindindin na fitowar Portuguese na "Taskmaster" (RTP1). == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2008 |''Ba a cikin jerin ba'' |ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2018 |"Ba Cubico dos tunezas" |ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |Zap mai rai | |- |2019 |''Rashin da aka dafa Ljubomir Stanisic'' |kansa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2019 |''Goz'Aqui tare da Rayuwa'' |kansa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2019 |''Rashin abinci José Castelo Branco'' |kansa |Fim din talabijin | |- |2020 |''Ya Ba ya Mutuwa - Gilmário Vemba'' |Marubuci |Talabijin na musamman | |- |2021 |''Bar na Gilmário'' |Gilmário |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2021 |''Bayan Jam'iyyar'' |Gilmário / Mr. Domingos, marubuci |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2022 |''Mai Gudanar da Ayyuka'' |kansa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2022 |''Yanayin Rana'' |firist |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|nm10900046}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] teljer5j5zxpgowv6a15ymf523x2itq 0 72153 859249 856676 2026-06-17T10:34:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859249 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ikechukwu Mitchel Ogbonna''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1984), wanda aka fi sani da '''IK Ogbonna''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], samfurin, darektan, kuma ɗan wasan talabijin. Shi Darakta ne, Model da kuma [[murna|Mutumin talabijin]].<ref name="eduprofile2">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin fim din Playing Safe tare da Tonto Dikeh da [[Ini Edo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=11 May 2013 |title=Playing Safe 'Review' |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/playing-safe.html |website=Nollywood REinvented}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ik ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Jos, Jihar Plateau, inda ya sami Takardar shaidarsa ta farko da Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma bi da bi.<ref name="eduprofile">{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jos a Jihar Plateau . <ref name="eduprofile" /> Mai wasan kwaikwayo ya sami digiri na Doctorate na Arts a cikin Jagora da Ci gaba daga Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT) - Le Grand Frère |url=https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211093623/https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=legrandfrere.bf/ |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ogbonna ya shiga cikin sauraron shirin talabijin na Amstel Malta Box Office a shekara ta 2005 kuma an zaba shi. Ya kasance abin koyi na dogon lokaci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare ya lashe lambar yabo ta Milo don Fine Arts <ref name="eduprofile"/> Farkonsa a masana'antar fina-finai ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya fito a Love Lorn . <ref name="eduprofile"/> A halin yanzu Alkalin ne a ''De9jaspirit Talent Hunt'' show . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--staff writer--> |date=2023-07-06 |title=Season 3 De9jaspirit Talent Hunt 2023 returns with 4 Judges, Host of incredible prizes |url=https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140905/https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |archive-date=2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogbonna ya gaya wa The Vanguard a cikin 2023 cewa dangantakarsa ta fara ne da abota saboda bai san yadda za a nemi mace ba. Ya taɓa auren Sonia Morales kuma suna da ɗa, Ace Ogbonna. Bugu da ƙari, yana da 'yar mai suna Makayla daga dangantakar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Henry |date=2018-12-30 |title=The Revelation: IK Ogbonna First Child Surface and Trouble Begins Again! |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/the-revelation-ik-ogbonna-first-child-surface-and-trouble-begins-again/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Ajiye Rai (2007) a matsayin Dauda * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Lovelorn'' (2012) * Abin sha'awa (2012) * ''Yin wasa lafiya'' (2013) a matsayin Laporsche * ''An sace Gobe'' (2013) * ''A cikin Takalmanta'' (2013) a matsayin Ben * The Wrong Selfie (2014) a matsayin Alex * Hustlers (2014) a matsayin Cliff * Golden Diggin (2014) a matsayin Ik * ''Lines da ba su da tabbas'' (2014) * ''Otal din Honeymoon'' (2014) * ''Abokina Mai arziki'' (2014) * ''Ikogosi'' (2015) a matsayin George * Open Marriage (2015) a matsayin Kelvin * ''Black Bird'' (2015) a matsayin Chuks * A Week to My Wedding (2016) a matsayin Pedro * ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi'' (2016) * Ɗauki Mutum (2017) a matsayin Benjamin * Fitar da Ƙauna (2017) Gilbert * Kayan aiki da yawa (2017) a matsayin Enyinna * Disguise (2018) a matsayin Belinda/Lambo * The Washerman (2018) a matsayin Boniface * ''SHOWBIZ'' (2019) * The Confessor (2019) a matsayin Rev. Frank * Unroyal (2020) a matsayin Yarima Leonard * Ayyuka masu laushi (2020) a matsayin Dr. J. * ''Hanyar Komawa Gida'' (2021) a matsayin George * ''[[Kirsimeti a Miami]]'' (2021) a matsayin Nite Club PR * Ni Nazzy ne (2022) * ''Kuskuren'' (2022) a matsayin Jasper * The Switch (2023) a matsayin Pablo * Loving Belinda (2023) a matsayin Chucks * ''Babban Ranar Teni'' (2023) a matsayin Benjamin * Ta Dukkanin (2024) a matsayin Nonso * ''Yadda nake son a ƙaunace ni'' (2024) a matsayin Olisa * Dukkanin da ke Haskakawa (2024) a matsayin Chuks * ''[[Move like a Boss|Ka yi tafiya kamar shugaba]]'' (2024) [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ioedi5xy72x4x6y49ezopqgcbbdmt5p 0 73510 859247 784851 2026-06-17T10:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Maïmouna Hélène Diarra''', kuma '''Helena Diarra''' (1955 - 10 ga Yuni, 2021) [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Mali da aka sani da taka rawar tsofaffin mata tun tana ƙarama. Shugaba na Asusun Kasa da Kasa don Ci gaban Rashin Rashin Rashi (FIDRA)..<ref name=Int>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rtbf.be/culture/cinema/detail_l-actrice-malienne-maimouna-helene-diarra-vieille-depuis-sa-jeunesse?id=9544466 |title=Malian actress Maimouna Hélène Diarra, "old since her youth"! |date=March 3, 2017 |publisher=RTBF |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121172046/https://www.rtbf.be/culture/cinema/detail_l-actrice-malienne-maimouna-helene-diarra-vieille-depuis-sa-jeunesse?id=9544466 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the CEO of the International Fund for the Development of Active Retirement (FIDRA).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abidjan.net/h/662842.html |title=Improving the quality of life of retirees / Hélène Diarra, CEO of FIDRA: "In retirement, you have to give meaning to your life" |date=September 7, 2019 |publisher=@bidj@an.net |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028232848/https://news.abidjan.net/h/662842.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/204547/%C3%89conomie/lutte-contre-le-covid-19-le-fidra-remet-plus-de-40-millions-fcfa-de-kits-sanitaires-aux-associations-de-retraites |title=Fight against Covid-19: Fidra gives more than 40 million FCfa of health kits to associations of retirees |last=Bamba |first=Aboubakar |date=May 4, 2020 |publisher=Fratmat |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abidjan.net/h/623155.html |title=4th edition of the Active Retirement Day / Hélène Diarra: `` retirement is not an end of life, but continuity in action '' |author=Elisha, B. |date=September 29, 2017 |publisher=@bidj@an.net |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.linfodrome.com/societe-culture/51439-6eme-edition-de-la-retraite-active-une-fondation-pour-bien-vieillir-en-afrique-voit-le-jour |title=6th edition of the day of active retirement: A foundation is born |date=September 26, 2019 |publisher=Linfodrome |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/200786/Politique/Hamed%20Bakayoko/reconversion-des-militaires--les-partenaires-et-le-ministere-de-la-defense-finalisent-le-projet |title=Reconversion of the military: The partners and the Ministry of Defense finalize the project |last=Adou |first=Hervé |date=December 31, 2019 |publisher=Fratmat |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref> Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Kwararru ta Tsarin Kudi na Ivory Coast (Apsfd-CI). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Diarra a shekara ta 1955 a Segou, [[Mali]] amma ta zama maraya tun tana ƙarama kuma kawunta da kakarta ne suka tashe ta. A shekara ta 1975, an shigar da ita cikin Cibiyar Koyarwa ta Kasa don Diploma na Nazarin Dalibai (DEF) a cikin aikin koyarwa. Bayan sauyawa zuwa wasanni, tsakanin 1975 da 1977 ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Bamako Reds. shekara ta 1981, ta sami difloma a fannin wasan kwaikwayo a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa (INA). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maliactu.net/mali-que-sont-ils-devenus-maimouna-helene-diarra-sous-les-vivats-de-la-rue-publique/ |title=Mali: Where are they now? Maimouna Helène Diarra: Under the cheers of the public street |date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Maliactu |language=French |access-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121185426/https://maliactu.net/mali-que-sont-ils-devenus-maimouna-helene-diarra-sous-les-vivats-de-la-rue-publique/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2000, an nuna ta a matsayin "Aminate" a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Michael Haneke, Code Unknown . Sauran simintin sun ha da: Aïssa Maïga, Juliette Binoche, Thierry Neuvic, Josef Bierbichler da sauransu. A shekara ta 2004, an nuna ta a fim din [[Harshen Bambara]] na Ousmane Sembène, [[Moolaadé]], tana taka rawar "Hadjatou". Sauran simintin sun hada da: [[Fatoumata Coulibaly]] da Salimata Traoré . gabatar da fim din a 2007 Ebertfest . [1] zabi shi don kyautar "Fim mafi kyau" a bikin fina-finai na Cannes . [1] A shekara ta 2006, ta fito a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Abderrahmane Sissako, ''[[Bamako (fim)|Bamako]]'', inda ta taka rawar "Saramba". simintin aka nuna sun hada da: Aïssa Maïga da [[Tiécoura Traoré]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.chicagoreader.com/chicago/bamako/Film?oid=5779914 |title=Bamako |publisher=Chicago Reader |access-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021081838/https://m.chicagoreader.com/chicago/bamako/Film?oid=5779914 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/64149 |title=Bamako (2006) |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://geekvibesnation.com/art-house-cinema-streaming-platform-ovid-tv-announces-november-release-slate/ |title=Art-House Cinema Streaming Platform OVID.tv Announces November Release Slate |last=Gonzales |first=Dillon |date=November 8, 2020 |publisher=Geek Vibes Nation |access-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frenchfilmfestival-archives.us/wp-content/archives_festivals/2007/bamako.html |title=Director Abderrahmane Sissako presents this special screening of Bamako |publisher=French Film Festival |access-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121172046/http://www.frenchfilmfestival-archives.us/wp-content/archives_festivals/2007/bamako.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Tabbacin. |- |2011 |''Yankin gizo-gizo'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo (Nah) |Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |2007 |''[[Faro, Goddess of the Waters (fim)|Faro: allahiyar Ruwa]]'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo (''Kouta'') |Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |2006 |''[[Bamako (fim)|Bamako]]'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo (''Saramba'') |Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |2004 |''[[Moolaadé]]'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo (''Hadjatou'') |Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |2000 |''Ba a sani ba'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo (''Aminate'') |Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |1999 |''[[Genesis (1999 film)|Farawa ("Farawa")]]'' |Actress (''Lea'') |Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |1997 |Ikon Skirt ("Taafé Fanga") |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo (Timbé) |Wasan kwaikwayo, Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |1996 |''Ƙabilar Macadam'' |Actress (''Matar Macho'') |Wasan kwaikwayo, Wasan kwaikwayo | |- |1995 |''Guimba mai zalunci'' |Actress (''Meya'') |Wasan kwaikwayo, Wasan kwaikwayo da Fantasma | |- |1989 |''[[Finzan]]'' |Actress (a matsayin Helena Diarra) |Wasan kwaikwayo | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm0224821/" id="mwAdc" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Hélène Diarra a kan IMDb * [https://www.premiere.fr/Star/Maimouna-Helene-Diarra Maimouna Hélène Diarra] a kan Farko [[Category:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 8zjd4lo5ywbywclvoueiqqe5mr3kutc 0 74645 859302 398762 2026-06-17T11:52:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Paul Alfred Kwesi Aboagye''' an hafe shi a 5 ga watan Janairun 1925 - ya rasu a19 ga watan Yunin 2001) mawaki ne na Ghana, marubuci, marubuci kuma masanin tarihin yaren Nzema <ref>http://www.eupjournals.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/afr.2001.71.3.391{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==farkon karatu== An haifi Paul Alfred Kwesi Aboagye ga marigayi Tufuhene Koame Aboagye na Nuba da kuma uwargidan Mary Bozomah Gyedu na Ebonloa a cikin gundumar Jomoro na Mutanen Nzema na Ghana. Ya fara karatun firamare a Beyin a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1934 kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a 1942. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin dalibi a makarantar Cocin Roman Katolika ta Half Assini na shekara guda, ya ci gaba da zuwa kwalejin malami a Kwalejin St. Augustine a 1944 kuma ya kammala takardar shaidar malamai 'A'. ==Manazarta== 9jokmy1qr2xm0e8n81yq74vudrq2ycl 859305 859302 2026-06-17T11:57:38Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Paul Alfred Kwesi Aboagye''' an hafe shi a 5 ga watan Janairun 1925 - ya rasu a19 ga watan Yunin 2001) mawaki ne na Ghana, marubuci, marubuci kuma masanin tarihin yaren Nzema <ref>http://www.eupjournals.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/afr.2001.71.3.391{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==farkon karatu== An haifi Paul Alfred Kwesi Aboagye ga marigayi Tufuhene Koame Aboagye na Nuba da kuma uwargidan Mary Bozomah Gyedu na Ebonloa a cikin gundumar Jomoro na Mutanen Nzema na Ghana. Ya fara karatun firamare a Beyin a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1934 kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a 1942. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin dalibi a makarantar Cocin Roman Katolika ta Half Assini na shekara guda, ya ci gaba da zuwa kwalejin malami a Kwalejin St. Augustine a 1944 kuma ya kammala takardar shaidar malamai 'A'. ==Manazarta== m3l3tp81tdy5cmc8r6m6b5r5tlmea5m 0 75376 859150 834643 2026-06-17T04:59:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859150 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|image=HelahKiprop-2.jpg|caption=Kiprop at the 2014 Frankfurt Marathon|birth_date={{birth-date and age|7 April 1985}}|birth_place=[[Nyeri]], Kenya|height=160 cm<ref>[https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/helah-jelagat-kiprop Helah Kiprop Jelagat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072500/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/helah-jelagat-kiprop |date= 6 August 2016 }}. rio2016.com</ref>|weight=50 kg|sport=[[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]|event=5000 m – [[marathon]]|show-medals=yes|medaltemplates={{MedalCountry|{{KEN}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|2015 Beijing]]|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's marathon|Marathon]]}}}}'''Helah Kiprop Jelagat''' (an haife shi 7 Afrilu 1985) ƙwararren ɗan tseren nesa ne [[Kenya|na Kenya]] wanda ya fafata a cikin rabin marathon da marathon . Mafi kyawunta na abubuwan da suka faru shine 1:07:39 mintuna da 2:21:27 hours, bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helah Jelagat KIPROP {{!}} Profile {{!}} iaaf.org |url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/kenya/helah-jelagat-kiprop-235928 |access-date=2018-12-24 |website=www.iaaf.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:London Marathon 2017 HELAH KIPROP (KEN) - DSC06307 (33380058274).jpg|thumb|Helah Kiprop]] Ta lashe tseren rabin Marathon na Berlin da Egmond Half Marathon da na Zwolle Half Marathon . Ita ce ta lashe gasar Marathon ta kasa da kasa a shekarar 2014 kuma ta zo na hudu a gasar Marathon na Berlin na 2013. === Farkon aiki === Kiprop ta samu nasarar farko a gasar hanyar Turai a Nogent-sur-Marne a cikin 2005, tana gudu 32:55 mintuna a tseren 10K na gida. Ta fara horo tare da GS Valsugana Trentino, wani kulob na motsa jiki a Trento, Italiya, kuma ta yi nasara a wasan rabin marathon na farko a watan Satumba na 2005, inda ta dauki matsayi na uku a babban filin wasa na Lille Half Marathon tare da lokacin mintuna 74:02. Ta yi gudun hijira a kulob din a tseren guje-guje a shekarar 2006 da 2007, amma ba ta da irin rawar da ta yi a kan tituna. <ref name="Tilas">[http://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atw.php?ID=34192&Season=2009&Odd=0 Helah Kiprop]. Tilastopaja. Retrieved on 22 March 2014.</ref> Ta lashe tseren [[Corrida di San Geminiano]] 15K a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corrida di San Geminiano |url=https://www.arrs.run/HP_SGm13.htm |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.arrs.run }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta koma Kenya a shekara ta 2008 kuma a karshen shekarar ta ci Tuskys Wareng Cross Country . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosop back from injury takes emphatic cross country win in Eldoret {{!}} NEWS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/mosop-back-from-injury-takes-emphatic-cross-c |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:2017 London Marathon - Helah Kiprop.jpg|thumb|Helah Kiprop]] Nasarar da aka samu a kan tituna a shekarar 2009. Mafi kyawun sirri na mintuna 69:29 don yin nasara a Nice Half Marathon ya sanya ta a cikin sama da arba'in don taron a waccan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Half Marathon - women - senior - all - 2009 |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/toplists/road-running/half-marathon/outdoor/women/senior/2009 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Ta yi nasara a [[Merano-Lugundo Half Marathon|Marathon Half na Merano-Lugundo]], [[Cuneo Run|Gudun Cuneo]] da 10K de la Provence a [[Marseille|Marseilles]] . <ref name="Tilas"/> Ta yi fafatawa da Meseret Mengistu a filin wasa na Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale, amma ta kare a matsayi na biyu ga abokin hamayyarta [[Itofiya|na Habasha]] . <ref>Vazel, Pierre-Jean (25 October 2009). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/astonishing-charge-brings-disi-honours-in-cas Astonishing charge brings Disi honours in Cassis]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-03-22.</ref> Kiprop ya kasance wanda ya zo na biyu a 2010, wanda ya fara a [[Alicante Half Marathon]], sannan [[Paderborner Osterlauf]], [[Hambaurg Alsterlauf]] da Singelloop Utrecht . Ta ci [[Poznan Half Marathon]] da [[Sotokoto Safari Half Marathon]], da kuma kafa mafi kyawun mintina 32:20 don lashe 10K a Oelde . Ba ta yi takara ba a 2011. <ref name="Tilas" /> Ta kai sabon matsayi a cikin 2012 kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar rabin Marathon na Berlin a cikin mintuna 68:26, dakika daya kacal a bayan Philes Ongori . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Koech and Ongori prevail in heated battles in Berlin Half {{!}} NEWS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/koech-and-ongori-prevail-in-heated-battles-in |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Nasarar a World Bangalore 10K ta biyo bayan wata daya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kipsang and Kiprop lead Kenyan double podium sweep in Bangalore {{!}} NEWS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kipsang-and-kiprop-lead-kenyan-double-podium |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> A watan Yuni ta lashe [[Zwitserloot Dak Run]] a cikin mafi kyawun mintuna 31:44 kuma ita ce ta yi nasara a tseren rabin Marathon na Zwolle . <ref name="Tilas" /> Ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amirka]] a karon farko kuma ta zo na uku a gasar Half Marathon ta Bogotá . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirui and Cherono dominate Bogotá Half Marathon {{!}} NEWS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kirui-and-cherono-dominate-bogota-half-marath |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Kusan ta uku a gasar Half Marathon na Delhi a watan Nuwamba ita ce babbar tseren hanya ta karshe a waccan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kipyego and Ayalew take honours in Delhi {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kipyego-wude-take-honours-in-delhi-report |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> === Gudun Marathon === Lokacin 2013 ya nuna nasarar samun nasara ga Kiprop yayin da ta sami sabbin zarafi na sirri kuma ta yi gudu a babbar tseren gudun fanfalaki na farko. Ta fara shekarar da nasara a Egmond Half Marathon . <ref>[https://www.arrs.run/HP_EgZHM.htm Egmond Half Marathon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126190856/https://www.arrs.run/HP_EgZHM.htm |date=2024-11-26 }}. ARRS (13 January 2014). Retrieved on 2014-03-22.</ref> Marathon Rabin Marathon na RAK ya tabbatar da cewa tseren ne mai saurin gaske, tare da mata hudu a kasa da mintuna 67 - Mafi kyawun lokacin Kiprop na 67:39 na mintuna don matsayi na shida shine mafi sauri da aka taɓa yin rikodin don irin wannan ƙaramin matsayi. <ref>Williamson, Norrie (15 February 2013). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kabuu-and-kipsang-triumph-in-high-quality-rac Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-03-22.</ref> Ta yi niyyar yin nasara a gasar rabin Marathon na Berlin, inda ta fara jagoranci, kuma ta fara kammalawa ne cikin mintuna 67:54, inda ta sauya matsayinta da Ongori daga shekarar da ta gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenyan duo Kendagor and Kiprop win Berlin Half in fast times {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kenyan-duo-kendagor-and-kiprop-win-berlin-hal |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Ayyukan da ta yi cikin sauri ya sa aka gayyace ta zuwa gasar Marathon na Berlin na 2013 kuma a cikin tserenta na farko ta yi rikodin lokacin 2:28:02 na nesa, ta ƙare a matsayi na hudu a gasar matakin farko. Fitowar da ta yi na ƙarshe a wannan shekarar ita ce ta farko [[Kochi Half Marathon|ta Kochi Half Marathon]], wanda ta yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Half Marathon Takes City by Storm |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/dec/30/half-marathon-takes-city-by-storm-557232.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Kiprop yana daga cikin jagorori a gasar rabin Marathon na RAK na shekarar 2014, amma ya fadi bayan Priscah Jeptoo wadda ta yi nasara a karshe kuma ta zo ta hudu a cikin mintuna 68:36. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desisa leads home a record eight men under one hour at RAK Half Marathon {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/lelisa-desisa-2014-rak-half-marathon |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> A Marathon na kasa da kasa na 2014 Seoul, Kiprop ya hau filin wasa a cikin nisa na al'ada a karon farko. Gudun da ta yi a cikin sa'o'i 2:27:29 ya kasance mafi kyau na sirri kuma ya isa ya kare Ashu Kasim a zangon karshe na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarso smashes personal best with 2:06:17 to win in Seoul {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/yacob-jarso-2014-seoul-international-marathon |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> Mijinta David Marus dan kasar Uganda ne ya horar da ita. A shekarar 2017 Kiprop ya fafata a gasar gudun fanfalaki a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2017 da aka gudanar a birnin Landan, inda ya zo na 7 a cikin 2:28:19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathon Women − Final − Results |url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5151/AT-MAR-W-f----.RS6.pdf |access-date=9 Aug 2017 |website=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+'''World Marathon Majors results timeline''' !World Marathon Majors !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 |- |Tokyo Marathon | - | - |2nd |1st | - |5th |- |Boston Marathon | - | - | - | - | - | |- |London Marathon | - | - | - | - |7th | |- |Berlin Marathon |4th | - | - | - | - | |- |Chicago Marathon | - | - | - | - | - | |- |New York City Marathon | - | - | - | - | - | |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{World Athletics}} * [http://volaresports.nl/athletes/helah-kiprop Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185324/http://volaresports.nl/athletes/helah-kiprop |date=2013-10-29 }} Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Volare Sports == Nassoshi == [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] nam6jwhai7pzfonbdxtymcp1ysjqio6 0 75402 858911 504735 2026-06-16T13:15:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gisela Casimiro''' (Guinea Bissau, 1984) marubuciya ce ta Portugal, mai fafutuka kuma mai fasaha. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Gisela Casimiro a Guinea-Bissau a shekara ta 1984. <ref name="Buala">{{Cite web |title=Gisela Casimiro |url=https://www.buala.org/pt/autor/gisela-casimiro |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Buala |language=pt}}</ref> <ref name="Afrolink">{{Cite web |last=Cardoso |first=Paola |title=A sua vida ainda não deu em livro? Se passar por Gisela Casimiro, talvez dê |url=https://afrolink.pt/a-sua-vida-ainda-nao-deu-em-livro-se-passar-por-gisela-casimiro-talvez-de/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Afrolink |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku, ta ƙaura zuwa Portugal, inda ta girma. <ref name="Anabela">{{Cite web |title=Gisela Casimiro – Os Filhos da Madrugada |url=https://anabelamotaribeiro.pt/gisela-casimiro-os-filhos-da-283440 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Anabela Mota Ribeiro |language=pt}}</ref> Ta karanci harshe, adabi da al'adu a Faculty of Social and Human Sciences na Jami'ar NOVA Lisbon. <ref name="Anabela" /> <ref name="Teatro">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Clube dos Poetas Vivos |url=https://www.tndm.pt/pt/calendario/clube-dos-poetas-vivos-gisela-casimiro/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Teatro Nacional D. Maria II |language=pt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pimenta |first=Samuel F. |date=15 February 2021 |title=Breve Poética: Gisela Casimiro |url=https://revistacaliban.net/breve-po%C3%A9tica-gisela-casimiro-626276165d45?gi=8002ad7510c5 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Revista Caliban |language=pt}}</ref> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar adawa da wariyar launin fata da mata, INMUNE-Instituto da Mulher Negra em Portugal, wanda Joacine Katar Moreira ya kirkira, kuma memba ne na UNA-União Negra das Artes. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipa |url=https://uniaonegradasartes.pt/equipa-2/#/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=União Negra das Artes |language=pt |archive-date=7 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907052127/https://uniaonegradasartes.pt/equipa-2/#/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Nasceu a União Negra das Artes, para defender os interesses "da negritude no sector cultural" |url=https://www.publico.pt/2021/08/03/culturaipsilon/noticia/nasceu-uniao-negra-artes-defender-interesses-negritude-sector-cultural-1972921 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Publico |language=pt}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A cikin shekarar 2022, Majalisar birnin Lisbon ta gayyaci marubuta 48 don su rubuta jumla mai nuni ga yanci, kuma Gisela Casimiro na ɗaya daga cikinsu. Sannan an zana hukunce-hukunce guda 48 a ƙasa a cikin birnin a wani ɓangare na bukukuwan cika shekaru 48 da juyin juya halin Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=Abril em Lisboa. 48 mulheres, escritoras, poetas e cantautoras, pintam o chão de Lisboa |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/abril-em-lisboa-48-mulheres-escritoras-poetas-e-cantautoras-pintam-o-chao-de-lisboa |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2023, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin baƙar fata 100 masu tasiri a cikin Lusophony, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jerin power na 100, wani yunƙuri na mujallar dijital ta ''Bantumen''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Gisela Casimiro |url=https://powerlist100.bantumen.com/2023/3551/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Bantumen |language=pt}}</ref> == Aikin da aka zaɓa == ; Fassara * ''Irmã Marginal'' (2023, Orfeu Negro) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Lançamento IRMÃ MARGINAL — SISTER OUTSIDER, de Audre Lorde |url=https://bantumen.com/agenda/lancamento-irma-marginal-sister-outsider-de-audre-lorde/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Bantumen |language=pt |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203140610/https://bantumen.com/agenda/lancamento-irma-marginal-sister-outsider-de-audre-lorde/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Waka * Erosão (2018, Urutau;  ) <ref name="Buala"/> * Estendais (2023, Editorial Caminho) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gisela Casimiro |url=https://www.wook.pt/autor/gisela-casimiro/6215410 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Wook |language=pt}}</ref> * Giz (2023, Urutau) ; wasan kwaikwayo * Casa com Árvores Dentro (2022, dir. Cláudia Semedo) <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Cláudia Semedo e Gisela Casimiro levam "Casa com Árvores Dentro" ao palco |url=https://bantumen.com/claudia-semedo-e-gisela-casimiro-levam-casa-com-arvores-dentro-ao-teatro/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Bantumen |language=pt |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213093450/https://bantumen.com/claudia-semedo-e-gisela-casimiro-levam-casa-com-arvores-dentro-ao-teatro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tari * Rio de Pérolas (2020, ed. António Martins, Ipsis Verbis) <ref name="Buala"/> <ref name="Teatro"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Livro "Rio das Pérolas" será apresentado amanhã em Macau |url=https://www.plataformamedia.com/2020/06/23/livro-de-poesia-rio-das-perolas-sera-apresentado-amanha-em-macau/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Plataforma |language=pt}}</ref> * Reconstituição Portuguesa (2022, ed. Viton Araújo and Diego Tórgo, Companhia das Letras;) == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] tdws77h45neppefnlel70ck88r72yb8 0 75576 859135 465342 2026-06-16T22:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Happy Mashiane,''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya don [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kaizer Chiefs|Kaizer Chiefs]] .<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2020 |title=Happy Mashiane honoured to represent Kaizer Chiefs |language=en-US |work=[[The South African]] |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/happy-mashiane-honoured-to-represent-kaizer-chiefs/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219094111/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/happy-mashiane-honoured-to-represent-kaizer-chiefs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Soccerway|happy-mashiane/594067}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1998]] 1mlq6sdrpjpk6l4hj2jlrav9m1zgc9h 0 76194 859268 837879 2026-06-17T11:09:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344828317|Uju Ugoka]]" 859268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ta samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 997twt8zuld4glu4qn6xshdkzr215k5 859269 859268 2026-06-17T11:10:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ta samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] dkwguc2wam1kuo9i5wsdvvf75s2kckz 859270 859269 2026-06-17T11:12:03Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uju Ugoka Ogbodo''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Najeriya na La Roche Vendée Basket Club da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/eurocupwomen/19-20/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Ta buga wasan kwando na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar kwando ta mata ta Virginia Tech Hokies. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ugoka ya koma Amurka bayan an gano shi a sansanin kwando na Hope for girls wanda [[Mobolaji Akiode]] ya shirya. Ta buga wasan farko a Kwalejin Grayson County kafin lokacin da shirin kwando na jami'ar ya rushe a shekara ta 2011, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta NJCAA All-America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bakiode |title=UJU UGOKA TURNING HOPE INTO REALITY |url=http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922145942/http://hope4girlsafrica.org/news/uju-ugoka/ |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=hope4girlsafrica.com}}</ref> Ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Gulf Coast Commodores a shekara ta biyu, ta sami maki 16.69, 8.79 rebounds da 0.93 assists. Ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yar wasan shekara da lambar yabo ta NJCAA All-America ta farko Ta koma wasan kwando na mata na Virginia Tech Hokies a shekarar 2012 don shekarunta na Junior da Senior, <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S BASKETBALL |url=https://www.njcaa.org/sports/wbkb/2011-12/div1/teams/GulfCoastStateCollege/players/UjuUgoka.html |website=njcaa.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta ta Junior, ta sami maki 12.5 da 8.5 rebounds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UJU UGOKA |url=https://hokiesports.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uju-ugoka/5896 |website=hokiesports.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na farko, ta sami maki 18.4, 9.6 rebounds da 1.2 assists a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaw/players/36555/ |website=sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ugoka ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da kungiyar Italiya ta Serie A Pallacanestro Vigarano a kakar 2014-15, ta samu maki 18.2, 11.4 rebounds da 1.7 assists a kowane wasa. Ta buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta First Bank ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015, ta kuma koma kungiyar kwallon kwallaye ta Italiya Basket Parma a shekarar 2015, inda ta samu maki 16, 14.1 rebounds da 1.8 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar [[AZS-UMCS Lublin]] ta Poland a kakar 2016-17, ta samu maki 12.6, 9.9 rebounds da 1.4 assists a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2016-17 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-Polski-Cukier-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2016-2017 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2017-18 a Poland, ta sami maki 15.6, 10.8 rebounds da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pszczolka Polski-Cukier AZS-UMCS Lublin 2017-18 Roster |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Poland/Pszczolka-AZS-UMCS-Lublin/7591?Year=2017-2018 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka basketball profile |url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Uju-Ugoka/Roche-Vendee-BC/203146 |website=basketball.eurobasket.com}}</ref> Ta koma kungiyar Ligue Féminine de Basketball ta La Roche Vendée Basket Club a watan Yunin 2018, A kakar 2018-19, ta samu maki 12.6, 6.6 rebounds da 0.9 taimako a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka (ex AZS UMCS) is a newcomer at Roche |url=https://www.afrobasket.com/Nigeria/news/535820/Uju-Ugoka- |website=afrobasket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCHE VENDÉE B.C. ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/449/roche-vendee-b-c/2018 |website=proballers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/179149/uju-ugoka |website=proballers.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == === Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙungiyar === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a shekarar 2008 inda ta samu maki 3 da sakewa 3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/6544/tid/340/tid2//_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618005927/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/6544/tid/340/tid2/_/2008_FIBA_Africa_U18_Championship_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> === Babban rukuni === Ugoka ta wakilci Najeriya a zagaye na cancanta zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta Mata ta 2009, inda ta samu maki 7, 3.2 rebounds da 0.5 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7097/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618004856/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7097/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Qualifying_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA ta mata ta shekara ta 2009, ta samu maki 7.4, 5.1 rebounds da 0.3 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka's profile 2009 FIBA Africa Champions Cup for Women |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2//sid/7115/tid//tid2//_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010955/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/pid2/sid/7115/tid/tid2/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Champions_Cup_for_Women_Final_Round/index.html |archive-date=June 18, 2016 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref> Ugoka ta wakilci tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Olympics ta duniya ta FIBA ta 2016 a Faransa, ta samu maki 5, 5 da kuma taimakawa 1 a kowane wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 FIBA Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054602/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/72220/sid/8085/tid/340/_/2016_FIBA_Women_s_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament/index.html |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |website=archive.fiba.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uju Ugoka |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/es/oqtwomen/2016/player/Uju-Ugoka |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] ksjxecn6oq5lbxwz80kfx0xq89nm2xe 0 77144 858952 616366 2026-06-16T15:49:42Z Merjoor 14653 858952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chisomo Kazisonga-Sauseng''' (an haife ta 10 Fabrairu shekarar 1985) ƴar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta ƙasar Malawi wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] da kuma na tsakiya na 1. FC Leibnitz. == Rayuwar farko == Tana da shekaru goma sha takwas, Kazisonga ta fara aikinta tare da ƙungiyar DD Sunshine ta Malawi kuma ta shiga takara a [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Malawi]] . <ref name="mw">{{Cite web |title=Chisomo bows out with grace |url=https://times.mw/chisomo-bows-out-with-grace/ |publisher=times.mw |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2023-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323082829/https://times.mw/chisomo-bows-out-with-grace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan haka, ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai don iya jagoranci. <ref name="times">{{Cite web |title=Chisomo Kazisonga leads by example |url=https://times.mw/chisomo-kazisonga-leads-by-example/ |publisher=times.mw |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516101314/https://times.mw/chisomo-kazisonga-leads-by-example/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin koleji == Kazisonga ya karanci kimiyyar wasanni a wata jami'a da ke kasar Ostiriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazisonga make headway in Europe |url=https://mwnation.com/chawinga-kazisonga-make-headway-in-europe/ |publisher=mwnation.com |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519082530/https://mwnation.com/chawinga-kazisonga-make-headway-in-europe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Bayan Malawi, Kazisonga ya taka leda a kasar [[Zimbabwe]] da Ostiriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Austrian questions Kazisonga’s omission |url=https://times.mw/austrian-questions-kazisongas-omission/ |publisher=times.mw |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818090250/https://times.mw/austrian-questions-kazisongas-omission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ta rattaba hannu a kungiyar Conduit Soccer Academy ta kasar Zimbabwe kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, kuma ta zama kyaftin din kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazisonga captains Zimbabwe side |url=https://mwnation.com/kazisonga-captains-zimbabwe-side/ |publisher=mwnation.com |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519082536/https://mwnation.com/kazisonga-captains-zimbabwe-side/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015, ta rattaba hannu kan kungiyar SV Neulengbach ta [[Austriya|Austria]], ta zama 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata ta Malawi ta biyu da ta taba taka leda a Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KAZISONGA STRIKES GOLD IN AUSTRIA |url=https://fam.mw/kazisonga-strikes-gold-in-austria/}}</ref> Bayan buga wa kungiyar farko ta kulob din wasa, ta kuma yi wa kungiyar ajiyar zuciya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New twist to Kazisonga’s Austria deal |url=https://mwnation.com/new-twist-to-kazisongas-austria-deal/ |publisher=mwnation.com |access-date=2024-04-12 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519081013/https://mwnation.com/new-twist-to-kazisongas-austria-deal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Kazisonga ta wakilci [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Malawi]] a duniya, gami da lokacin gasar COSAFA ta mata ta shekarar 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chisomo Kazisonga - Nyasa news article |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/kazisonga-join-malawi-training-camp-week/}}</ref> Ta kasance kyaftin din [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Malawi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chisomo Kazisonga - All Africa article |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201201130646.html |publisher=allafrica.com}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Kazisonga galibi tana aiki ne a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya da mai tsaron baya kuma tana iya aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na tsakiya, matsayin da ta taka lokacin da take wasa da ƙungiyar ajiyar SV Neulengbach.<ref name="malawi">{{Cite web|url=https://malawi24.com/2015/11/05/chisomo-kazisonga-shining-in-austria/|title=Chisomo Kazisonga shining in Austria|publisher=malawi24.com}}</ref> An kuma san ta da iya yanke shawara a cikin wasa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kazisonga yayi aure. <ref name="mw"/> == Magana == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] r4e8uhcrh8h5nsgemm1pc1gnscq29iz 0 77603 859273 502305 2026-06-17T11:15:39Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The law and practice as to references - and the powers and duties of referees, with numerous forms (IA cu31924022785277).pdf|thumb|Marany meyer]] '''Marany Meyer,''' an [[Hailee Steinfeld|haife]] ta a [[Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya|ranar]] 5 ga [[Wata|watan]] Afrilu na shekara ta 1984) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce da [[New Zealand]] (tun daga shekara ta 2009) ta zama mace ta kasa da kasa. == Tarihin rayuwa == A shekara ta 2000, Marany Meyer ta lashe gasar zakarun matasa ta Afirka ta Kudu ga 'yan mata. Ta wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta Duniya a kungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban. A shekara ta 2000, Marany Meyer ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta duniya ta hanyar buga kwallo kuma a zagaye na farko ya ci Nino Gurieli amma a zagaye ya biyu ya rasa Almira Skripchenko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2000 FIDE Knockout Matches : World Chess Championship (women) |url=https://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/a0wo$wix.htm |website=www.mark-weeks.com}}</ref> Daga baya Marany Meyer ta koma New Zealand kuma tun daga shekara ta 2009 tana wakiltar wannan ƙasar a gasar chess. Marany Meyer ta buga wa Afirka ta Kudu da New Zealand wasa a gasar Olympics ta mata:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/playersw/i4uiuyqd.html|title=OlimpBase :: Women's Chess Olympiads :: Marany Meyer|website=www.olimpbase.org}}</ref> * A shekara ta 2000, ga Afirka ta Kudu, a kwamitin na biyu a gasar Olympics ta 34 (mata) a [[Istanbul]] (+4, =2, -5), * A cikin 2012, ga New Zealand a kwamitin ajiya a cikin 40th Chess Olympiad (mata) a Istanbul (+4, =2, -3), * A cikin 2014, ga New Zealand, a kwamitin na biyu a cikin 41st Chess Olympiad (mata) a Tromsø (+4, =2, -3). == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] lgtapmquczouqptioxx96k6zv2234rq 0 80472 859177 587223 2026-06-17T06:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hiyam Qablan''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1956) wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hiam Kablan''', mawakiyace ta [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]] kuma marubuciyar gajeren labari. == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Qablan a ƙauyen Isfiya, ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar ƙauyen; don makarantar sakandare ta tafi Nazarat, inda ta halarci Makarantar Franciscan Sisters. A Jami'ar Haifa ta yi karatun tarihi da ilimi. Tana zaune a Daliyat al-Karmel, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin [[Larabci]]. An fassara wasu waƙoƙinta zuwa [[Ibrananci]]; ta kuma rubuta wani shafi na yau da kullun, "Ala ajnihat al-rish" ("A kan Fuka-fukan Fuka-Fuka"), a cikin ''al-Sinnara'' . Ta wallafa kundin ayoyi da gajeren labari, wanda ya fara da ''Amal 'ala al-durub'' (Hops on the Roads) a shekara ta dubu. Tana halartar bukukuwan waka a kai a kai, gami da wanda aka gudanar a [[Sde Boker College|Kwalejin Sde Boker]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lev-Ari |first=Shiri |date=26 November 2007 |title=Desert Devotees |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/desert-devotees-1.233993 |access-date=19 December 2017 |publisher= |via=Haaretz |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105227/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/desert-devotees-1.233993 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 615ft95s91atd59t2whdboyv5hzt7au 0 80595 859129 645800 2026-06-16T22:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hannan Abu-Hussein''' (a cikin Larabci: حنان أبو حسين; an haife shi a shekara ta 1972 a Umm-El-Fahem ) yar' yar wasan gani [[Falasdinawa|ta Falasdinu]] ce kuma malama. An kuma san ta don fasahar shigarwa da fasahar bidiyo. Abu-Hussein yana [[Jerusalem|Kudus]] ne. [[Fayil:Hannan_Abu_Hussein.jpg|right|thumb]] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hannan Abu-Hussein a shekara ta 1972 a garin Umm al-Fahm a matsayin 'yar auta a cikin 'yan uwa huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-10 |title=Hannan Abu-Hussein hopes to bring about positive change |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/hannan-abu-hussein-hopes-to-bring-about-positive-change-610516 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi karatun fasaha a Kwalejin Max Stern Yezreel Valley (1992-1995){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">abubuwan da ake buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> kuma sun sami BFA daga Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem (1995-1999). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannan Abu-Hussein |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/hannan-abu-hussein/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da karatunta, inda ta sami difloma a cikin Gudanar da Gudanar da Cibiyoyin Fasaha daga Jami'ar Tel Aviv (2000-2001) da difloma a digiri na biyu a ceramics a Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem (2001 – 2003) da kuma MA a tarihin fasaha daga Jami’ar Ibrananci (ya kammala karatun 2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannan Abu-Hussein |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/hannan-abu-hussein/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}</ref> Abu-Hussein kuma yana da takardar shedar malami a fannin ilimin fasaha daga [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Hebrew]] (2002); difloma a koyarwar rukuni daga Jami'ar Tel Aviv (2012-2013); kuma ya karanci fasahar Isra'ila a Kwalejin Tel Aviv-Yafo (2015).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} == Sana'a == Aikin Abu-Hussein ya samo asali ne daga zalunci da kuma kebe mata a cikin al’ummarta, waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance sakamakon kasancewar wasu tsirarun addini da na kasa. Sana’ar Abu-Hussein ta nazarci matsayin mata a cikin dukkan al’ummomin kakanni, la’akari da batutuwa kamar cin zarafin mata, matsayin jinsi na gargajiya, mutuncin iyali, da ma’anar gida. Kwamitin bayar da lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Matasa Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta bayyana ta a matsayin "Mai fasaha mai hankali da rashin fahimta wacce ke amfani da zarge-zargen hotuna da suka shafi takamaiman halaye da suka shafi matsayin mata a al'adun Larabawa." Shekaru da yawa Abu-Hussein yana nazarin fale-falen bene na gida (balatot) tare da yin amfani da siminti a matsayin wani muhimmin abu. A cikin nunin shekara ta 2019 na "Gwargwadon Jiki" a Gidan Tarihi na Haifa na Haifa, alal misali, shigarwar mai zanen ya ƙunshi amfani da brassieres da aka gyara a cikin simintin simintin gyare-gyare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannan Abu-Hussein: Body Fragments |url=http://www.hma.org.il/eng/Exhibitions/6259/Hannan_Abu-Hussein%3A_Body_Fragments |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Haifa Museums - Six Museums in One Frame |language=en}}</ref> "Concrete shine sifa ta tsakiya wanda ke da mahimmanci ga aikin Abu-Hussein kuma wanda ke haɗa shi. Abu ne mai wuyar gaske, wanda ke haɗuwa da ra'ayoyi kamar gini, kwanciyar hankali, rashin daidaituwa, iyakoki, ganuwar, gidaje. An haɗa simintin tare da abubuwa na mata da hotuna don haka haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin kayan aiki da ra'ayoyi. Monuments da ke da zafi, prickly, m, m, m, da kuma gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai, da 'yancin kai, da kuma gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai." Shirley Meshulam ta rubuta wacce ta shirya wasan kwaikwayon Abu-Hussein mai suna “Deep Breath” a Grand Art Gallery a Haifa. "Kayan da ta yi amfani da su suna da sauƙi, kai tsaye da kuma karfi. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikinta suna haifar da yanayi mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke ƙarfafa mai kallo ya kasance a kusa da su amma a lokaci guda ya hana shi haifar da jin tsoro", rubuta alƙalai na Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa a cikin kundin shekara ta 2010. Tun a shekara ta 2002 Abu-Hussein ta fara gwaji da bidiyo, wanda ya zama mafi mahimmanci ga aikinta. A cikin kalaman Aida Nasrallah, "bidiyo a matsayin kayan aiki yana ba ta damar duba iyakoki na al'adu da batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, tare da nazarin bangarori daban-daban na zalunci - al'adu, zamantakewa, jinsi, matsayi da siyasa ” Studio na Abu-Hussein yana cikin Sabon Gallery Artist Studios a Teddy Stadium a Jerusalem. Baya ga aikinta na fasaha, Abu-Hussein tana aiki a matsayin malami a sashen matasa a gidan tarihi na Isra'ila da kuma makarantar samar da maza da ke unguwar Isawiya a birnin Kudus. == Girmamawa == * 2014: Kyautar Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Wasanni don fasahar filastik * 2012: Kyautar Littafin Mawaƙi, Mifal Hapais Scholarship * 2011: Babbar Malami Award, Ma'aikatar Ilimi * 2010: Kyautar Ƙarfafa Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙiri, Ma'aikatar Ilimi * 2004: Kyautar Mawaƙin Matasa, Ma'aikatar Ilimi * 2002: Asusun Heinrich Boell * 2000-2002: Asusun Isra'ila na Amurka don Fitaccen Mawaƙi * 1998-2000: Asusun Isra'ila na Amurka don Fitaccen Mawaƙi == Solo nune-nunen == * 2014: "'Yanci na ɗan lokaci", Barbur Gallery, Urushalima. * 2014: "Dutsen Zurfi", Grand Art Gallery, Haifa. * 2009: "Broken", Comme il Faut, Tel Aviv. * 2008: "Karƙashin Tile", Gallery Office, Tel Aviv. * 2008: "Samt el frashat", Bet Ahoti Gallery, Tel Aviv. * 2007: "Sharp Cover", David Yellin Gallery, Urushalima. * 2006: "Daweer", Levontine Gallery, Tel Aviv. * 2003: “Miƙe”, Antia Gallery, Urushalima. == Nunin ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa == * 2024: "Sabuwar Duniya: Mata Su Kalli 2024", Gidan Tarihi na Mata a Fasaha, Washington, DC, Amurka * 2017: "Babu Wuri Kamar Gida", Gidan Tarihi na Isra'ila, Urushalima. * 2016: "Alegory", The Artists' House, Tel Aviv. * 2015: "Masu nasara", Tel Aviv Museum, Tel Aviv. * 2014: "Triangle na Chicago", Gidan Tarihi na Haifa, Haifa. * 2013: "'Yar Sihiyona, da Keɓewar Mata a Urushalima", Gidan Mawaƙi, Urushalima. * 2012: "Re: Visiting Rockefeller", Rockefeller Museum, Urushalima. * 2012: "Spring 2012", Mecca Gallery, NJ. * 2011: "An Ƙirƙiri Kyautar Ƙarfafawa", Gidan Tarihi na Ramat Gan, Ramat Gan. * 2010: "Kwalayen Resonance", Gidan Tarihi na Rubin, Tel Aviv. * 2010: "Labarun Yara", Whitebox, Munich. * 2010: "Hakkokin Mata & Excision", Moissy Cramayel Gallery, Paris. * 2009: “Urushalima, Surface, Karaya”, Gidan Mawaƙi, Urushalima. * 2009: "Pieces", Comme il-Faut Gallery, Tel Aviv. * 2009: "Art Emergency", Artneuland, Berlin. * 2009: "Al'adun azabtarwa, azabtarwa a cikin Al'adu", Artneuland, Berlin. * 2008: "Fil(s) De Me`more", Zukunftslabor Galerie, Stuttgart, Jamus. * 2008: "Raum für Bidiyo / Space don Bidiyo", Figge Von Rosen Galerie, Berlin. * 2008: "Momire de l' Avenir", Cite' International des Art, Paris. * 2008: "Language & Gender", Artneuland, Berlin. * 2007: "Fita Bari", Comme il faut Gallery, Tel Aviv. * 2007: "Desert Generation", Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Amsterdam. * 2006: "Artneuland", Berlin. * 2006: "Daga toka zo wurina", Khalil El Skakni Gallery, Ramallah. * 2006: "Sabon Yankuna", Bruges, Belgium. * 2006: "Goge", Bloomfield Science Museum, Urushalima. * 2006: "Bayar da Sasantawa", Gidan Tarihi na Ramat Gan, Ramat Gan. * 2005: "Lieu Commun", Main D'Oeuvres Gallery, Paris * 2005: "Nuna raunin ku", Kunsthaus Dresden, Jamus. * 2005: "Sakamakon Matasa Mawaƙa", Gidan Tarihi na Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv. * 2005: "Beauty da Littafi", Isra'ila Museum, Urushalima. * 2005: "Tafiya akan Qwai", Gidan Tarihi na Ashdod, Ashdod. * 2003: "Triannual", Museum of Modern Art, Haifa. == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Tattaunawa da Hannan Abu-Hussein a gidan yanar gizon Van Leer a cikin [http://forum.vanleer.org.il/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F/ Larabci/Hibranci] {{Webarchive}} . * "Hannan Abu-Hussein: Body Fragments", on Haifa Museum of Art [http://www.hma.org.il/eng/Exhibitions/6259/Hannan_Abu-Hussein%3A_Body_Fragments Website] . * [https://www.unmarkedbody.com/abu-hussein/ "Jikin da ba a yiwa alama ba"] . * "Hannan's Monologue", in [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.4889221 Haaretz online]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Feb 26, 2003. * "Yadda mata ke amfani da fasaha da tsageru don yakar cin zarafin jinsi a Isra'ila", [https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/161137-171125-israeli-arab-artist-uses-art-to-fight-gender-based-violence shafin yanar gizon I24 News.] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] gkgr84cavvnkkux81tdpaxthzh0ov84 0 80994 859071 538963 2026-06-16T20:18:29Z ~2026-35294-98 46055 859071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Margaret Hamilton - restoration.jpg|thumb|software engineer]] [[Fayil:Software engineer woman.jpg|thumb|injiniyar software]] [[Fayil:Nintendo Software Technology 2024.svg|thumb|nintendo software ]] injiniya na software shine hanyar injiniya don Ci gaban da gyran na software.<ref name="BoDu04">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Abran|Moore|Bourque|Dupuis|2004}}</ref><ref name="ACM 2020">{{Cite web |last=ACM |year=2007 |title=Computing Degrees & Careers |url=http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=12 |access-date=2010-11-23 |publisher=ACM}}</ref>Wasu masu gyra, wanda ake kira '''Injiniyan [[software]]''', yana amfani da Tsarin ƙirar injiniya don gyran software da haɓaka ta. Kalmomin ''mai tsarawa'' da mai tsarawa sun mamaye ''Injiniyan software'', amma suna nuna kawai fasalin gini na aikin injiniyan software na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Programmers: Stop Calling Yourselves Engineers |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/11/programmers-should-not-call-themselves-engineers/414271/ |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sinfi.jp/ProductsDetail/360.html SINFI]</ref> Injiniyan software yana amfani da Tsarin ci gaban software, <ref name="BoDu04">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Abran|Moore|Bourque|Dupuis|2004}}</ref> wanda ya suka haɗa da ma'anar ta aiwatar da ita gwajin ta gudanar da ita kiyaye tsarin software da kuma kirkirar tsarin ci gaban Software din da kanta. ==Manazarta== d1p30pi2aggx7yvtkzzrh1d4ng8o5ij 0 81376 859078 784585 2026-06-16T20:22:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakkin mantawa ('''RTBF''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaas |first=Lisa |date=25 September 2019 |title=Google wins landmark case: Right to be forgotten only applies in EU |url=https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2019/09/25/google-wins-landmark-case-right-to-be-forgotten-only-applies-in-eu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123021621/https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2019/09/25/google-wins-landmark-case-right-to-be-forgotten-only-applies-in-eu/ |archive-date=2021-01-23 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Naked Security}}</ref>) shine haƙƙin samun bayanan sirri game da mutum da za a cire daga binciken Intanet da sauran kundin adireshi a wasu yanayi. Batun ya samo asali ne daga sha'awar mutane don "ƙayyade ci gaban rayuwarsu ta hanyar cin gashin kanta, ba tare da an nuna musu ba ko kuma lokaci-lokaci sakamakon wani takamaiman aikin da aka yi a baya".<ref name="mantelero">{{Cite journal |last=Mantelero |first=Alessandro |year=2013 |title=The EU Proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation and the roots of the 'right to be forgotten' |url=http://porto.polito.it/2506410/ |journal=Computer Law & Security Review |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=229–235 |doi=10.1016/j.clsr.2013.03.010}}</ref>:{{Rp|231}} Hakkin yana ba da damar mutum ya sami bayanai game da su don haka ba za a iya gano shi ta wasu ba, musamman ta hanyar injunan bincike.<ref name="weber">{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Rolf H. |year=2011 |title=The right to be forgotten: more than a Pandora's Box? |url=https://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-2-2-2011/3084 |journal=Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law |volume=2 |pages=120–130 |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304024351/https://www.jipitec.eu/issues/jipitec-2-2-2011/3084 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Rp|121}} Wadanda suka goyi bayan haƙƙin da za a manta da shi sun nuna bukatarsa saboda batutuwan kamar shafukan batsa na fansa da nassoshi ga ƙananan laifuka da suka gabata da suka bayyana a cikin jerin injin bincike don sunan mutum. Babban damuwa shine yiwuwar tasirin da ba daidai ba wanda irin wannan sakamakon zai iya yi a kan sunan mutum na kan layi har abada idan ba a cire shi ba. Wadanda ke adawa da haƙƙin damuwa game da tasirinsa akan haƙƙin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da kuma ko ƙirƙirar haƙƙin da za a manta da shi zai haifar da raguwar ingancin [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]], tantancewa, da sake rubuta tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayes |first=Tessa |date=2014-05-21 |title=We have no right to be forgotten online |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/mar/18/forgotten-online-european-union-law-internet |access-date=2014-08-09 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Hakkin da za a manta da shi ya bambanta da [[Ƴancin sirri|haƙƙin sirri]]. Hakkin sirri ya ƙunshi bayanan da ba a sani ba a fili, yayin da haƙƙin da za a manta da shi ya haɗa da soke damar jama'a ga bayanan da aka sani a fili a wani lokaci.<ref name="weber"/>{{Rp|122}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crovitz |first=L. Gordon |date=2010-11-15 |title=Crovitz: Forget any 'Right to Be Forgotten' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704658204575610771677242174 |access-date=2014-08-09 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Amincewa da iko == === Argentina === [[Argentina]] ta yi karar da fitattun mutane suka yi a kan [[Google]] da [[Yahoo!]] inda masu shigar da kara suka bukaci a cire wasu sakamakon bincike, kuma suna buƙatar cire hanyoyin haɗi zuwa hotuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-21 |title=La Justicia Argentina Sobreseyó a Adriana Noreña, Directora General de Google |url=http://www.infotechnology.com/internet/La-Justicia-argentina-sobreseyo-a-Adriana-Norea-presidente-de-Google.hmtl-20120604-0005.html |access-date=2014-08-09 |publisher=Infotechnology.com |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034901/http://www.infotechnology.com/internet/La-Justicia-argentina-sobreseyo-a-Adriana-Norea-presidente-de-Google.hmtl-20120604-0005.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar, wanda mai zane Virginia da Cunha ya kawo, ya haɗa da hotunan da aka ɗauka da izinin ta kuma aka ɗora su da izininta, duk da haka ta yi zargin cewa sakamakon binciken bai dace da hotunan ta da batsa ba.<ref>Carter, Edward L. "Argentina's Right to Be Forgotten." ''Emory International Law Review''. 27 (2013): pg 23.</ref> Shari'ar De Cunha ta sami nasarar farko wanda ya haifar da injunan bincike na Argentina ba su nuna hotuna na wani shahararren ba, duk da haka, wannan shawarar tana kan roko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-05 |title=Search engines not responsible for content |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/139989/ |access-date=2014-08-09 |website=Buenos Aires Herald}}</ref> Virginia Simari, alƙalin da ke goyon bayan De Cunha, ya bayyana cewa mutane suna da 'yancin sarrafa hotonsu da kuma hana wasu daga "kamawa, sakewa, watsawa, ko buga hoton mutum ba tare da izini ba".<ref name="Carter">{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Edward |date=January 2013 |title=Argentina's Right to be Forgotten |url=http://law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-27/issue-1/recent-developments/argentinas-right-to-be-forgotten.html |journal=Emory International Law Review |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=23}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Simari ya yi amfani da wata takarda da Julio César Rivera, lauya, marubuci, kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a ya rubuta "yancin sarrafa bayanan mutum ya haɗa da haƙƙin hana wasu yin amfani da hoton mutum. " <ref name="Carter" /> Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Argentina ta kasance wani ɓangare na motsi na bayanan habeas wanda "ya ɗauki tanadin kundin ''Tsaro'' mulki wanda shine wani ɓangare na 'yancin gwamnati-bayani da kuma wani ɓangare na dokar sirri. " <ref name="Carter" /> An san sigar su da Amparo. Mataki na 43 <ref name="Carter" /> ya bayyana shi: "Kowane mutum zai shigar da wannan aikin don samun bayanai game da kansa da manufar su, rajista a cikin bayanan jama'a ko bayanan bayanai, ko kuma a cikin masu zaman kansu da aka nufa don samar da bayanai; kuma idan akwai bayanan ƙarya ko nuna bambanci, ana iya shigar da wannan mataki don neman murkushewa, gyarawa, sirri ko sabunta bayanan da aka ambata. "<ref name="Carter"/> Argentina's efforts to protect their people's right to be forgotten has been called "the most complete"{{by whom|date=August 2020}} because individuals are able to correct, delete, or update information about themselves. Overall, their information is bound to remain confidential. === China === A cikin 2016, wata kotun kasar Sin a Beijing ta ki amincewa da wata hujja game da haƙƙin manta da shi lokacin da alƙali ya yanke hukunci a madadin Baidu a cikin karar da aka shigar game da cire sakamakon bincike.:: 140  Ita ce ta farko daga cikin irin waɗannan shari'o'in da za a ji a kotun kasar Sin.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sixth Tone |date=2016-05-05 |title=Chinese Have No Right to Be Forgotten, Court Rules |url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/chinese-have-no-right-be-forgotten-court-rules |access-date=2016-05-23 |website=Sixth Tone |archive-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604123807/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/chinese-have-no-right-be-forgotten-court-rules |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin karar, Ren Jiayu ya kai karar injin binciken kasar Sin Baidu kan sakamakon binciken da ya danganta shi da ma'aikacin da ya gabata, Wuxi Taoshi Biotechnology . <ref name=":Zhang" />:: 140  Ren ya yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar sanya sakamakon bincike, Baidu ya keta haƙƙin sunansa da haƙƙin suna, dukansu an kare su a ƙarƙashin dokar kasar Sin.<ref name=":6" /> Saboda wadannan kariya, Ren ya yi imanin cewa yana da damar mantawa da shi ta hanyar cire waɗannan sakamakon bincike.<ref name=":6" /> Kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan Ren, tana mai da'awar sunansa tarin haruffa ne na yau da kullun kuma a sakamakon haka sakamakon binciken ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin da suka dace.<ref name=":6" /> Kotun ta bayyana sakamakon bincike a matsayin binciken tsaka-tsaki wanda ya dogara da algorithm kuma ya bayyana cewa riƙe irin wannan bayanin ya zama dole ga jama'a.<ref name=":Zhang" /> : 140 : 140  === Tarayyar Turai === Dokokin kariya na bayanai na Turai ba su aiwatar da "dama da za a manta da shi" ba, amma iyakantaccen "dama ga sharewa [bayanai]". Bambance-bambance game da ra'ayin haƙƙin da za a manta da shi sun wanzu a Turai shekaru da yawa, gami da: * A cikin Ƙasar Ingila akwai ra'ayin, wanda aka magance misali ta hanyar Dokar Rehabilitation of Offenders Act na 1974, cewa bayan wani lokaci ana "yi amfani da laifuka da yawa", ma'ana cewa bai kamata a yi la'akari da bayanai game da mutumin da aka ambata ba yayin samun inshora ko neman aiki. * A Faransa le droit à l'oubli (dama da za a manta da shi) <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=14 May 2014 |title=Explaining the 'right to be forgotten' – the newest cultural shibboleth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/14/explainer-right-to-be-forgotten-the-newest-cultural-shibboleth |website=The Guardian}}</ref> an kafa shi a cikin Dokar Faransa a cikin 2010. Ra'ayoyi game da haƙƙin manta da su sun bambanta sosai tsakanin Amurka da ƙasashen EU. A Amurka, samun dama, haƙƙin 'yancin magana bisa ga Kwaskwarimar Farko, da kuma "yancin sani" galibi ana son su fiye da cirewa ko ƙara wahalar samun damar bayanan da aka buga da gaskiya game da mutane da kamfanoni. Kodayake kalmar "yancin da za a manta da shi" sabon ra'ayi ne, Kotun Shari'a ta Turai ta tabbatar da cewa "yancin a manta da su" haƙƙin ɗan adam ne lokacin da suka yi hukunci a kan Google a cikin shari'ar Costeja a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2014. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynskey |first=Orla |date=May 2015 |title=Control over Personal Data in a Digital Age: Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja Gonzalez. |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/61944/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Lynskey%2C%20O_Control%20personal%20data_Lynskey_Control%20personal%20data_2015.pdf |journal=Modern Law Review |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=522–534 |doi=10.1111/1468-2230.12126 |s2cid=143317787 |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315195457/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/61944/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Lynskey,%20O_Control%20personal%20data_Lynskey_Control%20personal%20data_2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yana tayar da tambayoyi game da iyakokin aikace-aikace a cikin iko sun haɗa da rashin iya buƙatar cire bayanan da kamfanoni a waje da iko ke da su. Babu wani tsari na duniya don ba da damar mutane su mallaki hoton su na kan layi. Koyaya, Farfesa Viktor Mayer-Schönberger ya yi jayayya cewa Google ba zai iya tserewa daga bin dokar Faransa ba ta aiwatar da shawarar Kotun Turai a cikin 2014, yana nuna cewa Amurka da sauran ƙasashe sun daɗe suna riƙe da cewa dokokin yankin suna da "sakamakon waje". A cikin 1995, [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta karɓi Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Turai (Directive 95/46/EC) don tsara sarrafa sarrafa bayanan mutum.<ref>Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. EU Directive 1995.</ref> Wannan yanzu an dauke shi wani bangare na dokar kare hakkin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitrou |first=Lilian |last2=Karyda |first2=Maria |year=2012 |title=EU's Data Protection Reform and the right to be forgotten—A legal response to a technological challenge? |journal=5th International Conference of Information Law and Ethics |pages=29–30 |ssrn=2165245}}</ref> Sabuwar Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Turai tana ba da kariya da keɓancewa ga kamfanonin da aka jera a matsayin kamfanonin "kafofin watsa labarai", kamar jaridu da sauran ayyukan jarida. Koyaya, Google da gangan ya zaɓi daga rarraba shi a matsayin kamfanin "kafofin watsa labarai", saboda haka ba a kare kamfanin ba. Alƙalai a cikin Tarayyar Turai sun yanke hukuncin cewa saboda kamfanin duniya, Google, mai tarawa ne kuma mai sarrafa bayanai ya kamata a rarraba shi a matsayin "mai kula da bayanai" a ƙarƙashin ma'anar umarnin kariya ta bayanai na EU. Wadannan "masu kula da bayanai" ana buƙatar su a ƙarƙashin dokar EU don cire bayanan da "ba su dace ba, ba su da mahimmanci, ko kuma ba su da dacewa", suna mai da wannan umarni na muhimmancin duniya.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> A cikin Mataki na 12 na Umurnin 95/46/EC EU ta ba da tushe na doka ga kariya ta Intanet ga mutane.<ref name="mantelero"/>:{{Rp|233}} A cikin 2012 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bayyana daftarin Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Turai don maye gurbin umarnin, wanda ya haɗa da takamaiman kariya a cikin haƙƙin da za a manta da shi a cikin Mataki na 17.<ref>European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and On the Free Movement of Such Data ([[General Data Protection Regulation]]). 2012/0011 (COD). Article 17. Right to be forgotten and To Erasure</ref> An maye gurbin haƙƙin da za a manta da shi da iyakantaccen ''haƙƙin sharewa'' a cikin Mataki na 17 na sigar GDPR wanda Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta karɓa a watan Maris na 2014 kuma wanda ya zama dokar Tarayyar Tarayyar a watan Afrilu na 2016. Don yin amfani da haƙƙin mantawa da neman cirewa daga injin bincike, dole ne mutum ya kammala fom ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon injin bincike. Tsarin neman cirewa na [[Google]] yana buƙatar mai nema ya gano ƙasar da suke zaune, bayanan sirri, jerin URL ɗin da za a cire tare da ɗan gajeren bayani, kuma - a wasu lokuta - haɗe da ganewar doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Privacy Removal |url=https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/legal-removal-request?complaint_type=rtbf&visit_id=637264162986382812-1359959225&rd=1 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> Mai nema yana karɓar imel daga Google yana tabbatar da buƙatar amma dole ne a tantance buƙatar kafin a amince da ita don cirewa. Idan an amince da buƙatar, bincike ta amfani da sunan mutum ba zai sake haifar da abubuwan da ke bayyana a cikin sakamakon bincike ba. Abubuwan da ke ciki sun kasance a kan layi kuma ba a goge su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=How Google's New "Right To Be Forgotten" Form Works: An Explainer |url=http://searchengineland.com/google-right-to-be-forgotten-form-192837 |website=Search Engine Land |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308160126/https://searchengineland.com/google-right-to-be-forgotten-form-192837 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an cika buƙata, ƙungiyar cire su ta sake duba buƙatar, suna la'akari da "yancin mutum na sirri game da haƙƙin jama'a na sani", suna yanke shawara idan shafin yanar gizon "ba shi da isasshen, ba shi da mahimmanci ko kuma ba shi da dacewa, ko kuma ya wuce gona da iri dangane da dalilan da aka sarrafa su".<ref name="Brindle">{{Cite web |last=Brindle |first=Beth |date=4 March 2015 |title=How can Google forget you? |url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-can-google-forget-you.htm |access-date=22 May 2015 |website=How Stuff Works}}</ref> Google ta kafa Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta furofesoshi daban-daban, lauyoyi, da jami'an gwamnati daga ko'ina cikin Turai don samar da jagororin ga waɗannan yanke shawara. Koyaya, tsarin sake dubawa har yanzu asiri ne ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. Ba a saki jagororin da masu kula da EU suka kafa ba har zuwa Nuwamba 2014, amma Google ya fara daukar mataki a kan wannan da wuri fiye da haka, wanda (bisa ga wani marubuci) ya ba su damar "sanya fassarar zuwa ga iyakokinsu".<ref name="Powles and Chaparro" /> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, malamai tamanin sun yi kira ga karin gaskiya daga Google a cikin wasika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiss |first=Jemima |date=14 May 2015 |title=Dear Google: open letter from 80 academics on 'right to be forgotten' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/14/dear-google-open-letter-from-80-academics-on-right-to-be-forgotten |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Fom ɗin ya nemi mutane su zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 28 da suka kafa Tarayyar Turai, da Iceland, [[Liechtenstein]], Norway, da [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Removal Request Under Data Protection Law in Europe |url=https://support.google.com/legal/contact/lr_eudpa?product=websearch |access-date=22 May 2015 |website=Google}}</ref> "Fam ɗin yana bawa mutum ko wani wanda ke wakiltar mutum damar sanya buƙata" don cire duk wani URL ɗin da aka yi imanin ya zama keta sirrin mutum. Ba tare da la'akari da wanda ke gabatar da fom ɗin ba, wasu nau'ikan ganewar hoto na mutumin da ake gabatar da fom din dole ne su kasance. Wannan yana nufin zama hujja cewa mutumin da aka yi masa buƙata ya yarda da shi. Idan Google ya ki amincewa da bukatar cire kayan, Turawa na iya yin kira ga hukumar kare bayanai ta gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=27 June 2014 |title=Google removing 'right to be forgotten' search links in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/26/google-removing-right-to-be-forgotten-links |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya zuwa Mayu 2015, Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Burtaniya ta magance irin waɗannan korafe-korafe 184 kuma ta soke shawarar Google a cikin kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na waɗannan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Alexander J. |title='Right to be forgotten' festers as ICO and Google come to blows |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/05/14/ico_google_clash_right_to_be_forgotten/ |website=The Register}}</ref> Idan Google ya kasa bin shawarar Hukumar Kare Bayanai, zai iya fuskantar matakin shari'a. A watan Yulin 2014, a farkon matakan kokarin Google na bin hukuncin kotun, masana shari'a sun yi tambaya ko fitar da Google da aka yada a ko'ina na wasu labaran labarai sun keta Dokokin Kare Bayanai na Burtaniya da EU, tunda a aiwatar da Dokokin, ana buƙatar Google don auna lalacewar ga mutumin da ke yin buƙata game da duk wani sha'awar jama'a a cikin bayanan da ke akwai. Google da gaske ya yarda cewa wasu daga cikin sakamakon binciken da aka cire, wanda ya shafi labaran da ke da sha'awar jama'a, ba daidai ba ne, kuma ya dawo da hanyoyin haɗin mako guda bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drummond |first=David |date=10 July 2014 |title=We need to talk about the right to be forgotten |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/10/right-to-be-forgotten-european-ruling-google-debate |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Masu sharhi kamar Charles Arthur, editan fasaha na ''The Guardian'', da Andrew Orlowski na The Register sun lura cewa ba a buƙatar Google ya bi buƙatun cirewa kwata-kwata, saboda yana iya tura buƙatun ga kwamishinan bayanai a cikin ƙasar da ta dace don yanke shawara da ke la'akari da fa'idodin sha'awar jama'a da haƙƙin mutum.<ref name="Arthur" /><ref name="whydoit" /> Google yana sanar da shafukan yanar gizo waɗanda ke da URLs da aka cire, kuma kungiyoyin labarai daban-daban, kamar BBC, sun buga jerin abubuwan da aka cire. An ambaci sunayen masu korafe-korafe a cikin sharhin labarai game da waɗannan abubuwan. A watan Agustan 2015 Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Burtaniya ta ba da umarnin tilasta wa Google ya cire wasu daga cikin waɗannan labaran kwanan nan daga binciken sunan mai shigar da kara, bayan Google ya ki yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=20 August 2015 |title=Google ordered to remove links to 'right to be forgotten' removal stories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/20/google-ordered-to-remove-links-to-stories-about-right-to-be-forgotten-removals |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Google ya bi bukatar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Transparency Report. European privacy requests for search removals |url=https://www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/europeprivacy/?hl=en |access-date=10 September 2015 |website=Google}}</ref> Wasu masana kimiyya sun soki kungiyoyin labarai da Google saboda halayensu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powles |first=Julia |date=July 2015 |title=Why the BBC is wrong to republish 'right to be forgotten' links |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/01/bbc-wrong-right-to-be-forgotten |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boiten |first=Eerke |date=24 August 2015 |title=Privacy watchdog takes first step against those undermining right to be forgotten |url=http://theconversation.com/privacy-watchdog-takes-first-step-against-those-undermining-right-to-be-forgotten-46495 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2015, Google ba zato ba tsammani ya bayyana bayanai game da delinkings cewa "ya nuna 95% na buƙatun sirri na Google daga 'yan ƙasa ne don kare bayanan sirri da masu zaman kansu - ba masu laifi ba, 'yan siyasa da jama'a. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tippmann |first=Sylvia |last2=Powles |first2=Julia |date=14 July 2015 |title=Google accidentally reveals data on 'right to be forgotten' requests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/14/google-accidentally-reveals-right-to-be-forgotten-requests |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Wannan ɓarkewar bayanai ya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga Google yayin da jama'a suka nuna fushin su da tsoro game da bayanin da aka bayyana kwanan nan. Kodayake masu aikata laifuka, 'yan siyasa, da kuma jama'a ne kawai suka yi 5% na buƙatun, abubuwan da aka cire sune suka haifar da tsoro mafi yawa. Musamman, buƙatar ɗaya don cire bayanai ta fito ne daga likitan Burtaniya wanda ke neman a cire hanyoyin haɗi 50 akan hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da suka gabata. Google ya amince da cire sakamakon bincike guda uku dauke da bayanan kansa.<ref name=":2" /> Jama'a sun nuna fushin su suna cewa za'a iya amfani da cire irin wannan bayanin don magudi kuma zai iya haifar da mutane marasa laifi da ke yanke shawara mara kyau. Google ya amsa fushin jama'a ta hanyar cewa lokacin da suke cire abun ciki suna la'akari da haƙƙin mutum da na jama'a.<ref name=":2" /> Tarayyar Turai tana ba da shawara ga bayanan da 'yan EU suka nema da Google ya aiwatar da su ba kawai a cikin sassan Turai na Google ba (kamar yadda yake a google.co.uk, google.fr, da dai sauransu), amma a google.com da sauran sassan duniya. Masu tsarawa suna son a aiwatar da ƙididdigar don kada a kauce wa doka ta kowace hanya. Google ya ki amincewa da bukatar Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Faransa ta yi amfani da haƙƙin a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=30 July 2015 |title=Google says non to French demand to expand right to be forgotten worldwide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/30/google-rejects-france-expand-right-to-be-forgotten-worldwide |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Saboda wani bangare na kin bin shawarar kwamitin kula da sirri Google ya zama batun binciken shekaru hudu na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU wants 'right to be forgotten' applied globally |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/eu-wants-right-to-be-forgotten-applied-globally/ |website=CNET |publisher=CBS Interactive}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2015, Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Faransa ta yi watsi da roko na Google.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Samuel |date=21 September 2015 |title=French data regulator rejects Google's right-to-be-forgotten appeal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/21/french-google-right-to-be-forgotten-appeal |access-date=23 September 2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Faransa ta yi kira ga kotunan EU da su nemi mataki a kan Google saboda rashin cirewa a cikin sabobin duniya. A watan Satumbar 2019 Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar ta, ta gano cewa ba a buƙatar Google ya cire kan shafukan yanar gizo na waje ga Tarayyar Tarayyar, yana kammala cewa "A halin yanzu, babu wani wajibi a ƙarƙashin dokar Tarayyar EU, don mai ba da sabis na injiniyar bincike wanda ke ba da buƙatar cirewa da wani batun bayanai ya yi ... don aiwatar da irin wannan cirewa akan duk nau'ikan injin binciken sa. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chee |first=Foo Yun |date=24 September 2019 |title=Google wins landmark case limiting 'right to be forgotten' to Europe |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-alphabet-privacy/google-wins-right-to-beforgotten-fight-with-france-idUSKBN1W90R5?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews |access-date=24 September 2019 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2019 |title=Press Release No112/19 |url=https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2019-09/cp190112en.pdf |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=Court of Justice of the European Union}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2015, shafin da aka fi sani da shi shine ''www.facebook.com'' . Uku daga cikin shafukan yanar gizo na Google, ''groups.google.com'', plus.google,com da ''www.youtube.com'' suna daga cikin shafuka goma da aka fi sani.<ref name=":0"/> Baya ga Google, Yahoo da Bing sun kuma samar da siffofi don yin buƙatun delinking. A watan Satumbar 2019, Kotun Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa Hakkin Mantuwa bai shafi waje da kasashe membobinta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corfield |first=Gareth |title=EU court rules Right To Be Forgotten doesn't apply outside member states |url=https://www.theregister.com/2019/09/24/eu_court_justice_right_to_be_forgotten_ruling/ |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> Hukuncin ya nuna cewa Google ba dole ba ne ya share sunayen mutane daga dukkan sassan kasa da kasa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, alƙalai a Luxembourg sun kara fadada haƙƙin da za a manta da shi a cikin shari'ar [https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?nat=or&mat=or&pcs=Oor&jur=C%2CT%2CF&num=C-460%252F20&for=&jge=&dates=&language=en&pro=&cit=none%252CC%252CCJ%252CR%252C2008E%252C%252C%252C%252C%252C%252C%252C%252C%252C%252Ctrue%252Cfalse%252Cfalse&oqp=&td=%3BALL&a C-460/20 TU, RE vs Google LLC]. Wannan shari'ar ta danganta da manajoji biyu na ƙungiyar kamfanonin saka hannun jari, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a 'de-referenced' labarai guda uku marasa kyau daga sakamakon injin bincike na Google, yayin neman sunayensu. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa bayanin da aka gabatar a cikin labaran ba daidai ba ne, wanda ya haifar da tambaya ko masu aikin injiniyar bincike suna buƙatar bincika daidaito na bayanin. Bugu da ƙari, masu neman sun buƙaci cewa hotunan da ke nuna su a kan hotuna na samfoti - ko ƙananan yatsunsu - yayin gudanar da bincike, ya kamata a cire su. A cikin wannan hukunci Kotun Turai ta amince da bukatar masu nema. Ana buƙatar masu aiki da injin bincike kamar Google don cire bayanan da suka dace, idan mutumin da ke neman cirewa ya gabatar da shaidar 'da ta dace da isasshen' wanda zai iya tabbatar da bukatarsa, kuma ta haka ne ya nuna rashin daidaito na bayanin da aka samu (sashi. 72). Ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin dole ne a yi kimantawa mai zaman kanta, amma ainihin wannan tunani ya shafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gstrein |first=Oskar Josef |year=2022 |title=The Right to be Forgotten in 2022-Luxembourg judges keep surfing the legislative void |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/rtbf-2022/ |journal=Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional |language=en |doi=10.17176/20221220-121718-0 |access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref> Har ila yau, ikon Turai na bayanai ya wuce iyakokinta zuwa ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da "cikakken" kariya. Misali, canja wurin bayanai na Turai zuwa ƙasashe masu rauni yana da iyaka, wanda ya haifar da kamfanoni kamar [[Google]] da [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] don kafa cibiyoyin bayanai na Turai don keɓewa daga Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Abraham |date=Jan 2015 |title=What the "right to be forgotten" means for privacy in a digital age |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaa4603 |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6221 |pages=507–508 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa4603 |pmid=25635090}}</ref> ==== Caselaw a Spain ==== A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Kotun Turai ta yanke hukunci a kan [[Google]] a Costeja, wani shari'ar da wani Mutanen Espanya, Mario Costeja González, ya kawo, wanda ya nemi a cire hanyar haɗi zuwa wani labarin da aka ''Tsaro'' a cikin jaridar La Vanguardia game da siyarwa ga gidansa da aka rufe, don bashin da ya biya daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powles |first=Julia |date=15 May 2014 |title=What we can salvage from 'right to be forgotten' ruling |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-05/15/google-vs-spain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516024112/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-05/15/google-vs-spain |archive-date=16 May 2014 |access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=Wired.co.uk}}</ref> Da farko ya yi ƙoƙari ya cire labarin ta hanyar gunaguni ga Hukumar kare bayanai ta [[Ispaniya|Spain]], wanda ya ki amincewa da da'awar a kan dalilin cewa doka ce kuma daidai, amma ya yarda da korafi game da Google kuma ya nemi Google ya cire sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solon |first=Olivia |date=13 May 2014 |title=People have the right to be forgotten, rules EU court |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-05/13/right-to-be-forgotten-ruling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514071400/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-05/13/right-to-be-forgotten-ruling |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Wired.co.uk |publisher=Conde Nast Digital}}</ref> Google ta kai karar a cikin Audiencia Nacional (Babban Kotun Kasa) na Spain wanda ya tura jerin tambayoyi ga Kotun Turai. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a Costeja cewa injunan bincike suna da alhakin abubuwan da suke nunawa kuma ta haka ne, ana buƙatar Google ta bi dokokin sirrin bayanai na EU. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2014 |title=EU court backs 'right to be forgotten' in Google case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27388289 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2014 |title=EU court rules Google must tweak search results in test of 'right to be forgotten' |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/eu-court-google-must-tweak-search-results-right-to-be-forgotten/ |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> A ranar farko ta bin sa kawai (Mayu 30, 2014), Google ta karɓi buƙatun 12,000 don cire cikakkun bayanai na sirri daga injin binciken sa. ==== Caselaw a Jamus ==== A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2009, lauyoyin Wolfgang Werlé wanda - tare da Manfred Lauber - aka yanke masa hukunci da kisan kai Walter SedlmayrWalter Sedlmayr class="cx-link" data-linkid="153" href="./Wikimedia_Foundation" id="mwAQI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Gidauniyar Wikimedia da wasika ta dakatar da neman a cire sunan Werlé daga labarin Wikipedia na Turanci Walter Sedl Mayr, suna ambaton hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya na 1973 wanda ke ba da damar murkushe sunan mai laifi a cikin asusun labarai da zarar an sake shi daga tsare. A baya, Alexander H. Stopp, lauyan Werlé da Lauber, ya lashe hukunci a kotun Jamus, a madadin Lauber, a kan Gidauniyar Wikimedia. <ref name="nyt" /> A cewar Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier, lauyoyin Werlé sun kuma kalubalanci mai ba da sabis na Intanet a [[Austriya|Austria]] wanda ya buga sunayen masu kisan da aka yanke musu hukunci. Wikimedia ta kasance a Amurka, inda Kwaskwarimar Farko ke kare [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki a Amurka|'yancin magana]] da' yancin manema labarai. A Jamus, doka tana neman kare sunan da kamannin mutane masu zaman kansu daga tallace-tallace da ba a so. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, wata kotun da ke [[Hamburg]] ta goyi bayan haƙƙin mutum na Werlé, wanda ta hanyar dokar Jamus ya haɗa da cire sunansa daga tarihin shari'ar. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2009, [[New York Times|The New York Times]] ta ruwaito cewa Wolfgang Werlé yana da shari'ar da ke jiran [[Wikimedia Foundation|Gidauniyar Wikimedia]] a kotun Jamus. Editocin labarin Wikipedia na Jamusanci game da Sedlmayr sun cire sunayen masu kisan, wanda tun daga wannan lokacin aka mayar da shi ga labarin. ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta lura cewa karar ta haifar da Tasirin Streisand, haɓakar tallace-tallace don shari'ar da ta haifar da matakin shari'a. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2009, Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayya Jamus (Bundesgerichtshof) a Karlsruhe ta yanke hukuncin cewa shafukan yanar gizo na Jamus ba dole ba ne su bincika tarihin su don samar da kariya ta dindindin na haƙƙin mutum ga masu laifi da aka yanke musu hukunci. Wannan shari'ar ta faru ne bayan an sami sunayen 'yan uwan a shafin yanar gizon Deutschlandradio, a cikin wani labarin tarihi wanda ya fara ne daga watan Yulin 2000. Alkalin da ke jagorantar taron Gregor Galke ya bayyana cewa "Wannan ba takardar shaidar ba ce", kuma ya bayyana cewa an yi la'akari da haƙƙin farfado da masu laifi. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2019, kotun kundin tsarin mulki ta Jamus a Karlsruhe ta yanke hukuncin cewa mai kisan kai na Jamus Paul Termann yana da damar mantawa da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2019 |title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Entscheidungen - Auch bei gleichzeitiger Geltung der Unionsgrundrechte prüft das Bundesverfassungsgericht primär die deutschen Grundrechte *** Online-Pressearchive können zu Schutzvorkehrungen gegen die zeitlich unbegrenzte Verbreitung personenbezogener Berichte durch Suchmaschinen verpflichtet sein |url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2019/11/rs20191106_1bvr001613.html}}</ref> ==== Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Gaba ɗaya ==== Shirin Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Turai ta 2012 Mataki na 17 ya ba da cikakken bayani game da "dama da za a manta da shi kuma a share shi". Ta hanyar Mataki na 17 mutane waɗanda aka ba da bayanan da suka dace da su damar "samun daga mai kula da share bayanan sirri da suka shafi su da kuma gujewa daga ci gaba da watsa irin waɗannan bayanan, musamman dangane da bayanan sirri waɗanda batun bayanan ya ba su samuwa yayin da yake yaro ko kuma inda bayanan ba su da mahimmanci don manufar da aka tattara shi, batun ya janye izini, lokacin ajiya ya ƙare, bayanan da ke ƙarƙashin sarrafawa ba ya cika da sauran ka'idoji. " <ref name="europa1" /> Tarayyar Turai ta bayyana "masu kula da bayanai" a matsayin "mutane ko ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke tattara da sarrafa bayanan sirri".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-26 |title=Who can collect and process personal data? - Justice |url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/data-collection/index_en.htm |access-date=2014-08-09 |publisher=Ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dokar Tsaro ta Bayanai ta Tarayyar Turai tana buƙatar masu kula da bayanai waɗanda aka sanar da su cewa mutum ya nemi a share duk wani haɗin kai ko kwafin bayanai dole ne "yi duk matakan da suka dace, gami da matakan fasaha, dangane da bayanan da mai kula ke da alhakin, don sanar da wasu waɗanda ke sarrafa irin wannan bayanan, cewa batun bayanai yana buƙatar su share duk wani hanyar haɗi zuwa, ko kwafin ko sake maimaita wannan bayanan sirri. Inda mai kula ya ba da izinin buga bayanan sirri na ɓangare na uku, mai kula zai ɗauki alhakin wannan littafin. A cikin halin da ake ciki cewa mai kula da bayanai ba ya ɗaukar duk matakan da suka dace to za a ci su tarar sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2014 |title=European Parliament gives overwhelming backing to new EU data protection laws |url=http://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2014/march/european-parliament-gives-overwhelming-backing-to-new-eu-data-protection-laws/ |access-date=2014-08-09 |publisher=Out-law.com}}</ref> An yi tsammanin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da shawarwarin a karatun farko a zaman Plenary na Afrilu 2013".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2014 |title=EUROPA - Press Releases - Press release - Data Protection Day 2014: Full Speed on EU Data Protection Reform |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-60_en.htm |access-date=2014-08-09 |publisher=Europa.eu}}</ref> Hakkin da za a manta da shi an maye gurbinsa da iyakantaccen haƙƙin sharewa a cikin sigar GDPR da Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta karɓa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baldry |first=Tony |author-link=Tony Baldry |last2=Hyams |first2=Oliver |date=15 May 2014 |title=The Right to Be Forgotten |url=http://1essexcourt.wordpress.com/2014/05/15/the-right-to-be-forgotten/ |publisher=1 Essex Court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2014 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2014-0212&language=EN |publisher=[[European Parliament]]}}</ref> Mataki na 17 ya ba da cewa batun bayanai yana da damar neman share bayanan sirri da ke da alaƙa da shi a kan kowane dalili ciki har da rashin bin doka da Mataki na 6.1 (doka) wanda ya haɗa da shari'a (f) inda bukatun halal na mai kula ya mamaye abubuwan da ke cikin sha'awa ko haƙƙoƙi na asali da 'yanci na batun wanda ke buƙatar kariya ga bayanan sirri (duba kuma Costeja). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet on the 'Right to be Forgotten' ruling (case C-131/12) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/files/factsheets/factsheet_data_protection_en.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> ==manazarta== [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lp6yem4ytl7y5fqmn33c47dfklrfuq2 0 81635 859043 609515 2026-06-16T19:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hagir S. Elsheikh''' 'yar ƙasar Sudan 'yar rajin kare hakkin ɗan Adam ce, 'yar kasuwa, marubuciya, ma'aikaciyar jinya. Ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar sa-kai ta Tomorrow Smile Inc. kuma ita ce mai mallakar HSE Staffing Agency LLC. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hagir Elsheikh a shekara ta 1977 a wani ƙaramin ƙauyen Tandalti na ƙasar Sudan, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Binda |first=Larry |date=2017-09-29 |title=Never Settled: Hagir Elsheikh may have finally found a home, but that doesn't mean she's stopped moving. |url=https://theburgnews.com/in-the-burg/never-settled-hagir-elsheikh-may-have-finally-found-a-home-but-that-doesnt-mean-shes-stopped-moving |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=TheBurg |language=en-US}}</ref> inda mahaifinta ya kasance mataimakin likita. Aikin mahaifinta yana nufin dangin sau da yawa suna yin balaguro suna raba kayansu ga wasu, kuma daga ƙarshe sun ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Sudan [[Khartoum]]. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ta girma a ƙarƙashin Shari'ar Musulunci tana nufin cewa an tauye hakkin Elsheikh tun tana ƙarama kuma a lokacin da ta kusa balaga ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata masu fafutuka da suka yi magana a bainar jama'a ga [[Democratic Forefront|jam'iyyar Democrat]]. Saboda ra'ayoyinta, ana yawan tsare Elsheikh da duka. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Coley |first=Shiloah |date=2022-07-07 |title=Finding where the sky meets the sand with TASSC board member Hagir Elsheikh |url=http://blog.phillipscollection.org/2022/07/07/finding-where-the-sky-meets-the-sand-with-tassc-board-member-hagir-elsheikh/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Phillips Collection |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro sun taɓa rataye ta a jikin bishiya suka yi mata duka na tsawon sa’o’i 10, sannan suka bar gawarta da jini a kofar gidanta. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, sojojin gwamnati sun ci gaba da tsare ta tare da azabtar da ita tare da fasa mata kai da karfe.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da azabtarwa, da kuma gano ta a hannun gwamnatin sojan [[Omar al-Bashir|Omar Hassan al-Bashir]], Elsheikh ta tsere daga Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=Israel and US Jews should support democracy in Sudan |url=https://www.washingtonjewishweek.com/israel-and-us-jews-should-support-democracy-in-sudan/ |website=Washington Jewish Week}}</ref> Tayi sabon aure da haɗe da samun juna biyu ta isa ƙasar Masar inda ta nemi izinin zama 'yar gudun hijira.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sana'a == Bayan ta samu satifiket din CNA, Hagir ta ci gaba da karatu har ta ci gaba da zama ma’aikaciyar jinya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekara ta 2013, ta kafa HSE Staffing Agency, LLC, hukumar kula da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ke hidima ga duk [[Pennsylvania]]. HSE tana ba da ma'aikatan jinya, haɗin gwiwar kiwon lafiya, da aiwatar da ayyukan gaba tare da yawancin manyan asibitocin Commonwealth da wuraren kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Hagir: A Social Advocate and Business Leader |url=https://www.hacc.edu/Admissions/Testimonials/meet-hagir-a-social-advocate-and-business-leader.cfm |website=Harrisburg Area Community College |language=en}}</ref> Elsheikh ta kuma kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Tomorrow's Smile, Inc. wacce ke da nufin yaki da tashin hankalin cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Transforming Societies: The Global Fight for Human Rights |url=https://global.upenn.edu/perryworldhouse/event/women-transforming-societies-global-fight-human-rights |website=University of Pennsylvania |language=en |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2024-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422162111/https://global.upenn.edu/perryworldhouse/event/women-transforming-societies-global-fight-human-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hagir kuma tana zaune a kan kwamitoci da yawa kuma tana ba da gudummawar lokacinta da albarkatunta tare da ƙungiyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da HACC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees |url=https://www.hacc.edu/AboutHACC/CollegeLeadership/Board-of-Trustees.cfm |website=Hacc.edu}}</ref> Central Penn Community College, Coci World Service, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Contacts |url=https://cwslancaster.org/about-us/our-staff/ |website=Church World Service |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129221545/https://cwslancaster.org/about-us/our-staff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar Babban yanki akan Rashin Gida, YWCA, Pennsylvania Alliance Against Human Trafficking, TASSC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://www.tassc.org/team |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International |language=en-US}}</ref> da Ƙungiyar Pennsylvania ta Ƙarfafa Rikicin Cikin Gida. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Kyautattuka == * Jaridar Kasuwancin Penn ta Tsakiya Woman of Influence, 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-04-05 |title=2017 Women of Influence A-G |url=https://www.cpbj.com/2017-women-of-influence-a-g/ |website=Central Penn Business Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mace mai daraja ta [[Pennsylvania]], 2018 <ref>[https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=PDF&sessYr=2017&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=R&billNbr=1091&pn=4059 HOUSE RESOLUTION No. 1091]</ref> * GCU Hall of Fame, 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larrison |first=Ashlee |date=February 27, 2019 |title=GCU Hall of Famer survived and then thrived |url=https://news-staging.gce-labs.com/gcu-news/gcu-hall-of-famer-survived-and-then-thrived/ |website=GCU News |access-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-date=November 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103182117/https://news-staging.gce-labs.com/gcu-news/gcu-hall-of-famer-survived-and-then-thrived/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Larrison |first=Ashlee |date=March 4, 2019 |title=Inductees honored, inspired at Hall of Fame ceremony |url=https://news-staging.gce-labs.com/gcu-news/hall-of-fame-leaves-inductees-honored-inspired/ |website=GCU News }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * PennLive Godiya ga Shugabannin Baƙar fata <ref>{{Cite web |last=DeJesus |first=Ivey |date=2021-02-17 |title=Honoring a journey: Pa. woman goes from political refugee to award-winning CEO, advocate, mentor |url=https://www.pennlive.com/news/2021/02/honoring-a-journey-from-political-refugee-to-award-winning-ceo-advocate-mentor.html |website=The Patriot-News |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 207vlpsgfmwiqkntsg1rturcqp4vygk 0 84406 858943 840089 2026-06-16T14:52:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858943 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Infobox person | name = Grace Alache Jerry | citizenship = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Mai fafutuka akan hakkin Dan Adam, beauty pageant, Mawakiya. | awards = Miss wheelchair Nigeria }} '''Grace Alache Jerry''' 'yar Najeriya ce [[Fafutukar hakkin nakasasu|mai fafutukar nakasassu]], mai ba da shawara kan hakkin dan adam, mawakiya kuma sarauniya mai kyau wacce aka ba ta kyautar Miss Wheelchair Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title=NPR profiles precinct Yali fellow Grace Jerry on her disability advocacy work in Nigeria |url=https://presidentialprecinct.org/npr-profiles-precinct-yali-fellow-grace-jerry-on-her-disability-advocacy-work-in-nigeria/ |website=Presidential Precinct }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jerry ita ce babban darakta na Inclusive Friends Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of trustees |url=http://inclusivefriends.org/board-of-trustees/ |access-date=30 August 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gida da waje da [[Najeriya]]. Ta kasance memba na Mandela Washington Fellow acikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2015 kuma [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya girmama ta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya masu nakasa]] 9t8hq6iyuo2lxbt7bd0gfp3oyeqh097 0 92899 859147 677460 2026-06-17T04:36:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Heather Hardy''' (an haife ta a watan Janairu 25, 1982) tsohuwar ƙwararreiyar ƴar damben Amurka ce kuma gauraya mai fasaha . A damben boksin, ta rike taken WBO featherweight daga shekara ta 2018 zuwa shekara ta 2019. Ita kuma mai horarwa ce, tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Brooklyn, [[New York (birni)|New York]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Superstorm Sandy Brings One Family Closer |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/01/03/168455299/hurricane-sandy-brings-one-family-closer |access-date=August 25, 2016 |website=NPR.org}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Meet Heather "The Heat" Hardy: Pro Boxer and Single Mom |url=https://www.yahoo.com/beauty/meet-heather-the-heat-hardy-pro-boxer-and-116046909453.html |access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Why You Should Root For Rising Boxing Star Heather Hardy |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/11970844/why-root-rising-boxing-star-heather-hardy |access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Heather Hardy a ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, 1982, ga John da Linda Hardy <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Heather Hardy Doesn't Back Down from Any Fight {{!}} VICE Sports |url=https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/heather-hardy-doesnt-back-down-from-any-fight |access-date=August 25, 2016 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919105928/https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/heather-hardy-doesnt-back-down-from-any-fight |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ƴar asalin Irish ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heather Hardy Doesn't Back Down from Any Fight |url=http://fightland.vice.com/blog/heather-hardy-doesnt-back-down-from-any-fight |website=Fightland |access-date=2025-02-13 |archive-date=2015-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212073427/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/heather-hardy-doesnt-back-down-from-any-fight |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm a Fighter |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/22407787/heather-hardy-fighter-own-words |website=ESPN}}</ref> Tana da kanne biyu, Kaitlyn da Colin. Hardy ta auri masoyiyarta a makarantar sakandare a 2004, amma bayan wasu lokuta masu wuya biyun sun sake aure a 2010. <ref name=":5"/> Hardy ta girma a Gerritsen Beach a Kudancin Brooklyn. Yayin da take makaranta, Hardy ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin wasannin motsa jiki, tana fatan zama mace ta farko da ta fara buga wasan New York Yankees. Hardy ta ci gaba da girma a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Kwalejin John Jay na Shari'a a Manhattan. <ref name=":7"/> Ta sauke karatu tana da shekara 22. == Aikin dambe == Heather ta fara wasan dambe ne a shekara ta 2010 sa’ad da ta shiga tsaka mai wuya a rayuwarta: tana yin ayyuka dabam-dabam don tallafa wa ’yarta, ’yar’uwarta, da ƙaninta kuma ta kammala rabuwa da mijinta da ba zai biya kuɗin tallafin yara ba. A cikin makonni uku na horo, Hardy, 'yar shekara 28, rookie, ta yi fafatawa ta farko a gaban matsakaitan masu sauraro a Long Island, kuma ta yi nasara. Duk da cewa fadanta na farko don wasa ne kawai, hakan ya taimaka mata ta gano cewa dambe ita ce ta kira. Game da lokacinta na farko a cikin zobe, Hardy ya ce "Ina jin kunya ta yanayi, don haka tafiya zuwa zobe yana kama da zuwa ɗakin gas. Wataƙila ina ƙara yawan yawan jama'a, amma ina jin kamar ina cikin Macy's Parade. Lokacin da na isa kusurwa na, wani dan uwan ya gaya mani in yi kama da cewa an jefar da tiger a cikin zobe kuma na fitar da wata yarinya kawai. A karo na farko a rayuwata, na ji kamar wani abu ne nawa, tun lokacin, ina da sha'awar doke duniya har yanzu haka. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta fara lashe wasu kambun kickboxing da Muay Thai. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Heather Hardy's long struggle for women's boxing finally pays off with TV bout |url=http://boxingjunkie.usatoday.com/2016/08/19/heather-hardy-struggle-womens-boxing-pays-off-tv-bout/ |access-date=August 25, 2016 |website=Boxingjunkie}}</ref> An lura da ƙudurinta da sha'awarta ba da daɗewa ba lokacin da ta kama idon ƙwararren mai horarwa wanda ya ba ta damar yin horo a Gleason's Gym. Hardy ta fara girma cikin farin jini a fagen dambe kuma nan da nan ta zama sananne saboda tsayin daka da jajircewarta a ciki da waje. Game da abin da wasu ke tunani game da shahararta, cikin izgili ta ce "Eh dama, wace ce wannan 'yar farar farar fata mai ƙwanƙwasa? Sun san ni da sauri saboda na fara jakin jaki". Duk da sabon shahararta, Hardy ya kasance mai tawali'u; Har yanzu ana iya samun ta tana sayar da tikiti kafin yakinta da horar da abokan cinikinta a Gleason. <ref name=":11" /> A cikin 2016, Hardy ya sami babban ci gaba ga damben mata ta hanyar saukar da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin akan NBCSN akan Shelly Vincent. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2016 |title=espnw - Heather Hardy and Shelly Vincent bring women's boxing back to national stage |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/17366705/espnw-heather-hardy-shelly-vincent-bring-women-boxing-back-national-stage |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Espn.com}}</ref> === Serrano vs Hardy === Hardy ya kalubalanci [[Amanda Serrano]] na WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO, IBO, da ''The Ring'' mace featherweight lakabin duniya a babban taron Jake Paul da Nate Diaz a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2023. Hardy ya yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nate Diaz Drops Decision To Jake Paul In Boxing Debut |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/nate-diaz-drops-decision-to-jake-paul-in-boxing-debut/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Jitsmagazine}}</ref> == Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha == === Invicta Fighting Championship === An shirya Hardy don yin ƙwararriyar MMA ta farko da Brieta Carpenter a Invicta FC 21 . Sai dai an soke fafatawar saboda rauni da kafinta ya samu. === Bellator MMA === Hardy ta yi ƙwararriyar MMA ta halarta a karon a Bellator 180 a fafatawar da ta yi da Alice Yauger a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2017, a Lambun Madison . [1] Ta ci nasarar yakin ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na uku. Hardy ya fuskanci Kristina Williams a gasar ajin gardama a Bellator 185 . Ta sha kashi ne ta hanyar TKO sakamakon dakatar da likita a zagaye na biyu bayan bugun kai da Williams ya yi mata ya farfasa mata hanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Bryan |title=Bellator 185 Results: Mousasi vs. Shlemenko |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2017/10/20/16506698/bellator-185-results-mousasi-vs-shlemenko |website=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Hardy ya fuskanci Ana Julaton a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2018, a Bellator 194 . Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. Hardy ya fuskanci Taylor Turner a Bellator 222 a kan Yuni 14, 2019. Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar zagayen farko na TKO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-15 |title=Bellator 222 results: Taylor Turner smothers, mauls Heather Hardy for first-round TKO |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/06/bellator-222-results-taylor-turner-tko-heather-hardy |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2021, an sanar da cewa ba ta cikin kwangila da Bellator. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=Bellator parts ways with 18 fighters: Daniel Straus, Tywan Claxton, Liam McGeary included |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/bellator-release-daniel-straus-tywan-claxton-18-fighters |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> == dambe-kwankwasa == === Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship === An shirya Hardy za ta fara fafatawarta da Jarumar Flyweight na Mata na BKFC Christine Ferea a wasan bantamweight a babban taron BKFC 61 a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=BKFC 61 marks New England debut as Heather Hardy crosses over vs. Christine Ferea |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/bkfc-61-marks-england-debut-013036736.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401073811/https://sports.yahoo.com/bkfc-61-marks-england-debut-013036736.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, saboda rauni da aka samu, an kawar da fadan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Damon |date=April 25, 2024 |title=Christine Ferea vs. Heather Hardy no longer happening at the BKFC 61 event on May 11. Injury delays that one. |url=https://twitter.com/DamonMartin/status/1783206453714780291 |access-date=April 25, 2024 |website=Damon Martin of MMAFighting.com on X}}</ref> Ta hanyar sakon Instagram a watan Mayu 2024, Hardy ta bayyana cewa ta fice daga wasan da aka shirya saboda tana da "lalacewar kwakwalwa da yawa" wanda ke nuna cewa aikinta ya kare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Damon |date=2024-05-06 |title=Heather Hardy reveals career likely over due to ‘too much brain damage’ |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2024/5/6/24150545/heather-hardy-reveals-career-likely-over-due-to-too-much-brain-damage |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai daga baya sun bayar da rahoton yin murabus daga wasannin fada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Bohn and MMA Junkie Staff |date=2024-11-17 |title=2024 MMA retirement tracker: A list of those who hung up the gloves |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/2024-ufc-bellator-mma-retirement-tracker-champions-women-legends-contenders |access-date=2024-11-17 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref> == A cikin kafafen yada labarai == Bayan daukakarta, Hardy ta kasance muryar dagewa ga damben mata. A shekara ta 2013, jim kadan bayan da aka ayyana wasan damben mata a matsayin abin wasa a gasar Olympics ta birnin Landan na shekarar 2012, wata daraktar fina-finai mai zaman kanta mai suna Natasha Verma ta yi tsokaci kan batun gibin albashin jinsi a fagen dambe ta fim dinta mai suna "Hardy". <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=18-year-old Victorian produces independent film about boxing, women's fight - Victoria Advocate |url=https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2013/apr/16/jo_natasha_verma_041713_206938/ |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919004614/https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2013/apr/16/jo_natasha_verma_041713_206938/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi hira da Hardy game da abubuwan da ta samu kuma ta yi magana game da yadda take canza yanayin wasan da maza suka mamaye gabaɗaya. <ref name=":6" /> A cikin 2016, Hardy ya haɗu tare da Dove akan kamfen ɗin su na #MyBeautyMySay. == Ƙwararrun rikodin dambe == {{BoxingRecordSummary|draws=|nc=1|ko-wins=4|ko-losses=|dec-wins=20|dec-losses=3|dq-wins=|dq-losses=}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes |- |28 |{{No2}}Loss |24–3 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |[[Amanda Serrano]] |UD |10 |Aug 5, 2023 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|American Airlines Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|For [[List of WBA female world champions#Featherweight|WBA]], [[List of WBC female world champions#Featherweight|WBC]], [[List of IBF female world champions#Featherweight|IBF]], WBO, [[List of IBO female world champions#Featherweight|IBO]], and [[List of The Ring female world champions#Featherweight|''The Ring'' female featherweight titles]]}} |- |27 |{{yes2}}Win |24–2 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Taynna Cardoso |MD |6 |Feb 23, 2023 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Sony Hall, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |26 |{{yes2}}Win |23–2 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Calista Silgado |UD |6 |Oct 13, 2022 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Sony Hall, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |25 |{{No2}}Loss |22–2 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Jessica Camara |UD |8 |May 14, 2021 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Embassy Suites Nashville SE, [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee]], U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |24 |{{No2}}Loss |22–1 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |[[Amanda Serrano]] |UD |10 |Sep 13, 2019 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Madison Square Garden Theater, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Lost WBO female featherweight title;<br>For vacant [[Women Boxing Archive Network|WBAN]] and WBC [[Interim championship|interim]] female featherweight title}} |- |23 |{{yes2}}Win |22–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Shelly Vincent |UD |10 |Oct 27, 2018 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Madison Square Garden Theater, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of WBO female world champions#Featherweight|WBO female featherweight title]]}} |- |22 |{{yes2}}Win |21–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Iranda Paola Torres |UD |8 |Apr 21, 2018 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won [[North American Boxing Federation|NABF female featherweight title]]}} |- |21 |{{yes2}}Win |20–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Edina Kiss |UD |8 |May 18, 2017 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Paramount Theater, Huntington, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC International female featherweight title}} |- |20 |{{yes2}}Win |19–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Edina Kiss |UD |8 |Mar 4, 2017 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC International female featherweight title}} |- |19 |{{yes2}}Win |18–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Shelly Vincent |MD |10 |Aug 21, 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Ford Amphitheater, Coney Island, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC International female [[featherweight]] title}} |- |18 |{{yes2}}Win |17–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Kirstie Simmons |UD |8 |Jun 25, 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |17 |{{yes2}}Win |16–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Anna Donatella Hultin |TKO |4 (8) {{Small|0:48}} |Apr 16, 2016 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |16 |{{yes2}}Win |15–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Noemi Bosques |UD |8 |Dec 5, 2015 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |15 |{{yes2}}Win |14–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Renáta Dömsödi |RTD |6 (10), {{Small|2:00}} |Aug 1, 2015 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC International female super bantamweight title}} |- |14 |{{yes2}}Win |13–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Noemi Bosques |SD |8 |May 29, 2015 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |13 | style="background:#DDD" |{{Abbr|NC|No contest}} |12–0 (1) | style="text-align:left;" |Renáta Dömsödi |NC |3 (8), {{Small|1:57}} |Apr 11, 2015 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Barclays Center, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Retained WBC International female super bantamweight title}} |- |12 |{{yes2}}Win |12–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Elizabeth Anderson |UD |10 |Dec 13, 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|BB Kings Blues Club & Grill, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |11 |{{yes2}}Win |11–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Crystal Hoy |MD |10 |Oct 15, 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|BB Kings Blues Club & Grill, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of current WBC International champions|WBC International female super bantamweight title]]}} |- |10 |{{yes2}}Win |10–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Jackie Trivilino |TD |7 (8) |Jun 14, 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Roseland Ballroom, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |9 |{{yes2}}Win |9–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Nydia Feliciano |UD |8 |Mar 21, 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Aviator Sports Complex, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |8 |{{yes2}}Win |8–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Christina Fuentes |SD |8 |Feb 12, 2014 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Roseland Ballroom, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |7 |{{yes2}}Win |7–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Ana Laura Gomez |TKO |2 (10) {{Small|1:44}} |Nov 9, 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Aviator Sports Complex, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Won vacant [[List of boxing organisations#Worldwide organisations|UBF International super bantamweight title]]}} |- |6 |{{yes2}}Win |6–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Cassie Trost |TKO |4 (6) {{Small|1:30}} |Jul 24, 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Roseland Ballroom, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |5 |{{yes2}}Win |5–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Mikayla Nebel |UD |6 |Apr 4, 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Roseland Ballroom, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |4 |{{yes2}}Win |4–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Peggy Maerz |UD |4 |Jan 23, 2013 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|BB Kings Blues Club & Grill, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |3 |{{yes2}}Win |3–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Ivana Coleman |UD |4 |Dec 8, 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Resorts World Casino, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |2 |{{yes2}}Win |2–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Unique Harris |UD |4 |Oct 24, 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Roseland Ballroom, New York City, New York, U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |1 |{{yes2}}Win |1–0 | style="text-align:left;" |Mikayla Nebel |UD |4 |Aug 2, 2012 | style="text-align:left;" |{{Small|Roseland Ballroom, [[New York City, New York]], U.S.}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- |} == Mixed Martial Art Records == {{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=|ko-wins=1|ko-losses=2|sub-wins=|sub-losses=|dec-wins=1|dec-losses=|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 48pelszv3vv6glql17v9wtlkbkdessi 0 93088 859232 586631 2026-06-17T09:53:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Feminist Hulk ('''@feministhulk''') wani asusun [[Twitter]] ne wanda aka rubuta daga hangen nesa na mace mai suna Hulk, jarumi mai suna Marvel Comics tare da fushi da ƙarfi amma ƙayyadadden ƙamus. Hulk mai rajin kare mata ya sanya Ka'idar mata a cikin tweets, musamman barazanar murkushe shugabanci da jinsi. Blogger Christopher Shea ya lura cewa wani ɓangare na ban dariya "ya fito ne daga jin ka'idar mata da irin wannan adadi mai girma ya yi".<ref name="Shea">{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Christopher |date=June 15, 2010 |title=FEMINIST HULK SMASH SEXISM |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/brainiac/2010/06/whats_big_green.html |website=Brainiac |publisher=Boston.com}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Bayanan martaba na Hulk na mata ya karanta "HULK SAYS FUCK PATRIARCHY. HULK SMASH GENDER BINARY. " Hoton Twitter na Hulk mai mata hoto ne na jarumi mai suna Marvel Comics wanda ke riƙe da kwafin masanin falsafa da masanin jinsi [[Judith Butler]]'s littafin Gender Trouble. Hulk mai fafutukar mata yana yin tweets a duk faɗin, amma yana yin banbanci ga ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta mata, yana aikawa da tweets "HULK MAKE CAPITALIZATION EXCEPTION FOR bell hooks. HULK Ƙaunarmu a kan [[Madonna|Madona]] da RACIST APPROPRIATION".<ref name="Salon" /> == Tarihi == Hulk mai suna Feminist ya fara yin tweeting a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2010, da sauri ya biyo bayan mujallar kan layi ''Salon''.<ref name="Salon">{{cite news|last=Traister|first=Rebecca|title=FEMINIST HULK MAKE TWITTER FUN!|url=http://www.salon.com/2010/05/18/feminist_hulk/|newspaper=Salon|date=May 18, 2010}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2010, asusun ya sami mabiya sama da 15,000 kuma an yi hira da su a mujallar ''Ms.'' <ref name="Shea"/> da shafukan yanar gizo na Feminist. A shekara ta 2011, Hulk mai suna Feminist ya sami mabiya sama da 40,000 kuma an haɗa shi a cikin waƙar Amanda Palmer "Mafi Amusing Tweets of the Year". A wata hira da ''Ms.'' a watan Agustan 2011, marubucin Feminist Hulk ya bayyana ainihinta a matsayin dan takarar Ph.D ta Jami'ar Iowa Jessica Lawson . Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "fari fata, vegan, Queer, mace-mace. " A cikin hira, ta bayyana Hulk na Mata a matsayin wuri inda mutane za su iya gwada ra'ayoyinsu fiye da mai fassara don ka'idar, tana cewa "Idan hakan kawai ya sa Hulk ya zama mai ƙofar kore don yin amfani da intanet na kwakwalwar mata, don haka ya kasance!" Lawson ta haɗa abubuwan da ta fuskanta a cikin Hulk na mata, tweeting game da uwaye, veganing, da ƙaunarta ga kale. A shekara ta 2013, Hulk mai suna Feminist yana da mabiya 74,000 a Twitter. Ya zuwa 2021, asusun Hulk na Mata ba ya aiki, bayan an dakatar da shi saboda keta dokokin Twitter.   === WIC / Formula Resource Project === A yayin da gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta rufe shekarar 2013, rashin isasshen kudade ya rushe wasu shirye-shiryen abinci da abinci mai gina jiki na WIC. Lawson, kanta uwa ce mara aure, ta kafa shafin yanar gizon feministhulk.net, ta amfani da shafin a matsayin kundin adireshi ga mata da ke buƙatar samun albarkatu yayin rufewa da kuma mutanen da suke so su ba da gudummawa. Shafin ya haɗa da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa jerin Bankunan abinci da jagorar jiha-jiha ga albarkatun don Tsarin jariri da sabuntawa akan matsayin WIC.<ref name="NPR">{{cite news|last=Woodsome|first=Kate|title=Feminist Hulk Smash Shutdown, Rescue Women On Food Aid!|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/10/12/232306911/feminist-hulk-smash-shutdown-rescue-women-on-food-aid|newspaper=NPR|date=October 12, 2013}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ita-Hulk == Manazarta == {{Reflist|33em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Twitter}} * [http://www.feministhulk.net/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008064947/http://www.feministhulk.net/ |date=2013-10-08 }} 21kkqnqaqxz84ocw7esrzm3crc2zk9e 0 93583 858942 737920 2026-06-16T14:34:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858942 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Goran Dević''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971) darektan fina-finai ne na Croatia, marubuci kuma farfesa a jami'a. An haife shi a [[Sisak]] Dević ya sami ilimi a Jami'ar Zagreb ta Faculty of Law, Faculty na Humanities da Social Sciences (sashen ilimin kimiyyar archaeology) da kuma Kwalejin Dramatic Art (sashen gudanar da fina-finai), <ref name="filmskihr">{{Cite web |title=Goran Dević |url=http://www.film.hr/bazafilm_ljud.php?ljud_id=3935 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514081511/http://www.film.hr/bazafilm_ljud.php?ljud_id=3935 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=20 May 2011 |website=Film.hr |language=Croatian}}</ref> inda ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 2008, kuma yana koyarwa tun 20122 [bayani da ake buƙata] a Sashen Gudanar da Fim da Talabijin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goran Dević {{!}} Redatelj filma |url=https://croatian.film/en/directors/171 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=croatian.film |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410072212/https://croatian.film/en/directors/171 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dević, Goran {{!}} |url=https://www.adu.unizg.hr/djelatnik/goran-devi-asistent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410075657/https://www.adu.unizg.hr/djelatnik/goran-devi-asistent/ |archive-date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=hr}}</ref>  Tun daga farkon 2000s Dević ya ba da umarnin wasu gajerun batutuwa da gajerun shirye-shirye, gami da lashe lambar yabo: On the Water (2018), The Steel Mill Café (2017), ''65+'' (2016), Two Furnaces for Udarnik Josip Trojko (2012), Don Juan: Excuse Me, Miss (2010), The Flood (2010), Happy Land (2009), Three (2008), I Have Nothing [[Nice]] to Say to You (2005), Imported Crows (2004) da sauransu. An ba da kyautar Crows da aka shigo da ita a bikin fina-finai na Motovun, bikin fina-fukkin Sarajevo da kuma kwanakin fina-ffinai na Croatia, wanda aka nuna a bukukuwan kasa da kasa 10.<ref name=":0"/> Fim dinsa na farko (wanda ya jagoranci tare da Zvonimir Jurić) ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na yakin basasa na 2009 mai taken The Blacks . Fim din yana magana ne game da rundunar Sojojin Croatia da ba ta da labari waɗanda suka ƙi ajiye makamai bayan ƙarshen Yakin Independence na Croatia. <ref name="filmski">{{Cite web |title=Crnci |url=http://www.filmski.net/filmovi/4820 |access-date=20 May 2011 |website=Filmski.net |language=Croatian |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928090731/http://www.filmski.net/filmovi/4820 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka 4 na kasa da suka hada da: Golden Arena don Darakta Mafi Kyawu a bikin fina-finai na Pula na 2009, kyaututtaka na fina-fakka na Croatia, Kyautar Birnin Zagreb, da kuma kyaututtukaka na kasa da kasa 8 ciki har da: Grand prix a bikin fina na Ljubljana na kasa da ƙasa 2009, Grand Prix a bikin fina'a na [[Serbiya|Serbia]] 2009, Kyautar FIPRESCI da Kyautar Musamman don Gudanarwa a FilmFestival Cottbus 2009, Crossing Europe Filmfestival Linz da sauransu.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Building / Regional Competition / Official Competition / Programme / 2022 / ZAGREBDOX International documentary film festival |url=http://zagrebdox.net/en/2022/programme/official_competition/regional_competition/the_building |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410074354/http://zagrebdox.net/en/2022/programme/official_competition/regional_competition/the_building |archive-date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=zagrebdox.net}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da zabarsa a matsayin gabatarwar Croatia ga lambar yabo ta Kwalejin ta 83 don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje, amma ya kasa yin gajeren jerin sunayen karshe.<ref name="filmneweurope">{{Cite web |title=The Blacks represents Croatia for Oscar bid |url=http://www.filmneweurope.com/news/croatia/the-blacks-represents-croatia-for-oscar-bid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206004817/http://www.filmneweurope.com/news/croatia/the-blacks-represents-croatia-for-oscar-bid |archive-date=2011-02-06 |access-date=2010-09-30 |website=filmneweurope}}</ref><ref name="Oscar Shortlist">{{Cite web |title=9 Foreign Language Films Continue to Oscar Race |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2011/20110119.html |access-date=2011-01-19 |website=oscars.org}}</ref> An nuna hotunan shirye-shiryensa a ARSENAL CINEMA, Cibiyar Fim ([[Berlin]]) da Crossing Europe Filmfestival (Linz), BELDOX (Belgrade), ZAGREBDOX (Croatia) da MAXII, Gidan Tarihi na 21st Century Art (Roma).<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> A cikin 2017, Dević ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins. == Hotunan fina-finai == Fim mai ban sha'awa: The Blacks (Crnci, 2009; co-direkta) Hotuna: == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] hsbrrxeqn6j4vp1p3l69fr6cahgdngr 0 97824 859143 849012 2026-06-17T04:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File: Boy drinks from a tap at a NEWAH WASH water project in Puware Shikhar, Udayapur District, Nepal. (10677936093).jpg|thumb|Yaro na Shan Ruwa a famfo a wani aikin Ruwa a NEWAH WASH water project in Nepal]] [[File:Sanitation work 3.jpg|thumb| masu tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya]] ''''yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''' ('''HRWS''') nau'in ƙa'ida ce da ke bayyana cewa tsaftar shan ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na duniya ne Haƙƙin ɗan Adam | Haƙƙin ɗan adam saboda babban mahimmancin da suke da shi wajen raya rayuwar kowane mutum. [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2010. An amince da HRWS a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam, sanarwa da sauran ka'idoji. Wasu masu sharhi sun kafa hujja kan wanzuwar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa a duniya bisa dalilai masu zaman kansu ba tare da ƙudurin babban taron shekarar 2010, ba, kamar sashe na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR); daga cikin waɗancan masu sharhi, waɗanda suka yarda da kasancewar ius cogens na duniya kuma suna la'akari da shi ya haɗa da tanade-tanaden Alkawari sun ɗauka cewa irin wannan haƙƙin ƙa'idar doka ce ta duniya. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar 1979, kan Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/</ref>. (CEDAW) da 1989, Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara (CRC). Kwamitin [[Duk Majalisar Jama'a|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a da Al'adu ne ya fitar da mafi kyawun ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin Gabaɗaya Comment 15 da aka tsara a cikin shekarar alif 2002. Fassarar da ba ta ɗaure ba ce cewa samun ruwa ya kasance sharadi ne don jin daɗin haƙƙin madaidaicin yanayin rayuwa. wanda ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ma'aunin lafiya mafi girma, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya ce: “Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa yana ba kowa damar samun wadatar. lafiyayye, karɓuwa, ruwa mai araha da araha don amfanin mutum da na gida. Babban taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne suka zartar da kuduri na farko game da HRWS a shekarar 2010. Sun bayyana cewa akwai haƙƙin tsaftar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na [[ruwa]], tunda rashin tsaftar muhalli yana rage ingancin ruwa a kasa. don haka tattaunawar ta gaba ta ci gaba da jaddada haƙƙoƙin biyu tare. A cikin Yuli 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) Resolution 64/292 ya sake tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na samun aminci, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da sabis na tsafta. A yayin wancan babban taron, ya bayyana cewa, domin fahimtar jin dadin rayuwa da dukkan hakkokin bil'adama. tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai tsafta da kuma tsafta an amince da shi a matsayin hakkin dan Adam. Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 64/292 na ‘yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya tada batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin gwamnati na sarrafawa da alhakin tabbatar da wannan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa, sanin muhimmancin samun dogaro da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta, zai inganta fadada ci gaban rayuwa mai koshin lafiya. Wani kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015, ya nuna cewa hakokin biyu sun bambanta amma daidai suke. HRWS ta tilasta wa gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, samuwa, m, m, kuma mai araha ruwa da tsafta. Samar da ruwa yana la'akari da girman abin da farashin ruwa ya zama mai hanawa wanda zai buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da damar samun wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci. Samun damar ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, dacewa don isa ga tushen da kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da samun zuwa tushen ruwa. Dole ne ruwa ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana kada ruwa ya wuce mita 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin mintuna 30. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da ko samar da ruwa yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa, abin dogaro kuma mai dorewa. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da ko ruwa yana da aminci don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyuka. Don yarda da ruwa, dole ne kada ya kasance da wani wari kuma kada ya ƙunshi kowane launi. ICESCR na buƙatar ƙasashe masu sanya hannu don ci gaba da ci gaba da mutunta duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ciki har da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ya kamata su yi aiki cikin sauri da inganci don haɓaka dama da haɓaka sabis.<ref name=":1" /> == Mahallin Duniya == Shirin WHO/UNICEF na hadin gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ya bayyana cewa mutane miliyan 663 ba su da damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, kuma fiye da biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun aiyukan tsafta na asali a shekarar 2015.<ref name="JMP report 2013">[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703112631/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf|date=3 July 2017}} ,2015 report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Samun ruwan tsabta babban matsala ne a sassan duniya da dama. Hanyoyin da aka amince da su sun hada da "haɗin gidaje, bututun jama’a, ramin rijiyoyi da aka kare, ruwan rijiya da aka kare, ruwan tushe da aka kare da kuma tarin ruwan sama."<ref name="ref1">General Assembly Declares Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Is a Human Right." UN News Center. 28 July 2010. Accessed 20 March 2014.</ref> Duk da cewa kashi 9% na al’ummar duniya ba su da damar samun ruwa, akwai "yankuna da suka fi jinkiri, kamar Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara".<ref name="ref1" /> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 ‘yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa kwanakin makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta."<ref name="ref2">Global Issues at the United Nations." UN News Center. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2014.</ref> A shekarar 2022, fiye da mutane biliyan 2, wato kashi 25% na al’ummar duniya, ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a kai a kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming Water Access: How the "World's Lifeblood" is Under Attack. |url=https://www.usglc.org/blog/transforming-water-access-how-the-worlds-lifeblood-is-under-attack/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=USGLC |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutane biliyan 4.2 ba su da damar samun aiyukan tsafta masu aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=SeventhQueen |last2=Wolf |first2=Jared |date=8 June 2022 |title=The truth behind clean water in Africa 2022 |url=https://sustainablereview.com/billions-still-lack-access-to-clean-water-2022/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Sustainable Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Advocacy |first=W. V. |date=22 March 2022 |title=How Improving Clean Water Access Can Fight Global Hunger |url=https://worldvisionadvocacy.org/2022/03/22/clean-water-global-hunger/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=World Vision Advocacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Building access to clean water in support of Sustainable Development Goal 6 {{!}} UNICEF Supply Division |url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/stories/building-access-clean-water-support-sustainable-development-goal-6 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2024, sabbin kididdiga sun nuna karuwar matsalar, inda mutane biliyan 4.4 a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=Esther E. |last2=Lauber |first2=Thomas |last3=van den Hoogen |first3=Johan |last4=Donmez |first4=Ayca |last5=Bain |first5=Robert E. S. |last6=Johnston |first6=Richard |last7=Crowther |first7=Thomas W. |last8=Julian |first8=Timothy R. |date=16 August 2024 |title=Mapping safe drinking water use in low- and middle-income countries |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9578 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=385 |issue=6710 |pages=784–790 |doi=10.1126/science.adh9578 |pmid=39146419 |bibcode=2024Sci...385..784G |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Celia |date=15 August 2024 |title=More than 4 billion people don't have access to clean water at home |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/367224/clean-drinking-water-access-four-billion-science-study |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tushen shari'a da amincewa == Yurjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Kan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu da aka samu a cikin Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan takaddun farko da ya fito fili ya amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Sai dai, da yawa daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa na baya sun ƙunshi sassa da suka fito fili suka amince da haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. * Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk Wani Nau'in Nuna Bambanci Ga Mata (CEDAW) ta shekarar 1979 tana da Mataki na 14.2 wanda ke bayyana cewa "ɓangarorin da abin ya shafa za su ɗauki duk wani mataki da ya dace don kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da cewa, a kan daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, sun shiga kuma sun amfana daga ci gaban karkara, kuma musamman za su tabbatar wa mata haƙƙin: ... (h) Don morar ingantattun yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> * Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Yara (CRC) ta shekarar 1989 tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ke tanadin cewa "ɓangarorin sun amince da haƙƙin yaro na morar mafi girman matsayi na lafiya da za a iya samu da kuma kayan aiki don magance rashin lafiya da dawo da lafiya ... 2. Jihohin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar za su himmatu wajen ganin an aiwatar da wannan haƙƙi cikakku, kuma musamman, za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace... (c) Don yaƙar cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, inter alia... samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da tsaftataccen ruwan sha..."<ref>The full text of the Convention on the rights of the child is available at: {{cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |date=20 November 1989 |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |access-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611182141/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}.</ref> * Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Guragu da Masu Bukata Ta Musamman (CRPD) ta shekarar 2006 tana da Mataki na 28(2)(a) wanda ke buƙatar cewa "ɓangarorin sun amince da haƙƙin guragu na samun kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma morar wannan haƙƙi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba saboda nakasa, kuma za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓaka tabbatar da wannan haƙƙi, gami da matakan tabbatar da daidaiton damar samun ayyukan tsaftataccen ruwa ga guragu, da kuma tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da ayyuka masu dace da sauƙin kuɗi, na'urori da sauran agaji don buƙatun da suka shafi nakasa."<ref>The text of the Convention is available here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilities</ref> "Kundin Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Ƙasa da Ƙasa" - wanda ya ƙunshi Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Kan Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) ta 1966; Matani na 11 da 12 na Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Kan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta 1966; da kuma Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) ta 1948 ya rubuta juyin halittar haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa don a amince da su a cikin dokokin duniya.<ref>Gupta, J., Ahlers, R., and Ahmed, L. 2010. The human right to water: Moving towards consensus in a fragmented world. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 19(3), 294–305</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meier|first1=Benjamin Mason|last2=Kayser|first2=Georgia|last3=Amjad|first3=Urooj|last4=Bartram|first4=Jamie|date=15 November 2012|title=Implementing an Evolving Human Right Through Water and Sanitation Policy |journal=Water Policy |volume=15 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2015424|language=en|location=Rochester, N.Y.|ssrn=2015424}}</ref> Malamai kuma sun jawo hankali ga mahimmancin yuwuwar amincewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen ƙarni na ishirin. Ƙoƙarin farko guda biyu na bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa sun fito ne daga farfesan shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific (University of the Pacific) a shekarar 1992<ref name=":2">[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gintenlr5&div=7&id=&page=], McCaffrey, S.C. "A Human Right to Water: Domestic and International Implications" (1992) V Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Issue 1, pp.1-24.</ref> da kuma Dr. Peter Gleick a shekarar 1999.<ref name="pacinst.org">[http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2012/10/basic_water_needs_human_right_to_water.pdf], Gleick, P.H. "The Human Right to Water" (1999) Water Policy, Vol. 1, Issue 5, pp. 487-503.</ref> McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙi ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na haƙƙin samun abinci ko abin dogaro da rayuwa, haƙƙin lafiya, ko kuma mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa.<ref name=":2" /> Gleick ya ƙara da cewa: "samun damar yin amfani da buƙatun ruwa na yau da kullum haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam na asali wanda dokokin duniya, sanarwa, da ayyukan Jihohi ke tallafawa a kaikaice da kuma kai tsaye."<ref name="pacinst.org" /> Kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya cimma matsaya madaidaiciya da ta waɗannan malamai a cikin Sharhi na Gabaɗaya na 15 (General Comment 15) a shekarar 2002.<ref name=":0" /> An gano cewa, haƙƙin samun ruwa wani ɓangare ne na fito-na-fito na haƙƙin samun ingantaccen mizanin rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin samun mafi girman matsayi na lafiya da za a iya samu da kuma haƙƙoƙin samun isasshen gida da isasshen abinci.<ref name=":0" /> Ya bayyana cewa "Haƙƙon ɗan adam na samun ruwa yana ba kowa damar samun isasshen ruwa, mai aminci, karɓaɓɓe, wanda za a iya shiga dashi ta jiki kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi don amfanin kai da na gida. Isasshen adadin ruwa mai aminci ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa a jiki, don rage haɗarin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da kuma samar da buƙatun sha, girki, da tsaftar kai da na gida."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resources and Information|url=http://ww1.unhchr.ch/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=ww1.unhchr.ch|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520021758/http://ww1.unhchr.ch/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa sun amince kuma sun amshe haƙƙin samun ruwa a matsayin ɓangare na wajibansu na yarjejeniya a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom;<ref>{{Cite web|title=righttowater - Just another WordPress site|url=https://www.righttowater.info/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=righttowater|language=en-US}}</ref> Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human rights: the Netherlands officially recognises the right to water|url=http://www.irc.nl/page/39765|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222211635/http://www.irc.nl/page/39765|archive-date=22 February 2009|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref>) bayan buga Sharhi na Gabaɗaya na 15. An ɗauki ƙarin mataki a shekarar 2005 ta tsohon Ƙaramar Hukumar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kan Haɓakawa da Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam wadda ta fitar da jagorori don taimakawa gwamnatoci wajen cimmawa da girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation Report of the Special Rapporteur, El Hadji Guissé|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/docs/SUb_Com_Guisse_guidelines.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Waɗannan jagororin sun jagoranci Majalisar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wajen naɗa Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin kwararre mai zaman kansa kan batun wajibai na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da suka shafi damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/overview.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706011034/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/overview.htm|archive-date=6 July 2010|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a shekarar 2009 wanda ya fayyace wajibai na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ga tsaftar muhalli, kuma CESCR ta mayar da martani ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan tattaunawa mai tsanani, ƙasashe 122 sun amince a hukumance da "Haƙƙon Ɗan Adam na Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli" a cikin Ƙudurin Majalisar Gabaɗaya mai lamba 64/292 a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/64/292 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> Ya amince da haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam na samun isasshen ruwa don amfanin kai da na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana), wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓaɓɓe kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi (kuɗin ruwa kada ya wuce 3% na kuɗin shiga na gida), sannan kuma mai sauƙin shiga ta jiki (wurin samun ruwa dole ne ya kasance tsakanin mita 1,000 daga gida kuma lokacin ɗibo ruwa kada ya wuce mintuna 30)."<ref name= ref2 /> Majalisar Gabaɗaya ta bayyana cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken more rayuwa da dukkan sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam".<ref name= ref2 /> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2010, Majalisar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta MDD ta amince da wani ƙuduri da ke amincewa da cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kafa ɓangare na haƙƙin samun ingantaccen mizanin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=UN united to make the right to water and sanitation legally binding |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E |access-date=27 November 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129163313/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&LangID=E |archivedate=29 November 2010}}</ref> An tsawaita wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararre mai zaman kansa kan batun wajibai na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da suka shafi damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" kuma aka sake masa suna zuwa "Mai Ba da Rahoto na Musamman kan haƙƙon ɗan adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan ƙudurin na shekarar 2010. Ta hanyar rahotanninta ga Majalisar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da Majalisar Gabaɗaya ta MDD, ta ci gaba da fayyace fanni da abubuwan da ke cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na Mai Ba da Rahoto na Musamman, ta magance batutuwa kamar su: Wajibai na Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam da Suka Shafi Samar da Ayyuka Masu Zaman Kansu a Fannin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (2010);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10356&LangID=E|title=Statement by the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms Catarina de Albuquerque at the 15th session of the Human Rights Council|website=newsarchive.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102053934/https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10356&LangID=E|url-status=dead}}</ref> Samar da Kuɗi Don Tabbatar da Haƙƙoƙin Samun Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (2011);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11542&LangID=E|title=Statement by the Special Rapporteur on the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation at the 66th Session of the General Assembly|website=newsarchive.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026102841/https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11542&LangID=E|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gudanar da ruwan shaƙon (wastewater) wajen tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (2013);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/WasteWaterManagement.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Wastewater management|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> da kuma Dorewa da rashin komawa baya wajen tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/Sustainabilityretrogressionrealisationofwaterandsanitation.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> An naɗa Léo Heller a shekarar 2014 don zama Mai Ba da Rahoto na Musamman na biyu kan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Ƙudurin da suka biyo baya sun tsawaita wa'adin Mai Ba da Rahoto na Musamman kuma suka bayyana matsayin kowace jiha wajen girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙi. Ƙudurin Majalisar Gabaɗaya na baya-bayan nan mai lamba 7/169 na shekarar 2015 an kira shi da sanarwar "Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Samun Tsaftataccen Ruwan Sha da Tsaftar Muhalli.<ref name=":3" /> Ya amince da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin samun ruwa da haƙƙin samun tsaftar muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da yadda ake yin watsi da haƙƙin samun tsaftar muhalli idan aka kwatanta shi da haƙƙin samun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_media_brief.pdf|title=The Human Right to Water and Sanitation|website=United Nation}}</ref> == Hukuncin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa == === Kotun Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Amurka === An yi la'akari da haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin shari'ar Kotun Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Amurka (Inter-American Court of Human Rights) a kan batun "Al'ummar Ƙasar Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay".<ref name=para>[http://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/Judgment%2C%20Case%20of%20the%20Sawhoyamaxa%20Indigenous%20Community%20v.%20Paraguay.pdf ''Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234132/https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/Judgment,%20Case%20of%20the%20Sawhoyamaxa%20Indigenous%20Community%20v.%20Paraguay.pdf |date=29 March 2017 }} (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 29 March 2006).</ref> Batutuwan da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da gazawar gwamnati wajen amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar filaye na kakanni na al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 1991, gwamnati ta korar al'ummar Sawhoyamaxa daga filayensu, wanda hakan ya yi sanadiyyar rasa damar samun ayyukan yau da kullum na buƙata, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta, da ayyukan lafiya.<ref name=para/> Wannan ya faɗa ƙarƙashin fannin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na Amurka; wanda ya keta haƙƙin rayuwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Convention on Human Rights |publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights |date=22 November 1969 |url=http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618195529/http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}, American Convention on Human Rights, article 4.</ref> Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙi, a matsayin ɓangare na damar samun fili. Kotun ta buƙaci a mayar da filayen, a ba da diyya, kuma a samar da kayayyaki da ayyukan yau da kullum na buƙata, yayin da al'ummar ke kan tsarin dawo da filayensu.<ref>[http://www.escr-net.org/node/365163f] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507013122/http://www.escr-net.org/node/365163f|date=7 May 2014}}, International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural RIghts, Case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay.</ref> === Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Warware Rikicin Zuba Jari === Shari'o'i masu zuwa daga Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Warware Rikicin Zuba Jari (ICSID) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kulla tsakanin gwamnatoci da kamfanoni don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in sun shafi tambayoyi na zuba jari, masana sun lura cewa tasirin kaikaice na haƙƙin samun ruwa a kan hukunce-hukuncen yana da mahimmanci.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUwgAwAAQBAJ&dq=Azurix+Corp+v+Argentina+right+to+water&pg=PA296], Global Public Interest in International Investment Law, Andreas Kulick, 2012 at 303.</ref> Bayanan Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa sayar da kamfanonin ruwa ga masu zaman kansu (water privatization) ya yi tashin gwauron zabi tun daga shekarun 1990 kuma gagarumin ci gaba a fannin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Karen|date=27 February 2013|title=Neoliberal Versus Postneoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatization and Resistance|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=103|issue=2|pages=253–260|doi=10.1080/00045608.2013.756246|bibcode=2013AAAG..103..253B |s2cid=143834419}}</ref> ==== Azurix Corp v. Argentina ==== Shari'ar farko sananniya da ta shafi haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin ICSID ita ce ta "Azurix Corp v. Argentina".<ref>[https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5 ''Azurix Corp v. Argentina''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ICSID Case No ARB/01/12.</ref> Rikicin ya kasance ne tsakanin Jamhuriyar Argentina da Kamfanin Azurix (Azurix Corporation) game da saɓanin da ya taso daga kwangilar shekaru 30 tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu don gudanar da samar da ruwa a larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari da haƙƙin samun ruwa a kaikaice lokacin sasantawa don neman diyya, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa Azurix tana da haƙƙin samun kyakkyawan sakamako na kuɗi da ya dace da darajar kasuwa ta zuba jarin. Wannan ya saba wa dalar Amurka miliyan 438.6 da suka nema, tare da bayyana cewa mai hankali na kasuwanci ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan riba ba, idan aka yi la'akari da iyakokin ƙarin farashin ruwa da gyare-gyaren da za a buƙata don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa.<ref>[https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC507_En&caseId=C5|date=4 March 2016}}, Azurix Corp v Argentina ICSID Case No ARB/01/12 at 149.</ref> ==== Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania ==== Na biyu, makamanciyar shari'ar da ICSID ta fuskanta ita ce ta "Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania".<ref>[https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC1590_En&caseId=C67 ''Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd v. Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003519/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&actionVal=showDoc&docId=DC1590_En&caseId=C67 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ICSID Case No ARB/05/22.</ref> Wannan ma ya kasance rikici ne na kwangila tsakanin kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Haɗaddiyar Tanzania. Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don gudanarwa da tafiyar da tsarin ruwa na Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2005, gwamnatin Tanzania ta soke kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin gazawarta wajen cika ka'idojin aiki. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2008, Kotun ta fitar da shawararta kan shari'ar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta keta yarjejeniyar da suka yi da Biwater Gauff.<ref>[http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Lawlawsuits/Lawsuitsregulatoryaction/LawsuitsSelectedcases/Biwater-Tanzaniaarbitration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924155917/http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Lawlawsuits/Lawsuitsregulatoryaction/LawsuitsSelectedcases/Biwater-Tanzaniaarbitration|date=24 September 2013}}, Business & Human RIghts Resource Centre, Biwater-Tanzania arbitration.</ref> Sai dai, ba ta ba wa Biwater diyya ta kuɗi ba,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biwater v. Tanzania|url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/cases/202/biwater-v-tanzania|access-date=12 December 2020|website=UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub}}</ref> tare da amincewa cewa buƙatun amfanin jama'a ne mafi mahimmanci a cikin rikicin. == Haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin dokokin cikin gida == Idan babu wata hukuma ta ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta aiwatar da shi, haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa ya dogara ne a kan ayyukan kotunan ƙasa.<ref>[http://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=lucilr], McGraw, George S. "Defining and Defending the Right to Water and its Minimum Core: Legal Construction and the Role of National Jurisprudence" ''Loyola University Chicago International Law Review'' Vol. 8, No. 2, 127-204 (2011) at 137.</ref> An kafa tushen wannan ne ta hanyar shigar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (ESCR) cikin kundin tsarin mulki ta hanyar guda biyu: ko dai a matsayin "manufofin jagora" (directive principles) waɗanda manufofi ne kawai kuma galibi kotu ba za ta iya matsa lamba a kansu ba; ko kuma a matsayin waɗanda aka kiyaye su sosai kuma kotu za ta iya tilasta aiwatar da su.<ref>[http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-_Poole.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-_Poole.pdf|date=29 January 2018}}, Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard "Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground" [2013] NZLJ 289 at 297</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Communal tap for drinking water (2941731238).jpg|thumb|Wani rukunin mutane da suka taru a kusa da famfon unguwa a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu]] A ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, an kiyaye haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar dokoki na yau da kullum. Wannan shaida ce ta ɗan sauye-sauye na fasaha ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wacce ake kira da "tsarin dokokin tallafi" (subsidiary legislation model). Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abubuwan da ke cikin haƙƙin da kuma aiwatar da shi ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar cikin gida ta yau da kullum mai matsayi na tsarin mulki.<ref name="kaupapature.org.nz">[http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-_Poole.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-_Poole.pdf|date=29 January 2018}}, Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard "Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground" [2013] NZLJ 289 at 298</ref> ==== Mazauna Bon Vista Mansions v. Southern Metropolitan Local Council ==== Shari'ar farko sananniya da kotuna suka yi amfani da wannan tsari ita ce "Mazauna Bon Vista Mansions v. Southern Metropolitan Local Council".<ref>[http://www.communitylawcentre.org.za/projects/socio-economic-rights/Cases/South%20African%20Cases/high-court-cases/residents-of-bon-vista-mansions-v-southern-metropolitan-local-council-2002-6-bclr-625-w ''Residents of Bon Vista Mansions v. Southern Metropolitan Local Council''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507030206/http://www.communitylawcentre.org.za/projects/socio-economic-rights/Cases/South%20African%20Cases/high-court-cases/residents-of-bon-vista-mansions-v-southern-metropolitan-local-council-2002-6-bclr-625-w |date=7 May 2014 }}, High Court of South Africa, Case No. 01/12312.</ref> Shari'ar an shigar da ita ne ta hanyar mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions), biyo bayan yanke samar da ruwa da Majalisar yankin ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa, domin yin biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, a tsarin mulki duk mutane ya kamata su sami damar yin amfani da ruwa a matsayin haƙƙi.<ref>[http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/a108-96.pdf], South African Constitution, Section 27(1)(a).</ref> Ƙarin dalilin da ya sa aka yanke wannan shawarar ya dogara ne a kan Sharhi na Gabaɗaya na 12 (General Comment 12) kan Haƙƙin Samun Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya yi, wanda ke ɗora wa ɓangarorin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da girmama damar da mutane ke da ita a halin yanzu ta samun isasshen abinci ta hanyar rashin aiwatar da kowane irin matakan takawa.<ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/escgencom12.htm], Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 12, Right to adequate food (Twentieth session, 1999), U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1999/5 (1999), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 62 (2003).</ref> Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ƙa'idodin "daidaito da adalci" na Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya kasance haramtacce.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf|date=31 October 2017}}, South African Water Services Act [No. 108 of 1997] Section 4 (3)</ref> Wannan shawara ta riga ɗaukar Sharhi na Gabaɗaya na 15 na MDD.<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga10967.doc.htm], UN General Comment No. 15</ref> ==== Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg ==== {{Main|Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg}} An ƙara tattauna batun adadin ruwan da za a samar a cikin shari'ar "Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg".<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPHC/2008/491.pdf ''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''], (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491;[2008] All SA 471 (W) (30 April 2008)</ref> Shari'ar ta mayar da hankali ne a kan rarraba ruwa ta hanyar daddalar daddalar bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa guda biyu: ko manufar birnin game da samar da kyautar ruwa na asali, lita 6,000 (kilolitres 6) a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun ajiya a birnin tana cin karo da Sashi na 27 of Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashi na 11 na Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf|date=31 October 2017}}, South African Water Services Act. [No. 108 of 1997] Section 11</ref> Batun na biyu shi ne ko sanya mita na ruwa na biyan kuɗi tukunna (pre-paid water meters) ya kasance daidai da doka. An yanke hukunci a cikin Babban Kotun (High Court) cewa dokokin cikin gida na birnin ba su ba da umarnin sanya mita ba kuma sanya su ya kasance haramtacce. Bugu da ƙari, tunda mitocin suna dakatar da samar da ruwa ga mazauna da zarar kyautar ruwan asali ta ƙare, an ɗauki wannan a matsayin dakatar da samar da ruwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace da doka ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ya kamata a samar wa mazauna Phiri kyautar ruwa ta asali lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPHC/2008/491.pdf ''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''], (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491;[2008] All SA 471 (W) (30 April 2008) at 181</ref> Ayyukan Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) ta Jami'ar Witwatersrand da ke Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Pacific Institute da ke Oakland, California, sun raba lambar yabo ta Business Ethics Network BENNY Award na shekarar 2008 saboda ayyukansu a kan wannan shari'ar.<ref>[http://businessethicsnetwork.org/] Business Ethics Network</ref> Pacific Institute ta ba da shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da kuma ƙayyade buƙatun ruwa na asali na ɗan adam.<ref>[http://pacinst.org/news/350/], Pacific Institute "Pacific Institute Shares BENNY Award for Efforts in South African Water Rights Decision." (2008), Pacific Institute, Oakland, California</ref> Wadanda ake ƙara sun ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Ƙoli ta Ɗaukaka Ƙara (SCA) wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa an tsara manufar ruwa ta birnin ne bisa kuskuren shari'a game da wajibcin birnin na samar da mafi ƙanƙanta adadin da aka tsara a Ma'aunin Ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka soke ta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/sites/PEG/docs/PEG%20Documents/10_SANS1-1.pdf?stdsid=14017755&pid=free, |title=South African National Standard 3(b) |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071006/http://www.iso.org/sites/PEG/docs/PEG%20Documents/10_SANS1-1.pdf?stdsid=14017755&pid=free, |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa adadin ruwan da ake buƙata don rayuwar ɗan adam mai daraja cikin bin sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki a haƙiƙanin gaskiya lita 42 ne ga kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. Hukumar SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa haramtacce ne, amma ta dakatar da aiwatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu don ba wa birnin damar gyara lamarin.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZASCA/2009/52.html&query=mazibuko], Mazibuko and Another v National Director of Public Prosecutions (113/08) [2009] ZASCA 52; 2009 (6) SA 479 (SCA); [2009] 3 All SA 548 (SCA) (26 May 2009)</ref> Batutuwan sun ci gaba zuwa Kotun Tsarin Mulki (Constitutional Court), wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kafa yana buƙatar cewa jiha ta ɗauki matakan doka masu dace da sauran matakai a hankali don cimma haƙƙin samun ruwa, gwargwadon wadatar arzikinta. Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta kuma bayyana cewa al'amari ne na majalisa da sashen zartarwa na gwamnati su yi aiki a cikin iyakokin kasafartansu, kuma binciken shirye-shiryensu al'amari ne na riƙon amana na dimokiraɗiyya. Saboda haka, mafi ƙanƙancin abubuwan da ƙa'ida ta 3(b) ta tsara yana daidai da tsarin mulki, yana barin hukumomi su ƙara adadin zuwa sama, kuma bai dace kotu ta ƙayyade nasarar kowane haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta ɗauki matakan aiwatarwa ba.<ref>[http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZACC/2009/28.html&query=mazibuko ''Mazibuko and Other v. City of Johannesburg and Others''] (CCt 39/09) [2009] ZACC 28; 2010 (3) BCLR 239 (CC); 2010 (4) SA 1 (CC) (8 October 2009)</ref> Kotunan a maimakon haka sun mayar da hankali kan bincikensu ga ko matakan da Gwamnati ta ɗauka suna da ma'ana, da kuma ko Gwamnati tana duba manufofinta akai-akai.<ref name="kaupapature.org.nz"/> An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "ra'ayi mai iyakancewa na girmama shari'a ba gaira ba dalili".<ref>Alston & Goodman, International Human Rights, Oxford University Press (2013), Lucy A. Williams, "The Role of Courts In The Quantitative-Implementation of Social and Economic Rights: A Comparative Study", 3 ''Constitutional Court Review'' 2010 [South Africa] (2011) 141</ref> === Indiya === Shari'o'i biyu mafi fice a ƙasar Indiya game da haƙƙin samun ruwa suna nuna cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a fito fili ba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Indiya, kotuna sun fassara cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da isasshe.<ref>[http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=njihr], Amy Hardberger "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Water: Evaluating Water as a Human Right and the Duties and Obligations it Creates" (2005) 4 ''Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights'' 331 at 352</ref> [[File:Jamuna River 04.jpg|thumb|Kogin Jamuna, kogin da jihar Haryana da birnin Delhi suke amfani da shi]] ==== Delhi Water Supply v. State of Haryana ==== A nan, an sami takaddama kan amfani da ruwa sakamakon gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don noman rani (irrigation), yayin da mazauna Delhi suke buƙatarsa don sha. An ba da dalilin cewa amfanin gida ya fi amfanin kasuwanci na ruwa muhimmanci, kuma kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne Haryana ta ba da damar isasshen ruwa ya isa Delhi don sha da amfanin gida.<ref name="indiankanoon.org">[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1520766/ ''Delhi Water Supply & Sewage v. State Of Haryana & Ors''], 1999 SCC(2) 572, JT 1996 (6) 107</ref> ==== Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar ==== Hakanan abin lura shi ne shari'ar "Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar", inda aka shigar da ƙara ta hanyar shari'ar maslahar jama'a (public interest litigation) game da zubar da daddala ko laka daga wuraren wanke-wanke zuwa cikin Kogin Bokaro. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rayuwa, kamar yadda Sashi na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Indiya ya kiyaye, ya haɗa da haƙƙin morar ruwa mara gurbatawa.<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|date=2 April 2012}}, The Constitution of India</ref> Shari'ar ta gaza bisa ga hujjojin gaskiya kuma an yanke hukuncin cewa an shigar da ƙarar ne ba don kowane maslahar jama'a ba face don maslahar kansa ta mai ƙaran, saboda haka ci gaba da shari'ar zai zama cin zarafin tsari.<ref name="indiankanoon.org"/> ==== Ranar Haƙƙoƙin Ruwa ta Duniya ==== Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga waisuwar rayayyun halittu har da mutane. Saboda haka, samun damar yin amfani da ruwa mai tsarki da isasshe haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam da ba za a iya raba shi ba. Don haka, Ƙungiyar Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) tana ɗaukar da mahimmanci a amince da haƙƙin samun ruwa (tare da tabbataccen mafi ƙanƙancin adadin ruwa ga kowane mutum) ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin doka da aka bayyana fito fili. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tare da yarjejeniyoyinta da dama ta sanya shi ya zama tilas ga dukkan ƙasashe su tabbatar da daidaiton rarraba ruwa a tsakanin dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Haka zalika, ENF ta fara kiyayewa da haɓaka bikin Ranar Haƙƙoƙin Ruwa ta Duniya a ranar 20 ga watan Maris, ranar da Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar ("uba ga Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha ta farko ta duniya don neman ruwa a shekarar 1927. Ranar Haƙƙoƙin Ruwa ta Duniya tana kiran da a ɗauki doka ta musamman da za ta kafa haƙƙin duniya na samun ruwa. Ƙarƙashin jagororin wanda ya kafa, Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF tana shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri don tabbatar da haƙƙin samun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya.<ref>econeeds.org</ref> === New Zealand === Ba a kiyaye ESCR a fito fili ba a ƙasar New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Dokar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ko Dokar Haƙƙoƙi (Bill of Rights Acts), saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin samun ruwa ta hanyar doka a can.<ref>Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard, [http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-_Poole.pdf "Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-_Poole.pdf |date=29 January 2018 }}, [2013] NZLJ 289 at 299</ref> Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta New Zealand ta nuna kwanan nan cewa ƙasar za ta ƙara yin la'akari da matsayin shari'a na haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.<ref>[http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76530/l-HR-Committee-ICCPR-List-of-Issues-Prior-to-Reporting-5-3-14-with-annexure,-UPR-submission-17-6-13.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304033140/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76530/l-HR-Committee-ICCPR-List-of-Issues-Prior-to-Reporting-5-3-14-with-annexure,-UPR-submission-17-6-13.pdf|date=4 March 2018}}, New Zealand Law Society Human Rights & Privacy Committee, Submission to the 18th Session of The Human Rights Council, Shadow Report to New Zealand's 2nd Universal Periodic Review</ref> === Amurka === Babu wani haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da aka amince da shi a matakin tarayya a ƙasar Amurka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.northeastern.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/phrge-water-primer.pdf |title=The Human Right to Water in the United States |author1=Kevin Murray |author2=Sara Kominers |publisher=Northeastern University School of Law}}</ref> Wasu dokokin tarayya suna kare ingancin ruwa: * Dokar Amincin Ruwan Sha (Safe Drinking Water Act) tana shafar daddalar samar da ruwa na jama'a, amma ba rijiyoyin kanka ko ruwan kwalba ba * Dokar Tsaface Ruwa (Clean Water Act), tana shafar ruwan saman ƙasa na Amurka * Dokar Kariya da Maido da Albarkatu (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) * Superfund, wanda aka kafa ta Dokar Kula da Muhalli na Gabaɗaya, Diyya, da Alhakki ta shekarar 1980 * Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Ƙasa (National Environmental Policy Act), wacce ke buƙatar bayanan tasirin muhalli amma ba rage tasirin ba === Australia === Hankali a ƙasar Australia ya mayar ne a kan haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Ƙasar Asali na Australia (Indigenous Australians) na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Tarihin mulkin mallaka na mazauna (settler-colonialism) ya mamaye tsarin gudanarwar gwamnati na yau wanda ke tsara amfanin ruwa ga 'yan ƙasar asali. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma yawancinsu ba su cika ba don yin tasiri sosai a kan ikon haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar asali na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shari'ar "Mabo v. Queensland" ta shekarar 1992, an amince da haƙƙoƙin 'yan ƙasar asali a shari'ance a karon farko. 'Yan ƙasar asali na Australia galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake an amince da "al'adu" a kotu kamar yadda aka amince da albarkatun ƙasa, darajar al'adu da ta ruhaniya ta Aborigines ga guraren ruwa tana da fuskoki marasa tabbas. Yana da wahala amma kuma ana buƙatar canza darajar al'adunsu da ta ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A halin yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Poirier|first1=Robert|last2=Schartmueller|first2=Doris|date=1 September 2012|title=Indigenous water rights in Australia|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.11.002|journal=The Social Science Journal|volume=49|issue=3|pages=317–324|doi=10.1016/j.soscij.2011.11.002|s2cid=144101999|issn=0362-3319|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Burdon|first1=Peter|last2=Drew|first2=Georgina|last3=Stubbs|first3=Matthew|last4=Webster|first4=Adam|last5=Barber|first5=Marcus|date=2 October 2015|title=Decolonising Indigenous water 'rights' in Australia: flow, difference, and the limits of law|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000907|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=334–349|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000907|s2cid=154484189|issn=2201-473X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dokar ruwa ta Australia madaidaiciya tana ba da umarnin ruwan saman ƙasa ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda za su iya amfani da ruwan saman amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani bayani game da ruwan cikin gida da na gaɓar kogi. Saboda haka, fannin haƙƙoƙin ruwan cikin gida/na gaɓar kogi sune manyan ayyuka na jihohi. Gwamnatin Tarayya (Commonwealth Government) tana samun iko a kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da Ikon Tallafi (Grants Power) da Ikon Kasuwanci da Ciniki (Trade and Commerce Power).<ref name=":5" /> A cikin shekarar 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar filaye na asali damar ɗaukar ruwa don amfanin gargajiya. Sai dai, amfanin ya takaita ga al'adun gargajiya kawai, wanda bai haɗa da noman rani a matsayin aikin gargajiya ba.<ref name=":5" /> A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kammala yarjejeniyar tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Tsarin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NWI), tana haɓaka amincewa da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar asali na samun ruwa. Sai dai, NWI ba ta damu sosai game da daddalar tarihin mulkin mallaka na mazauna ba, wanda ya tsara tsarin rarraba ruwa mara daidaito ta hanyar tsari. Mutanen asali a Australia suna ci gaba da neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2014|title=Indigenous people's right to water under international law: a legal pluralism perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877343514000700|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=11|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2014.09.015|issn=1877-3435|last1=Gupta|first1=Joyeeta|last2=Hildering|first2=Antoinette|last3=Misiedjan|first3=Daphina|bibcode=2014COES...11...26G |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tattaunawa da suka rage == === Tasiri tsakanin iyakoki === [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Matakin da Habasha ta ɗauka na cika madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam zai iya rage kwararar Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin ƙasar Masar.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363 |work=NPR |date=27 February 2018}}</ref>]] [[File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png|right|thumb|Bayan mamaye yankin Crimea da Rasha ta yi, ƙasar Ukraine ta toshe Hanyar Ruwa ta Arewacin Crimea (North Crimean Canal), wacce ke samar da kashi 85% na ruwan sha ga Crimea.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=29 March 2020}}</ref>]] Ganin cewa samun ruwa wani lamari ne da ke shafar iyakokin ƙasashe da kuma zama sanadin takaddama a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Tekun Mediterranean da wasu sassa na Arewacin Amurka da sauran wurare, wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa yana da fuskoki na ketare iyakar ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa tunda hanyoyin samar da ruwa a dabi'ance suna shiga cikin juna kuma suna ketare iyakoki, jihohi suna da hurumin shari'a na kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da za ta iya cutar da morar haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a sauran ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIAN International|url=https://fian.org/en/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=fian.org}}</ref> Amincewa a hukumance da wannan wajibci na shari'a zai iya hana mummunan tasiri na "ƙarancin ruwa" na duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da kuma mummunan sakamako guda ɗaya na yawan jama'a).[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/pp091805.shtml] Ƙarancin ruwa da ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan sha suna sa wannan haƙƙin ya kasance mai sarkakiya sosai. Yayin da yawan jama'ar duniya ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri, ƙarancin ruwan sha zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Ƙarancin adadin ruwa yana kawo tambayar ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ko a'a.<ref name= ref3>McCaffrey, Stephen C. "Human Right to Water: Domestic and International Implications, A." ''Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev.'' 5 (1992): 1.</ref> ==== Takaddamar Ruwa Tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ==== Takaddamar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan tana samun tasiri ne daga ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Kudancin Asiya.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Bakhtawar|first=Saadia|date=2012|title=Water: an Economic Resource Conflict between India and Pakistan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3597519|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3597519|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ƙasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya da ke akwai da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus (Indus Waters Treaty). An kafa yarjejeniyar ce don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan game da amfani da rafin Indus da kuma rarraba ruwa ga ƙasashen biyu bayan sun sami 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA42|title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|date=2002|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus Waters Treaty {{!}} History, Provisions, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Indus-Waters-Treaty|access-date=2 May 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Sai dai, sabani game da ita ya kunno kai. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar, an amince wa Indiya ta yi amfani da rafin kogin yamma don noman rani da sauran amfanin da ba sa cinye ruwan gaba ɗaya, yayin da Pakistan ke da mafi yawancin iko a kan rafin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus Waters Treaty|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6439/Indus|access-date=2 May 2021|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Amma, Pakistan ta bayyana damuwarta cewa gine-ginen da Indiya ke yi a kogunan na iya haifar da mummunan ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan.<ref name=":03" /> Haka kuma, Pakistan ta bayyana cewa madatsun ruwa da Indiya ta gina don amfanin da ba ya ƙarewa ana iya amfani da su wajen karkatar da kwararar ruwa tare da katse hanyoyin samar da ruwa na Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Pankaj Kumar|date=2012|title=Conflict over Water Between India and Pakistan: Fear and Hopes?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856568|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=73|issue=1|pages=133–140|jstor=41856568|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi koguna da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, waɗanda aka cire su daga ikon sarrafa albarkatun ruwansu na kansu.<ref name=":03" /> === Mayar da ruwa harkar kasuwanci da sabanin samarwa na jiha === Akwai saɓani game da wanda ke da alhakki, idan ma akwai, na tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Sau da yawa, ra'ayoyi guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan tattaunawa: nauyin jiha ne ta samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga mutane sabanin mika rarrabawa da tsaftace muhalli ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (privatization).{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Ana gabatar da mayar da ruwa harkar kasuwanci (commercialization) a matsayin martani ga ƙaruwar ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya samo asali saboda yawan jama'ar duniya ya ninkasu sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ta ƙaru sau shida. Tsarin kasuwar muhalli (market environmentalism) yana amfani da kasuwanni a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar gurɓataccen muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata. Masu goyon bayan wannan tsari sun yi amfani da ra'ayin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin kayan tattalin arziki ta hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai fi inganci fiye da yadda gwamnatoci ke samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasarsu. Masu goyon bayan hakan suna da'awar cewa kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke kashewa wajen haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa don rarraba albarkatun ruwa ba su dace da fa'idodin da ake samu ba, don haka suke ɗaukar jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa marar tasiri. Haka kuma, ana jayayya cewa mayar da ruwa haja ta kasuwanci yana haifar da dorewar sarrafa ruwa saboda kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki ga masu amfani na yin amfani da ruwa cikin hikima.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilder|first1=Margaret|last2=Romero Lankao|first2=Patricia|date=November 2006|title=Paradoxes of Decentralization: Water Reform and Social Implications in Mexico|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1977–1995|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.026|citeseerx=10.1.1.391.1544}}</ref> Su kuwa masu adawa sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon kasancewar ruwa haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam ya fitar da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kuma yana buƙatar a ba dukan mutane ruwa saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin haƙƙi na ɗan adam yana amfani da shi ta wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) azaman hanyar yaƙi da ƙoƙarin mika shi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "yawanci ya dogara ne akan hujjoji guda biyu: rashin madadin ruwan sha ('mahimmanci ga rayuwa'), da kuma gaskiyar cewa sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka amince da su a sarari a cikin Yarjejeniyar MDD sun ginu ne akan samuwa (da aka zata) na ruwa (misali haƙƙin samun abinci)."<ref name="ref4">Bakker, Karen. "The "Commons" Versus the "Commodity": Alter‐globalization, Anti‐privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South". ''Antipode'' 39.3 (2007): 430-455.</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi == An jera ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a kan haƙƙoƙin samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙasa. === Ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * OHCHR (Ofishin Babban Jami'in Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kan Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam) * UNDP * UNICEF * [http://sanitationandwaterforall.org Tsaftar Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (Sanitation and Water for All)] === Hukumomin haɗin gwiwa na gwamnati === * DFID (Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Masarautar Birtaniya) * GIZ (Kamfanin Jamus don Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙasa da Ƙasa) * SDC (Hukumar Swiss don Ci gaba da Haɗin Gwiwa)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Error|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/error.html|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.eda.admin.ch}}</ref> * EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka)<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OMS|date=22 February 2013|title=Regulatory Information by Topic: Water|url=https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-topic/regulatory-and-guidance-information-topic-water|access-date=11 April 2021|website=US EPA|language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2026}}<!-- unclear the US recognizes this as a human right --> === Ƙungiyoyi da hanyoyin sadarwa masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da ƙasa === * Yaki da Yunwa (Action against Hunger - ACF) * Blood:Water<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blood:Water|url=https://www.bloodwater.org/|access-date=2 May 2021|website=Blood:Water|language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Haɗin Gwiwa (Center for Water Security and Cooperation)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actualizing the right to water|url=https://www.ourwatersecurity.org/righttowater|access-date=25 July 2020|website=cwsc|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228065359/https://www.ourwatersecurity.org/righttowater|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Hanyar Sadarwa ta Ayyukan Ruwa Mai Daɗi (Freshwater Action Network - FAN)<ref name="freshwateraction.net">{{Cite web|title=Freshwater Action|url=http://www.freshwateraction.net/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016111506/http://www.freshwateraction.net/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2002|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.freshwateraction.net}}</ref> * Ruwa Mai Tsarki ga Duniya (Pure Water for the World)<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Pure Water for the World – Pure Water for the World|url=https://www.purewaterfortheworld.org/about-pww/|access-date=27 April 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> * Aikin DigDeep na Haƙƙin Ruwa (The DigDeep Right to Water Project)<ref>{{Cite web|title=DIGDEEP|url=https://www.digdeep.org/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=DIGDEEP|language=en-US}}</ref> * Pacific Institute<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pacific Institute {{!}} Advancing Water Resilience|url=https://pacinst.org/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Pacific Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> * Aikin Ruwa (The Water Project)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Help Solve the Water Crisis in Africa|url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/solving-the-water-crisis|access-date=27 April 2021|website=The Water Project|language=en}}</ref> * Transnational Institute tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa (Water Justice project)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search results|url=https://www.tni.org/en/search/language/en|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Transnational Institute|language=en}}</ref> * UUSC<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.uusc.org/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=Unitarian Universalist Service Committee|language=en}}</ref> * WaterAid * WaterLex (ta daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=WaterLex – Securing human rights to water and sanitation through law and policy reform|url=https://www.waterlex.org/|access-date=30 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> * PeaceJam * Thirst Project ==Manazarta.== 8kgu02ctlnf24zwxihvjmp4gx75eykm 0 101767 859180 677470 2026-06-17T06:42:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hocine Zehouane''' (13 ga Agusta 1935 - 17 Maris 2025) ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref> [https://www.gettyimages.ie/detail/news-photo/hocine-zehouane-algerian-politician-and-human-rights-news-photo/857066692 Algeria – Hocine] </ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hocine Zehouane a Draâ Ben Khedda a Kabylia a Aljeriya. Ya shiga kungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties MTLD, a shekarar 1954, alhali yana makarantar sakandare. Daga nan aka kama shi aka ɗaure shi daga shekarun 1955 zuwa 1957. Lokacin da aka sake shi daga kurkuku, ya shiga maquis a Kabylia. Wilaya III jami'in (Kabylia). Ya shiga gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya a cikin watan Maris 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.barreau-alger.dz/vesrionanglais/Avocatlut3.html |title=Lawyers wrestlers |access-date=2025-06-05 |archive-date=2018-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205423/http://www.barreau-alger.dz/vesrionanglais/Avocatlut3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam == A cikin shekarar 1985, ya shiga cikin kafa kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Aljeriya ta farko (LADH), kuma a cikin shekarar 2005 ya zama shugaban [[Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya|Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Aljeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/100521 |title=Hocine Zehouane : “Je n'avais pas cru au processus démocratique” |access-date=2025-06-05 |archive-date=2025-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128134848/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/100521 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayan 'yanci == A matsayinsa na memba na Ofishin Siyasa na Ƙungiyar neman 'Yancin Ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1964, mai kula da sashen jagoranci, Hocine Zehouane ya halarci taron farko na yanki na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Aljeriya.<ref>[https://peoplesdispatch.org/tag/general-union-of-algerian-workers-ugta/ General Union of Algerian Workers]</ref> A wannan karon, ya bayyana cewa "Dole ne ma'aikatan Algeria su sami damar yin siyasa".<ref>[https://sinedjib.com/index.php/2016/09/03/luttes-classes/#more-1240 Les luttes de classes en Algérie]</ref> Ya yi adawa da juyin mulkin ranar 19 ga watan Yunin 1965, da [[Houari Boumédiène|Houari Boumedienne]] ya yi, wanda ya kai shi gidan yari kafin a tsare shi a gidan yari a kudancin ƙasar daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1971. Ya tafi gudun hijira a Faransa bayan shekarun 1973 kuma ya koma ƙasarsa bayan mutuwar shugaban Aljeriya Houari Boumédiène.<ref> [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Houari-Boumedienne Houari Boumedienne]</ref> Hocine ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Maris 2025, yana da shekaru 89.<ref>{{cite news |title=Décès du militant de la cause nationale et des droits de l’homme Hocine Zahouane |url=https://inter-lignes.com/deces-du-militant-de-la-cause-nationale-et-des-droits-de-lhomme-hocine-zahouane/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |publisher=Inter Lignes |date=18 March 2025 |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318160013/https://inter-lignes.com/deces-du-militant-de-la-cause-nationale-et-des-droits-de-lhomme-hocine-zahouane/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 2tzsqfwd105urjvde5o7uqib3n4jepf 0 105595 859084 834415 2026-06-16T21:13:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Halin da ƙasashen duniya suka yi game da yakin basasar Libya shine martani ga jerin [[Zanga-zanga|zanga-zangar]] da rikice-rikicen soja da ke faruwa a Libya a kan Gwamnatin Libya da shugaban kasar [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. Jihohi da yawa da hukumomin da suka fi na kasa sun yi Allah wadai da mulkin Gaddafi game da hare-haren da ya kai wa fararen hula a cikin kasar. Kusan dukkanin kasashen Yammacin Turai sun yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Gaddafi a kan kamfen din bama-bamai a watan Fabrairu da Maris, kuma wasu kasashe da dama karkashin jagorancin Peru da Botswana sun yi haka. Amfani da rundunar sojin saman Libya don kai farmaki ga fararen hula ya haifar da karɓar ƙudurin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1973 don ƙirƙirar yankin da ba za a iya tashi ba a Libya a ranar 17 ga Maris, kodayake ƙasashe da yawa da ke cikin tilasta aiwatar da ƙudurin sun kuma gudanar da ayyukan yajin aiki na yau da kullun don lalata ikon kai farmaki na Sojojin Libya da lalata ikon mulkin da sarrafawa, yadda ya kamata suna aiki don tallafawa sojojin da ke adawa da Gaddafi a ƙasa. Yawancin mambobin al'ummar kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ƙungiyar Larabawa, da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]], a bayyane sun amince da [[Majalisar Canjin Kasa]] ta adawa da Gaddafi a matsayin wakilin Libya, tare da yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe a bayyane suna bayyana shi a matsayin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta doka ta ƙasar saboda rashin halatta daga ɓangaren mulkin Gaddafi. Jihohi da yawa sun ba da Shawarwarin tafiye-tafiye ko kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su kwashe. Wasu kwashewar sun yi nasara a ko dai zuwa Malta ko ta hanyar iyakokin ƙasa zuwa Masar ko Tunisia; wasu yunkurin sun sami cikas ta hanyar lalacewar tashar jirgin saman Benghazi ko ƙin izinin sauka a Tripoli. Har ila yau, akwai zanga-zangar hadin kai da yawa a wasu ƙasashe waɗanda galibi sun hada da 'yan gudun hijirar Libya. Kasuwancin kuɗi a duniya suna da mummunar martani ga rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da farashin mai ya tashi zuwa shekaru biyu da rabi. == Ƙasashen waje == {| style="float:right; clear:right; margin:1em; width:18em; border:1px solid #a0a0a0; padding:4px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:center;" |'''Kwamitin Tsaro na na 1973 (yanki mara tashi da sauran matakan) {{Flagu|United Nations}}<br />''' |- style="text-align:left;" |'''Kasashen da suka himmatu ga tilasta:''' |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Belgium}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Bulgaria}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Canada}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Denmark}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|France}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Greece}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Italy}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Jordan}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Netherlands}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Norway}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Qatar}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Romania}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galantonu, Dumitrina |date=22 March 2011 |title=Traian Basescu: Romania va trimite fregata Regele Ferdinand cu 205 militari in Mediterana pentru operatiuni de blocare a oricarei nave suspecte ca transporta armament |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-8423876-traian-basescu-sustine-declaratie-presa-ora-21-00-dupa-sedinta-csat.htm |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=[[Hotnews.ro]] |language=ro}}</ref> |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Spain}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|Sweden}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="abcnews1" /> |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} |- style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;" |{{Flagu|United States}} |} *African Union – Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka Jean Ping ya ce AU tana tuntubar gwamnatin Libya kuma ta la’anci dirar-mikin da aka yi wa masu zanga-zanga. A cewar wani taro da aka yi da wakilin Birtaniya a 7 Maris, ba su ƙara wani muhimmin bayani ba.<ref>[http://www.au.int/en/content/auc-and-british-government-discussions-peace-security-and-development AUC and British Government in Discussions on Peace, Security and Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012857/http://www.au.int/en/content/auc-and-british-government-discussions-peace-security-and-development |date=2011-07-22 }} African Union, 9 Maris 2011</ref> A 11 Maris suka sanar da kafa wani kwamiti na shugabannin Afirka Ta Kudu, Uganda, Mauritaniya, Jamhuriyar Kwango da Mali don su je Libya su taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110315053123/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE72B00320110312 African Union names panel to help end Libya crisis], Reuters Africa, 12 Maris 2011</ref> Sun kuma ƙi amincewa da yankin hana jiragen sama ko kowace irin katsalandan ta ƙasashen yamma, sai dai suka goyi bayan “mafita ta Afirka” ta hanyar sauye-sauye.<ref>[http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/no-western-interference-in-libya-president-mugabe-cms-1215 No western interference in Libya: President Mugabe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315192154/http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/no-western-interference-in-libya-president-mugabe-cms-1215 |date=2011-03-15 }}, Zimbabwe Guardian, 12 Maris 2011</ref> *{{Flagu|Arab League}} – Sakataren Janar Amr Moussa ya bayyana damuwa matuƙa kan halin da ake ciki a Libya tare da kira da a dakatar da tashin hankali nan-da-nan. Bayan taron gaggawa na 22 Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta dakatar da Libya daga tarurrukan majalisa, tare da la’antar “laifukan da ake aikatawa kan zanga-zangar lumana a birane da dama na Libya.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-arabs-moussa-idUSLDE71K1W520110221|title=Arab League deeply concerned by Libya violence|work=Reuters|access-date=22 Fabrairu 2011|date=21 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-22/arab-league-bars-libya-from-meetings-citing-forces-crimes-.html|title=Arab League Bars Libya From Meetings, Citing Forces' 'Crimes'|date=22 Fabrairu 2011|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=22 Fabrairu 2011|first=Ola|last=Galal}}</ref> A 7 Maris Moussa ya ce dole Gaddafi ya nemi “sasantawa” da jama’arsa idan yana son ci gaba da mulki, kodayake ya nuna da yawa daga ’yan adawa ba za su karɓi haka ba.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/342514|agency=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=7 Maris 2011|access-date=8 Maris 2011|title=Moussa calls on Qadhafi to reconcile with Libyans}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi taro a 12 Maris ta kuma roƙi Kwamitin Sulhu na UN da ya kafa yankin hana jirage, inda Algeria da Syria kawai suka ƙi amincewa.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12723554 Arab League backs Libya no-fly zone], BBC News, 12 Maris 2011</ref> *{{Flagu|European Union}} – Babbar wakilar EU kan harkokin waje Catherine Ashton ta la’anci murkushe zanga-zanga da gwamnatin Libya ta yi kuma ta mayar da martani kan barazanar Tripoli ga EU, tana mai cewa “EU za ta yi abin da ya dace.”<ref name="euobserver1">[http://euobserver.com/9/31842 EU Observer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019085008/http://euobserver.com/9/31842 |date=2011-10-19 }}, 21 Fabrairu 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/564118/publicationFile/147381/110221-Ashton-Decl.pdf|title=Declaration by the High Representative, Catherine Ashton, on behalf of the European Union on events in Libya|date=20 Fabrairu 2011|publisher=German Foreign Office|access-date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> EU ta tattauna batun Libya a 11–12 Maris 2011, sannan Ashton ta ziyarci Cairo a 13 Maris don haɗa kai da Amr Moussa da kuma shugaban gwamnati na wucin-gadi na Masar Essam Sharaf da Nabil Elaraby.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4041116,00.html EU top diplomat to meet with Arab League in Cairo], YNet News, 12 Maris 2011</ref> *Group of Eight – Ministocin harkokin wajen G8 sun gana a Paris a 14 Maris don tattauna halin da ake ciki da yiwuwar kafa yankin hana tashi jirage.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12735491 G8 leaders consider Libya no-fly zone], BBC News, 14 Maris 2011</ref> *{{Flagu|Gulf Cooperation Council}} – A 8 Maris GCC ta fitar da sanarwar hadin gwiwa tana roƙon UN da ta kafa yankin hana jirage a Libya domin kare fararen hula.<ref name="gcc-sg.org">[http://www.gcc-sg.org/indexc23e.html?action=News&Sub=ShowOne&ID=1919 Joint Statement …] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314164247/http://www.gcc-sg.org/indexc23e.html?action=News&Sub=ShowOne&ID=1919 |date=2011-03-14 }} Gulf Cooperation Council, 8 Maris 2011</ref> A 28 Maris, bayan Qatar ta ɗauki matakin gane Majalisar Ƙwamitin Tsaiko ta Ƙasa a Benghazi, GCC ta goyi bayan wannan sauyi.<ref name="AlJazeera_110329">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/201132814450241767.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=28 Maris 2011|access-date=29 Maris 2011|title=Qatar recognises Libyan rebels after oil deal}}</ref> *International Criminal Court – A 27 Yuni ICC ta fitar da sammaci na kama Muammar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi da Abdualla Al-Senussi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111126013502/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/D07229DE-4E3D-45BC-8CB1-F5DAF8370218.htm Pre-Trial Chamber I issues three warrants of arrest …] International Criminal Court 2011</ref> Washegari, mai gabatar da ƙara na ICC ya ce ba za su mai da hankali kan zargin laifukan ’yan tawayen ba har sai an gama binciken Gaddafi da kusa-kusa da shi.<ref>[http://www.fidh.org/IMG//pdf/cpiproc579ang.pdf The Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC – 9 years on] FIDH 2011 sh. 23</ref> *United Nations – Sakataren Janar Ban Ki-moon ya bayyana cewa jefa bama-bamai kan fararen hula “idan aka tabbatar, laifi ne mai tsanani a dokar jinƙai ta duniya.” **Shugabar Kwamitin Tsaro Maria Luiza Viotti ta ce kwamitin “ya la’anci amfani da ƙarfi kan fararen hula, ya kuma nemi a dakatar da tashin hankali nan-da-nan tare da magance ƙorafe-korafen jama’a ta hanyar tattaunawa.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37583&Cr=protests&Cr1=|title=Libya: Security Council, UN officials urge end to use of force against protesters|date=23 Fabrairu 2011|publisher=UN News Centre|access-date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> **A 26 Fabrairu kwamitin ya zartar da kuduri 1970 ba hamayya — ya sanya takunkumi kan manyan jami’ai goma, Gaddafi da iyalinsa, haramcin tafiye-tafiye da makamai, kana ya mika batun ga ICC don binciken laifukan yaƙi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/news/full-text-of-resolution-1970-2011-libya/|title=Text of UNSCR 1970|publisher=Dipublico.com.ar|access-date=14 Satumba 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wyatt|first=Edward|title=Security Council Calls for War Crimes Inquiry in Libya|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/africa/27nations.html|access-date=27 Fabrairu 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> **Navi Pillay, Babbar Kwamishinar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta UN, ta la’anci amfani da harsasai kai tsaye kan masu zanga-zanga.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN rights chief condemns Libya, Bahrain crackdowns|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=18 Fabrairu 2011|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/02/18/rights-chief-condemns-libya-bahrain-crackdowns/|access-date=21 Janairu 2012|agency=Associated Press|location=Geneva}}</ref> **A 17 Maris kwamitin ya amince da Kuduri 1973 (2011) don kafa yankin hana jirage a Libya da duk matakan da suka tsaya bayan mamayar ƙasa, domin kare fararen hula.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/17/un-security-council-resolution UN security council resolution 1973 (2011) on Libya – full text], The Guardian, 17 Maris 2011</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/17/libya-un-security-council-air Libya: UN security council backs no-fly zone and air strikes], The Guardian, 18 Maris 2011</ref> **A 9 Agusta shugabar UNESCO Irina Bokova ta yi Allah-wadai da harin NATO da ya hallaka ’yan jarida uku a tashar Al-Jamahiriya, tana mai cewa “ba a kamata a kai farmaki kan kafafen yaɗa labarai ba.”<ref name="reut">{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE77802120110809|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809092721/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE77802120110809|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 Agusta 2011|title=UN official "deplores" NATO attack on Libyan TV|access-date=13 Agusta 2011|date=9 Agusta 2011|work=Reuters}}</ref> **A 11 Agusta, bayan harin NATO a Majer da ake zargin ya kashe fararen hula 85, Ban Ki-moon ya kira bangarorin duka da su yi duk mai yiwuwa domin kauce wa asarar rayukan marasa laifi.<ref name="ban">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8696961/Ban-Ki-moon-alarmed-over-rising-civilian-toll-in-Libya.html|title=Ban Ki-moon alarmed over rising civilian toll in Libya|access-date=13 Agusta 2011|date=12 Agusta 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> ==Gwamnatoci== ===Gabashin Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA)=== *{{Flagu|Algeria}} – Aljeriya na daya daga cikin kasashe biyu kacal (tare da Siriya) da suka kada kuri'ar adawa da kudirin kungiyar Larabawa wanda ya bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa haramcin tashi da saukar jiragen sama a saman Libiya.<ref name="Maghrebia">{{cite news|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2011/03/13/newsbrief-01|title=Arab League backs Libya no-fly zone|access-date=31 March 2011|date=13 March 2011|agency=Maghrebia}}</ref> Aljeriya ta fuskanci karuwar matsalar jin kai yayin da mutane da dama ke tserewa daga rikicin Libiya suna kokarin ketarawa zuwa cikin iyakar da ke tsakanin kasashen Maghreb guda biyu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/news/6080.html|agency=Ennahar Online English|date=20 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|title=A hundred new refugees fleeing Libya arrival in Algeria|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726023820/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/news/6080.html|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Maris, Ministan Cikin Gida Dahou Ould Kablia ya sanar da cewa Sojojin Aljeriya suna kara tsaurara tsaro a kan iyakar da kasar ke da ita da Libiya, yana nuna damuwa kan yiwuwar kutsawar kungiyar Al-Qaeda a yankin Maghreb, wata kungiyar ta’adda da Tripoli ke zargin tana kokarin kifar da gwamnatin Libiya. "Iyakarmu da Libiya ta zama barazana ga tsaron Aljeriya," in ji Ould Kablia, inda ya bayyana cewa sojojin Aljeriya sun kama kuma suka kashe wani "dan ta’adda" da ke kokarin shiga daga Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2011/03/30/feature-02|agency=Magharebia|date=30 March 2011|access-date=2 April 2011|title=Algeria boosts Libya border security|first=Walid|last=Ramzi}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Bahrain}} – Ministan Harkokin Wajen Bahrain Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, yayin wata hira da David Frost na tashar Al Jazeera, lokacin da aka tambaye shi dangane da martanin da kasarsa da kuma Libiya suka dauka, ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a Libiya da cewa "abin tausayi ne." <ref>''Frost over the World''. Al Jazeera. 28 February 2011.</ref> Bahrain na daga cikin mambobin kungiyar Libya Contact Group. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, ya bayyana cewa Manama ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya a matsayin "hukumar halatta kadai na al'ummar 'yan'uwan Libiya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=1346|title=Kingdom of Bahrain declares its recognition of Libya's National Transitional Council|date=23 August 2011|access-date=13 July 2025|archive-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928094518/http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=1346|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Egypt}} – Zanga-zangar da ta barke a Libiya ta samu karfafa daga nasarar da aka samu wajen kifar da Shugaba Hosni Mubarak na Masar.<ref name="Afrik">{{cite news|url=http://www.afrik-news.com/article18939.html|agency=Afrik-news|date=12 February 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Libya, Algeria, Yemen, Bahrain, who's Arab world's next?|first=Konye Obaji|last=Ori}}</ref> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa gwamnatin sojan rikon kwarya a Masar na bai wa 'yan tawaye makamai a sirrance. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/egypt-said-to-arm-libya-rebels-2011-03-17|agency=Market Watch|date=17 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Egypt Said to Arm Libya Rebels}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Maris (17 ga Maris a EST), dan takarar shugaban kasa kuma jigo a juyin juya hali Mohamed ElBaradei, ya bukaci kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ya dauki matakin soji domin goyon bayan 'yan tawaye na Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/132818/india/rebuilding-egypt-will-need-time-elbaradei.html|work=India Today|date=18 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Gandhi an inspiration to Egyptian revolution, says ElBaradei}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Agusta, gwamnatin Masar ta sanar da amincewarta da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya.<ref>{{cite news |title= Egypt recognises Libya rebel government |url= http://www.thenewage.co.za/26532-1019-53-Egypt_recognises_Libya_rebel_government |access-date= 22 August 2011 |newspaper= The New Age|location=South Africa |date= 22 August 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120308203558/http://www.thenewage.co.za/26532-1019-53-Egypt_recognises_Libya_rebel_government |archive-date= 8 March 2012}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Iran}} – Shugaba Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ya soki yadda ake murkushe 'yan adawa a Libiya, yana tambaya da mamaki, "Yaya shugaba zai jefa mutanensa da harsasai, tankoki da bamabamai? Yaya shugaba zai yi wa mutanensa ruwan bama-bamai, sannan ya ce 'zan kashe duk wanda ya yi magana'?"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-23 |title=Live Blog – Libya Feb 23 &#124; Al Jazeera Blogs |publisher= Blogs.aljazeera.net |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> Kakakin ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Iran, Ramin Mehmanparast, shi ma ya soki yadda gwamnatin Libiya ke murkushe ‘yan tawaye, yana cewa “Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran na ganin tashi tsaye da bukatun ‘yan Libiya suna cikin farkawar Musulunci da ke faruwa a yankin.” {{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Duk da haka, Jagoran Addini na Iran, Ali Khamenei, ya soki matakin NATO a Libiya yana cewa makasudin shi ne “su mallaki man fetur dinta.”<ref>BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/9432055.stm Libya revolt as it happened: Monday]</ref> *{{Flagu|Iraq}} – Iraq ta aika da tawaga mai girma zuwa taron sirri da shugabannin duniya a birnin Paris a ranar 19 ga Maris don tattauna matakin kasa da kasa kan mulkin Gaddafi.<ref name="ArabsParis">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-20/qatar-says-it-will-join-libya-military-operations-as-arabs-back-offensive.html|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=21 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Arabs Back Allied Offensive on Libya as Leader Qaddafi Remains Defiant|first=Vivian|last=Salama}}</ref> Ministan Harkokin Wajen Iraq, Hoshyar Zebari, wanda ya wakilci gwamnatin Iraq da kuma Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, ya nuna karfin guiwa wajen goyon bayan daukar mataki a taron.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/middleeast/24iraq.html?src=recg|work=The New York Times|date=23 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|title=Ready or Not, Iraq Ascends to Take Helm of Arab Bloc}}</ref> A hukumance, Majalisar Ministocin kasar ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya a ranar 23 ga Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E7JN1I120110823|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927072427/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E7JN1I120110823|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=23 August 2011|access-date=23 August 2011|title=Iraq recognises Libyan rebel council}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Israel}} – Shugaban kasar Isra’ila, Shimon Peres, daga Spain ya ce akwai "dariya ta tarihi" saboda Gaddafi ya taba cewa "a samu Gabas ta Tsakiya ba tare da Isra’ila ba", amma yanzu "za a samu Libiya ba tare da Gaddafi ba."<ref name="aljazblog22feb">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/02/22/live-blog-libya-feb-22 |title=Live Blog – Libya Feb 22 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=2011-02-22}}</ref> Firayim Minista Benjamin Netanyahu ya kira Libiya da Iran a matsayin kasashe masu karya hakkin bil’adama, yana mai cewa Gaddafi "na yanka wadanda ke adawa da shi." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=364657|agency=Ma'an News Agency|date=1 March 2011|access-date=7 March 2011|title=Israel says West must treat Iran like Libya|archive-date=23 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723194533/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=364657|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ministan Harkokin Waje Avigdor Lieberman ya ba da shawarar cewa Isra’ila ta nisanci ‘yan adawan Libiya,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/world/magazine/97278/saif-qadaffi-libya|title=The Pretender|magazine=The New Republic|date=9 November 2011|last1=Levy|first1=Bernard-Henri}}</ref> yayin da Mataimakin Ministan Ci gaban yankunan Negev da Galilee, Ayoob Kara, ya gudanar da tattaunawa kai tsaye da gwamnatin Gaddafi, inda Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya wakilta, kan yiwuwar kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma taimakon wajen sako wani dan Hamas da ke tsare. Wadannan tattaunawar sun ci gaba har sai da 'yan adawa suka kwace Tripoli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2011/09/article55245253/gaddafi-offered-to-handover-shalit-in-exchange-for-halting-nato-attack-israeli-official|title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion|first=Asharq|last=Al-awsat|website=aawsat.net|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626184926/http://www.aawsat.net/2011/09/article55245253/gaddafi-offered-to-handover-shalit-in-exchange-for-halting-nato-attack-israeli-official|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> **Shugabar ‘yan adawa a Isra’ila kuma tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Waje, Tzipi Livni, ta rubuta cewa masu zanga-zangar sun kasance wani bangare na "ranaku masu matukar muhimmanci na sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya", kuma ta ja kunnen cewa, "A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan guguwa na iya ba da damar gina dimokuradiyya a duniyar Larabawa ... amma a yanayi mafi muni, akwai yiwuwar wadanda ke son amfani da tsarin dimokuradiyya domin cimma manufofin da ba na dimokuradiyya ba su yi amfani da wannan kafar."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/23/AR2011022305364.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Tzipi | last=Livni | title=For the Mideast, a code for rising democracies | date=24 February 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Jordan}} – A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Jordan ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1606952|work=Taiwan News|date=24 May 2011|access-date=8 June 2011|title=Jordan recognizes Libyan rebels|archive-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002917/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1606952|url-status=dead}}</ref> sannan ta kara matsayin amincewarta a ranar 22 ga Agusta ta hanyar daukar NTC a matsayin gwamnatin doka ta Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya – Guardian Live Blog|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-unrest-live/2011/aug/22/libya-middle-east-unrest-live#block-65|work=The Guardian |access-date=22 August 2011|location=London|first1=Matthew|last1=Weaver|first2=Paul|last2=Owen|first3=David|last3=Batty|date=22 August 2011}}</ref> Jordan na cikin wadanda suka shiga aikin soja na NATO a Libiya da kuma mambobin Libya Contact Group. *{{Flagu|Kuwait}} – Gwamnatin Kuwait ta soki Gaddafi tare da kiran kasashen Larabawa su soki tashin hankalin.<ref>{{cite news|title= MPs condemn Libya "massacre"|url= http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NDEyOTAzMDI2|newspaper= Kuwait Times|date= 22 February 2011|access-date= 24 February 2011|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173838/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NDEyOTAzMDI2|archive-date= 23 July 2011}}</ref> Muryar Rasha ta ruwaito cewa Kuwait ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/04/22/49293259.html|agency=The Voice of Russia|date=22 April 2011|access-date=23 April 2011|title=Kuwait recognizes Libyan rebels|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111170136/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/04/22/49293259.html|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuwait na daga cikin mambobin Libya Contact Group. *{{Flagu|Lebanon}} – Kungiyar Hezbollah ta bayyana cewa “duk wanda ke da mutunci da sanin yakamata a duniya ba zai yi shiru ba game da kisan kare dangi da gwamnatin Gaddafi ke yi kullum a fadin kasar. Hezbollah na la’antar laifukan da gwamnatin Gaddafi ke aikatawa a kan al’ummar Libiya, kuma muna goyon bayan masu juyin juya hali a Libiya kuma muna addu’a su yi nasara a kan wannan mugun sarki.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=209249 |title=Hezbollah slams 'crimes committed by Gaddafi regime' |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=2011-02-21 |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> Ana kuma ruwaito cewa al’ummar Shi’a sun fara fatan an samu hanyar warware batun bacewar Musa Sadr tun 1978 a Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/6408/World/Region/Libya-revolt-may-clear-mystery-on-Lebanon-Imam.aspx |title=Libya revolt may clear mystery on Lebanon Imam – Region – World – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> Lebanon ce ta shigar da kudurin kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin kafa dokar hana jiragen sama tashi a Libiya sakamakon hare-haren da dakarun Gaddafi ke kai wa fararen hula.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-17/un-security-council-approves-military-action-against-qaddafi-no-fly-zone.html|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=17 March 2011|access-date=18 March 2011|title=UN Security Council Authorizes Military Action Against Qaddafi|first=Bill|last=Varner}}</ref> Lebanon na daga cikin mambobin Libya Contact Group. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, gwamnatin Lebanon ta amince da Kwamitin Rikon Kwarya na Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Aug-23/Lebanon-recognizes-Libyas-National-Transitional-Council.ashx|work=The Daily Star|title=Lebanon recognized Libya's National Transitional Council|date=23 August 2011|access-date=23 August 2011|archive-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824160115/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Aug-23/Lebanon-recognizes-Libyas-National-Transitional-Council.ashx|url-status=dead}}</ref> **An ce Lebanon da Syria suna tattaunawa kan yiwuwar ceto ‘yan kasarsu daga Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=125292 |title=The Daily Star – Politics – Lebanon, Syria discuss Libyan rescue mission |work=The Daily Star|location=Lebanon |date=2011-02-25 |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> **Lebanon ta hana wani jirgin sama daga Libiya dauke da mutane 10 izinin sauka bayan ta bukaci a bayyana sunayen fasinjojin kafin su tashi daga Tripoli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/0/1B0873D5C6626A28C225783F00203053?OpenDocument |title=Beirut Refuses Libyan Jet Entry in Lebanon – Naharnet Newsdesk |publisher=Naharnet.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa matar Hannibal Gaddafi, Aline Skaff, na daga cikin fasinjojin.<ref>[http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24298 Hannibal Gaddafi fears for safety of son from Hezbollah – Wives' relatives Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115304/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24298 |date=26 February 2011 }}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Mauritania}}''' – Wasu ‘yan majalisar dokokin Mauritania sun yi magana a ranar 24 ga Maris suna sukar "kisan gilla" da ake yi a Libya tare da nuna goyon baya ga masu zanga-zanga.<ref>{{cite news |title= Mauritanian MPs condemn 'awful killings' in Libya|url= http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/02/26/mauritanian-mps-condemn-%E2%80%9Cawful-killings%E2%80%9D-in-libya/|newspaper= Afrique Avenir|date= 26 February 2011|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref> A farkon watan Yuni, Shugaba Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ya ce Gaddafi ya kamata ya sauka daga mulki.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/kadhafi-can-no-longer-lead-libya-mauritania-president|agency=Radio Netherlands|title=Kadhafi can no longer lead Libya: Mauritania president|date=7 June 2011|access-date=19 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401225016/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/kadhafi-can-no-longer-lead-libya-mauritania-president|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Morocco}}''' – A ranar 22 ga Agusta, Ministan Harkokin Waje Taib Fassi Fihri ya ce gwamnatinsa ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa "a matsayin wakilin doka da halaltacce na al’ummar Libya".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.romandie.com/news/n/_Le_Maroc_reconnait_le_CNT_visite_du_ministre_marocain_des_AE_a_Benghazi220820112308.asp|title= Le Maroc reconnaît le CNT, visite du ministre marocain des AE à Benghazi|date=23 August 2011|language=fr}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Oman}}''' – Gwamnatin Oman ta yi nasarar matsa lamba a cikin kungiyar Larabawa domin ta bukaci MDD ta kafa yankin hana jiragen sama tashi a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/libya-calls-arab-league-support-of-no-fly-zone-unacceptable-1.348955|work=Haaretz|date=13 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|title=Libya calls Arab League support of no-fly zone 'unacceptable'|archive-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318094001/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/libya-calls-arab-league-support-of-no-fly-zone-unacceptable-1.348955|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oman na cikin kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasashen Gulf (GCC), wacce ta bukaci al’ummomin duniya su dauki mataki kan Libya tare da sukar Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/2011310211730606181.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=10 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011|title=GCC: Libya regime lost legitimacy}}</ref> Oman ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/08/23/oman-backs-libyan-revolutionary-council/|title=Oman backs Libyan revolutionary council|date=23 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323132839/http://english.libya.tv/2011/08/23/oman-backs-libyan-revolutionary-council/|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Qatar}}''' – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Qatar ta ce: "Qatar na kallon abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libya da matukar damuwa, musamman amfani da jiragen yaki da bindigogi kan fararen hula... Qatar ta yi Allah-wadai da wannan amfani da karfin bindiga, tana kuma kira ga gwamnatin Libya da ta daina amfani da karfi akan fararen hula kuma ta dakatar da zub da jini."<ref>{{cite news |title= Qatar condemns Libya's crackdown on protests|url= http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidANA20110222T105922ZSWJ50|newspaper= Zawya|date= 22 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Yahya Mahmassani, wakilin kungiyar Larabawa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya nuna cewa Qatar na iya shiga aikin tabbatar da hana jiragen sama tashi a Libya kafin kada kuri’ar amincewa da hakan a Kwamitin Sulhu na MDD.<ref name="UAEQatarXinhua">{{cite news|title=UAE, Qatar to join no-fly zone over Libya if authorized by UN: Arab League envoy|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/18/c_13784580.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=18 March 2011|access-date=18 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320184923/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/18/c_13784580.htm|archive-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> Qatar ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a matsayin gwamnati halaltacciya ta Libya a ranar 28 Maris.<ref name="AlJazeera_110329"/> Qatar na cikin kungiyar Tuntuɓar Libya (Libya Contact Group). *'''{{Flagu|Sudan}}''' – Gwamnatin Sudan ta sanar da amincewarta da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a ranar 24 Agusta, tana mai cewa tana kokarin kafa "dangantaka ta aiki" da ita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/24/c_131071287.htm|agency=Xinhua News Agency|title=Sudan Recognizes Libya's National Transitional Council|date=24 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108020815/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/24/c_131071287.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> A ranar 26 Oktoba, Shugaba Omar al-Bashir ya bayyana cewa Khartoum ta bai wa dakarun adawa da Gaddafi agajin jin kai da kuma makamai da harsasai, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen kwace Tripoli a karshen watan Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-oct-26-2011-2019|title=Wed, 26 Oct 2011, 18:19 GMT+3 – Libya|access-date=26 October 2011|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Syria}}''' – Shugaba Bashar al-Assad ya ki amincewa da duk wani shisshigi daga kasashen waje a Libya, ya kuma bukaci al’ummar Libya da su kare kansu da kawo karshen rikicin. Syria ce kadai (tare da Aljeriya) daga cikin kasashen Larabawa da suka kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da bukatar MDD na hana jiragen sama tashi a Libya.<ref name="Maghrebia"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria voted against Libya no fly zone|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/03/12/20757/|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=12 March 2011|access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arab states back Libya no-fly zone|author=Peter Cave, Tim Palmer and wires|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/13/3162584.htm?section=world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318104212/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/13/3162584.htm?section=world|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2011|newspaper=ABC News|date=13 March 2011|access-date=13 March 2011}}</ref> Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Syria ta ce: "Syria na jaddada kin amincewarta da duk wani nau’in shisshigi daga kasashen waje cikin harkokin Libya, domin hakan zai saba wa ikon kasar, ‘yancin kanta da kuma hadin kan yankinta,".<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria says against foreign intervention in Libya|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE72917420110310|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902150710/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE72917420110310|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=10 March 2011|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> ‘Yan tawayen Libya sun zargi cewa wasu mayakan haya daga Syria ne ke tuka jiragen yaki na gwamnatin Libya, sun kuma ce sun harbo jirage biyu daga cikin su.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan rebels shoot down two Syrian war planes|author=Richard Henley Davis|url=http://www.economicvoice.com/libyan-rebels-shoot-down-two-syrian-war-planes/50017136|newspaper=THE ECONOMIC VOICE|date=7 March 2011|access-date=11 March 2011|archive-date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310163109/http://www.economicvoice.com/libyan-rebels-shoot-down-two-syrian-war-planes/50017136|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|Tunisia}}''' – Juyin juya halin Tunisia, wanda ya tayar da wani sabon salo na juyin juya hali a Gabas ta Tsakiya, an ambace shi a matsayin tushen zaburar da zanga-zangar Libya.<ref name="Afrik"/> Al Jazeera ta bankado wani yunkuri na diflomasiyya daga gwamnatin Gaddafi zuwa Tunis bayan juyin juya hali a ranar 19 Maris, wanda ya sa ‘yan sanda na Tunisia suka kai dauki bayan ‘yan jarida na Al Jazeera sun sha tsangwama daga jakadan Libya da ma’aikatan otel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/03/19/libyan-envoys-secret-visit-tunis-exposed|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=19 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Libyan envoy's secret visit to Tunis exposed|first=Yasmin|last=Ryan}}</ref> Hukumomin Tunisia sun sha wahala da kwararar ‘yan gudun hijira daga Libya tun bayan da rikicin ya barke, musamman bayan da MDD ta kafa yankin hana jiragen sama tashi a sararin samaniyar gabas da ke makwabtaka da Tunisia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7325663.html|work=People's Daily|date=21 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011|title=Tunisian authorities prepares for influx of refugees from Libya }}</ref> A ranar 20 Afrilu, gwamnatin Tunisia ta rufe wasu sassan iyakarta da Libya saboda rawar da sojojin Gaddafi suka taka a ciki. An ruwaito harin roka da harsasai da sojojin Libya suka harba zuwa Tunisia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/90045713?Tunisia%20reportedly%20closes%20border%20with%20Libya%20due%20to%20attacks%20by%20Gadaffi%20forces|agency=All Headline News|date=20 April 2011|access-date=21 April 2011|title=Tunisia reportedly closes border with Libya due to attacks by Gaddafi forces|first=George|last=McGinn}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya, aka ruwaito cewa akalla sojojin Libya 13, ciki har da janar, sun mika wuya ga sojojin Tunisia a iyaka, bayan arangamar da ‘yan tawayen Libya suka yi a yankin tsaunukan Nafusa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73K0CZ20110421|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913082723/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE73K0CZ20110421|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=21 April 2011|access-date=21 April 2011|title=Libyan officers turn themselves over to Tunisia: report}}</ref> Dan jarida na Al Jazeera a Tunisia ya ce har ma da sojoji 100 ne suka tsere suka mika wuya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-21-0 |publisher=Al Jazeera |title=Libya Live Blog – April 21 |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=21 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421105452/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-april-21-0 |archive-date=21 April 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 Yuni, mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya ce Tunisia za ta amince da NTC idan suka nemi hakan. Daga baya a ranar 20 ga Agusta, Tunisia ta amince da NTC a hukumance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-08-20-tunisia-libya-rebels_n.htm|agency=Associated Press|title=Tunis recognizes Libyan rebels as country's rep|date=20 August 2011|access-date=21 January 2012|work=USA Today|location=Tunis}}</ref> *'''{{Flagu|United Arab Emirates}}''' – Gwamnatin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi Allah-wadai da tashin hankali a kan masu zanga-zanga, kuma Shugaba Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya umarci gidauniyar danginsa da ta tallafa wa mutanen Libya.<ref>{{cite news|title= UAE Condemns Libya Violence, Offers Aid|url= http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZW20110224000185/UAE%20Condemns%20Libya%20Violence,%20Offers%20Aid/|newspaper= Zawya|date= 24 February 2011|access-date= 25 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718152635/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZW20110224000185/UAE%20Condemns%20Libya%20Violence,%20Offers%20Aid/|archive-date= 18 July 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref> UAE ta amince da Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Kasa a ranar 12 Yuni<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE recognises Libya's TNC|url=http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1289993951803&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|agency=Emirates News Agency|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092117/http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1289993951803&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> kuma UAE na cikin kungiyar Libya Contact Group. ===Nahiyar Afirka ta Kasa da Sahara=== *{{Flagu|Angola}} – Ministan Man Fetur Jose Botelho de Vasconcelos ya danganta tashin farashin mai da “halin da ake ciki na siyasa a Libya da wasu ƙasashe” a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE73D00920110414|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913082834/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE73D00920110414|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|work=Reuters|date=14 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|title=Angola: high oil due to Libya strife, geopolitics}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Botswana}} – A watan Fabrairu, gwamnati ta la’anci tashin hankali. “Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Gwiwar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta kira wakilin Libya domin nuna fushi da kashe-kashen tare da la’antar wannan danyen aiki. Gwamnatin na kira ga gwamnatin Libya da ta yi haquri wajen shawo kan lamarin.”<ref name=botswanacondemns>{{cite news |title= Botswana condemns Libya|url= http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1138&dir=2011/February/Tuesday22|newspaper= Mmegi Online|date= 22 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Botswana ta yanke huldar diflomasiyya da Libya a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu saboda "shugaban Libya bai nuna nadama ba kuma yana ci gaba da ƙin yarda duk da tashin hankali da ya faru wa mutanensa..."<ref name=botswanacondemns/> A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, gwamnati ta bayyana goyon bayan yunkurin sulhu na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka amma ta bayyana rashin amincewa da duk wani shiri da zai ba Gaddafi, iyalansa ko na kusa da shi damar ci gaba da shugabanci.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.africareview.com/News/-/979180/1143582/-/hp9sqjz/-/|agency=Africa Review|title=Botswana seeks Gaddafi departure, welcomes Gbagbo capture|date=13 April 2011|access-date=24 April 2011|first=Wene|last=Owino}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, jaridar The Botswana Gazette ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin ta ƙi karɓar kyautar injinan noma daga gwamnatin Libya. “Ba yana nufin saboda katse hulɗar diflomasiyya bane,” in ji daraktan hulɗa da jama'a Tshenolo Modise, sai dai ta amince cewa gwamnati ta ga kyautar ba daidai ba ce tunda yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa da Libya bata kammala ba kafin katse hulɗar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9356:botswana-spurns-libya-tractor-gifts&catid=18:headlines&Itemid=2|work=The Botswana Gazette|first=Oarabile|last=Mosikare|date=20 April 2011|access-date=23 April 2011|title=Botswana spurns Libya tractor gifts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420102829/http://gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9356:botswana-spurns-libya-tractor-gifts&catid=18:headlines&Itemid=2|archive-date=20 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta ƙi bin umarnin kama Gaddafi daga Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa, Botswana ta ce tana goyon bayan kama shi kuma za ta aiwatar da hakan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Botswana-breaks-ranks-over-Gaddafi-20110706|agency=News24|date=6 July 2011|access-date=12 July 2011|title=Botswana breaks ranks over Gaddafi}}</ref> Botswana ta amince da NTC a ranar 11 ga Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=945&dir=2011/August/Friday12|work=Mmegi|date=12 August 2011|access-date=12 August 2011|title=Botswana recognises Libya's rebel govt}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Burkina Faso}} – A ranar 24 ga Agusta, gwamnati ta bayyana amincewa da NTC amma ta ce za ta iya bai wa Gaddafi mafaka idan ya nema, ko da yake Burkina Faso mamba ce ta Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ta bayar da sammacin kama Gaddafi.<ref name="burkchad">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14610722|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC|date=24 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011|title=Live: Battle for Tripoli}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Cape Verde}} – Gwamnatin ta amince da NTC a ranar 26 ga Yuni a matsayin “wakilin hukuma” na Libya, sannan ta sake tabbatar da amincewarta a ranar 26 ga Agusta tare da kira ga sauyi na dimokuradiyya da zaman lafiya da girmama haɗin ƙasar Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/ntc-libya-cape-verde-reaffirms-recognition-of-libyan-ntc-2011082621192.html|agency=Afrique en Ligne|title=NTC Libya: Cape Verde reaffirms recognition of Libyan NTC|date=26 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606165502/http://www.afriquejet.com/ntc-libya-cape-verde-reaffirms-recognition-of-libyan-ntc-2011082621192.html|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Chad}} – Shugaba Idriss Déby Itno ya bayyana cewa yana da tabbaci “cikin dari bisa dari” cewa Al Qaeda a yankin Maghreb (AQIM) sun kwace makaman soja daga sansanonin Libya, ciki har da rokokin ƙasa da jirgi. Ya kara da cewa AQIM na daga cikin wadanda suka yi yaki da Gaddafi. A ranar 24 Maris, jakadan Chad a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya fada wa manema labarai cewa "Gaddafi ba shi da abokai". A farkon watan Afrilu, gwamnatin Chad ta zargi ’yan tawayen Libya da kashe ’yan Chadi bisa zargin cewa su ’yan saka-kai ne. Gwamnatin ta karyata cewa akwai ’yan Chad da ke yaƙi a Libya. A ranar 24 Agusta, Chad ta amince da Majalisar NTC a matsayin wakiliyyar halastacciyar gwamnati. *{{Flagu|Comoros}} – Gwamnatin Comoros ta samu taimako daga Turkiyya wajen kwashe ’yan ƙasarta daga Libya a lokacin tashin hankali. Libya na ci gaba da kasancewa da rundunar sojinta a Comoros kafin mika mulki. *{{Flagu|Ivory Coast}} – A ranar 25 Agusta, Ministan Harkokin Wajen kasar, Daniel Duncan, ya bayyana damuwa kan kisan gillar da ke faruwa a Libya da take hakkin bil’adama, tare da amincewa da NTC a matsayin halastacciyar wakiliyyar jama’ar Libya. Har ila yau, ya nuna damuwa da rikicin cikin gida da kasar ke ciki tsakanin Ouattara da Gbagbo, wanda ya haddasa tabarbarewar hakkin dan Adam. *{{Flagu|Equatorial Guinea}} – Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Shugaba Teodoro Obiang Nguema ya kira Gaddafi sau biyu yana kokarin samun goyon bayan AU, kodayake daga baya gwamnati ta ce an fassara kiran da ba daidai ba. Sannan gwamnatin ta hana yada labaran juyin juya hali a kasashen Larabawa (Arab Spring). *{{Flagu|Ethiopia}} – A ranar 12 Yuli, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Faransa ya ce ya gana da Firayim Minista Meles Zenawi, wanda ya nuna cewa Gaddafi ya kamata ya sauka. A ranar 24 Agusta, Ethiopia ta bayyana amincewarta da NTC kuma ta bukaci AU ta yi haka. *{{Flagu|Gabon}} – A matsayin mamba na dindindin a Kwamitin Tsaro na MDD, Gabon ta kada kuri'a na amincewa da kafa yankin da jiragen yaki ba za su shiga ba a Libya a ranar 17 Maris. A ranar 12 Agusta, ta bayyana goyon baya ga NTC. *{{Flagu|Gambia}} – Shugaba Yahya Jammeh ya bukaci Gaddafi ya sauka daga mulki tare da sukar AU kan yin shiru. Gwamnatin Gambia ta kwashe ’yan ECOWAS fiye da 300 daga Libya. A ranar 22 Afrilu, Gambia ta amince da NTC kuma ta kori dukkan jakadun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi. *{{Flagu|Ghana}} – Gwamnatin Ghana ta ce ba ta da cikakken bayani kan yawan ’yan Ghana da ke Libya. A 22 Maris, Ministan Harkokin Waje Alhaji Mohammed Mumuni ya ce sun kwashe fiye da mutum 16,000. Gwamnatin na ci gaba da kokarin dawo da sauran 'yan Ghana gida. *{{Flagu|Guinea}} – Gwamnatin Guinea ta hana gudanar da zanga-zangar goyon bayan Gaddafi da wasu matasa ke shirin yi a ranar 25 Maris. *{{Flagu|Kenya}} – A ranar 2 Afrilu, wani jami’in gwamnati ya ce babu tattaunawa a Nairobi kan kama kadarorin Gaddafi da ke Kenya, duk da tanadin kudurin MDD. *{{Flagu|Lesotho}} – Gwamnatin Lesotho ta bayyana damuwarta kan rikicin da ke faruwa a Libya. *{{Flagu|Liberia}} – Gwamnatin Liberia ta la’anci tashin hankali tare da bayyana bakin ciki kan asarar rayuka. Shugaba Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ta ce a ganinta, ba dole ba ne a magance rikicin Libya ta hanyar soji daga ƙasashen waje. A ranar 14 Yuni, ta yanke hulda da gwamnatin Gaddafi. Daga baya, Sirleaf ta ce suna duba yiwuwar amincewa da NTC. *{{Flagu|Ghana}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Ghana ta ce ba ta da tabbacin adadin 'yan Ghanar da ke Libya a lokacin da rikicin ya fara a watan Fabrairu. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Ministan Harkokin Waje Alhaji Mohammed Mumuni ya bayyana cewa fiye da Ghanar 16,000 an kwashe su daga Libya zuwa gida, wanda ya zarce kiyasin farko da aka yi. Ya ce gwamnati na ci gaba da ƙoƙarin gano yawan 'yan Ghana da suka rage a can da kuma kwashe su zuwa gida, yana mai cewa “Accra ta himmatu wajen dawo da ɗan Ghana na ƙarshe daga Libya.”<ref>{{cite news|date=25 March 2011|access-date=9 April 2011|url=http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/libya-ghana:-unknown-number-of-nationals-in-libya-poses-evacuation-problems-201103266475.html|title=Libya-Ghana: Unknown Number of Nationals in Libya Poses Evacuation Problems|agency=Afrique en ligne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606164227/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/libya-ghana:-unknown-number-of-nationals-in-libya-poses-evacuation-problems-201103266475.html|archive-date=6 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jakadancin Ghana a Libya da Burkina Faso sun taimaka wajen dawo da 'yan ƙasar gida.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=206454|agency=GhanaWeb|date=6 April 2011|access-date=9 April 2011|title=More Ghanaians from Libya return home}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Guinea}} – Gwamnatin kasar ta hana 'yan ƙasa gudanar da gangamin goyon bayan Gaddafi a ranar 25 ga Maris.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/03/24/2681s628214.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712052102/http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/03/24/2681s628214.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2012|agency=CRI English|date=24 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|title=Guinea Bans Pro-Gaddafi Demonstration}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Kenya}} – A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, jaridar East African Business Week ta ce ta yi magana da wani jami’in gwamnati a Kenya wanda ya musanta cewa ana tattauna batun kwace kadarorin Gaddafi a ƙasar, sabanin dokar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Resolution 1970.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/news/kenya/746-kenya-will-not-seize-gadaffi-companies|work=East African Business Week|title=Kenya will not seize Gadaffi companies|date=2 April 2011|access-date=5 April 2011|first=Daniel|last=Semberya|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405193150/http://www.busiweek.com/11/news/kenya/746-kenya-will-not-seize-gadaffi-companies|archive-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Lesotho}} – Gwamnatin kasar ta bayyana damuwa game da halin da ake ciki a Libya.<ref>{{cite news |title= Lesotho expresses concern over situation in Libya|url= http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/02/26/lesotho-expresses-concern-over-situation-in-libya/|newspaper= Afrique Avenir|date= 26 February 2011|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Liberia}} – Gwamnatin ta yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali a Libya kuma ta nuna tausayinta ga asarar rayukan Afirka. <ref>{{cite news |title= Liberia condemns violence, urges restraint in Libya|date= 26 February 2011|publisher= Afrique Avenir|url= http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/02/26/liberia-condemns-violence-urges-restraint-in-libya/|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref> Amma shugabar ƙasa Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ta bayyana cewa la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru da Liberia lokacin shigowar sojojin ƙetare, ba ta goyi bayan warware rikicin Libya da karfin soja daga ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2011/03/110301_sirleaf_libya.shtml|work=BBC News |date=1 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|title=Liberian president condemns violence in Libya}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, gwamnatin ta yanke huldar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Gaddafi, ta janye jakadan ta daga Tripoli, tare da kwace matsayin diflomasiyya daga ma'aikatan Libya a Monrovia. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=383|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080324/http://www.mofa.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=383|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2011|title=Government of Liberia Sever Diplomatic Relations with the Qadhafi Regime|publisher=Liberian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=14 June 2011}}</ref> Daga baya Sirleaf ta ce gwamnatin ta na duba yiwuwar amincewa da NTC.<ref>{{cite news|first=Fatoumata N. |last=Fofana |url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/content/libya-defaulted-projects |title=Libya Defaulted on Projects |newspaper=The Daily Observer|date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053019/http://www.liberianobserver.com/content/libya-defaulted-projects |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Madagascar}} – A ranar 24 ga Agusta, gwamnatin ta bayyana cewa tana goyon bayan Majalisar Ƙasar Libya ta wucin gadi (NTC), tana mai jaddada bukatar kafa gwamnati mai cikakken wakilci da zaman lafiya a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Madagascar-reconnait-le-CNT,16242.html|title=Madagascar reconnait le CNT libyen|work=Madagascar Tribune|date=24 August 2011|access-date=25 August 2011|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Malawi}} – Gwamnatin Malawi ta amince da Majalisar Ƙasar Libya ta wucin gadi (NTC) a matsayin halastacciyar wakiliyar mutanen Libya a ranar 25 Agusta.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2011/08/25/malawi-recognises-libyas-interim-government/|title=Malawi recognises Libya’s interim government|work=Nyasa Times|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mali}} – A ranar 1 ga Satumba, Mali ta bayyana cewa ba za ta bada mafaka ga Gaddafi ba, duk da rade-radin cewa yana iya gudun hijira zuwa ƙasar. Gwamnatin ta ce za ta girmama yarjejeniyar ICC wadda Mali ke cikinta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110901-libya-mali-gaddafi-asylum-icc-wanted-war-crimes|title=Mali rules out Gaddafi asylum, says will respect ICC|work=France 24|date=1 September 2011|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mauritania}} – Gwamnatin Mauritania ta ce tana goyon bayan warware rikicin Libya ta hanyar diflomasiyya kuma ta yi kira da a gaggauta kawo karshen tashin hankali.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7324876.html|title=Mauritania calls for peaceful resolution of Libyan crisis|agency=Xinhua|date=18 March 2011|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mauritius}} – Mauritius ta goyi bayan matakan da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ɗauka a kan Libya kuma ta bayyana cewa tana jiran isasshen lokaci kafin yanke hukunci kan NTC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/ntc-libye-maurice-ne-veut-pas-pr%C3%A9cipiter-les-choses|title=NTC Libye: Maurice ne veut pas précipiter les choses|work=L'Express|date=26 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mozambique}} – Mozambique ta ce tana nazarin halin da ake ciki a Libya kafin yanke hukunci dangane da sabuwar gwamnatin wucin gadi (NTC).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/article-08-25-2011-mocambique-libia-reconhecimento-128441228/1256603.html|title=Moçambique ainda não reconheceu novo governo da Líbia|work=Voice of America|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011|language=pt}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Namibia}} – A watan Maris, shugaba [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] ya bayyana damuwa kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa a Libya tare da sukar amfani da karfin soja daga kasashen yamma. Sai dai daga bisani, babu wata cikakkiyar sanarwa game da matsayin Namibia kan sabuwar gwamnatin NTC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=80781&no_cache=1|title=Namibia worried about Libya air strikes|work=The Namibian|date=21 March 2011|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Niger}} – A ranar 24 Agusta, gwamnatin Niger ta bayyana amincewarta da NTC. Sai dai daga baya rahotanni sun bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin kusa da Gaddafi sun samu mafaka a ƙasar, ciki har da ɗansa Saadi Gaddafi, wanda ya isa Agadez a cikin watan Satumba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14887174|title=Saadi Gaddafi flees to Niger|work=BBC News|date=12 September 2011|access-date=13 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Nigeria}} – A ranar 23 Agusta, Najeriya ta bayyana cewa tana amincewa da NTC a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnatin Libya. Ministan harkokin wajen Najeriya ya ce Najeriya ta yanke wannan shawara ne domin goyon bayan ra'ayin al'umma da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/nigeria-recognises-libyan-rebels/|title=Nigeria recognises Libyan rebels|work=Vanguard|date=23 August 2011|access-date=24 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Rwanda}} – Gwamnatin Rwanda ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga ƙoƙarin da Majalisar Ƙungiyar Afirka ke yi don sasanta rikicin Libya, tare da bayyana cewa tana fatan za a samu warware rikicin cikin lumana da mutunta 'yancin jama'ar Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/55396/National/rwanda-backs-au-on-libya|title=Rwanda backs AU on Libya|work=The New Times|date=22 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|São Tomé and Príncipe}} – A watan Satumba, kasar ta bayyana amincewa da NTC a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnati a Libya, tana mai goyon bayan mika mulki cikin lumana da dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.panapress.com/Sao-Tome-et-Principe-reconnait-le-CNT-libyen--13-801294-17-lang2-index.html|title=Sao Tomé et Principe reconnait le CNT libyen|agency=Panapress|date=10 September 2011|access-date=11 September 2011|language=fr}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Senegal}} – Shugaban ƙasa [[Abdoulaye Wade]] ne ya fara halarta a Libya bayan juyin juya hali kuma ya gana da jagororin NTC. Senegal ce ta farko daga kasashen Afirka da ta amince da NTC a hukumance a watan Yuli 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14275001|title=Senegal becomes first African nation to recognise NTC|work=BBC News|date=25 July 2011|access-date=26 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Seychelles}} – Gwamnatin Seychelles ta bayyana damuwa kan tashin hankali a Libya, tana mai jaddada bukatar sasanci da kare lafiyar fararen hula, tare da nuna goyon baya ga ƙoƙarin diflomasiyya na warware rikicin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nation.sc/archive/229891/seychelles-condemns-violence-in-libya-calls-for-peaceful-solution|title=Seychelles condemns violence in Libya, calls for peaceful solution|work=Seychelles Nation|date=2 March 2011|access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Sierra Leone}} – A ranar 26 Agusta, kasar ta bayyana amincewarta da NTC kuma ta yi kira da a kafa sabuwar gwamnatin da za ta hada kowa da kowa tare da wanzar da zaman lafiya a Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201108/667408.shtml|title=Sierra Leone recognizes Libya’s NTC|work=Global Times|date=26 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Somalia}} – Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Somalia ta ce tana kallon NTC a matsayin wakiliyar sahihiya ta al’ummar Libya, kuma tana fatan ganin zaman lafiya da daidaito sun dawo a kasar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.shabelle.net/news/archives/002007.html|title=Somali interim government supports Libya’s NTC|agency=Shabelle Media Network|date=28 August 2011|access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|South Africa}} – Koda yake South Africa ta jima ba tare da amincewa da NTC ba, a ƙarshe ta bayyana amincewa da NTC a ranar 20 Satumba 2011 bayan taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya bayyana cewa an yarda da hukuncin jama’ar Libya, kuma yana fatan za a dawo da zaman lafiya da dimokuradiyya a kasar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-safrica-idUSL5E7KK2N520110920|title=South Africa recognises Libya’s NTC|agency=Reuters|date=20 September 2011|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Sudan}} – Shugaba [[Omar al-Bashir]] ya bayyana goyon baya ga juyin juya hali a Libya kuma ya yi kira da a tuhumci Gaddafi kan laifukan da ya aikata. A ranar 23 Agusta, Sudan ta bayyana cewa tana amincewa da NTC a matsayin wakilin halastaccen gwamnatin Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/8/24/libyan-rebels-recognised-by-sudan|title=Libyan rebels recognised by Sudan|work=Al Jazeera|date=24 August 2011|access-date=25 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Swaziland}} (eSwatini) – Ba ta bayyana matsayinta a hukumance ba, amma rahotanni sun nuna cewa Swaziland ta kasance cikin kasashen da suka karɓi tallafin kudi daga gwamnatin Gaddafi kafin juyin juya hali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/gaddafi-funding-governments-in-africa-1042716|title=Gaddafi funding governments in Africa|work=IOL News|date=14 March 2011|access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Tanzania}} – Gwamnatin Tanzania ta bayyana cewa tana maraba da kowane mataki da zai kawo karshen rikici a Libya, tana mai kira da a mutunta hakkin dan Adam da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya mai dorewa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/tanzania-urges-calm-in-libya.aspx|title=Tanzania urges calm in Libya|work=Daily News Tanzania|date=21 March 2011|access-date=23 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Togo}} – A ranar 25 Agusta, gwamnatin Togo ta amince da Majalisar NTC a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnati a Libya kuma ta bayyana shirin ci gaba da aiki tare da ita.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/Diplomatie/Le-Togo-reconnait-le-CNT-libyen|title=Le Togo reconnait le CNT libyen|agency=République Togolaise|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Tunisia}} – A ranar 21 Agusta, gwamnatin Tunisia ta bayyana cewa tana amincewa da NTC, kuma ta bude ofishin jakadanci ga sabon gwamnati a Tripoli cikin gaggawa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middle-east-online.com/en/node/462561|title=Tunisia recognises Libya’s rebel council|agency=Middle East Online|date=22 August 2011|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Uganda}} – Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya soki NATO bisa kai hare-hare a Libya amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa Uganda za ta yi aiki da kowane hukuma ko gwamnati da al’ummar Libya suka kafa bisa amincewarsu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/688334-1223012-format-xhtml-95j96bz/index.html|title=Museveni speaks out on Libya|work=Daily Monitor|date=27 August 2011|access-date=28 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Zambia}} – A watan Agusta 2011, gwamnatin Zambiya ta ce tana goyon bayan samar da sabuwar gwamnati a Libya ta hanyar da ta dace da ra’ayin jama’a. Daga bisani, ta amince da NTC a matsayin gwamnati halastacciya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/08/26/zambia-recognises-libyan-rebels-ntc/|title=Zambia recognises Libyan rebels (NTC)|work=Lusaka Times|date=26 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Zimbabwe}} – Gwamnatin Zimbabwe, karkashin shugaba [[Robert Mugabe]], ta soki hare-haren da NATO ke kaiwa a Libya da kuma kawar da Gaddafi, tana mai cewa wannan yunkuri ne na yammacin duniya na mamaye arzikin Afirka. Har zuwa ƙarshen rikicin, Zimbabwe ba ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga NTC ba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/25/robert-mugabe-libya-gaddafi|title=Robert Mugabe denounces Nato and the West over Gaddafi|work=The Guardian|date=25 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref> ===Amurka=== *{{Flagu|Antigua and Barbuda}} – Firayim Minista Baldwin Spencer ya ce yana “cike da damuwa” da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libya, a cewar Al Jazeera English. “Ko muna so ko ba mu so, har yanzu muna da dogaro sosai da man fetur daga Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma yawancin tattalin arzikinmu yana dogara da hakan,” in ji Spencer.<ref name="Barrett">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/04/201141914463190398.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=19 April 2011|access-date=23 April 2011|first=Kathy|last=Barrett|title=Libyan investments in Caribbean under threat}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Argentina}} – Gwamnatin ta bayyana “damuwa matuka”, ta yi nadama kan asarar rayuka, kuma ta bukaci warware rikicin cikin gaggawa da lumana.<ref name="argresponse">{{Cite news |url=http://mrecic.gob.ar/com.php?buscar=5045 |title=Press release of the Argentine Foreign Affairs Ministry |date=21 February 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina |access-date=22 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706083423/http://mrecic.gob.ar/com.php?buscar=5045 |archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Bolivia}} – Shugaba Evo Morales ya ce “A ƙarshe dai suna son su mallaki man Libya... Haka dai ƙasashe masu ƙarfi suke,” inda ya soki shisshigin Yamma a Iran – yanzu kuma “suna ƙirƙiro matsala da Muammar Gaddafi”.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/intervention-is-just-a-grab-for-oil-say-libyas-allies/story-e6frfkui-1226024861708 | agency=Agence France-Presse | title=Intervention is just a grab for oil, say Libya's allies | date=20 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Brazil}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta fitar da sanarwa tana Allah wadai da “ta’addancin da aka aikata a lokacin zanga-zangar jama’a da ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar fararen hula” tare da kiran gwamnati da ta mutunta 'yancin bayyana ra’ayi na masu zanga-zanga.<ref>Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (18 February 2011). [http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia Nota nº 66 Situation in Libya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310184924/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia |date=10 March 2012 }}.</ref> *{{Flagu|Canada}} – Ministan Harkokin Wajen Canada Lawrence Cannon ya la'anci farmaki kan "masu zanga-zanga marasa laifi", kuma ya bukaci jami’an tsaron Libiya su "girmama haƙƙin ɗan Adam na masu zanga-zanga da kuma kare haƙƙin su na bayyana ra'ayi da yin taro."<ref name="canresponse">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/libyan-crackdowns-outrageous-pm-1.1034072 |title=Canada condemns Libyan crackdowns: Cannon |date=21 February 2011 |author=CBC News |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Cannon ya sanar da aikewa da jirage zuwa Libiya don ceto 'yan ƙasar Canada da ke makale, inda za a wuce da su zuwa Turai kafin su koma gida. Jimillar 'yan ƙasar 331 ne suka yi rijista a ofishin jakadancin Canada da ke Tripoli, inda 91 daga ciki suka ce suna shirin barin kasar.<ref name="CANevacuate">{{Cite news |author=CBC News |title=Ottawa to evacuate Canadians in Libya |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ottawa-to-fly-canadians-out-of-libya-1.980590 |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, Canada – mamba a rukunin Libya Contact Group – ta amince da Majalisar Rikon Kwarya a matsayin gwamnatin doka a Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada recognizes anti-gadhafi rebels as libyas new government|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-recognizes-anti-gadhafi-rebels-as-libyas-new-government/article2060025/|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=14 June 2011|location=Toronto|first=Campbell|last=Clark|date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128094959/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-recognizes-anti-gadhafi-rebels-as-libyas-new-government/article2060025/|archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> ** Canada ta dakatar da aikin jakadancinta a Libiya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu kuma ta janye jakadanta Sandra McCardell.<ref>{{Cite news |author=CBC News |title=Canada suspends diplomatic presence in Libya |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001162446/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Canada ta saka takunkumi kan dukiyar Muammar Gaddafi da iyalinsa a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Rogers Broadcasting |title=Canada suspends diplomatic presence in Libya |publisher=Rogers Broadcasting |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001162446/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-suspends-diplomatic-presence-in-libya-1.612502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Jiragen saman soja guda uku daga Canada (C-17 biyu da C-130J guda ɗaya) suna jirin izini a Malta don kwaso 'yan kasar daga Libiya. ** Canada ta aike da jirgin ruwan yaki {{HMCS|Charlottetown|FFH 339|6}} zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum don haɗuwa da sauran jiragen yaki na ƙasashen duniya a gabar Libiya.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/naval-mission-signals-ottawas-hardening-stand-on-libyan-crisis/article1927727/ | location=Toronto | work=The Globe and Mail | title=Naval mission signals Ottawa's hardening stand on Libyan crisis | date=23 August 2012}}</ref> ** Canada ta tura jiragen yaki guda shida nau’in CF-18 Hornet domin taimakawa wajen tabbatar da dokar hana jiragen sama tashi a Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2011/03/17/17662461.html|title=(no title)|newspaper=Toronto Sun}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Sweden}} – Firayim Minista Fredrik Reinfeldt ya bayyana tashin hankali da ake yi a Libiya a matsayin abin Allah wadai kuma ya goyi bayan matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. *{{Flagu|Switzerland}} – Shugaba Micheline Calmy-Rey ta bayyana cewa Switzerland ta sanya takunkumi ga kadarorin Gaddafi da iyalansa, kuma ta bukaci sauyi cikin lumana. *{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} – Firayim Minista David Cameron ya soki yadda Gaddafi ke murkushe masu zanga-zanga, ya kuma fitar da takunkumi da cire izinin tafiya ga manyan jami’an gwamnati. Birtaniya ta goyi bayan harin soji na NATO don kare fararen hula a Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/mar/19/libya-air-strikes-david-cameron|title=David Cameron backs air strikes against Libya|publisher=The Guardian|date=19 March 2011}}</ref> ===Turai=== *{{Flagu|Albaniya}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta bayyana damuwa sosai game da halin da ake ciki a Libiya, tana kiran a dakatar da tashin hankali da kuma a girmama hakkin ɗan adam. *{{Flagu|Ostiriya}} – Firayim Minista Werner Faymann da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Michael Spindelegger sun ƙi amincewa da tashin hankali da gwamnatin Libiya ke yi ga masu zanga-zanga, kuma sun bukaci hukuma ta daina amfani da karfi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/startpage/|title=Austrian Foreign Ministry – Press release|access-date=25 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Belgiyum}} – Firayim Minista Yves Leterme ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Gaddafi ta rasa sahihancin shugabanci kuma dole ne ta sauka. *{{Flagu|Bulgariya}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta fitar da sanarwa tana kiran gwamnati ta gaggauta dakatar da tashin hankali kuma ta tabbatar da kare rayukan fararen hula. *{{Flagu|Cyprus}} – Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa tana bin al’amuran da ke faruwa a Libiya da kulawa, tana mai kiran a dakatar da amfani da karfi. *{{Flagu|Czech Republic}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ce tana yin Allah wadai da kisan da ake yi wa masu zanga-zanga kuma tana goyon bayan hukunci da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka. *{{Flagu|Denmark}} – Firayim Minista Lars Løkke Rasmussen ya bayyana goyon baya ga matakan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka kan Libiya, yana cewa dole ne a hukunta masu laifi. *{{Flagu|Finland}} – Shugaba Tarja Halonen da Firayim Minista Mari Kiviniemi sun soki tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi kan fararen hula, suna mai kiran kawo ƙarshen hakan cikin gaggawa. *{{Flagu|Faransa}} – Shugaba Nicolas Sarkozy ya ce Gaddafi dole ne ya sauka, kuma Faransa ta rufe ofishinta na jakadanci a Libiya. Faransa ce ta farko da ta amince da Hukumar Sauyin Libiya a matsayin gwamnati ɗin da ta dace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110310-france-recognizes-libyan-opposition-national-council-gaddafi|title=France recognises Libyan opposition as 'legitimate' government|publisher=France 24|date=10 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Jamus}} – Shugabar gwamnati Angela Merkel ta bayyana cewa abu ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba, yadda gwamnatin Gaddafi ke amfani da karfi wajen murkushe masu zanga-zanga. Jamus ta dakatar da sayar da makamai zuwa Libiya kuma ta fitar da matakan takunkumi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-condemns-libya-crackdown/a-14867301|title=Merkel condemns Libya crackdown|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=22 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagu|Girka}} – Firayim Minista George Papandreou ya nuna damuwa, ya kuma bukaci a gudanar da sauyi ta hanyar zaman lafiya. Haka kuma Girka ta karɓi jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na baƙin haure da suka fito daga Libiya. *{{Flagu|Hungary}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ce tana goyon bayan matakan da Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka ɗauka, tana mai kiran gwamnatin Libiya ta daina amfani da karfi. *{{Flagu|Ireland}} – Firayim Minista Brian Cowen ya bayyana tashin hankali da ake yi a Libiya a matsayin abin damuwa sosai kuma ya bukaci gwamnatin Gaddafi da ta girmama hakkin ɗan adam da kuma kawo sauyi. *{{Flagu|Italiya}} – Firayim Minista Silvio Berlusconi ya dakatar da yarjejeniyar abota da Libiya, yana kiran Gaddafi da ya sauka. Italiya ta kuma karɓi dubban 'yan gudun hijira daga Libiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12585773|title=Italy suspends friendship treaty with Libya|publisher=BBC News|date=26 February 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Netherlands}} – Gwamnati ta bayyana fushinta kan yadda ake murkushe masu zanga-zanga da karfi kuma ta bukaci gudanar da sauyi cikin zaman lafiya. *{{Flagu|Norway}} – Ministan Harkokin Waje Jonas Gahr Støre ya soki amfani da karfi da Gaddafi ke yi, yana mai goyon bayan matakin hana tashi jirgin sama da aka ɗauka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. *{{Flagu|Poland}} – Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ce tana goyon bayan matakin takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma daukar matakin hana jirgin sama a sama da Libiya. *{{Flagu|Portugal}} – Firayim Minista José Sócrates ya ce Portugal tana bin lamura da kulawa, kuma ta shirya daukar matakin hadin gwiwa da sauran ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai. *{{Flagu|Romania}} – Shugaba Traian Băsescu ya bayyana cewa Romania tana goyon bayan matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma bukatar Gaddafi ya sauka. *{{Flagu|Rasha}} – Shugaba Dmitry Medvedev ya bayyana cewa abin da ke faruwa a Libiya abin damuwa ne sosai, kuma Rasha ta goyi bayan takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai Rasha ba ta amince da kai hari ba bisa dalilin kare fararen hula. *{{Flagu|Slovakia}} – Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa tana goyon bayan sauyi a Libiya, kuma tana kira da a daina amfani da karfi. *{{Flagu|Slovenia}} – Firayim Minista Borut Pahor ya bukaci gwamnatin Libiya da ta dakatar da tashin hankali kuma ta bayar da dama ga zaman lafiya da tattaunawa. *{{Flagu|Spain}} – Firayim Minista José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ya bukaci Gaddafi da ya sauka, kuma Spain ta shiga cikin matakin hana jiragen sama a Libiya. ===Amurka ta Kudu da Arewacin Amirka=== *{{Flagu|Chile}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen kasar ta fitar da sanarwa a karo na biyu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu tana cewa "saboda ci gaba da amfani da karfin da ba a tabbatar ba akan fararen hula, Gwamnatin Chile na Allah-wadai da matukar karfi akan wannan danniya da gwamnati ke yi wa 'yan kasar, abin da ya saba da manufar tattaunawa da Chile da sauran kasashen duniya ke nema domin warware rikicin siyasa a kasar, kuma ya saba da cikakken mutunta hakkin dan Adam da ke cikin kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Don haka, Gwamnatin Chile na kira ga hukumomin Libiya da su samar da hanyoyin tattaunawa da halartar 'yan kasa, sannan da gaggawa su dakatar da danniya akan al'ummar su."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cancillería condena represión de Gobierno de Libia y genera red de asistencia a chilenos con apoyo de Brasil |publisher=Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Chile |date=23 Fabrairu 2011 |url=http://www.minrel.gov.cl/prontus_minrel/site/artic/20110222/pags/20110222200007.php |access-date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Colombia}} – Shugaba Juan Manuel Santos ya yi Allah-wadai da yadda gwamnatin Libiya ke mu'amala da 'yan kasarta, yana cewa "abinda ke faruwa a Libiya abin ki ne." Colombia ta kada kuri'a don kafa yankin da ba za a yarda da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ba akan Libiya a matsayin mamba maras dindindin a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 17 ga Maris. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, Santos ya umurci Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta amince da Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa, yana cewa "Mutanen Libiya sun cancanci gwamnati da ke mutunta hakkin dan Adam, 'yanci da kuma dimokuradiyya."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/colombia-reconoce-legitimidad-de-rebeldes-en-libia_10206384-4|title=Colombia ta amince da sahihancin Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa|date=23 Agusta 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Cuba}} – Tsohon shugaban kasa Fidel Castro, wanda har yanzu yana da tasiri a jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Cuba, ya bayyana damuwa cewa Amurka na shirin mamaye Libiya.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12548239 |title=Peru ta katse dangantaka da Libiya, ta kuma la’anci tashin hankali|date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Dominica}} – Firayim Minista Roosevelt Skerrit ya ce yana damuwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libiya.<ref name="grenada"/> Sai dai ya ce ba zai katse dangantaka da Libiya ba.<ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Grenada}} – Gwamnatin Grenada ta la’anci tashin hankali.<ref name="grenada"/> *{{Flagu|Guyana}} – Gwamnatin Guyana ta la’anci amfani da karfi da gwamnatin Tripoli ta yi akan masu zanga-zanga, sannan ta nemi a yi tattaunawa don warware rikicin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2011/opinion/editorial/03/27/a-matter-of-principle/|agency=Stabroek News|date=27 Maris 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Mexico}} – Gwamnatin Mexico ta la’anci tashin hankali da danniya, kuma ta kwashe wasu 'yan kasar 12 daga cikin 123 zuwa Italiya, wasu 6 sun tsere zuwa Tunisiya, wasu 2 kuma sun tashi zuwa Malta. Haka kuma, ta nuna cikakken goyon baya ga manufofin Amurka akan Libiya. A ranar 1 ga Maris, Ministan Harkokin Waje Patricia Espinosa ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Gaddafi ta aikata laifukan yaƙi akan fararen hula.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/international/162122/|title=Mexico ta la’anci danniyar da ake yi a Libiya|date=1 Maris 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Nicaragua}} – Shugaba Daniel Ortega ya ce ya kira Gaddafi domin nuna goyon baya da jituwa da shi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/nicaragua-prez-call-gaddafi-to-expresses-support/ |title=Shugaban Nicaragua ya kira Gaddafi domin nuna goyon baya |date=22 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Panama}} – A ranar 20 ga Maris, Shugaba Ricardo Martinelli ya kwatanta Gaddafi da tsohon shugaban Panama Manuel Noriega. Ya ce gwamnatin Libiya na "kashe al’ummarta ba tausayi," kuma Panama ta zama kasa ta farko daga Latin America da ta amince da Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa a ranar 14 ga Yuni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panama ta amince da Majalisar Sauyi ta Kasa|url=http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2011/06/14/uhora/local_2011061418132483.asp|access-date=2025-07-13|archive-date=2011-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618153804/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2011/06/14/uhora/local_2011061418132483.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Peru}} – Shugaba Alan García ya ce "Peru na Allah-wadai da danniyar da gwamnatin Gaddafi ke yi akan mutanen da ke bukatar sauyin dimokuradiyya," sannan ya ce Peru za ta bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta kafa yankin da ba a yarda da jirage su shiga ba a Libiya. Peru ce kasa ta farko da ta katse huldar diflomasiyya da Libiya a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/23/peru-suspends-diplomatic-relations-with-libya/11005/ |title=Peru ta katse huldar diflomasiyya da Libiya |date=23 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} – An shirya bude wani banki a tsibirin Saint Kitts da hadin gwiwar Libiya, amma an dakatar da aikin.<ref name="Barrett"/><ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Saint Lucia}} – Firayim Minista Stephenson King ya ce gwamnatin na sa ido kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a Libiya, amma ba za ta katse dangantaka da gwamnatin Gaddafi ba.<ref name="Barrett"/><ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} – Wasu ‘yan adawa sun fusata da cewa gwamnati na karbar taimako daga Libiya, suna kiran hakan “kudin jini.”<ref name="stkitts"/> *{{Flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}} – Ministan Harkokin Waje Surujrattan Rambachan ya ce ‘yan Trinidad da Tobago 11 da ke aiki a Libiya an kwashe su zuwa gida. Ya bayyana goyon baya ga yunkurin ‘yan adawa na kafa dimokuradiyya a Libiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/02/24/trinis-evacuated-libya|title=An kwashe 'yan Trinidad da Tobago daga Libiya|date=24 Fabrairu 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|United States}} – Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje Hillary Clinton ta ce "Yanzu ne lokaci ya yi da za a dakatar da wannan zubar jini da ba a yarda da shi ba." Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta bukaci iyalan ma'aikatan jakadancin da sauran ma’aikata da ba su da muhimmanci da su bar Libiya.<ref name="USliveblog"/> ===Amurikas=== *{{Flagu|Antigua and Barbuda}} – Firayim Minista Baldwin Spencer ya ce yana "cikin fargaba yana kallon yadda abubuwa ke gudana" a Libiya, kamar yadda Al Jazeera English ta ruwaito. Ya ce, "Ko muna so ko ba ma so, har yanzu muna matukar dogara da man fetur daga Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma mafi yawan tattalin arzikinmu suna dogaro da hakan." <ref name="Barrett"/> *{{Flagu|Argentina}} – Gwamnatin kasar ta bayyana "damuwa mai zurfi", ta nuna alhini game da rasa rayuka, kuma ta bukaci a samu mafita cikin gaggawa da zaman lafiya.<ref name="argresponse"/> *{{Flagu|Bolivia}} – Shugaba Evo Morales ya ce "A karshe dai burinsu shi ne su karbe ikon man fetur na Libiya…Haka dai kasashen iko suke," ya danganta da abin da ya kira katsalandan daga kasashen yamma a Iran – yanzu kuma "suna kirkiro matsala da Muammar Gaddafi".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/world/intervention-is-just-a-grab-for-oil-say-libyas-allies/story-e6frfkui-1226024861708 | agency=Agence France-Presse | title=Intervention is just a grab for oil, say Libya's allies | date=20 March 2011}}</ref> *{{Flagu|Brazil}} – Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Brazil ta fitar da sanarwa tana la’antar "ayyukan tashin hankali da aka aikata a yayin zanga-zangar jama'a da suka haddasa mutuwar fararen hula", kuma ta bukaci "masu rike da madafun iko su kare ‘yancin bayyana ra’ayi na masu zanga-zanga".<ref>Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (18 February 2011). [http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia Nota nº 66 Situation in Libya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310184924/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia |date=10 March 2012 }}.</ref> Gwamnatin Brazil ta kuma bukaci hukumomin Libiya su tabbatar da tsare lafiyar 'yan Brazil da ke biranen Tripoli da Benghazi.<ref>Ministry of External Relations of Brazil (21 February 2011). [http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia-1 Nota nº 70 ''Situação na Líbia'' ("Situation in Libya")] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130121321/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/situacao-na-libia-1 |date=30 January 2012 }}. {{in lang|pt}}.</ref> Brazil, wadda ba cikakkiyar mamba bace a Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kaurace wa kada kuri'a kan kafa haramcin tashi da saukar jiragen sama a Libiya a ranar 17 ga Maris.<ref name="UNNFZres"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} jq5lj9yudawtvf5irzzr8ty7f5wt9aa 0 106541 859306 668529 2026-06-17T11:58:15Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Joseph O'Toole''' (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Ireland na kasa da shekaru 21. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] dskzoqaqnk8h884kgf12jlh7i4k8pg1 0 107236 859142 829896 2026-06-17T04:00:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An bayyana Isra'ila a cikin Sanarwar cewa 'yancin kai a matsayin "jaha ta Yahudawa" <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Avalon Project : Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/israel.asp |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref> - an karɓi ma'anar doka "Jiha ta Yahudawa da dimokuradiyya" a shekara ta 1985. Baya ga yawancin Yahudawa a yankin ban da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]] da aka mamaye, Isra'ila gida ce ga 'yan tsiraru na addini da kabilanci, wasu daga cikinsu suna ba da rahoton nuna bambanci. A cikin yankunan Palasdinawa, Gwamnatocin Isra'ila da suka biyo baya sun fuskanci zargi na kasa da kasa daga wasu ƙasashe da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=Israel's apartheid against Palestinians |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/02/israels-system-of-apartheid/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shakir |first=Omar |date=2021-04-27 |title=A Threshold Crossed |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution |journal=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/topic/apartheid |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=[[B'Tselem]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ארכיון Settler Violence |url=https://www.yesh-din.org/en/category/settler-violence/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=[[Yesh Din]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin Dokokin Ƙananan na Isra'ila, wanda aka nufa don zama tushen kundin tsarin mulki na gaba, Dokokin Ƙarshen: Darajar Dan Adam da 'Yanci, babban kayan aiki ne don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da' yancin jama'a a Jihar Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavison |first=Ruth |year=1985 |title=The Controversy over Israel's Bill of Rights |journal=Israel Yearbook of Human Rights |volume=15 |pages=113–154}}</ref> Koyaya, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Isra'ila Adalah sun nuna cewa wannan dokar ba ta ƙunshi tanadi na gaba ɗaya don daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Inequality Report: The Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel - Adalah |url=https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7404 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.adalah.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, sun bayar da rahoton take hakkin bil'adama da kasar Isra'ila ke yi, musamman kan wasu tsiraru. Wadannan rahotanni sun hada da take hakkokin Falasdinawa, na ciki da wajen Isra'ila da kuma wasu kungiyoyi a Isra'ila. Freedom House ya bayyana Isra'ila a matsayin 'yanci na siyasa da dimokuradiyya fiye da kasashe makwabta a Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref name="jpost.com">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2013 |title=US watchdog: Israel is Mideast's only 'free' state |url=https://www.jpost.com/National-News/US-watchdog-Israel-is-Mideasts-only-free-state |access-date=21 August 2018 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref> Bisa rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar na shekarar 2015 kan ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama, Isra'ila na fuskantar manyan matsalolin kare hakkin bil'adama game da nuna wariya ga hukumomi a kan al'ummar Larabawa na Isra'ila (da yawa daga cikinsu suna bayyana kansu a matsayin Falasdinu), 'yan Isra'ila da mata na Habasha, da kuma kula da 'yan gudun hijira da kuma bakin haure. Sauran matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da nuna wariyar hukuma ga Yahudawa waɗanda ba 'yan Orthodox ba da kuma iyalai masu aure, da cin zarafin ma'aikata a kan ma'aikatan kasashen waje. == Tarihi == Majalisar Tarayyar Al'ummai ta amince da ƙuduri a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1931 game da yanayin da ake buƙata kafin a kawo ƙarshen mulkin. Sabuwar gwamnati ta samar da wata sanarwa ta baki ko rubuce-rubuce da ta amince da karɓar wajibin tabbatar da daidaito na kabilanci da addinai. Wannan ƙuduri ya biyo bayan tsohuwar doka ta duniya a lokuta inda manyan iko suka taimaka wajen maido da ikon mallakar yankin. Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan "Gwamnatin Falasdinu ta nan gaba" ya ƙunshi duka shirin rabuwa da Shirin Kare Ƙananan . Ya sanya 'yan tsiraru, mata, da' yancin addini a ƙarƙashin kariya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya. Shirin ya ba da takamaiman tabbacin haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. Sabbin jihohin sun samar da sanarwa, wanda bisa ga abin da ya gabata ya yi daidai da yarjejeniya.<ref>See International Human Rights in Context, Henry J. Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman, Oxford University Press US, 2008, {{ISBN|0-19-927942-X}}, page 100</ref> Kudin ya bayyana cewa "ka'idojin da ke cikin sanarwar an gane su a matsayin manyan dokoki na Jiha, kuma babu wata doka, ka'ida ko aikin hukuma da za su saba wa ko tsoma baki da waɗannan ka'idojin, kuma babu wani doka, ka-idaita ko aikin hukumi da zai mamaye su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, November 29, 1947, C. Declarations |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029150108/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Yale.edu}}</ref> Sanarwar kafa kasar Isra'ila ta yi shelar, a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1948, cewa "haƙƙin Yahudawa na sake haifuwa na ƙasa a cikin ƙasarta" an amince da shi a cikin sanarwar Balfour na 2 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1917, kuma an sake tabbatar da shi a cikin Umurnin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya wanda, musamman, ya ba da izini na kasa da kasa da Isra'ila ga Isra'ila da Isra'ila. hakkin Yahudawa na sake gina Gidansa na Ƙasa." Har ila yau, ta ayyana cewa kasar "za ta kasance a bude don hijirar Yahudawa da kuma tattara 'yan gudun hijirar; za ta bunkasa ci gaban kasar don amfanin dukan mazaunanta; za ta kasance bisa 'yanci, adalci da zaman lafiya kamar yadda annabawan Isra'ila suka tsara; za ta tabbatar da cikakken daidaito na zamantakewa da 'yancin siyasa ga dukan mazaunanta ba tare da la'akari da addini, addini ko jinsi ba; za ta ba da tabbaci ga harshe, yanci ko jinsi; kiyaye Wurare Mai Tsarki na dukan addinai; kuma zai kasance da aminci ga ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya." Wasu malaman Burtaniya suna jayayya cewa Isra'ila ba ta cika wajibinta na kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru ba.<ref>Yvonne Schmidt, "Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories", GRIN Verlag, 2008, {{ISBN|3-638-94450-6}}, page 98</ref> Asalin Dokar Isra'ila: Mutuncin Dan Adam da 'Yanci, ya ce muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Isra'ila za a kiyaye su bisa ga ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a cikin sanarwar, amma ta keɓance musamman dokar da ta riga ta fara aiki. Masana harkokin shari'a na Isra'ila sun ce an yi amfani da kalmomin dokar ne don guje wa wahalar ba da fifiko ga daidaito, wanda ba a san shi ba. Sakamakon shi ne cewa za a iya jujjuya ƙa'idar daidaito ta hanyar doka ta yau da kullun, kuma ba za ta yi watsi da ka'idodin doka ko na alƙalai ba. == Matsayi na 'yanci,' yancin siyasa da' yancin jama'a a Isra'ila == === 'Yancin zama ɗan ƙasa === Dokar kasa ta Isra'ila da Dokar Komawa, sun bambanta tsakanin Yahudawa Isra'ilawa da Falasdinawa Isra'ilawa ta hanyar sabunta ra'ayi na kasa yahudawa da ke bambanta da zama dan kasar Isra'ila. Duk da take, Dokar Ƙasa ba ta kafa ra'ayin ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila ba, a maimakon haka tana danganta ɗan ƙasa da alaƙar addini. Dokar Kasa ta ba da izinin Palasdinawa su zama 'yan ƙasar Isra'ila ne kawai idan sun kasance (ko kuma zuriyar waɗanda ke wurin) a Isra'ila tsakanin shekarar 1948 da shekarar 1952. Wadannan ƙuntatawa sun cire duk waɗanda aka kore su ko waɗanda suka gudu tsakanin Disamba shekarar 1947 da watan Maris shekarar 1949 da zuriyarsu. Dokar Komawa ta tabbatar da haƙƙin kowane [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] ya yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila ta atomatik. Falasdinawa da zuriyarsu waɗanda aka kore su ko suka gudu tsakanin Disamba shekarar 1947 da watan Maris shekarar 1949 an hana su wannan haƙƙin.<ref name=":2"/> Dokar zama dan kasa da shiga cikin Isra'ila (2003) ta hana Falasdinawa daga yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye 'yancin samun matsayin zama na Isra'ila ko zama dan kasa, ko da a lokuta da suka yi aure da 'yan Isra'ila. Wannan haramcin ya ta'allaka ne kan dan kasa ba kan wani lamari na tsaro ba.<ref name=":2"/> A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2008, Knesset ta amince da Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa (gyara Lamba 9) (Ikon soke zama ɗan ƙasa) (2008), wanda ke ba da damar soke zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila bisa ga "cin amana". Musamman ma, keta amana na iya haɗawa da aikin zama a wasu ƙasashen Larabawa ko musulmi ko yankin Gaza. Wannan doka ta halatta soke zama ɗan ƙasa a kan haka ba tare da an yanke masa hukunci ba.<ref name=":2"/> === Hakki da 'yanci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka yi === Binciken da Freedom House mai hedkwata a Amurka ya gudanar a shekara ta 2013, wanda ke kokarin auna irin dimokuradiyya da 'yancin siyasa a kowace kasa, ya sanya Isra'ila tare da Tunisiya a matsayin kasa daya tilo da ke da 'yanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.<ref name="jpost.com"/> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Rarrabawar Isra'ila, da yankunan da ta mamaye, ta Freedom House, The Economist Intelligence Unit da Transparency International''' |- style="text-align:center;" !Kasar / Ƙungiya - NGO ! colspan="3" |Gidan 'Yanci ! colspan="2" |Sashin leken asiri na tattalin arziki !Bayyanawa ta Duniya |- !Rahoton-Ranking ! colspan="3" |'Yanci a Duniya ! colspan="2" |Lissafin Dimokuradiyya !Rashin fahimta na cin hanci da rashawa |- ! !Rarraba 'yanci, Wani bangare na 'yanci<br /><small>'<span style="background:#99f; border:1px solid;">'Yanci'</span>, Wani ɓangare na' Yanci, <span style="background:#fcc; border:1px solid;">Ba 'Yanci ba</span></small> ![[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|'Yancin siyasa]]<br /> ![[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin Jama'a]]<br /> !Dimokuradiyya Rarraba Dimokuradiya Cikakken Dimokuradiyar, Dimokuradiyan da ba su da kyau, Tsarin Mulki<br /><small><span style="background:#99f; border:1px solid;">Cikakken dimokuradiyya</span>, <span style="background:#cfc; border:1px solid;">Dimokuradiyya mara kyau</span>, Tsarin Mulki na Hybrid, Tsarin Mulki<span style="background:#fcc; border:1px solid;">Tsarin mulki na mulkin mallaka</span></small> !Cikakken Sakamakon !Ra'ayoyin cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa<br /> |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" |Isra'ila | style="background:#99f;" |'Yanci' |1 |2 | style="background:#cfc;" |Dimokuradiyya mara kyau |7.79 |6.0 |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" |Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye | style="background:#fcc;" |Ba 'Yanci ba |6 |6 |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |''N/A'' |} ; Bayani : * Ta hanyar Freedom House 2009 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Map of Freedom in the World |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2009 |access-date=6 September 2009 |publisher=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> Ga 'yancin siyasa da' yancin jama'a, 1 yana wakiltar mafi kyawun kyauta kuma 7 mafi ƙarancin kyauta. * Bisa ga The Economist Intelligence Unit 2010 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Democracy Index 2010 |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> Cikakken dimokuradiyya suna da jimlar 10 zuwa 8, dimokuradiyar da ba ta dace ba tana da jimlar 7.9 zuwa 6, gwamnatocin haɗin gwiwa suna da jimillar 5.9 zuwa 4, kuma gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suna da jimla daga 3.9 zuwa 1. Matsayin dimokuradiyya ya fi girma yayin da ci ya karu. * Dangane da ƙididdigar cin hanci da rashawa ta duniya ta shekara-shekara, ci ya kasance daga 10 (mai tsabta) zuwa 0 (mai cin hanci).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=2008 Corruption Perceptions Index |url=http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311002755/http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table |archive-date=11 March 2009 |access-date=6 September 2009 |website=Transparency International Annual Report |publisher=[[Transparency International]]}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasar Isra'ila da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki gwamnatin Isra'ila saboda kai hari ga kungiyoyin farar hula da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a a Isra'ila (ACRI), babbar kungiyar 'yancin jama'a ta Isra'ila, jerin kokarin gwamnatin Isra'ila a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kai hari kan kungiyoyin fararen hula na Isra'ila da Kotun Koli na Isra'ila. Rahoton ACRI na Disamba 2017 ya gabatar da abin da yake kallo a matsayin misalan harin da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ci gaba da kai wa dimokuradiyyar Isra'ila, 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin yin zanga-zanga, mutunta kimar daidaici, da 'yancin siyasa, zamantakewa da 'yan tsiraru. Wannan yanayin a Isra'ila an kira shi "rashin bin tsarin mulki" ta wasu masu sharhi na shari'a. === Zaben, jam'iyyun siyasa, da wakilci === A cewar rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2015 kan Isra'ila, "Dokar ta bai wa 'yan kasar damar zabar gwamnatinsu a zabukan lokaci-lokaci na 'yanci da adalci bisa tsarin zabe na bai daya, kuma 'yan kasar sun yi amfani da wannan damar." Zaɓen da aka gudanar a watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2015 an yi la'akari da shi cikin 'yanci da adalci a wurin masu sa ido. An soki sauyin da aka yi a matakin zabe da cewa ya takaita wakilcin kananan jam’iyyu, musamman ma da ke shafar tsirarun Larabawa. Wannan ya sa jam'iyyu hudu masu rinjaye na Larabawa suka hade waje daya, wato Joint List, wanda ya samu kujeru 13, ya kuma zama bangare na uku mafi girma a majalisar Knesset. Galibin Falasdinawa a yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye na rayuwa ne a karkashin mamayar Isra'ila kuma ba 'yan kasar Isra'ila ba ne. Ba a yarda su kada kuri'a a Isra'ila ba. Doka ta asali: Knesset (1958) da gyare-gyaren da suka biyo baya sun hana jerin jam'iyyun tsayawa takara a majalisar Knesset idan manufofinta ko ayyukanta sun hada da "kyau da wanzuwar kasar Isra'ila a matsayin kasar Yahudawa". Cibiyar shari'a ta Isra'ila Adalah ta bayyana cewa "wannan dokar ta hana yin amfani da 'yancin yin siyasa cikin 'yanci, ciki har da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da shiga siyasa. Ana amfani da ita sau da yawa don ƙoƙarin hana jam'iyyun siyasa na Larabawa da 'yan majalisar dokoki don neman canza yanayin kasa ta hanyar dimokuradiyya, alal misali, zuwa wata ƙasa da ta dogara da cikakken daidaito na farar hula da na kasa wanda ba ya ba da fifiko ga wata ƙungiya ta kasa fiye da ɗayan, har ma da toshe muhawara kan irin waɗannan shawarwari."<ref name=":2"/> Mata sun fuskanci manyan matsalolin al'adu a cikin jam'iyyun siyasa masu wakiltar ƙungiyoyin addini masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma, a ƙaramin mataki, tsirarun Larabawa. A zaben 2015, Knesset mai mambobi 120 na da mambobi mata 29 da mambobi Larabawa 15. An nada mata uku a majalisar ministocin, kuma a karon farko, wata Balarabe Isra'ila ta jagoranci wani kwamiti na dindindin. === 'Yanci na addini === [[Fayil:Western_wall_jerusalem_night.jpg|left|thumb|Ganuwar Yamma, [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]]]] Bisa rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2009 kan Isra'ila da yankunan da ta mamaye, "Dokar Isra'ila ta Bada 'Yanci da Mutunci da 'Yanci ta tanadi 'yancin yin ibada kuma gabaɗaya Gwamnati na mutunta wannan hakki a aikace." Rahoton ya kara da cewa "Manufar gwamnati ta ci gaba da goyon bayan gudanar da harkokin addini na 'yanci, duk da cewa ana ci gaba da nuna wariya na gwamnati da na shari'a ga wadanda ba Yahudawa ba da kuma na addinin Yahudanci ba" kuma "Yahudawa da yawa 'yan kasar sun ki amincewa da ikon Orthodox na keɓance kan muhimman al'amuran rayuwarsu." Rahoton ya bayyana cewa kimanin ‘yan kasar 310,000 da suka yi hijira zuwa Isra’ila a karkashin dokar komowa, ba mabiya addinin Orthodoks ke daukar Yahudawa ba, don haka ba za a iya aure ko a sake su ba, ko kuma a binne su a makabartun Yahudawan da ke cikin kasar.<ref name="USDS2009">{{Cite report|last1=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref> Bayan samun iko da Yammacin Kogin a shekarar 1967, Isra'ila ta ba da tabbacin musulmi damar shiga masallatai, gami da [[Al-Aqsa]], da kuma damar Kirista zuwa majami'u. Isra'ila ta ba da kariya ga wuraren addini na addinan da ba na Yahudawa ba; mafi shahararren Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun kama wani mutum wanda ya sanar da su shirinsa na kai hari Masallacin Al-Aqsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2006 |title=Police arrest J'lem rabbi who threatened to carry out terror attack on Temple Mount |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/770846.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=Haaretz |archive-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728033055/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/770846.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu lokuta, bukukuwan kwanaki masu tsarki ta addinai daban-daban suna da damar haifar da rikici; don haka 'yan sanda na Isra'ila suna daukar matakai don kauce wa rikici tsakanin al'ummomi ta hanyar bayar da ƙuntatawa na wucin gadi kan motsi da bautar da ake ji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2006 |title=Restrictions on Old City Jews During Ramadan – Inside Israel – Israel News |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=112595 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Arutz Sheva}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na shekara ta 2009 daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Kwadago, Isra'ila ta gaza kasancewa al'umma mai juriya ko jam'i. A cewar rahoton, Isra'ila na nuna wariya ga Musulmai, Shaidun Jehobah, Yahudawa masu kawo sauyi, Kirista, mata da kuma Badawiyya. Dukkan wurare 137 masu tsarki da Isra'ila ta amince da su Yahudawa ne, suna yin watsi da kuma yin watsi da wuraren Kirista da na Musulmi, duk da Dokar Kare Wuraren Tsarkakewa ta 1967 da aka yi niyya don kare dukkan wurare masu tsarki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2009 |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226174854/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119117.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]] (a cikin 1960) tana kula da wurin zama na hukumomin su, Gidan Shari'a na Duniya, a Haifa . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Baháʼí World Centre |url=http://www.bahai.org/dir/bwc |access-date=31 July 2006 |publisher=[[Baháʼí International Community]]}}</ref> [[Buddha|Addinin Buddha]] yana aiki a matsayin addini a Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Diamond Way Buddhism in Israel |url=http://www.buddhism.org.il/?newlang=english |access-date=1 August 2006 |publisher=Diamond Way Buddhism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Buddhanet's Middle East Buddhist Directory: Israel |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/africame/m_eastdir.htm#israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627120448/http://www.buddhanet.net/africame/m_eastdir.htm |archive-date=27 June 2006 |access-date=1 August 2006 |publisher=Buddha Dharma Education Association}}</ref> Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta wallafa nazarin tashin hankali na zamantakewa ta ƙasa. Cibiyar Hostilities Index (SHI) tana auna ayyukan ƙiyayya ta addini ta mutane, ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a. "Wannan ya haɗa da taron jama'a ko tashin hankali na ɗarika, cin zarafi kan tufafi saboda dalilai na addini, da sauran tsoratar da addini ko cin zarafi. " A cikin shekarar 2007, Isra'ila tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 10 da ke da maki sama da 7.1 a sikelin 10; a cikin 2010, Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa sun kasance biyu daga cikin yankuna 15 da ke da mafi girman ƙimar SHI.<ref name="pewforum.org" /> === Dokokin aure da saki === Ma'aurata da ke son yin aure na iya yin hakan ne kawai ta hanyar bikin addini, idan Yahudawa, [[Aure a Musulunci|Musulmi]], Kirista, ko wasu. Ma'aurata marasa addini, tun daga shekara ta 2014, na iya samun wani nau'in auren farar hula a Isra'ila, kuma su sami [[Relationships Card|Katin Dangantaka]] ta sabuwar kungiyar da ke canza matsayinsu ga ma'aurata, kuma suna ba su duk hakkokin da suka fito daga gare ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=רשומות הכנסת, קובץ התקנות, 7326, הודעת ברית הזוגיות לחסרי דת (אגרות), התשע"ד-2014. עמוד 486. |url=http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/97DAEDE3-9271-40E7-ADF9-4C91058FAF75/42863/7326.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=משפחה חדשה |url=http://www.news1.co.il/uploadFiles/543728053569794.pdf |access-date=28 September 2015 |publisher=News1.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2014 |title=לראשונה: תעודת הזוגיות של "משפחה חדשה" הוכרה כנישואים |url=http://www.mako.co.il/pride-news/local/Article-bf5f377c4709a41006.htm |access-date=27 September 2015 |publisher=Mako.co.il}}</ref> Aure na doka na yau da kullun yana ba ma'aurata hakkoki iri ɗaya da ma'auratan ke morewa. 'Yan ƙasar Isra'ila na iya tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don auren farar hula, wanda ke da alhakin a ƙarƙashin dokar Isra'ila. A lokacin Al-Aqsa Intifada a shekara ta 2003, Knesset ta yi gyare-gyare na wucin gadi ga Dokar 'yan kasa da shiga cikin Dokar Isra'ila wanda ya hana Palasdinawa da suka yi aure ga Isra'ilawa samun'ila ko zama. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa dokar wariyar launin fata ce saboda an yi niyya ne ga Larabawa na Isra'ila waɗanda ke da yiwuwar samun ma'aurata Palasdinawa fiye da sauran Isra'ilawa; masu kare sun ce dokar tana da niyyar hana hare-haren ta'addanci da kiyaye halin Yahudawa na Isra'ilawa. Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata ya amince da ƙuduri cewa dokar Isra'ila ta keta yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya game da wariyar launin fata. Jakadan Isra'ila a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, [[Yaakov Levy]], ya ce ƙudurin "ya kasance mai zurfi na siyasa", yana mai nuna rashin nasarar kwamitin na ba da buƙatar Isra'ila don gabatar da shaidar "biyan dokar da ke cikin dokar kasa da kasa da kuma aiki", misalai na "batutuwa masu yawa [inda] ba da matsayin doka ga matan Palasdinawa na mazaunan Isra'ila yi amfani da shi da mazaunan Palasdinawa don Ta'addanci na kashe kansa", da kuma watsi da gaskiyar cewa a lokacin ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Turai batun ya kasance a ƙarƙashin Babban Kotun Isra'ila.[was] Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a Isra'ila (ACRI) ta shigar da takarda don a soke dokar amma Kotun Koli ta amince da ita a shekara ta 2006. A cikin tsara dokar, gwamnati ta ambaci, "bayanan da jami'an tsaro suka gabatar, wanda ya ce kungiyoyin ta'addanci suna ƙoƙarin tattara Palasdinawa waɗanda suka riga sun karɓi ko za su karɓi takardun Isra'ila kuma cewa jami'an tsaron suna da wahalar rarrabe tsakanin Palasdinawa da za su iya taimaka wa 'yan ta'adda da waɗanda ba za su ba". A cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila game da wannan al'amari, Mataimakin Babban Alkalin Shari'a Mishael Cheshin ya yi jayayya cewa, "yan ƙasar Isra'ila jin daɗin haƙƙin tsarin mulki don kawo ɗan ƙasar waje zuwa Isra'ila... kuma haƙƙin - ƙari, wajibi ne - na jihar, na kowace jiha, don kare mazaunanta daga waɗanda ke son cutar da su. " A shekara ta 2009, Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka na Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyuka sun soki rashin auren farar hula da saki a Isra'ila ga baƙi waɗanda ba a dauke su Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin dokar rabbi ba.<ref name="USDS2009"/> Human rights activists have criticised Israel's stay of exit order, saying it unfairly targets divorced men by preventing them from leaving the country indefinitely until they settle the full child support arrears of their children until age 18. While this could easily amount to obligations in the millions of US dollars, even a US$100 debt can trigger a stay of exit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCF Israel Report of the Israeli Civil Society |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CESCR_ICO_ISR_33565_E.pdf |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=tbinternet.ohchr.org |publisher=ccfisrael.org |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106020129/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CESCR_ICO_ISR_33565_E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The men are required to pay 100% or more of their income, and are jailed for 21 days each time they miss a monthly payment. In 2021, it was reported that an Australian man who was divorced from his Israeli wife was detained from leaving the country in 2013, with the stay of exit being in force until 31 December 9999, or until he paid $3 million in child support arrears. Marianne Azizi, British journalist and head of Coalition of the Children and Families in Israel (CCF), estimated that hundreds more Australians were trapped in the country as a result of the stay of exit. She had been informed by British Embassy officials in Tel Aviv that 100 British nationals per month had been reaching out to them for help in getting out of the country.<ref name="Australian" /> A watan Maris na 2019, Azizi ta ba da shaida a gaban kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a Geneva game da take hakkin dan Adam da ta ci gaba da kasancewa sakamakon kai tsaye sakamakon ka'idojin tallafawa yara kanana a Isra'ila, tana mai cewa "... Rayuwar ubanni sama da 2,000 a kashe kansu yana da tsada". Ta ce Isra'ilawa ba sa bayar da rahoton take hakin bil'adama saboda tsoron "sakamako", kamar yadda wasu masu fafutuka suka kwace musu 'ya'yansu. Lauyan Mickey Givati, wanda ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya ya ba shi izinin taimakawa baki daga Isra'ila, ya shaida cewa an sanya na'urorin bin diddigin a cikin motarsa da gidansa da kuma wayarsa, kuma an ajiye 'ya'yansa a wani matsuguni ba bisa ka'ida ba. === Tsarin shari'a da shari'ar aikata laifuka === Dokar Isra'ila ta tanadi 'yancin yin shari'a ta gaskiya da kuma shari'a mai zaman kanta. Rahoton da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2005 game da Isra’ila ya nuna cewa a wasu lokuta kotuna suna yanke hukunci a kan bangaren zartarwa, ciki har da wasu shari’o’in tsaro. Kungiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam sun yi imanin ana mutunta wadannan bukatu gaba daya. Tsarin yana da adawa kuma ƙwararrun alkalai ne ke yanke hukunci. Wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu suna samun wakilci na tilas. Wasu yankunan kasar na karkashin ikon shari'a daban-daban na kotunan soji. An yi imanin cewa waɗannan kotuna sun yi daidai da sauran kotunan laifuka na Isra'ila kan batutuwan da suka shafi fararen hula. Ba za a iya yanke hukunci a waɗannan kotuna bisa ikirari kaɗai ba. === Hukuncin kisa === A halin yanzu dai dokar Isra'ila ta ba da damar yanke hukuncin kisa kan manyan laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin yaki, amma an soke shi a lokacin zaman lafiya. Laifukan da ake aikatawa a lokacin yaƙi sun haɗa da kisan kiyashi, laifuffukan da ake yi wa Yahudawa, laifuffukan cin zarafin ɗan adam, da laifukan yaƙi. Mutum daya tilo da aka taba yankewa hukuncin kisa bayan an same shi da laifi a wata kotun farar hula ta Isra’ila shi ne mai laifin yakin Nazi Adolf Eichmann . === 'Yancin fursunoni === B'Tselem ta ruwaito cewa an yi ta azabtar da mutanen da ba a zarginsu da aikata laifuka, wadanda suka hada da malaman addini, shehunai da malaman addini, masu fafutuka a kungiyoyin agaji, da daliban Musulunci. Sauran da za a azabtar da su sun hada da ’yan’uwa da sauran dangin mutanen da aka lissafa a matsayin wadanda ake so da kuma duk wani Bafalasdine a cikin aikin injiniya. A wasu lokutan kuma, an kama matan da ake tsare da su tare da wulakanta su don kara matsa wa mazajensu. Jami’an ISA a wasu lokutan suna azabtar da Falasdinawa domin daukar su a matsayin masu hada kai.<ref name="btselem.org">{{Cite web |title=Background of the High Court of Justice's Decision |url=http://www.btselem.org/torture/background |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> B'Tselem ta kiyasta cewa ISA na yin tambayoyi tsakanin Falasdinawa 1,000 zuwa 1,500 a kowace shekara kuma tana amfani da hanyoyin da za su zama azabtarwa ga wasu kashi 85 cikin 100 na su, akalla mutane 850 a shekara.<ref name="btselem.org"/> [[Amnesty International]] ta kuma bayar da rahoton yin amfani da azabtarwa ga fursunonin Palasdinawa, tare da tsare-tsare, ba tare da shari'a ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/report-israel-and-occupied-palestinian-territories/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Amnesty ta ruwaito cewa an tsare Palasdinawa sama da 2,200 daga yankin Yammacin da aka mamaye a watan farko na Yaƙin Gaza na shekarar 2023. Bayanai da rikodin bidiyo sun nuna azabtar da fursunoni, gami da mummunan duka da wulakanci ga fursunoni. Ta hanyar tilasta musu su sa kawunansu su kwanta, su durƙusa a ƙasa yayin ƙididdigar fursunoni<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-horrifying-cases-of-torture-and-degrading-treatment-of-palestinian-detainees-amid-spike-in-arbitrary-arrests/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Wani rahoto na shekara ta 1978 daga karamin ofishin jakadancin da ke birnin Kudus ya bayyana shari’ar sojan da aka yi wa wasu matasa ‘yan kasar Amurka guda biyu wadanda suka ba da rahoton cewa mahukuntan Isra’ila sun yi amfani da karfin tuwo wajen samun ikirari daga wajensu. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa hukumomin Isra'ila na sane da cewa mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da "tilastawa ta jiki da musgunawa" wajen samun ikirari. Hukumar Landau ta shekarar 1987, karkashin jagorancin mai shari'a Moshe Landau na Kotun Koli, an nada ta ne domin ta binciki hanyoyin tambayoyi na Hukumar Tsaron Isra'ila (ISA) kuma ta ce "ba za a iya guje wa yin matsananciyar matsin lamba ba". Duk da haka, hukumar ta yi Allah wadai da wata takarda ta cikin gida ta shekarar 1982 wadda ta umurci masu yin tambayoyi kan irin karyar da ya kamata su yi a kotu lokacin da suke musanta cewa za su yi amfani da karfin jiki wajen samun ikirari. Ta yi Allah-wadai da shedar karya da abin ya shafa amma ta ba da shawarar a guji hukunta wadanda suka aikata ta. Sashi na biyu na rahoton Landau ya kasance sirri ne, an yi imanin cewa yana ɗauke da ƙa'idodin hanyoyin tambayoyi da aka halatta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landau Commission examined interrogation methods |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Torture/Background.asp |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Btselem.org}}</ref> Hukumar Landau ta kai ga daruruwan korafe-korafe da Falasdinawa da ake tsare da su suka yi na korafin cewa an yi amfani da karfi a kansu a lokacin da ISA ke yi musu tambayoyi. A cikin keɓantattun shari'o'i, an ba da umarnin wucin gadi na ɗan lokaci da ke hana ISA amfani da duka ko wasu hanyoyin, amma a watan Satumba na 1999, Kotun Koli ta ƙi yanke hukunci ko suna da doka a ƙarƙashin dokokin Isra'ila da na duniya. A cikin 1994, Rahoton Kwanturolan Jiha (wanda aka fitar a taƙaitaccen tsari a cikin Fabrairu 2000) ya gano cewa hanyoyin tambayoyin ISA sun saba wa doka, ƙa'idodin Hukumar Landau, da ƙa'idodin cikin gida wanda sabis ɗin kansa ya tsara. A watan Yulin shekarar 2002, ''Haaretz'' ya nakalto wani babban jami'in ISA yana cewa, tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke shawara, an bayyana Falasdinawa 90 a matsayin "bamai masu saurin kai" da kuma "hanyar tambayoyi masu ban mamaki, "watau azabtarwa, an yi amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ha'aretz quoted a senior GSS official |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/torture/ |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Btselem.org}}</ref> Sauran masu tambayoyin Isra'ila sun yarda cewa ISA "tana amfani da duk wani magudi mai yiwuwa, har zuwa girgiza da bugawa. " Yawancin bayanan daga Falasdinawa sun tabbatar da cewa azabtarwa har yanzu yana cikin tambayoyin Israʼila. According to a 2011 report by two Israeli human rights organisations, the Public Committee Against Torture (PCAT) and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), Israeli doctors fail to report suspected torture and conceal related information, allowing Israeli Security Agency interrogators to use torture against Palestinian detainees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriet Sherwood |date=3 November 2011 |title=Israeli doctors 'failing to report torture of Palestinian detainees' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/03/israeli-doctors-report-torture-palestinian |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, wata doka ta ba da izinin tilasta ciyar da fursunoni masu fama da yunwa. Koyaya, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Isra'ila ta bayyana dokar ba ta da kyau kuma ta bukaci likitoci da su ƙi aiwatar da ita. ==== Shirye-shiryen ilimi ==== Ana ba fursunoni damar ɗaukar darussan kan layi daga Open University of Israel, da kuma kammala digiri na ilimi. Wannan ba haƙƙin da aka ba shi ba ne amma fa'ida, dangane da halin kirki, tare da hukumomin kurkuku suna biyan kuɗin karatunsu na jami'a. Darussan suna cikin fannoni na: bil'adama, ilimin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, gudanarwa, ilimin halayyar dan adam da kimiyyar siyasa.<ref name="knesset.gov.il">{{Cite web |last=Yaniv Ronen |date=28 November 2012 |title=לימודים אקדמיים של אסירים ביטחוניים |trans-title=Academic studies of security prisoners |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m03319.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504160748/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m03319.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2015 |language=he}}</ref> Manufar ita ce ta ba fursunoni kayan aiki don magance rayuwa a waje, don haka bayan an sake su daga kurkuku za su sami ilimi mai dacewa don taimaka musu samun aiki, da kuma hana su komawa rayuwar aikata laifuka. ==== Fursunoni na siyasa ==== A cikin shekarar 2011, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon ya ce Isra'ila ta tsare dubban Palasdinawa a matsayin fursunonin siyasa, kuma ta yi kira ga Isra'ila da ta sake su. Ban ya ce sakin fursunonin siyasa zai "yi aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar gina amincewa" kuma ya bunkasa damar zaman lafiya a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=United Nations News Centre |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37698&Cr=palestin&Cr1 |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=UN News Service Section}}</ref> Amnesty International ta yi kira ga Isra'ila da ta saki fursunonin siyasa, tana mai cewa "duk fursunonin siyasar da aka tsare ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba ya kamata a yi musu shari'a a shari'a ko kuma a sake su nan da nan".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=13419 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603062041/http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=13419 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> John Dugard ya kwatanta zaman kurkukun da Isra'ila ke yi wa Falasdinawa da manufofin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, yana mai cewa "'Yan sandan tsaron wariyar launin fata sun aiwatar da azabtarwa sosai, haka ma jami'an tsaron Isra'ila. Akwai fursunonin siyasa da dama a tsibirin Robben amma akwai karin fursunonin siyasa na Falasdinawa a gidajen kurkukun Isra'ila."<ref>{{Cite web |last=John Dugard |title=Apartheid and the occupation of Palestine |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/11/201111395153781378.html |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> ===== Tsayar da gudanarwa ===== Tsayawa na gudanarwa hanya ce da ake tsare fursunoni ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba. An ba da izinin hukunce-hukuncen ta hanyar umarnin gudanarwa daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Isra'ila ko kwamandojin soja na Isra'ila. [[Amnesty International]] ta yi imanin cewa aikin ya karya Mataki na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa wanda "ya bayyana cewa babu wanda ya kamata a tsare shi da gangan kuma cewa hana 'yanci dole ne ya dogara da dalilai da hanyoyin da doka ta kafa". Amnesty International ta kuma damu da cewa fursunonin lamiri suna "tsare ne kawai don yin amfani da haƙƙinsu na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tarayya ba tare da tashin hankali ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 1997 |title=Administrative detention: Despair, uncertainty and lack of due process |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE150031997?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES\ISRAEL\OCCUPIED+TERRITORIES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922021743/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE150031997?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES%5CISRAEL%5COCCUPIED%2BTERRITORIES |archive-date=22 September 2006 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> A cewar B'Tselem a halin yanzu akwai Falasdinawa 645 da ke tsare a karkashin tsare-tsare ta Isra'ila da kuma 105 ta IDF. Yawancin ana kiyaye su a Yammacin Kogin Yamma a sansanin Soja na Ofer ko a sansanin soja na Ansar 3 / Ketziot a cikin hamadar Negev . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2006 |title=Administrative Detention |url=http://web.amnesty.org/pages/isr-action-detention |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824195154/http://web.amnesty.org/pages/isr-action-detention |archive-date=24 August 2006 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> ===== Shirye-shiryen ilimi a kurkuku don tsare-tsare ===== A shekara ta 2009, akwai fursunonin Palasdinawa 250 da ke karatu a Jami'ar Isra'ila. A watan Yunin shekarar 2011, Firayim Minista Benjamin Netanyahu ya sanar, don mayar da martani ga dakatar da tattaunawar zaman lafiya, cewa ba za a ba fursunonin Palasdinawa damar neman digiri na ilimi a kurkuku ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barak Ravid |date=23 June 2011 |title=Netanyahu: Israel to toughen conditions of Palestinian prisoners |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-to-toughen-conditions-of-palestinian-prisoners-1.369269 |access-date=16 May 2012 |website=Haaretz |archive-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513012154/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-to-toughen-conditions-of-palestinian-prisoners-1.369269 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2012, fursunoni uku sun daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila, wanda ya ki amincewa da roko. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen su, alƙalai sun bayyana cewa haƙƙin samun ilimi na jami'a kyauta bai shafi waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci na laifuffukan ta'addanci ba. Hukuncin, duk da haka, ya yi kira ga hukumomin kurkuku da su "yi la'akari" da yanke shawara game da shari'o'in fursunoni da suka riga sun kasance a tsakiyar shirye-shiryen ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2012 |title=Court: End of Free College for Terrorists |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/163549 |access-date=24 March 2014 |publisher=Arutz Sheva}}</ref> === 'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai === [[Fayil:Israeli_Press_1949.jpg|thumb|Sashe na jaridu na Isra'ila a cikin 1949.]] Censorship a Isra'ila ana gudanar da shi ne a hukumance ta hanyar Censor na Sojojin Isra'ila, wani sashi a cikin gwamnatin Isra'ila wanda aka ba shi aiki a hukumance don aiwatar da censorship na kariya game da buga bayanan da zasu iya shafar tsaro Isra'ila. Babban mai binciken Isra'ila ne ke jagorantar hukumar, jami'in soja wanda Ministan Tsaro na Isra'ila ya nada, wanda ya ba Babban mai binciken ikon hana bayanan da ya ga ya dace da kasancewa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aluf Benn |date=July–August 2001 |title=Israel: Censoring the past |url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/pgsd/people/staffpubs/Avner-BASreport7-01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619213158/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/pgsd/people/staffpubs/Avner-BASreport7-01.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2009 |access-date=31 December 2009 |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=P.R. Kumaraswamy |date=September 1998 |title=India and Israel: Evolving Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/publications/40pub.html |access-date=31 December 2009 |website=Mideast Security and Policy Studies |publisher=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> kamar Shirin [[makaman nukiliya]] na Isra'ilawa da ayyukan soja na Isra'il a waje da iyakokinta. A matsakaici, labaran jarida 2240 a Isra'ila suna tantancewa ta hanyar Censor na Sojojin Isra'ila a kowace shekara, kusan 240 daga cikinsu a cikakke, kuma kusan 2000 a wani ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=נתונים חדשים חושפים טפח מאחורי הקלעים של יחסי הצנזורה הצבאית והעיתונות הישראלית |url=https://www.the7eye.org.il/419412 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=העין השביעית |language=he-IL}}</ref> Dole ne a gabatar da labarai game da batutuwan da za su iya kawo rigima ga Mai binciken Sojojin Isra'ila a gaba; rashin yin hakan na iya sa mai ba da rahoto ya rasa damarsa na aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Isra'ila kuma, game da manema labarai na ƙasashen waje, a hana shi daga ƙasar. <ref name="BBCsorry">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2005 |title=BBC says sorry to Israel |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/mar/12/israel.broadcasting |website=the Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matar |first=Haggai |date=2020-03-09 |title=IDF censor redacted two thousand news items in 2019 |url=https://www.972mag.com/idf-censor-israeli-media-2019/ |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=IDF Military Censor banned nearly 300 articles last year |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/idf-military-censor-banned-nearly-300-articles-last-year-562318 |access-date=2021-03-04 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2005 kan Isra'ila, "doka ta tanadi 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida, kuma gaba daya gwamnati na mutunta wadannan hakkoki a aikace idan aka yi la'akari da takunkumin da ya shafi tsaro." Dokar ta tanadi 'yancin yin taro da ƙungiyoyi, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. Wasu jami'an gwamnati da wasu na sukar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da Isra'ila ke da shi a lokacin da suke gudun hijira daga [[zirin Gaza]] da yammacin kogin Jordan. Wannan ya haifar da sukar da ake cewa "Hukumomi sun dauki matakan da ba su dace ba, tare da cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da zanga-zangar siyasa ba tare da wani dalili ba."<ref name="acri">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=ACRI Report Slashes Civil Rights Abuses and Privatization |url=http://www.acri.org.il/english-acri/engine/story.asp?id=245 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622145646/http://www.acri.org.il/english-acri/engine/story.asp?id=245 |archive-date=22 June 2006 |access-date=28 July 2006 |website=Annual Report on Israel |publisher=The Association for Civil Rights in Israel}}</ref> A cikin Isra'ila, manufofin gwamnatinta suna fuskantar zargi daga manema labarai da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban na siyasa, haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu sa ido, wadanda suka hada da Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a Isra'ila (ACRI), B'Tselem, Machsom Watch, Mata a cikin Baƙar fata da Mata don Isra'ila Gobe. A cewar kungiyar 'yancin' yan jarida Reporters Without Borders, "Kafofin yada labarai na Isra'ila sun sake kasancewa a cikin shekarar 2005 wadanda kawai ke da' yancin gaske don yin magana. " <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Israel – Annual report 2006 |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17231&Valider=OK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181318/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17231&Valider=OK |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=12 August 2006 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 2010, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da ke aiki a Isra'ila suka koka game da mummunan yanayi a kasar, kuma sun ce suna fuskantar hari saboda sukar manufofin Isra'ila. Kungiyoyin sun ce wasu shugabannin Isra'ila suna ganin zargi da kare hakkin dan adam a matsayin barazana ga halattacciyar Isra'ila, musamman bayan Zargin laifukan yaki da sojojin Isra'ila game da Yakin Gaza (2008-09). A shekara ta 2009, Isra'ila ta kasance ta 93 a cikin Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index, daga shekarar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Reporters Without Borders – Press Freedom Index 2009 |url=http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022183400/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html |archive-date=22 October 2009 |access-date=24 January 2010 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2013, Isra'ila ta sauka zuwa 112 daga cikin kasashe 179 a cikin Freedom Index na jarida. 'Yan jarida ba tare da iyaka ba sun bayyana cewa canjin ya faru ne saboda ayyukan Isra'ila a cikin Operation Pillar of Defense lokacin da ta ce "Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila da gangan sun kai hari kan' yan jarida da gine-gine inda kafofin watsa labarai da ke da alaƙa da Hamas ke da mahalli". Har ila yau, kungiyar ta soki kama 'yan jarida na Palasdinawa da kuma tantancewar soja. Freedom House ta sanya Isra'ila a matsayin mai yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na "Sashi na 'yanci" a cikin shekara ta 2009. A baya, Isra'ila ita ce kadai kasar da ke cikin yankin da ke da kafofin watsa labarai na "Free".<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Press Freedom Rankings by Region 2009 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2009 |access-date=24 January 2010 |publisher=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> ) A cikin shekarar 2023, Isra'ila da kanta, ba tare da haɗa Gaza Strip ko Gabashin Urushalima ba, an jera su a matsayin "Free", yayin da Gaza Strip da West Bank suka kasance "Ba Free ba". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/israel/freedom-world/2023 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/gaza-strip/freedom-world/2023 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bank: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/west-bank/freedom-world/2023 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, hukumar fim din Isra'ila ta haramta nuna fim din kasuwanci game da [[Jenin]]_(2002)" id="mwAxM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Yaƙin Jenin na 2002. Fim din, ''Jenin, Jenin'' ne, tarin ganawa ne da mazaunan sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin da aka yi fim a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, mako guda bayan yakin. Mohammad Bakri, Larabawa na Isra'ila, ya jagoranci fim din. An dakatar da fim din ne saboda zargin da ake yi na [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]] da Sojojin Isra'ila suka aikata, wanda hukumar ta yi la'akari da karya da cutar da iyalan sojoji. Bayan shari'ar shari'a, an shigar da takarda a Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila, wanda ya soke shawarar hukumar, kuma ya ba da izinin nuna fim din a cikin fina-finai "don jama'a su yanke shawara", yayin da yake lura cewa fim din "cike da ƙarya", ba fim ba ne, kuma an yi shi "ba tare da bangaskiya ba", ta hanyar ƙarya yana nuna sojojin Isra'ila a matsayin "mafi munin masu aikata laifuka". A watan Janairun 2011, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila ta amince da wani kuduri na hannun dama na binciken wasu sanannun kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na Isra'ila saboda "lalata" sojojinta. Binciken zai haifar da bincike kan tallafin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama wadanda suka soki manufofin Isra'ila. Kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a a Isra'ila ta bayyana matakin a matsayin "mummunan rauni" ga demokradiyyar Isra'ila, kuma masu sukar manufofin sun yi wa manufar "McCarthyist". A cikin shekara ta 2015, Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila ta amince da manyan tanadi na dokar da ke haifar da sakamako ga waɗanda ke kira ga kauracewa Isra'ila da yankunan da aka mamaye. Hukuncin ya haifar da muhawara, tare da wasu nuna rashin amincewa da shi yana kawo karshen 'yancin magana yayin da wasu ke cewa yana tabbatar da matsayin Isra'ila kan "tsarin lalacewar BDS" (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement). Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Isra'ila sun yi korafi game da dokar, suna mai cewa ta keta 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Magoya bayan dokar sun ce ta haramta " nuna bambanci bisa ga yanayin ƙasa". "Don cire kiran kauracewa daga rukunin 'yancin magana ba daidai ba ne", in ji Rabbi David Rosenn, mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na New Israel Fund (NIF). "Babu wani bangare na daban don magana wanda ke siyasa. Magana mafi mahimmanci shine siyasa, kuma ya kamata mutane su sami damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ba tare da tsoron takunkumin gwamnati ba. " Dokar ta ba 'yan sanda damar iyakance tunzura ga tashin hankali ko kalaman ƙiyayya kuma ta haramta kiran mutane "Nazis" ko "fascists". Dokar Rigakafin Ta'addanci ta hana bayyana goyon bayan kungiyar da ake ganin ta sabawa doka ko ta'addanci. On 24 November 2024, Israel's government ordered a boycott of the newspaper ''Haaretz'' by government officials and anyone working for a government-funded body, and banned government advertising with the newspaper. According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''Haaretz'' "had published a series of investigations of wrongdoing or abuses by senior officials and the armed forces, and has long been in the crosshairs of the current government."<ref name=":3" /> A cikin shekarar 2023, wani rahoto daga Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya nuna cewa Isra'ila ta kasance ta shida mafi girma a duniya don kama' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli arrests of Palestinian journalists soared in 2023: CPJ |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/18/israeli-arrests-of-palestinian-journalists-soared-in-2023-cpj |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Gaza, Falasdinawa sun bayyana cin zarafin soja a kan sakonnin kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molana-Allen |first=Leila |title=Palestinians describe harassment from Israeli forces over social media posts during war |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/palestinians-describe-harassment-from-israeli-forces-over-social-media-posts-during-war |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=PBS}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2024, Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya sanya Isra'ila a matsayin ƙasa ta biyu mafi muni a duniya don ba da damar masu kisan 'yan jarida su tafi ba tare da hukunta su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Liam |title=Haiti, Israel ranked worst for securing justice in journalist killings |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/haiti-israel-ranked-worst-for-securing-justice-in-journalist-killings/7845113.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> ; 'Yan Jarida Ba tare da iyakoki ba Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta fitar da rahoto na shekara-shekara kan 'yancin 'yan jarida a duniya, mai suna Index na 'Yancin Jarida. An fara buga irin wannan na farko a shekara ta 2002. Sakamakon da Isra'ila da Hukumar Falasdinawa ta samu daga 2002 zuwa yau an nuna su a ƙasa, tare da ƙananan lambobi suna nuna kyakkyawar kulawa ga 'yan jarida: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" !Shekara !Isra'ila (Yankin Isra'ila) !Isra'ila (na waje) !Hukumomin Palasdinawa !Mafi munin Shekara !Rahoton URL |- |2002 |92 |Ba a bayyana ba |82 |139 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=4116 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219213848/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=4116 |archive-date=19 February 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2003 |44 |146 |130 |166 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=8247 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219213853/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=8247 |archive-date=19 February 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2004 |36 |115 |127 |167 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=11715 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220042227/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=11715 |archive-date=20 December 2008 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2005 |47 |Ba a bayyana ba |132 |167 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=15331 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429110315/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=15331 |archive-date=29 April 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2006 |50 |135 |134 |168 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19388 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604161952/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19388 |archive-date=4 June 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2007 |44 |103 |158 |169 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421060910/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |archive-date=21 April 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2008 |46 |149 |163 |173 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/en-classement794-2008.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607100340/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement794-2008.html |archive-date=7 June 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |- |2009 |93 |150 |161 |175 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Reporters Sans Frontières |url=http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022183400/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html |archive-date=22 October 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |publisher=Reports Without Borders}}</ref> |} == Hakkin sirri == A cewar wani rahoto na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2005 game da Isra'ila, "[l] aws da ka'idoji sun tanadi kariya ga sirrin mutum da na gida. A cikin shari'o'in laifuka doka ta ba da izinin sauraron waya a karkashin umarnin kotu; a lokuta na tsaro dole ne ma'aikatar tsaro ta ba da oda." == 'Yancin mata == Aure da saki suna karkashin ikon kotuna na addini ne, wanda a aikace yake haifar da tsangwama ga mata a cikin wadannan bangarori na shari'a.<ref name=":0"/> Isra'ila ta zartar da dokar da ta ba da kariya ga mata daga tashin hankalin gida. A shekarar 2022, mata 24 abokan aikinsu ko wasu ‘yan uwansu ne a cewar ‘yan sandan Isra’ila, inda aka ce an kashe mata 69 a Isra’ila a tsakanin shekarar 2020 zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2022. 40 daga cikin wadannan matan Palasdinawa ne, fiye da rabin wadannan shari’o’in ‘yan sanda ba su warware ba. Akasin haka, an warware shari’ar kowacce daga cikin kisan gilla 29 na matan Yahudawa da Isra’ilawa.<ref name=":0"/> Isra'ila ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata. Mata a Isra'ila ba koyaushe aka tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi a bayyane ba. Kodayake sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Isra'ila ta bayyana cewa "Jam'iyyar Isra'ila [...] za ta tabbatar da cikakken daidaito na' yancin zamantakewa da siyasa ga dukkan mazaunanta ba tare da la'akari da addini ba, launin fata ko jima'i," wannan ji ba a ba da ikon tsarin mulki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1948 |title=The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/general/declaration-of-establishment-state-of-israel |access-date=January 29, 2024}}</ref> Koyaya, kotunan Isra'ila, a tsawon lokaci, sun bayyana cewa daidaito tsakanin jinsi shine "ka'idar tsarin shari'a" a Isra'ila، kuma mata sun ga mafi yawan shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a ta Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Equality, Religion and Gender in Israel |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/equality-religion-and-gender-in-israel |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=Israel Women's Network |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/israel-womens-network |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1969, Isra'ila ta zabi Golda Meir a matsayin firaminista kuma ta zama kasa ta hudu da mace ke rike da irin wannan mukami. A shekara ta 2010, wakilan majalisar mata a Isra'ila ya kai kashi 18 cikin 100, wanda ya zarce na kasashen Larabawa da kashi 6 cikin 100, daidai da na majalisar dokokin Amurka, kuma ya yi kasa da matsakaicin kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasashen Scandinavia. Majalisar dokokin Isra'ila, The Knesset, ta kafa kwamitin kula da matsayin mata don magance 'yancin mata. Makasudin da aka bayyana na wannan kwamiti shine hana wariya, yaki da cin zarafin mata, da inganta daidaito a harkokin siyasa, abubuwan rayuwa da ilimi. A cikin 1998, Knesset ta zartar da wata doka don "Rigaka da Cin Duri da Jima'i". Wani rahoto na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ambaci matsalolin auren jama'a, agunot ('mata masu sarka) ba za su iya saki ba tare da izinin miji ba), da kuma hidimar addu'o'in jinsin jinsi a bangon Yamma.<ref name="USDS2009"/> Ana haɓaka haƙƙoƙin mata ta hanyar "Kawo Mata A Gaba: Haɗin Kan Mata", wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar Asusun Haɗin gwiwar Mata na Yahudawa. Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda bakwai a Isra'ila sune Cibiyar Adva, Ruhun Mata, Itach-Maaki: Lauyoyin Mata don Adalci na zamantakewa, Cibiyar Mahut, Cibiyar Mata ta Isra'ila (IWN), Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki ga Mata (EEW) da Achoti ('yar'uwa) ga Mata a Isra'ila. === Mata Larabawa a Isra'ila === Matan Larabawa-Isra'ila suna shiga cikin harkokin gwamnati da na jama'a. Hussniya Jabara ita ce mace Balarabiya ta farko da ta fara aiki a majalisar Knesset. Dangane da sashe na 15 na Ma'aikatar Jama'a [waɗanda] mata da Larabawa-Isra'ilawa suna da haƙƙin tabbatar da aiki a aikin ma'aikacin gwamnati.<ref name="moital.gov.il">{{Cite web |title=העדפה מתקנת בעבודה ובשירות הציבורי |url=http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201010211/http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=27 September 2015 |publisher=Moital.gov.il}}</ref> [An buƙaci ƙarin bayani] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="explain how this manifests in practice (January 2024)">further explanation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ayyuka masu kyau === Dangane da sashi na 15 na Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Jihohi [naɗaitawa], 'yan mata na Isra'ila suna da' yancin yin aiki a cikin aikin gwamnati.<ref name="moital.gov.il"/> [An buƙaci ƙarin bayani] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="explain how this manifests in practice (January 2024)">further explanation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hakkin LGBT == Hakkin 'Yan tsiraru na jima'i a Isra'ila ana ɗaukar su mafi haƙuri a Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=LGBT+ rights and issues in the Middle East |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9457/CBP-9457.pdf |access-date=January 29, 2024 |website=Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 February 2022}}</ref> Duk da yake Isra'ila ba ta halatta auren jinsi ɗaya ba, auren jinsi ɗaya da ke aiki a ƙasashen waje an amince da shi bisa doka a Isra'ila. Isra'ila ta ba da tabbacin 'yancin jama'a ga yawan masu luwadi, gami da' yancin tallafi da amfanin abokin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walzer |first=Lee |date=21 February 2002 |title=Queer in the Land of Sodom |url=http://www.thegully.com/essays/gaymundo/020220_gay_israel_history.html |access-date=1 August 2006 |publisher=The Gully}}</ref> Isra'ila kuma ta ba da matsayin aure na doka ga ma'aurata na cikin gida na jinsi ɗaya. Dokar sodomy da aka gada daga Mandate na Burtaniya na Falasdinu an soke ta a shekarar 1988, kodayake akwai umarni mai bayyanawa da Babban Lauyan Isra'ila ya bayar a shekarar 1953 wanda ya umarci 'yan sanda da su guji aiwatar da wannan dokar, muddin babu wasu laifuka da suka shafi. Dokar kare hakkin ɗan luwaɗi ta ƙasa ta haramta wasu nuna bambanci ga 'yan luwadi, gami da aiki; ana yin wasu keɓancewa ga ƙungiyoyin addini. A baya, aikin soja na masu luwadi yana ƙarƙashin wasu ƙuntatawa. An ɗaga waɗannan ƙuntatawa a cikin 1993, suna ba da damar masu luwadi su yi aiki a bayyane a duk sassan sojoji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homosexual rights around the world |url=http://www.actwin.com/eatonohio/gay/world.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210062004/http://www.actwin.com/eatonohio/gay/world.htm |archive-date=10 December 2005 |access-date=20 November 2011 |website=Gay Rights Info}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2014, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da umarni da ke nuna cewa an haɗa aikin tiyatar jima'i a cikin tallafin kiwon lafiya da aka ba wa 'yan ƙasa. Duk da haka, a cikin watan Mayu Haaretz ya ruwaito cewa wata kungiyar kula da lafiya ta ki biyan kudin tiyatar canjin jima'i guda biyu, wanda ya haifar da kashe kudade masu yawa daga marasa lafiya. Wata rundunar LGBTI ta kasa ta gano cewa kashi 80 cikin 100 na masu canza jinsi, kashi 50 na 'yan madigo da kashi 20 cikin 100 na mazan luwadi ana nuna musu wariya yayin neman aikin yi. == Hakkin ƙasa == Asusun yahudawa (JNF) yana iko da kashi 13% na ƙasar Isra'ila; wannan ƙasa an keɓe ta ne don amfanin Yahudawan Isra'ila keɓanta. Kasa da kashi 4% na ƙasar Isra'ila mallakar ƴan ƙasar Larabawa ne, duk da Larabawa da ke da kashi 20% na al'ummar ƙasar. An ɗauka gabaɗaya, kashi 93% na ƙasar a Isra'ila ana iko da ko dai ƙasar Isra'ila ko JNF; Ana kiran waɗannan ƙasashe a hukumance da "ƙasashen Isra'ila."<ref name=":2"/> Canje-canjen kwanan nan (wanda aka yi a cikin 2010) zuwa Dokar Kasa (Samun don Manufofin Jama'a) (1943), yana nufin tabbatar da ikon mallakar ƙasa na ƙasar da aka kwace daga Falasɗinawa (daga 1948 zuwa gaba) ta hanyar toshe iƙirarin Falasɗinawa na mallakar ƙasar da aka kwace a ƙarƙashin wannan doka, ko da a wuraren da ba a taɓa amfani da ita don dalilai na jama'a ba.<ref name=":2"/> Cibiyar shari'ar Isra'ila Adalah ta bayar da rahoton cewa, "A zahiri, an toshe Falasdinawa 'yan Isra'ila daga siye ko ba da hayar filaye a kusan kashi 80% na ƙasar Isra'ila bisa tushen ƙasarsu." Sakamakon, a cewarsu, shine "mafi yawancin filayen gwamnati sun ƙunshi keɓaɓɓu, yankunan Yahudawa kaɗai." Adalah ya bayyana manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da ake aiwatar da keɓancewa daga mallakar filaye da amfani da su; ta hanyar abin da ake kira "kwamitocin shiga" da kuma ta hanyar abin da Adalah ya bayyana a matsayin manufofin nuna wariya na hukumomin jihohi da JNF.<ref name=":2"/> Waɗannan kwamitocin shigar sun duba masu neman rukunin gidaje a garuruwan noma da al'umma a Isra'ila kuma sun haɗa da wani babban jami'i daga Ƙungiyar Sahayoniya ta Duniya ko Hukumar Yahudawa. Kusan garuruwa 700 a cikin Isra'ila (wanda ke lissafin kusan kashi 70% na duk garuruwan Isra'ila) suna da alaƙa da kwamitocin shiga. Sharuɗɗan da waɗannan kwamitocin suka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da ka'idojin dacewa, wanda Adalah ya bayyana a matsayin sabani da rashin gaskiya. Adalah ta ruwaito cewa ana tace Larabawa da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Isra'ila ta hanyar amfani da wannan ka'idojin dacewa. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da Yahudawan Mizrahi da ƴan luwaɗi.<ref name=":2"/> Bugu da ƙari, garuruwa da yawa a Isra'ila sun amince da dokoki da ke jaddada halayensu na Yahudawa, suna ƙayyade shigarwa cikin al'umma akan "aminci ga hangen nesa na Zionist".<ref name=":2"/> Nuna wariya ƙasar manufofin ne zuwa babban har kore da manufofin na JNF, wanda 13% na jimlar ƙasar Isra'ila aka canjawa wuri daga jihar tsakanin 1949 da 1953. Hamsin kashi 50 na kujeru a cikin ILA majalisa an kasaftawa JNF wakilan (kamar yadda ta The ILA Law (1960)) ba da JNF wani babban rawa a kan ƙasar Isra'ila da ake kira manufofin ƙasa a cikin jihar 3. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan manufofin ya hana JNF ƙasar da za a ba wa waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba.<ref name=":2"/> == Ƙananan kabilanci, dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci da shige da fice == Isra'ila ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan bambancin launin fata. Nuna wariya ronu ne zuwa babban kore da tsofo na JNF, wanda 13% na jimlar isra'ila aka canjawa wuri daga jihar tsakanin shekarar 1949 da shekarar 1953. Hamsin kashi 50 na kujeru a cikin ILA majalisa an kasaftawa JNF rufi (kamar yadda ta The ILA Law (1960)) ba da JNF wani babban rawa a kan Isra'ila a cikin iska daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin Isra'ila. hana JNF hadarin da za a ba wa koyarwa ba Yahudawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2009 |title=Gender and employment [Areas of work&#93; |url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/eeo/law/israel/el.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427190455/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/gems/eeo/law/israel/el.htm |archive-date=27 April 2009 |access-date=2010-07-22 |publisher=Ilo.org}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+Rarraba ma'aikatan Larabawa a Ma'aikatu daban-daban <ref name=":2"/> !Ma'aikatar !% Ma'aikatan Larabawa |- |Lafiya |7.2 |- |Ilimi |6.2 |- |Adalci |3.9 |- |Masana'antu, Ciniki da Aiki |3.4 |- |Sufuri |2.3 |- |Gidaje |1.3 |- |Kudi |1.2 |} Duk da Dokar Aiki (1998), kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Isra'ila Adalah ta ba da rahoton cewa 'yan asalin Palasdinawa na Isra'ila suna fuskantar nuna bambanci a cikin damar aiki, albashi da yanayi. Adalah ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa jihar Isra'ila kanta (mafi girman ma'aikaci a Isra'ila) ba ta aiwatar da wannan dokar ba.<ref name=":2"/> Misali, 'yan asalin Palasdinawa na Isra'ila da ke aiki a matsayin masu kwangila a cikin gyare-gyare a cibiyoyin ilimi na Isra'ilawa suna ƙarƙashin iyakancewa wanda Yahudawa Isra'ilawa ba sa ƙarƙashin su. Wannan ya haɗa da buƙatar dan kwangila ya hayar mai tsaro mai dauke da makami a wurin aiki a kan kuɗin kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khromchenko |first=Yulie |date=Mar 28, 2005 |title=Adalah Accuses Education Min. of Employment Discrimination |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2005-03-28/ty-article/adalah-accuses-education-min-of-employment-discrimination/0000017f-e6a2-dc7e-adff-f6af2f0d0000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240112202842/https://www.haaretz.com/2005-03-28/ty-article/adalah-accuses-education-min-of-employment-discrimination/0000017f-e6a2-dc7e-adff-f6af2f0d0000 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 Jan 2024 |website=Haaretz}}</ref> Dangane da sashi na 15 na Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Jihohi [naɗaitawa], 'yan ƙasar Isra'ila waɗanda mata ne, nakasassu, ko asalin Larabawa ko baƙar fata na Afirka suna da damar yin aiki a cikin aikin gwamnati.<ref name="moital.gov.il"/> 'Yan Isra'ila na asalin Larabawa ko baƙar fata na Afirka, ko kuma masu nakasa, suna da damar yin aiki mai kyau game da shigar jami'a da kwaleji, kuma suna da damar samun cikakken tallafin karatu daga jihar.<ref name="che.org.il">{{Cite web |title=Council for Higher Education |url=http://che.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A1-1-%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%93.pdf |access-date=28 September 2015 |publisher=Che.org.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ייצוג הולם בשירות המדינה |url=http://www.csc.gov.il/DataBases/NewsLetters/NL19/Pages/AdequateRepresentation.aspx |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Haramcin Wariya a Samfura, Sabis da Shiga Wuraren Nishaɗi da Wuraren Jama'a Dokar ta hana waɗanda ke gudanar da wuraren jama'a, ko ba da sabis ko samfura, don nuna bambanci saboda launin fata, addini, ƙasa, da ƙasar asali, da sauran dalilai. Bisa rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2010 kan ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama ga Isra'ila da yankunan da aka mamaye, dokokin Isra'ila sun hana nuna bambanci a kan launin fata, kuma gwamnati ta aiwatar da wadannan haramcin yadda ya kamata.<ref name="USDS2010">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413173255/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154463.htm |archive-date=13 April 2011 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+Rarraba Ayyuka ta Sashen da Kabilanci (2008) <ref name=":2"/> !Aiki !Ma'aikatan Larabawa (%) !Ma'aikatan Yahudawa (%) |- |Gine-gine (maza) |28.4 |5.4 |- |Ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa |14.6 |6.4 |- |Ayyukan kasuwanci |5.6 |14.3 |- |Matsayi na gudanarwa |2.3 |7.3 |- |Bankin, inshora, da kudi |0.8 |4.3 |} === 'Yan ƙasar Larabawa na Isra'ila === Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta B'Tselem ta yi iƙirarin cewa an hana Larabawa a Urushalima haƙƙin zama, wanda ya haifar da karancin gidaje a yankunan Larabawa na Urushalima. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta tuhumi cewa rage tallafin tsofaffi da kuma alawus-alawus na yara bisa aikin soji na iyaye na nuna wariya ga yaran Larabawa: "Raguwar za ta kuma shafi 'ya'yan iyayen Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wadanda ba sa aikin soja, amma sun cancanci karin tallafin, gami da karin ilimi, wanda ba a samu ga yaran Larabawa na Falasdinu ba." A cewar rahotanni na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2004 game da Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam ga Isra'ila da Yankunan da aka mamaye, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta yi "ƙananan don rage nuna bambanci na hukuma, shari'a, da al'umma ga' yan ƙasar Larabawa". Rahotanni na shekaru masu zuwa sun kuma gano nuna bambanci ga' yan asalin Larabawa a matsayin matsala ga Isra'ilawa, amma ba ta sake maimaita da'ila ta ba don rage nuna rashin nuna bambanci ba. Rahotanni na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2004 game da Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam ya lura cewa: * Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF) yana sarrafa kashi 12.5 cikin 100 na ƙasar jama'a amma dokokinta sun hana siyarwa ko hayar ƙasa ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. A watan Oktoba, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun shigar da kara ga Babban Kotun Shari'a suna da'awar cewa sanarwar da Gwamnatin Ƙasar Isra'ila (ILA) ta yi game da ƙasar JNF ta nuna bambanci saboda ta haramta Larabawa daga yin tayin. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, babban lauya ya yanke hukuncin cewa "gwamnati ba za ta iya nuna bambanci ga Larabawa na Isra'ila a cikin tallace-tallace da rarraba ƙasashen da take sarrafawa ba, gami da na JNF. * Kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na Isra'ila da Larabawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnati ta fi ƙuntatawa wajen bayar da izinin gini ga al'ummomin Larabawa da ƙalubalanci manufofin rushe gine-gine ba bisa ka'ida ba a bangaren Larabawa, yana iyakance ci gaban al'umma. * "A watan Yuni, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa barin garuruwan Larabawa daga wasu tsare-tsare na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na gwamnati na nuna wariya. * An ƙalubalanci Tsarin Jagora na 1996 na Arewacin Isra'ila a matsayin wariya. Abubuwan da suka fi ba da fifiko sun haɗa da "ƙara yawan Yahudawa na Galili da kuma toshe yanki na garuruwan Larabawa." * Keɓe daga aikin soja na wajibi, yawancin Larabawa Isra'ila don haka ba su da damar samun dama fiye da sauran 'yan ƙasa zuwa fa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin wanda aikin soja ya zama buƙatu ko fa'ida, kamar gidaje, tallafin sabbin gidaje, da aikin yi, musamman aikin masana'antu na gwamnati ko na tsaro. Kwamitin Ivri kan yi wa kasa hidima ya ba da shawarwari a hukumance ga gwamnati cewa a ba wa Larabawa Isra'ila damar yin hidimar kasa. * "A bisa wani bincike da jami'ar Haifa ta gudanar a shekara ta 2003, akwai wani hali na sanya wa 'yan kasar Larabawa hukuncin dauri fiye da na Yahudawa. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama sun yi ikirarin cewa 'yan kasashen Larabawa sun fi fuskantar hukuncin kisa da kuma hana a bayar da belinsu." * Rahoton hukumar Or Commission kan kisan ‘yan sanda na masu zanga-zangar Isra’ila da Larabawa ya gano cewa “sakamakon sakaci da wariya” gwamnati na tafiyar da bangaren Larabawa, tare da rabo ko albarkatun da bai dace ba wanda ke haifar da “mummunan wahala” daga al’umma. Abubuwan da ke nuna damuwa sun haɗa da talauci, rashin aikin yi, ƙarancin ƙasa, matsalolin ilimi, da nakasa abubuwan more rayuwa. Rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2005 kan Isra'ila ya rubuta cewa: "Gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta hakkin 'yan kasarta; duk da haka, an sami matsaloli a wasu bangarori, ciki har da ... nuna wariya na hukumomi, shari'a, da kuma al'umma ga al'ummar Larabawa na kasar." A cikin wani rahoto da ya mika wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bedouin ya yi ikirarin cewa suna fuskantar wariya kuma ba a daukarsu a matsayin 'yan kasa daidai a Isra'ila kuma ba a ba wa garuruwan Badouin hidima iri daya ba ko kuma filayen garuruwan Yahudawa masu girman gaske, kuma ba a ba su damar samun ruwa mai kyau. Birnin Be'er Sheva ya ki amincewa da wani wuri mai tsarki na Bedouin, duk da shawarar da Babbar Kotun ta bayar. ''Rahotanni na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2007 game da Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam'' ya lura cewa: * "A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 a Jami'ar Ibraniyawa, an kashe kuɗi sau uku a cikin ilimin yara Yahudawa kamar yadda yara Larabawa." A watan Satumbar shekarar 2010, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta amince da gyare-gyare ga dokokin zama ɗan ƙasa na ƙasar. Shirin dokar ya tilasta wa duk wanda ke neman zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila ya yi rantsuwa da "Isra'ila a matsayin ƙasar Yahudawa da dimokuradiyya". Larabawa na Isra'ila da kuma ƙungiyoyin hagu na Isra'ilawa ciki har da shugaban jam'iyyar adawa ta Kadima Tzipi Livni sun soki gyaran sosai. Masanin ilimin halayyar ilimi na Isra'ila Farfesa Gavriel Solomon ya ce rantsuwar aminci ta yi kama da Dokokin Nuremberg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2010 |title=Israeli academic: Loyalty oath resembles racist laws of 1935 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-academic-loyalty-oath-resembles-racist-laws-of-1935-1.318275 |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=Haaretz |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406080822/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-academic-loyalty-oath-resembles-racist-laws-of-1935-1.318275 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Magoya bayan gyaran sun bayyana cewa wadanda ba Yahudawa ba ne wadanda suka zama 'yan ƙasa suna buƙatar fahimtar cewa "Jihar Isra'ila ita ce furcin kasa na ƙaddamar da kai na mutanen Yahudawa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2012 |title=Identifying with Israel's national character |url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=190897 |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> Isra'ila ta haramta 'yan ƙasa daga ziyartar ƙasashen abokan gaba ba tare da izini ba, ƙuntataccen tafiye-tafiye wanda, a cikin shekarar 2015, ya haɗa da Siriya, Iraki, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, da Saudi Arabia. Cibiyar Shari'a ta Adalah ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana nuna bambanci ga 'yan asalin Larabawa da Isra'ila, kuma hukumomi ba su tsare Yahudawa ba bayan dawowa daga tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashe marasa izini kamar yadda suka yi da Larabawa Isra'ilawa. Har ila yau, an soki Hukumar Kula da Filin Jiragen Sama ta Isra'ila saboda nuna bambancin launin fata na 'yan ƙasar Larabawa. Cibiyar Shari'a ta Adalah tana riƙe da jerin dokoki sama da 50 da take da'awar nuna bambanci ga 'yan ƙasar Larabawa. A cikin shekara ta 2015, an yi la'akari da launin fata na 'yan asalin Larabawa ta hanyar jami'an tsaro da sauran' yan ƙasa, da kuma hare-haren fansa a kan Larabawa.<ref name="USDS2016" /> Since the outbreak of the Gaza war, Israel has carried out mass arrests and detentions of Palestinians and Arab Israelis, with thousands arrested or detained in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. On 5 November 2023, [[CNN]] reported that "dozens" of Palestinian residents and Arab citizens of Israel were arrested in Israel for expressions of solidarity with the civilian population of Gaza, sharing [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Quran]] verses, or expressing "any support for the Palestinian people".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |last2=Saifi |first2=Zeena |date=2023-11-05 |title='The reaction is extreme': Palestinians fear arrest if they voice sympathy for Gaza civilians |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/05/middleeast/palestinians-israel-fear-arrest-gaza-intl-cmd/index.html |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' described the widespread targeting of Arab Israelis by Israeli security forces. Referring to "hundreds" of interrogations, ''El País'' reported on 11 November that Israel increasingly treats its Arab minority as a "potential fifth column".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pita |first=Antonio |date=2023-11-11 |title=Israel aumenta el cerco a su minoría árabe |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-11-11/israel-aumenta-el-cerco-a-su-minoria-arabe.html |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> ==== Ayyuka masu kyau ==== Dangane da sashi na 15 na Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Jihohi [naɗaitawa], 'yan ƙasar Larabawa-Isra'ila suna da' yancin yin aiki a cikin aikin gwamnati.<ref name="moital.gov.il"/> 'Yan ƙasar Larabawa-Isra'ila suna da damar yin aiki mai kyau a cikin buƙatun shiga jami'a da kwaleji, kuma suna da damar samun cikakken tallafin karatu daga jihar.<ref name="che.org.il"/> === Baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba da masu neman mafaka === Isra'ila jam'iyya ce ta jihar da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin [[Sudan]]_refugees_in_Israel" id="mwBWo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sudanese refugees in Israel">'yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2011 |title=Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b73b0d63.pdf |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Isra'ila suna la'akari da tsarin mafaka na Isra'ilawa da rashin adalci, kuma yawan amincewa da 'yan gudun hijira ya fi ƙasa da kashi 1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Until our hearts are completely hardened, Report on asylum procedures in Israel, Hotline for Migrant Workers, April 2012 |url=http://www.hotline.org.il/english/pdf/asylum_procedures_2012_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018173547/http://www.hotline.org.il/english/pdf/asylum_procedures_2012_eng.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2003, kimanin baƙi 70,000 ba bisa ka'ida ba daga kasashe daban-daban na Afirka sun haye zuwa Isra'ila. Kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 600 daga yankin Darfur na Sudan an ba su matsayin mazauna wucin gadi don sabuntawa kowace shekara, kodayake ba matsayin' yan gudun hijira na hukuma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACRI.org.il |url=http://www.acri.org.il/pdf/refugees0209en.pdf |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> An ba da wasu 'yan gudun hijira 2,000 daga rikici tsakanin [[Eritrea]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] matsayin mazaunin wucin gadi a kan dalilai na jin kai, kodayake Isra'ila ta fi son kada ta gane su a matsayin' yan gudun hijira. A cikin wani labari na shekarar 2012, ''Reuters'' ta ruwaito, "Isra'ila na iya ɗaure baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba har zuwa shekaru uku a ƙarƙashin dokar da aka fara aiki a ranar Lahadi, wani jami'in Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ya ce, wani mataki da aka yi niyyar hana kwararar 'yan Afirka da ke shiga Isra'ila a kan iyakar hamada da Masar. Ministan cikin gida Eli Yishai ya ce, "Me ya sa muka yi rashin lafiya da zukata masu zubar da jini, gami da 'yan siyasa. Ayyuka za su zama mafi yawa a nan za su sa su zama jarirai, kuma wannan tayin ya sa Sudan ya fice su gudu zuwa duniya, kuma ya sa su zama mafi yawanci, kuma ya zama' yan gudun hijira za su gudu, kuma ya haifar da yawa, kuma ya fice ga Yesu Yesu ya sa suka fice, kuma ya fito da yawa, za su zama' yan kasa, kuma ya sami mafaka za su zama 'yan gudun hijira' yan gudunya suka ficececece' yan gudun A karkashin Dokar Rigakafin Kutse ta 2014, duk masu ketare kan iyaka da ba bisa ka'ida ba an ayyana su a matsayin "masu kutse" kuma ana iya tsare su a gidan yarin Saharonim na tsawon watanni uku "domin tantancewa" sannan kuma watanni 12 a wurin Holhot mai nisa. Kamfanin dillancin labaran iqna ya habarta cewa, ya nakalto daga shafin sadarwa na yanar gizo na Hotline na ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma bakin haure cewa hukumomi sun mayar da fiye da rabin mutanen da ake tsare da su na Holot zuwa Saharonim har na tsawon watanni da dama saboda wasu laifukan da suka saba wa doka. A wasu jerin hukunce-hukuncen da kotun kolin ta yanke, ta yi watsi da cewa za a iya tsare bakin haure har abada, ta kuma ba da umarnin sakin bakin haure 1,178 'yan kasashen Eritrea da Sudan da ake tsare da su sama da shekara guda ba tare da tuhume su ba. Gwamnati ta hana wadannan masu neman mafaka daga Tel Aviv ko Eilat, inda za su kasance suna da al'ummomin tallafi da kuma samun damar yin ayyukan jin kai. Bisa rahoton da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2015 kan ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama, tun daga shekarar 2011 yanayin 'yan gudun hijira a Isra'ila ya tabarbare "saboda amincewa da manufofi da dokoki da nufin dakile masu neman mafaka a nan gaba ta hanyar yin wahala ga wadanda ke cikin kasar. Wadannan ayyuka sun kara tauye 'yancin jama'a da kuma karfafa barin kasar." Gwamnati za ta yi wahala a nemi izinin zama ɗan gudun hijira yayin da ake tsare da ita na tsawon shekara guda, kuma da zarar an sake shi za ta buƙaci masu neman su ba da hujjar rashin neman izini tun da farko. Ana kiran masu neman mafaka "masu kutse" ta gwamnati da kafafen yada labarai, wadanda ke danganta su da karuwar laifuka, cututtuka, da zaman banza. === 'Yan Afirka na Isra'ila === A cewar Jaridar BBC, Yahudawa na [[Habasha]] da ke zaune a [[Isra'ila]] sun daɗe suna gunaguni game da nuna bambanci. Sun gudanar da tarurruka bayan yarjejeniyar da masu mallakar gidaje a kudancin Isra'ila suka yi don kada su hayar ko sayar da dukiyarsu ga Yahudawa na asalin Habasha. Al'ummar Yahudawa na Habasha sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar bayan bidiyon da ya fito wanda ya nuna 'yan sanda biyu suna doke soja na Habasha da Isra'ila, Demas Fekadeh . <ref name="clash" /> Duk da yake zanga-zangar da dubban masu zanga-zambe suka yi da farko ba ta da tashin hankali, rikice-rikice da 'yan sanda sun ci gaba. ACRI ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun kasa gargadi masu zanga-zangar kafin yin amfani da matakan watsa jama'a, kuma amfani da su bai karu a hankali ba. Gwamnati ta sauke tuhumar da aka yi wa Fekadeh, ta kammala cewa bai fara rikici da ya haifar da duka ba. == Ilimi == [[Fayil:GalilSchoolSign.jpg|thumb|Alama a gaban Makarantar Galil, makarantar firamare ta [[Larabawa]] da Yahudawa a Isra'ila.]] Dokar Ƴancin Dalibai ta [[Isra'ila]] ta shekarar 2000 ta haramta nuna bambanci ga ɗalibai saboda dalilai na ɗarika a shigarwa ko fitarwa daga cibiyar [[ilimi]], a cikin kafa tsarin karatun daban-daban ko gudanar da azuzuwan daban-daban a cikin wannan cibiyar [[ilimi]] guda, da kuma haƙƙoƙi da wajibai na ɗalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=חוק זכויות התלמיד באנגלית – Pupils' Rights Law |url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/Zchuyot/ChukimVeamanot/Chukim/PupilsRightsLaw |access-date=16 May 2010 |publisher=Cms.education.gov.il}}</ref> [[Kotun Koli]] ta Isra'ila ta aiwatar da wannan dokar, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar daga iyalan Orthodox waɗanda suka ki tura ƴaƴansu zuwa makarantu masu haɗin kai. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta== b0qep41tdx68l10iwrqsn0y20b2ltn3 0 108140 858949 714671 2026-06-16T15:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Polarbrown-1.jpg|thumb|Kwayar cutar Polar / brown bear hybrid taxidermy a baje kolin Tarihin Halitta a Tring a Hertfordshire, [[Ingila]]]] An bayar da rahoton yiwuwar hybrids na beyar da aka haifa a cikin daji kuma an harbe su a baya, amma ba a sami gwaje-gwajen DNA don tabbatar da asalin beyar ba. Binciken kwayar halitta ya bayyana lokuta da yawa na haɗuwa tsakanin nau'in beyar, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kutschera |first=Verena E. |last2=Bidon |first2=Tobias |last3=Hailer |first3=Frank |last4=Rodi |first4=Julia L. |last5=Fain |first5=Steven R. |last6=Janke |first6=Axel |year=2014 |title=Bears in a Forest of Gene Trees: Phylogenetic Inference is Complicated by Incomplete Lineage Sorting and Gene Flow |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=2004–2017 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu186 |pmc=4104321 |pmid=24903145}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hailer |first=F. |last2=Kutschera |first2=V. E. |last3=Hallstrom |first3=B. M. |last4=Klassert |first4=D. |last5=Fain |first5=S. R. |last6=Leonard |first6=J. A. |last7=Arnason |first7=U. |last8=Janke |first8=A. |year=2012 |title=Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6079 |pages=344–347 |bibcode=2012Sci...336..344H |doi=10.1126/science.1216424 |pmid=22517859 |s2cid=12671275 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=W. |last2=Schuster |first2=S. C. |last3=Welch |first3=A. J. |last4=Ratan |first4=A. |last5=Bedoya-Reina |first5=O. C. |last6=Zhao |first6=F. |last7=Kim |first7=H. L. |last8=Burhans |first8=R. C. |last9=Drautz |first9=D. I. |last10=Wittekindt |first10=N. E. |last11=Tomsho |first11=L. P. |last12=Ibarra-Laclette |first12=E. |last13=Herrera-Estrella |first13=L. |last14=Peacock |first14=E. |last15=Farley |first15=S. |year=2012 |title=Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=36 |pages=E2382–E2390 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E2382M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1210506109 |pmc=3437856 |pmid=22826254 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ciki har da introgression na Beyar polar zuwa beyar launin ruwan kasa a lokacin Pleistocene ("grizzly bear" shine sunan gama gari na ''Ursus arctos'' yayin da ake amfani da "beyar launin ruwan hoda" a duniya da kimiyya don komawa ga jinsin gaba ɗaya). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Shapiro |first=Beth |last2=Green |first2=Richard E. |last3=Monaghan |first3=Nigel |last4=Malev |first4=Alexander V. |last5=Kisleika |first5=Aliaksandr A. |last6=Graim |first6=Kiley |last7=Edwards |first7=Ceiridwen J. |last8=Bradley |first8=Daniel |last9=Stirling |first9=Ian |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Genomic Evidence of Widespread Admixture from Polar Bears into Brown Bears during the Last Ice Age |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1120–1129 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msy018 |pmid=29471451 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin daji == Tare da yawan abubuwan da ake zargi da kuma tabbatar da shari'o'i takwas, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Evan |last2=Branigan |first2=Marsha |last3=Paetkau |first3=David |last4=Pongracz |first4=Jodie D. |date=May 31, 2017 |title=Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic |journal=Arctic |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=151–160 |doi=10.14430/arctic4643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ra'ayoyin yadda irin wannan haɗe-haɗe na iya 'Yar'uwa a dabi'a sun zama fiye da zato. Kodayake waɗannan nau'ikan 'yan uwa sau da yawa suna zaune a yankuna masu kusa, hulɗa kai tsaye ba al'ada ba ne saboda bears na polar farauta, haifuwa, kuma wani lokacin ma suna yin haihuwa a kan kankara na teku, inda bears masu launin ruwan kasa suna da salon rayuwa na duniya. Masana kimiyya ba su iya ba da cikakken bayani game da lamarin ba. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin ya nuna cewa yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, bears maza suna barin kogon su da wuri yayin da mata ke zaune tare da 'ya'yansu. Wannan yana nufin cewa ga maza grizzlies, mata polar bears sun zama ma'aurata masu iya aiki. Wannan shine babban dalilin da aka yi hasashen cewa an ruwaito cewa hybrids suna da iyaye masu launin toka da iyaye mata masu launin toka. Masana kimiyya sun kuma yi zaton wannan na iya zama batun canjin yanayi. Yayin da hunturu ya fara raguwa, grizzlies sun fara motsawa akai-akai suna fadada yankinsu. Wannan fadada yankin ya kuma canza abin da waɗannan grizzlies ke ci. Tare da rashin 'ya'yan itace, salmon, da tsire-tsire na halitta a cikin Arctic, an ga grizzlies farauta, wanda shine ganima na yau da kullun ga bears. Wannan kusanci na kusa yayin farauta wani bayani ne da aka gabatar don haɗuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Struzik |first=Ed |date=December 2006 |title=Pizzlies of the Arctic |url=https://web-s-ebscohost-com.unh-proxy01.newhaven.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=9&sid=f23022fb-b59e-4131-82f0-2b354ef16786%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=23319937&db=aph |journal=Canadian Geographic |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=41 |via=Academic Search Premier }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006 === Jim Martell, wani mafarauci daga [[Idaho]], an bayar <ref name="mallet">{{Cite journal |last=Mallet, James |author-link=James Mallet |year=2008 |title=Hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: empirical evidence for the ease of speciation |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/Mallet08%20Phil%20Trans.pdf |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B]] |volume=363 |issue=1506 |pages=2971–2986 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0081 |pmc=2607318 |pmid=18579473 |access-date=2025-07-27 |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422193423/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/Mallet08%20Phil%20Trans.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya harbe wani grizzly-polar bear hybrid kusa da Sachs Harbor a kan Banks Island, Northwest Territories a ranar <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Polar Bear / Grizzly Bear Crossbreed Hydrid |url=http://www.blackbearheaven.com/grizzly-bear-polar-bear-crossbreed-hybrid.htm |access-date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=Blackbearheaven.com}}</ref> Afrilu, 2006. Jami'ai sun dauki sha'awar wannan halitta bayan sun lura cewa yayin da yake da kauri, farar fata mai kauri mai kama da nau'in bears, yana kuma da dogayen farauta, da baya, fuska mara zurfi, da faci mai launin ruwan kasa a idanunta, hancinta, baya, da kafa, wadanda dukkansu halaye ne na berayen grizzly . Idan da an [[Hukunci|yanke hukuncin]] cewa mafarauci ya kasance mai kauri, da mafarauci zai fuskanci yuwuwar tarar dalar Amurka 1,000 kuma har zuwa shekara guda a gidan yari. <ref name=":1" /> Gwajin DNA da aka gudanar ta Wildlife Genetics International a [[British Columbia]] ta tabbatar da cewa wani nau'i ne, tare da mahaifiyar beyar polar da mahaifin beyar grizzly. Wannan shi ne shari'ar farko da aka rubuta a cikin daji, <ref name=":0"/> kodayake an san cewa wannan mahaukaci yana yiwuwa ta hanyar halitta kuma an haifi wasu mahaukaci a cikin gidajen namun daji a baya. A ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2006, binciken gilashin grizzly-polar bear ya sami karin kulawa lokacin da, ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sanar da labarin, shirin talabijin na wasan kwaikwayo The Colbert Report da zuciya ɗaya ya kira sabon nau'in a matsayin barazanar farko ga Tsaron Amurka. A cikin jayayya da yawa, an mayar da beyar zuwa Martell. === Abubuwan da aka gano na gaba === [[Fayil:Ulukhaktok_PolarGrizz.jpg|alt=A taxidermied brown and white bear|thumb|Beyar Ulukhaktok]] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2010, David Kuptana, mafaraucin Inuvialuk daga al'ummar Ulukhaktok da ke tsibirin Victoria Island ya harbe abin da ya yi zaton beyar polar ce. Bayan an duba beyar da aka gwada DNA ɗinsa, an gano cewa mahaifiyar beyar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ce kuma uban beyar beyar ce. Beyar tana da sifofin jiki tsaka-tsaki tsakanin grizzlies da polar bears, kamar su Jawo mai launin ruwan kasa akan tafukan sa, dogayen farauta, da kai mai kamshi. Hanyoyin kwayar halitta da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da dangantakar iyali da kakannin bears na arewacin Kanada sun samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ba su da isasshen ƙarfi don bayyana tarihin dā. Koyaya, sabbin hanyoyin [[genomics]] suna nazarin dubban shafuka a cikin kwayar halitta, suna ba da damar gano tarihin ɓangarorin chromosomes zuwa wasu al'ummomi (ko jinsuna idan aka kwatanta da hybridization). Nazarin genomic na bears masu launin ruwan kasa da bears masu zafi sun nuna cewa kwayar halitta tana gudana daga bears masu sanyi zuwa bears masu launi, amma ba haka ba, ya yadu a lokaci da sarari a lokacin [[Pleistocene]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Shapiro |first=Beth |last2=Green |first2=Richard E. |last3=Monaghan |first3=Nigel |last4=Malev |first4=Alexander V. |last5=Kisleika |first5=Aliaksandr A. |last6=Graim |first6=Kiley |last7=Edwards |first7=Ceiridwen J. |last8=Bradley |first8=Daniel |last9=Stirling |first9=Ian |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Genomic Evidence of Widespread Admixture from Polar Bears into Brown Bears during the Last Ice Age |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1120–1129 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msy018 |pmid=29471451 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Musamman bayanin kula, bears da ke zaune a [[Alexander Archipelago|Tsibirin Alexander]] Archipelago na kudu maso gabashin Alaska suna bin diddigin DNA na mitochondrial da mahaifiyarsu ta gada gaba ɗaya ga bears na polar, amma sama da 90% na kwayar nukiliyar su ga bears masu launin ruwan kasa. Wannan ya bayyana don nuna wani tsari wanda aka bar yawan bears a baya yayin da jinsunan suka koma arewa a ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, tare da bears masu launin ruwan kasa na maza daga baya suna gabatar da kwayoyin halitta daga yankin da ke kusa, amma bears masu ruwan kasa na mata gabaɗaya ba su iya ko ba su so su yi iyo a fadin kilomita da yawa na teku don isa tsibiran (saboda haka rashin musayar DNA na mitochondrial). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paetkau |first=David |last2=Shields |first2=Gerald F. |last3=Strobeck |first3=Curtis |date=1998 |title=Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1283–1292 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00440.x |pmid=9787441 |s2cid=21848010}}</ref> === Beyar Arviat === An bayar da rahoton cewa wani beyar da aka harbe a cikin 2016, kusa da Arviat a yammacin gabar Hudson Bay, wani nau'i ne, tare da hukumomin labarai da ke bayyana cewa wannan sakamakon Canjin yanayi ne. Wannan beyar tana da haske a launi, amma 'blonde' bears sun zama ruwan dare a kan Barren Grounds, kuma beyar Arviat ba ta da wasu siffofi na halayen hybrids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grizzly Bear {{!}} NWT Species at Risk |url=https://www.nwtspeciesatrisk.ca/species/grizzly-bear |access-date=January 23, 2019 |website=www.nwtspeciesatrisk.ca}}</ref> An tabbatar da beyar Arviat ta hanyar nazarin kwayar halitta don zama beyar launin ruwan kasa mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2016 |title=Exotic bear harvested in Nunavut was a blonde grizzly |url=https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674exotic_bear_harvested_in_nunavut_was_a_blonde_grizzly/ |access-date=January 23, 2019 |website=Nunatsiaq News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barton, Katherine |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Grolar or pizzly? Nope, just a blond grizzly bear |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/blonde-grizzly-hybrid-polar-1.3645547 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |website=CBC News}}</ref> == Yaduwar yaduwar bears masu launin ruwan kasa a matsayin mai yiwuwa mai ba da gudummawa == A halin yanzu ba a san dalilin da ya sa ake samun grizzly bears a cikin mazaunin polar bears ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Struzik |first=Ed |date=December 2003 |title=Grizzlies on Ice |url=https://web-s-ebscohost-com.unh-proxy01.newhaven.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=10&sid=f23022fb-b59e-4131-82f0-2b354ef16786%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=11379657&db=aph |journal=Canadian Geographic |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=38 |via=Academic Search Premier }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kodayake an kashe wani grizzly bear a Tsibirin Banks a cikin 1951, ya kasance, har zuwa kwanan nan, ya kasance mai wuya ga wannan nau'in ya ɓace da nisa a arewacin bakin tekun Kanada. A cikin 1991, an rubuta takardun farauta guda ɗaya ko fiye da grizzly bears a kan kankara a kusa da Tsibirin Melville, sama da kilomita 500 daga bakin tekun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Mitch |date=1995 |title=Grizzly bear sightings in Viscount Melville Sound. |journal=Polar Bears: Proceedings of the Eleventh Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 25 – 27 January 1993, Copenhagen, Denmark. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) |volume=10 |pages=191–192}}</ref> A cikin 2003 da 2004, ƙungiyar ilimin ƙasa da ke aiki a tsibirin Melville sun sami shaidar hoto da DNA na beyar grizzly a yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paetkau |first=D. |last2=Furze |first2=M. |last3=England |first3=J. H. |last4=Doupé |first4=J. P. |date=2007 |title=Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (''Ursus arctos'') in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories |journal=Arctic |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.14430/arctic219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rahoton su kuma ya tattara bayanai game da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Tsibirin Arctic na Kanada.&nbsp; Grizzly bears a bayyane suke fadada iyakarsu gabas a fadin Barren Grounds zuwa Hudson Bay, da kudu zuwa arewacin Saskatchewan da Manitoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2012 |title=Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos): COSEWIC assessment and status report 2012 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/grizzly-bear-2012.html#_Toc330972978 |access-date=January 23, 2019 |website=Environment and Climate Change, Canada |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713103328/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/grizzly-bear-2012.html#_Toc330972978 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2008, an gano mutane bakwai a cikin Wapusk National Park a kudancin Churchill, Manitoba, wani yanki da bears ke amfani da shi don haihuwa da kuma mafaka a lokacin lokacin lokacin da ba a kankara ba a Hudson Bay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hedman |first=Daryll |last2=Gormezano |first2=Linda |last3=Rockwell |first3=Robert |date=2008 |title=Grizzly Bears, Ursus arctos , in Wapusk National Park, Northeastern Manitoba |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/352976 |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=323–326 |doi=10.22621/cfn.v122i4.639 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shapiro |first=Beth |last2=Slatkin |first2=Montgomery |last3=Stirling |first3=Ian |last4=John |first4=John St |last5=Salamzade |first5=Rauf |last6=Ovsyanikov |first6=Nikita |last7=Jay |first7=Flora |last8=Stiller |first8=Mathias |last9=Fulton |first9=Tara L. |date=March 14, 2013 |title=Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e1003345 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345 |pmc=3597504 |pmid=23516372 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Haɗuwa ta dā == Hanyoyin kwayar halitta da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da dangantakar iyali da kakannin bears na arewacin Kanada sun samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ba su da isasshen ƙarfi don bayyana tarihin dā. Koyaya, sabbin hanyoyin genomics suna nazarin dubban shafuka a cikin kwayar halitta, suna ba da damar gano tarihin ɓangarorin chromosomes zuwa wasu al'ummomi (ko jinsuna idan aka kwatanta da hybridization). Nazarin genomic na bears masu launin ruwan kasa da bears masu zafi sun nuna cewa kwayar halitta tana gudana daga bears masu sanyi zuwa bears masu launi, amma ba haka ba, ya yadu a lokaci da sarari a lokacin Pleistocene.<ref name=":2"/> Musamman bayanin kula, bears da ke zaune a Tsibirin Alexander Archipelago na kudu maso gabashin Alaska suna bin diddigin DNA na mitochondrial da mahaifiyarsu ta gada gaba ɗaya ga bears na polar, amma sama da 90% na kwayar nukiliyar su ga bears masu launin ruwan kasa. Wannan ya bayyana don nuna wani tsari wanda aka bar yawan bears a baya yayin da jinsunan suka koma arewa a ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, tare da bears masu launin ruwan kasa na maza daga baya suna gabatar da kwayoyin halitta daga yankin da ke kusa, amma bears masu ruwan kasa na mata gabaɗaya ba su iya ko ba su so su yi iyo a fadin kilomita da yawa na teku don isa tsibiran (saboda haka rashin musayar DNA na mitochondrial). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paetkau |first=David |last2=Shields |first2=Gerald F. |last3=Strobeck |first3=Curtis |date=1998 |title=Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1283–1292 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00440.x |pmid=9787441 |s2cid=21848010}}</ref> Irin waɗannan binciken ba a iyakance su ga bears da bears masu launin ruwan kasa ba, kuma yanzu ya bayyana cewa yaduwar kwayar halitta tsakanin jinsuna ya bazu a lokacin juyin halitta na jinsunan bears masu rai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janke |first=Axel |last2=Nilsson |first2=Maria A. |last3=Kolter |first3=Lydia |last4=Pfenninger |first4=Markus |last5=Bidon |first5=Tobias |last6=Lammers |first6=Fritjof |last7=Kumar |first7=Vikas |date=April 19, 2017 |title=The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |pages=46487 |bibcode=2017NatSR...746487K |doi=10.1038/srep46487 |pmc=5395953 |pmid=28422140}}</ref> == Sunayen == [[Fayil:Ursidae_hybridisation.svg|thumb|Halitta mai yuwuwa tsakanin nau'ikan beyar daban-daban]] Tun lokacin da aka gano a shekara ta 2006 ya sanya mahaukaci a cikin hasken wuta, kafofin watsa labarai sun ambaci wannan dabba tare da sunayen portmanteau da yawa, kamar su pizzly bear, grolar bear, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunter may have shot grolar bear – or was it pizzly? |url=http://www.cbc.ca/north/story/nor-hunt-grolar-bear.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525005501/http://www.cbc.ca/north/story/nor-hunt-grolar-bear.html |archive-date=May 25, 2006 |access-date=May 12, 2006}}, CBC North, April 26, 2006.</ref> da kuma polizzly, amma babu wata yarjejeniya game da amfani da ɗayan waɗannan kalmomin. Jami'an namun daji na Kanada sun ba da shawarar kiran mahaukaci "'''nanulak'''", wanda aka karɓa daga sunayen Inuit don beyar polar '' (nanuk) '' da grizzly bear '' (aklak) ''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2006 |title=Hybrid bear shot dead in Canada |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4766217.stm |website=BBC Science}}</ref> Ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya, sunan sire ya zo da farko a cikin irin wannan haɗuwa: zuriyar beyar polar namiji da mace mai suna grizzly za su zama ''nanulak'' da aka ba da shawarar ko "beyar pizzly", yayin da zuriyar namiji mai suna griffly da mace mai laushi za su zama "beyar grolar" ko kuma yiwuwar ''aknuk''. == Halitta da aka kama == An haifi 'ya'yan jariri biyu (mace daya da namiji daya) a [[Osnabrück]] Zoo a Osnabraück a shekara ta 2004, kuma halayensu na jiki suna tsakanin beyar polar da grizzly bear. Misali, jikinsu sun fi karami fiye da bears, amma sun fi girma fiye da grizzlies, yayin da kawunansu suka fada tsakanin babban kai mai laushi da kuma karamin kai na bears.<ref name="BBC 2009-10-30" /> Suna da wuyan wuyan wuyansa kamar bears, amma ƙananan kafadu kamar grizzlies.<ref name="BBC 2009-10-30" /> Takalma na ƙafafunsu an rufe su da gashi; bears na polar suna da takalma masu gashi, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin mai rufewa, kuma grizzlies suna da takardu marasa gashi.<ref name="BBC 2009-10-30" /> Hakazalika, gashin hybrids yana nuna alamar hollowness, wanda ya haɗu da halaye na bears da grizzlies. A cikin sashi, gashin bears yana da rami, yayin da gashin grizzlies ko dai yana da ƙarfi ko kuma yana da ƙananan yankuna masu rami. Wannan ya bambanta bisa ga wane ɓangare na gashi mai laushi ne aka ɗauke shi.<ref name="BBC 2009-10-30" /> A cikin namiji mai haɗari, gashin kafa yana da ƙarfi, amma gashin baya mai duhu yana da ɗan rami, duk da cewa yana da "ƙananan yankuna marasa amfani fiye da yadda aka samu a cikin gashin beyar polar".<ref name="BBC 2009-10-30" /> Gashi na mace mai haɗari, "ya ƙunshi kewayon yankuna masu zurfi".<ref name="BBC 2009-10-30" /> Hybrids sun nuna halayyar da ta fi kama da bears fiye da grizzlies. Sun buga kayan wasa a hanyar da ta yi kama da yadda bears na polar suka karya kankara, kuma suka jefa jaka zuwa gefe "kamar yadda bears ke iya jefa ganima". Grizzlies da aka ba su jaka iri ɗaya ba sa nuna wannan halayyar jefawa.<ref name="BBC 2009-10-302" /> An kuma lura da hybrids suna kwance kamar yadda bears ke yi: a kan ciki tare da kafafu na baya.<ref name="BBC 2009-10-302" /> Mace mai suna Tips, ta tsere daga kewaye da ita a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, kuma daga baya aka harbe ta har lahira; darektan gidan zoo Michael Boes ya yi tunanin cewa mai kwantar da hankali zai dauki minti 20 don yin aiki, ya kara da cewa "Mutuwar Tips babbar asara ce".<ref>{{Cite web |title=German zoo bear shot dead |url=https://www.dw.com/en/escaped-bear-shot-dead-at-german-zoo/a-37905809 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=DW}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 06z9j8mm1503ssydf70ku0dwdq0f58k 0 108901 858913 834297 2026-06-16T13:19:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Control_room_of_Zetes-3_power_station.jpg|thumb|Tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal, irin su tashoshin wutar wutar lantarki na ZETES, sune mafi girman tushen iskar gas. : 459 {{Rp|459}}]] Coal, motoci da manyan motoci suna fitar da fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tan miliyan ɗari shida na [[Turkiyya]] <ref name=":413">{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-Statistics-1990-2023-53974 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref>:: iii  {{Efn|as of 2022 and after subtracting absorption by forests etc}} na hayakin gas na shekara-shekara. Yawanci [[carbon dioxide]] ne kuma wani ɓangare na dalilin [[Canjin yanayi a Turkiyya]]. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na hayaki daga samar da wutar lantarki ne. : sashi na 4.2.1: section 4.2.1  Sashin makamashi, gami da sufuri, ya fitar da tan miliyan 440 a cikin 2023.<ref name=":412">{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-Statistics-1990-2023-53974 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref> Tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal na kasar suna fitar da mafi yawan carbon dioxide, kuma wasu mahimman tushe sune motocin hanya da ke gudana akan man fetur ko dizal. Bayan kwal da [[Oil in Turkey|mai]] mai na uku mafi gurɓataccen man fetur shine gas; wanda aka ƙone a Tashoshin wutar lantarki na Turkiyya, gidaje da wuraren aiki. Yawancin methane suna cikin dabbobi; shanu kadai suna samar da rabin iskar gas daga noma a Turkiyya. Masana tattalin arziki sun ce manyan dalilan fitar da iskar gas a Turkiyya sune tallafi ga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal, <ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/09/23/Still-Not-Getting-Energy-Prices-Right-A-Global-and-Country-Update-of-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-466004 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>: 18 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prashant Vaze, Archie Gilmour, Bengisu Ozenc and Evrim Ozyorulmaz-Akcura |date=2024-12-25 |title=Low-Carbon Transition Risks Facing Coal in Türkiye |url=https://sefia.org/en/publications/low-carbon-transition-risks-facing-coal-in-turkiye/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=SEFiA |language=en-US |quote=These capacity payments have grown markedly over time and now provide an important revenue line for local coal (1.16 billion Turkish lira (TL) in 2023) and gas power (TL2.5 billion).}}</ref> da rashin farashi akan gurɓataccen carbon. <ref name=":44">{{Cite journal |last=Steckel |first=Jan C. |last2=Dorband |first2=Ira I. |last3=Montrone |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Ward |first4=Hauke |last5=Missbach |first5=Leonard |last6=Hafner |first6=Fabian |last7=Jakob |first7=Michael |last8=Renner |first8=Sebastian |date=23 September 2021 |title=Distributional impacts of carbon pricing in developing Asia |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1005–1014 |bibcode=2021NatSu...4.1005S |doi=10.1038/s41893-021-00758-8 |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=237611447 |quote= |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> : 1 Shirin Makamashi na Kasa na 2022 ya yi hasashen cewa za a haɗa ƙarin wutar lantarki ta gida da wutar lantarki ta hanyar 2030. : 15 The Chamber of Engineers ya ce ba tare da tallafi ba za a rufe tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke amfani da kwal a hankali. Hakkin Tsabtace Jirgin Sama yana jayayya cewa ya kamata a sami iyaka ta doka a kan ƙurar iska mai kyau, wanda yawancin ya fito ne daga motar mota da motar mota. Yankunan da ke da karancin [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|fitarwa]] a cikin birane za su rage gurɓataccen iska na gida da hayakin carbon dioxide. Kashi na Turkiyya na fitar da iskar gas a duniya na yanzu shine 1.3% .<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |title=EDGAR - The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research |url=https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023#emissions_table |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Sakamakon shekara-shekara na kowane mutum shine tan bakwai, wanda ya ɗan wuce [[Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum|matsakaicin duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Türkiye's greenhouse gas emissions rise by 6.9 pct in 2023: TÜİK - Türkiye News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiyes-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rise-by-6-9-pct-in-2023-tuik-207349 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref>[3<ref>{{Cite web |title=Per capita greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-ghg-emissions?tab=table |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref> an bayar da rahoton jimlar iskar gas, kamar rabuwa tsakanin motoci da manyan motoci, ba a buga su ba.&nbsp; Gwamnati tana tallafawa sake dasa bishiyoyi, kera motocin lantarki da samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin carbon; kuma tana da niyyar fitar da hayaki na carbon a shekara ta 2053. Amma shirin na dogon lokaci ya watsar da fitar da kwal, <ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Türkiye iklim yol haritasını paylaştı, 2053'e kadar 'net sıfır' gerçekçi mi? |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cjw092p8356o |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=BBC News Türkçe |language=tr}}</ref> da kuma gudummawar da Turkiyya ta ƙaddara a cikin ƙasa (NDC 3.0 <ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC 3.0 {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/ndc-3.0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204033728/https://unfccc.int/ndc-3.0 |archive-date=2025-02-04 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=unfccc.int |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>) ga [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] kan [[Rage canjin yanayi|iyakance canjin yanayi]], wanda ya kamata a cikin 2025, ba a buga shi ba tukuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Registry |url=https://unfccc.int/NDCREG |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nationally Determined Contribution – Net Sıfır Türkiye |url=https://netsifirturkiye.org/en/nationally-determined-contribution/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2024 ministan muhalli Murat Kurum ya ce ta hanyar shekara ta Turkiyya ta 2053 rabin makamashi na farko zai kasance daga sabuntawa da 30% daga nukiliya, amma bai bayyana yadda za a iya cire sauran 20% ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye plans to increase renewable energy to reach 50% of primary energy by 2053 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/environment/turkiye-plans-to-increase-renewable-energy-to-reach-50-of-primary-energy-by-2053/3392926 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris in dreams, Baku in reality {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung {{!}} Derneği Türkiye Temsilciliği |url=https://tr.boell.org/en/2024/12/17/paris-in-dreams-baku-in-reality |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=tr.boell.org |language=en}}</ref> Kodayake an ba da izinin cinikin fitar da carbon don farawa a cikin 2026, sai dai idan an canza manufofin yanayi da makamashi na Turkiyya, za a iya rasa burin 2053 na kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Parliament passes Türkiye's first climate law - Türkiye News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/parliament-passes-turkiyes-first-climate-law-211053 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global climate policy forecast predicts 'well below 2°C' Paris Agreement climate goals will be met |url=https://www.unpri.org/news-and-press/global-climate-policy-forecast-predicts-well-below-2c-paris-agreement-climate-goals-will-be-met/11790.article |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2025-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727053329/https://www.unpri.org/news-and-press/global-climate-policy-forecast-predicts-well-below-2c-paris-agreement-climate-goals-will-be-met/11790.article |url-status=dead }}</ref>   == Kimanin da ke gaban kayan aiki na hukuma == Yanayin Yanayi ya kiyasta tan miliyan 600 na GHG an fitar da shi a cikin 2024, tare da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar kowannensu daga samar da wutar lantarki, sharar gida, da sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Inventory |url=https://climatetrace.org/inventory?country=TUR&year_from=2024&year_to=2024&gas=co2e100 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[Climate TRACE]] |language=en}}</ref> Kimanin su na 140 Mt na GHG daga sharar gida a cikin 2024 ya fi girma fiye da adadi na hukuma na 14 Mt a cikin 2023, amma dalilin ba shi da tabbas.<ref name=":41">{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2023 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-Statistics-1990-2023-53974 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[Turkstat]]}}</ref> Alkaluman hukuma ba su dalla-dalla kan tushen daidaikun mutane ba, amma mafi girma a cikin 2023 bisa ga yanayin yanayi sune tashoshin wutar lantarki na Zetes, filin jirgin saman Istanbul, tashar wutar lantarki ta İÇDAŞ Biga, da tashar Isdemir Payas karfe '''.''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore map - Climate TRACE |url=https://climatetrace.org/explore/#admin=Turkey%20(TUR):247:TUR:country&gas=co2e&year=2023&timeframe=100 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=climatetrace.org}}</ref> Sun kiyasta 27 Mt na CO an shafe shi ta hanyar gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Inventory - Climate TRACE |url=https://climatetrace.org/inventory?sector=forestry-and-land-use&country=TUR&year_from=2024&year_to=2024&gas=co2e100 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=climatetrace.org |language=en}}</ref> Cibiyar Transnational ta kiyasta fitar da wutar lantarki ta 2023 a tan miliyan 4.7, amma wannan kimantawa bazai yi amfani da hanyar [[NATO]] ba. == Kulawa, bayar da rahoto da tabbatarwa == [[Fayil:Greenhouse_gas_emission_and_absorption_by_Turkey.svg|thumb|Ƙone kwal, man fetur, dizal da iskar gas yana sanya karin carbon dioxide a cikin iska fiye da yadda gandun daji zasu iya fitarwa. Akwai wasu alaƙa da tarihin tattalin arzikin Turkiyya, kamar raguwa a lokacin rikicin tattalin arziki na 2001.]] [[Fayil:Ghg_gases_by_year_Turkey.svg|alt=Graph showing the types of greenhouse gases emitted by Turkey|thumb|Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan ƙasashe carbon dioxide, galibi daga ƙone burbushin halittu, shine babban GHG]] Sa ido, bayar da rahoto da tabbatarwa (MRV) ya haɗa da raba bayanai da darussan da aka koya, wanda ke ƙarfafa amincewar masu ba [[Kudin yanayi|da kuɗaɗen yanayi]] na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is MRV? |url=https://www.carbon-turkey.org/en/what-is-mrv |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=www.carbon-turkey.org |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729215239/https://carbon-turkey.org/en/what-is-mrv |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi <ref>{{Cite web |last=iklim.gov.tr |title=About Us - İklim Değişikliği Başkanlığı |url=https://iklim.gov.tr/en/about-us-i-75#:~:text=Directorate%20of%20Climate%20Change&text=It%20is%20responsible%20for%20determining,change%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation%20efforts. |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=iklim.gov.tr |language=en}}</ref> da Cibiyar Kididdigar Gwamnatin Turkiyya (Turkstat) suna bin ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC), don haka suna amfani da lissafin GHG na samar da kayan aiki don tattara tarin iskar gas na kasar. Yin amfani da lissafin tushen amfani zai ba da jimillar makamancin haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Territorial and consumption-based CO₂ emissions, Turkey |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/production-vs-consumption-co2-emissions?country=~TUR}}</ref> Turkstat na aika bayanan zuwa ga UNFCCC kowace shekara a cikin shekara ta biyu ta biyo bayan shekarar da aka bayar, misali an bayar da rahoton fitar da hayaki na 2023 a cikin 2025 a cikin Takardun Inventory na kasa (NID) na shekara-shekara (NID) da Tables Reporting Common (CRT). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reporting requirements |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/greenhouse-gas-inventories-annex-i-parties/reporting-requirements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810200216/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/greenhouse-gas-inventories-annex-i-parties/reporting-requirements |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=[[UNFCCC]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da aka ƙaddamar da rahoton bayyana gaskiya na Biennial (BTR) ga UNFCCC za a iya haɗa bayanan tare da rahoton, kamar yadda aka yi a cikin 2024 tare da BTR na farko na Turkiyya. Abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga man da ake sayar da su a cikin ƙasar don zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da jigilar kayayyaki ana ƙididdige su daban a cikin rahotanni zuwa ga UNFCCC, kuma ba a haɗa su cikin jimillar ƙasar ba. {{Rp|46}}A cikin 2021 jet kananzir, wanda aka kawo a filayen jirgin saman Turkiyya kuma jiragen saman kasa da kasa suka kona, ya fitar da 8.39&nbsp;Mt [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|CO e (carbon dioxide daidai)]] ; <ref name="2021report" /> {{Rp|60}}da man dizal da sauran man fetur daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Turkiyya masu karfin jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa 1.89 Mt&nbsp;CO . <ref name="2021report" /> {{Rp|62}} === Masana'antu === Ƙuntatawar Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) a ƙarƙashin gyaran Kigali ga yarjejeniyar Montreal, wanda ke iyakance fitar da iskar gas mai guba, ya fara ne a cikin 2024 da nufin rage 10% ta 2029 da 80% ta 2045. : Sashe na 4.2.2.1 Koyaya {{As of|2024}} , fasa kwaurin HFC daga Turkiyya zuwa EU ya kasance matsala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=More Chilling Than Ever – Tackling Europe's ongoing illegal trade in HFC climate super pollutants - EIA |url=https://eia-international.org/report/more-chilling-than-ever/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=eia-international.org |language=en}}</ref> Motocin lantarki a cikin ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaitan masana'antu suna samun inganci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoting Energy-Efficient Motors in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey |url=https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/projects/promoting-energy-efficient-motors-in-small-and-medium-sized-ente.html |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Low-carbon hydrogen da ammonia zai iya taimakawa tare da wuya don lalata masana'antu; irin su taki da sinadarai na petrochemicals . <ref name=":55" /> : Sashe na 4.2.2.1 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Renewable Hydrogen in Türkiye's Decarbonization Path: Priority Application Areas and Policy Recommendations - Executive Summary - SHURA |url=https://shura.org.tr/en/renewable-hydrogen-in-turkiyes-decarbonization-path-priority-application-areas-and-policy-recommendations-executive-summary/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> {{As of|2021}} kusan babu masu goyon bayan [[Ƙungiyar Aiki kan Bayyanawa ta Kudi da ke da alaƙa da Yanayi|Ƙungiyar Task Force akan Bayyanar Kuɗi na Yanayi]], don ba da bayanai ga masu zuba jari game da haɗarin canjin yanayi ga kamfanoni. Wasu masana'antun da ke fitarwa zuwa EU suna ƙara nasu ikon hasken rana don rage fitar da hayaki, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Todorović |first=Igor |date=2024-05-17 |title=Turkey adds 1.3 GW in solar power capacity in April alone |url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/turkey-adds-1-3-gw-in-solar-power-capacity-in-april-alone/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Balkan Green Energy News |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma Ƙungiyar Masana'antu da Kasuwancin Turkiyya ta nemi EU don samun kudade don taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa daidaitawa tare da CBAM. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=Have your say – Published initiatives -EU Green Deal (carbon border adjustment mechanism) – Feedback from: Turkish Industry and Business Association (TUSIAD) |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation |website=[[European Commission]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ruwan ruwa na carbon == [[Fayil:Orman.JPG|alt=conifer trees covering a mountainside|thumb|Ana ƙara waɗannan bishiyoyi da ke akwai ta hanyar sake dasa bishiyoyi.]] Turkiyya na da 23&nbsp;Hectare miliyan na gandun daji wanda ya mamaye kwata na kasar, ko da yake sama da kashi 40 cikin 100 sun lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resmi İstatistikler |trans-title=Official Statistics |url=https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/ormanlarimiz/resmi-istatistikler |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314235459/https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/ormanlarimiz/resmi-istatistikler |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=General Directorate of Forestry |publisher=[[:tr:Orman Genel Müdürlüğü]] |language=tr}}</ref> Dazuzzukan Turkiyya sune babban wurin da ke nutsewa da iskar Carbon da ke fitar da hayakin da ya kai 34 Mt a shekarar 2021. {{Rp|287}}Gwamnati ta ce a shekarar 2015 cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 "ana sa ran gandun daji za su mamaye sama da kashi hudu cikin biyar na yankunan kasar". Duk da haka zafi da bushewar iska a kudanci da yamma na iya yin wahalar kiyaye dajin da ke yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ömer Lütfi |first=Şen |title=Province-based Forest Cover (%) |url=http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-forests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517191309/http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-forests.html |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Climate Change in Turkey}}</ref> Sakamakon gobarar daji da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa saboda canjin yanayi bishiyoyi suna raguwa amma, : Sashe na 4.2.7 duk da bambance-bambancen yanki, ana sa ran dazuzzukan za su ci gaba da kasancewa babban kwatankwacin carbon. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berberoglu |first=Suha |last2=Donmez |first2=Cenk |last3=Cilek |first3=Ahmet |date=5 April 2021 |title=Modelling climate change impacts on regional net primary productivity in Turkey |journal=[[Environmental Monitoring and Assessment]] |language=en |volume=193 |issue=5 |page=242 |bibcode=2021EMnAs.193..242B |doi=10.1007/s10661-021-09031-z |issn=1573-2959 |pmid=33818693 |s2cid=233026508}}</ref> Kusan dukkan filayen dazuzzukan Turkiyya mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ba za a iya mallakarsu ba. Duk da haka, an ba da izinin kiryar dazuzzuka masu zaman kansu, don ƙarfafa dashen itatuwa a wuraren da bishiyar ba ta da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gençay |first=Gökçe |date=1 July 2020 |title=Legal framework of private afforestation: The case of Turkey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837719320794 |url-status=live |journal=Land Use Policy |volume=96 |bibcode=2020LUPol..9604673G |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104673 |issn=0264-8377 |s2cid=218962170 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417022706/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837719320794 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin jama'a, irin su gidauniyar Turkiyya don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa da ƙungiyar gandun daji ta Turkiyya, su ma suna ƙarfafa sake dazuzzuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forester's Association of Turkey |url=https://www.ormancilardernegi.org/en/index.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422120149/http://www.ormancilardernegi.org/en/index.asp |archive-date=22 April 2018 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=[[Foresters' Association of Turkey]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Shugaba Erdoğan ya kafa "Ranar Gandun Daji" na shekara-shekara kowace 11 ga Nuwamba. An ba da shawarar junipers don sake dazuzzuka saboda kaurinsu, amma an ce suna buƙatar taimako don yin girma cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yücedağ |first=Cengiz |last2=Ayan |first2=Sezgin |last3=Farhat |first3=Perla |last4=Özel |first4=Halil Barış |date=2021 |title=Juniperus L. for Restoration of Degraded Forest Lands in Turkey |journal=South-east European Forestry |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.15177/seefor.21-01 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma, a cewar masanin farfesa na Jami'ar Ege Serdar Gökhan Senol, Ma'aikatar Noma da Gandun daji a wasu lokuta takan sake yin shuka lokacin da ya kamata ta sake girma a maimakon haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Verri |first=Selene |date=7 January 2020 |title=Wildfires in Izmir: a green plan for the city, an urban plan for the forests |url=http://www.youris.com/environment/biodiversity/wildfires-in-izmir-a-green-plan-for-the-city-an-urban-plan-for-the-forests.kl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125081231/http://www.youris.com/environment/biodiversity/wildfires-in-izmir-a-green-plan-for-the-city-an-urban-plan-for-the-forests.kl |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=youris.com}}</ref> === Shekaru na 2020 === ==== Siyasa ta cikin gida da sauyawa mai adalci ==== [[Fayil:Karslı_cocuklarin_soma_icn_yaptiklati_maket--Muhammetilbas-com_2014-05-29_23-32.JPG|alt=colourful tiny model trucks containing coal with "Soma" written on the side|thumb|Misalai na yara suna tunawa da bala'in ma'adinai na Soma - "Wannan shine yadda suke samun burodi na yau da kullun"]] [[Fayil:Catalagzi_Termik_Santrali.jpg|alt=two tall chimneys and large buildings lit up at night|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Çatalağzı a Zonguldak: Yankin hakar kwal na farko na Turkiyya zai buƙaci taimako don dainawa.]] Kodayake sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai tsabta yana ƙara aikin yi a Turkiyya gaba ɗaya, <ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=Socioeconomic Impact of the Power System Transition in Turkey • SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi |url=https://www.shura.org.tr/socioeconomic_impact_of_the_power_system_transition_in_turkey/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917182806/https://www.shura.org.tr/socioeconomic_impact_of_the_power_system_transition_in_turkey/ |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi |language=en-US}}</ref> misali a cikin iska da hasken rana : 6 da ingancin makamashi na gine-gine, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2019 |title=Enhancing Turkey's policy framework for energy efficiency of buildings, and recommendations for the way forward based on international experiences |url=https://www.shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Buildings-Energy-Efficiency-Policy-Working-Paper-3.pdf |publisher=Buildings Performance Institute Europe and SHURA Energy Transition Center}}</ref> ayyukan da suka ɓace na iya mai da hankali a wasu wurare da sassa. : 48 Alal misali, rufe Tashar wutar lantarki ta Şırnak Silopi da ma'adinan kwal a Lardin Şırnak na iya kara yawan rashin aikin yi a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elçi |first=Dicle Özcan Elçi |date=June 2018 |title=In without Social Security Conditions Şırnak Coal Mines Workers |url=https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/paper/detail/TWpJek56UTNOdz09 |journal=Çalışma ve Toplum |issue=48 |pages=169–197 |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823154807/https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/paper/detail/TWpJek56UTNOdz09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Özcan |first=Dicle |date=2016 |title=Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi |url=https://www.calismatoplum.org/makale/guvencesiz-calisma-kosullarindasirnak-komur-ocaklaricalisanlari |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=calismatoplum.org |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426062534/https://www.calismatoplum.org/makale/guvencesiz-calisma-kosullarindasirnak-komur-ocaklaricalisanlari |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa bangaren hakar ma'adinai zai dauki ma'aikata 21,000, 14% na jimlar aikin hakar ma-adinai a shekarar 2018.<ref name=":36" /> : 57 Binciken ya kuma yi hasashen asarar aiki a cikin masana'antu, noma da sarrafa abinci, saboda irin waɗannan bangarorin da ke da ma'aikata ba za su iya ci gaba da samun riba a wasu bangarori ba.<ref name=":36" /> : 13 Saboda farashin carbon zai zama masu koma baya masana tattalin arziki sun ce ya kamata a biya matalauta.<ref name=":44"/> : 6 A cikin 2024 gwamnati ta ce za ta yi manufofin kasa don sauyawa mai kyau; : sashi na 4.6 manufofin barin high-carbon, kamar kwal, ya ɓace. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gündüzyeli |first=Elif |last2=Kutluay |first2=Duygu |date=7 February 2020 |title=Turkey's dilemma: risky coal or clean development |url=https://beyond-coal.eu/2020/02/07/turkeys-dilemma-risky-coal-or-clean-development/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716132424/https://beyond-coal.eu/2020/02/07/turkeys-dilemma-risky-coal-or-clean-development/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Europe Beyond Coal}}</ref> Hakazalika, yana da wahala ga manoma su sami riba, don haka cire tallafi ba zato ba tsammani zai zama abin mamaki ga tattalin arziki. Amma, ba kamar makwabciyar Girka ba, babu wata muhawara ta jama'a game da sauyawa mai adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Greece to establish company for transforming coal land property |url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/greece-to-establish-company-for-transforming-coal-land-property/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Balkan Green Energy News |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar tsohon Ministan Tattalin Arziki Kemal Derviş, mutane da yawa za su amfana daga canjin kore, amma asarar za ta mai da hankali kan takamaiman kungiyoyi, yana mai da su a bayyane kuma suna rushe Siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derviş |first=Kemal |last2=Strauss |first2=Sebastian |date=20 August 2019 |title=The real obstacle to climate action |url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-real-obstacle-to-climate-action/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021722/https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-real-obstacle-to-climate-action/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]]}}</ref> A matakin birni, [[Antalya]], Bornova, [[Bursa]], Çankaya, Eskişehir Tepebaşı, [[Gaziantep]], İz[[Izmir]] KadKadıköy, NilNilüfer SefSeferihisar da makMakamashi mai ɗorewa tsare-tsaren yanayi.[14<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action plans |url=https://www.covenantofmayors.eu/plans-and-actions/action-plans.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923092921/https://covenantofmayors.eu/plans-and-actions/action-plans.html |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=[[Covenant of Mayors]]}}</ref> binciken ilimi na 2021 game da siyasar can[[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] cikin gida ya ce "shirye-shiryen matakin yanayi na cikin gari yana faruwa ne mai zaman kansa daga kokarin kasa duk da haka tare da sadaukarwa ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa" kuma cewa ingantaccen daidaitawa tsakanin kananan hukumomi da na kasa zai taimaka wajen tsarawa don daidaita canjin yanayi.[15<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Anlı}}</ref> ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2021: a cewar Politico kasar ta shawo kan rancen dala biliyan 3.2 daga Faransa da Jamus don sauya makamashi, kuma babban mai tattaunawar Turkiyya ya ce barazanar EU CBAM wani abu ne.[16]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-06 |title=EU's looming carbon tax nudged Turkey toward Paris climate accord, envoy says |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-turkey-paris-accord-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Siyasa ta Duniya ==== Murat Kurum ya ce hadin gwiwar duniya shine mabuɗin magance canjin yanayi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Turapoglu |first=Zehra Aydin |last2=Bir |first2=Burak |date=16 September 2020 |title=Turkey: Pandemic stresses need for green transformation |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/turkey-pandemic-stresses-need-for-green-transformation/1975637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918164903/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/turkey-pandemic-stresses-need-for-green-transformation/1975637 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> kuma wakilin canjin yanayi na Amurka John Kerry ya ce ya kamata kasashe 20 masu fitarwa su rage hayaki nan da nan. Turkiyya da wasu kasashe membobin sun ce ya kamata a canza Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Makamashi don taimakawa tare da decarbonization, amma saboda canje-canje dole ne su kasance tare wannan ba zai yiwu ya faru ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Energy Charter Treaty: A Real Threat to Climate Action Plans |url=http://turkishpolicy.com/blog/55/the-energy-charter-treaty-a-real-threat-to-climate-action-plans |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=Turkish Policy Quarterly |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kamfanin Man Fetur na Turkiyya (TPAO) yana cikin tattaunawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu game da saka hannun jari a cikin iskar gas ta Black Sea . <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Ersoy |first=Ercan |date=8 February 2021 |title=Turkish Petroleum mulls partnerships for multi-billion Black Sea gas project |url=https://www.worldoil.com/news/2021/2/8/turkish-petroleum-mulls-partnerships-for-multi-billion-black-sea-gas-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209114304/https://www.worldoil.com/news/2021/2/8/turkish-petroleum-mulls-partnerships-for-multi-billion-black-sea-gas-project |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=worldoil.com}}</ref> China ta ba da kuɗin Emba Hunutlu tashar wutar lantarki ta fara ne a cikin 2022. Gwamnati ta ce, a matsayin kasa mai tasowa da ke da alhakin kasa da kashi 1% na hayakin hayaki na tarihi, matsayin Turkiyya a karkashin UNFCCC da Yarjejeniyar Paris ba daidai ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Statement of the Spokesperson of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Hami Aksoy, in Response to a Question Regarding Turkey's Putting on the Record its Determination to Obtain a Fair Position Under the International Climate Change Regime in the G20 Leaders' Declaration |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sc_-114_-turkiye-nin-uluslararasi-iklim-degisikligiyle-mucadele-rejimi-hk-sc.en.mfa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128024659/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sc_-114_-turkiye-nin-uluslararasi-iklim-degisikligiyle-mucadele-rejimi-hk-sc.en.mfa |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)]]}}</ref> Koyaya wasu masana kimiyya sun ce ana iya amfani da ƙananan hayakin gas na tarihi ne kawai a matsayin hujja mai adalci a ƙarƙashin [[Dokar muhalli|Dokar muhalli ta duniya]] ta ƙasashe masu tasowa da Ƙananan tsibirai masu tasowa.<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Nicolas.Fux |date=9 September 2021 |title=National 'fair shares' in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law |url=https://newclimate.org/2021/09/09/national-fair-shares-in-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-within-framework-of-international-env-law/ |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=NewClimate Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sun ce kusan dukkanin kasashe na G20, gami da Turkiyya, ya kamata su rage hayakin su a ƙasa da matakin 2010.<ref name=":35" /> Duk da haka, waɗannan masana sun ce ƙasashe masu fitar da hayaki na tarihi ya kamata su rage hayaki.<ref name=":35" /> Kungiyar Masana'antu da Kasuwancin Turkiyya ta yi kira ga tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris.<nowiki>&</nowiki>An yi amfani da rashin amincewa a matsayin gardama game da amincewar Woodhouse Colliery a Burtaniya, yayin da abokan adawar suka ce za a fitar da yawancin kwal zuwa Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2021 |title=Coal from planned Cumbria mine may go outside UK and EU, inquiry told |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/07/coal-from-planned-cumbria-mine-may-go-outside-uk-eu-inquiry-told |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021 Turkiyya ta sake neman a cire ta daga Annex 1 (kasashe masu tasowa) na UNFCCC, "don yin yakinmu da canjin yanayi ya fi tasiri da samun damar samun kudaden yanayi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Turkey seeks change in climate change agreement |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-seeks-change-in-climate-change-agreement-166531 |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |language=en}}</ref> Wasu 'yan kasuwa sun ce Turkiyya ba ta buƙatar ƙarin tallafin yanayi don biyan alkawurranta na yanzu, don haka ya kamata su tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris kuma su daina gina wutar lantarki don kauce wa CBAM. [[Dokar muhalli|Lauyoyin muhalli]] sun zama masu aiki a cikin shekarun 2020, amma tun daga shekarar 2021, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ba ta yanke shawarar ko za a ji karar Duarte Agostinho da Sauran v. kasashe da yawa ciki har da Turkiyya, waɗanda yara da matasa suka kawo ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe in transition |url=https://caneurope.org/work-areas/europe-in-transition/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=[[Climate Action Network]] Europe |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425062637/https://caneurope.org/work-areas/europe-in-transition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Aoife |last2=Leviner |first2=Pernilla |last3=Stern |first3=Rebecca Thorburn |date=8 April 2021 |title=How children are taking European states to court over the climate crisis – and changing the law |url=http://theconversation.com/how-children-are-taking-european-states-to-court-over-the-climate-crisis-and-changing-the-law-158546 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and 32 Other States |url=http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/non-us-case/youth-for-climate-justice-v-austria-et-al/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627073833/http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/non-us-case/youth-for-climate-justice-v-austria-et-al/ |archive-date=27 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Climate Change Litigation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=The Requirement to Exhaust Domestic Remedies and the Future of Climate Change Litigation before the ECtHR |url=https://www.publicinternationallawandpolicygroup.org/lawyering-justice-blog/2021/4/26/the-requirement-to-exhaust-domestic-remedies-and-the-future-of-climate-change-litigation-before-the-ecthr |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=PILPG |language=en-US}}</ref> Majalisar dokoki ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris jim kadan kafin [[Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Turkey set to submit Paris climate pact to parliament next month: President – Turkey News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-set-to-submit-paris-climate-pact-to-parliament-next-month-president-168049 |access-date=22 September 2021 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; == Bincike da samun bayanai == Cibiyar Shura Energy Transition ta Jami'ar Sabancı tana binciken Hanyoyin decarbonization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decarbonization Pathways for Turkey 2020–2050 – Modelling Study Terms of Reference |url=https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200709-23075797.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417023009/https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200709-23075797.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=26 November 2020 |publisher=[[Sabancı University]]}}</ref> Ana amfani da juyawa na layi, hukunci na ƙwararru da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na gida don tsinkayen da ba na makamashi ba. : 8 : 33 Emissions daga masana'antu da aka tsara ta Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Majalisar Binciken Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Turkiyya ta amfani da TIMES-MACRO. : 33 A cikin yanayin 2021 OECD na sa ran fitar da hayaki ya ninka sau biyu daga 2015 zuwa 2030. : 59 An shirya "Climate Change Platform" don raba karatu da bayanai. : 46 {{Rp|46}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> aal9n34ut70wxe8wlw2h28i404mrt4d 0 109141 858957 845759 2026-06-16T16:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Gudanar da yanayi''' shine diflomasiyya, hanyoyin da matakan mayar da martani "da nufin jagorantar tsarin zamantakewa zuwa hanawa, [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] ko [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] da haɗarin da [[Canjin yanayi]] ya kawo".<ref name="Jagers2003">{{Cite journal |last=Jagers |first=S.C. |last2=Stripple, J. |year=2003 |title=Climate Governance beyond the State |journal=Global Governance |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1163/19426720-00903009}}</ref> Cikakken fassarar yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar al'adun siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma (gami da siyasa, Tattalin arzikin siyasa da shugabanci mai yawa) waɗanda ke cikin ɗaukar ciki da nazarin mulkin yanayi a matakai daban-daban da kuma fadin fagen daban-daban. A cikin ilimi, mulkin yanayi ya zama damuwa ga [[Masanin yanayin ƙasa|masu ilimin ƙasa]], masu ilimin ɗan adam, masana tattalin arziki da masana Nazarin kasuwanci.<ref name="Bulkeley2010"/> Gudanar da yanayi - wato, ingantaccen gudanar da tsarin yanayi na duniya - saboda haka yana da mahimmanci. Koyaya, gina ingantaccen tsarin hadin gwiwa don sarrafa tasirin tsarin yanayi a matakin duniya yana gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman, misali rikitarwa na kimiyya mai dacewa da ci gaba da inganta ilimin kimiyya game da yanayinmu na duniya da tsarin duniya, da ƙalubalen sadarwa da wannan ilimin ga jama'a da masu tsara manufofi. Har ila yau, akwai gaggawa don magance wannan batun; Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya jaddada cewa al'ummomin duniya suna da ƙarancin damar yin aiki don ci gaba da hauhawar zafin duniya a matakan aminci. Gudanar da yanayi na zamani na duniya an tsara shi a kusa da ginshiƙai uku: ragewa, daidaitawa da hanyoyin aiwatarwa. A karkashin kowane ginshiƙi akwai batutuwa da manufofi da yawa, suna kwatanta hanyoyin da sauyin yanayi ke shafar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video #2 of 4: The Pillars of Climate Governance - Paris Knowledge Bridge: Unpacking International Climate Governance |url=http://enb.iisd.org/paris-knowledge-bridge/video-2-the-pillars-of-climate-governance/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, wani rikici ya taso tsakanin karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi da kuma karuwar damuwa cewa batutuwan da ke kewaye da shi suna wakiltar matsala mai wuya. Da farko, an kusanci canjin yanayi a matsayin batun duniya, kuma mulkin yanayi ya nemi magance shi a matakin duniya. Wannan ya ɗauki nau'in Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Multilateral (MEAs), wanda ya fara da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a cikin 1992. Baya ga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashe ba ta da tasiri sosai wajen cimma matsaya ta hanyar doka.<ref name="Andonova, L. B., Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Andonova, L. B., Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H |year=2009 |title=Transnational climate governance |journal=Global Environmental Politics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=52–73 |bibcode=2009GlEnP...9...52A |doi=10.1162/glep.2009.9.2.52 |s2cid=57565967}}</ref> Tare da ƙarshen lokacin sadaukarwa na farko na Kyoto Protocol a cikin 2012, tsakanin 2013 da 2015 babu [[Tsarin yanayi na duniya]] da ke ɗaure doka. Wannan rashin daidaituwa a matakin siyasa na kasa da kasa ya ba da gudummawa ga madadin labaran siyasa waɗanda suka yi kira ga hanyoyin da suka fi sauƙi, masu tsada da kuma shiga tsakani don magance matsalolin sauyin yanayi. Wadannan labaran suna da alaƙa da karuwar bambancin hanyoyin da ake haɓaka da turawa a duk faɗin mulkin yanayi.<ref name="Andonova, L. B., Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H 2009" /> A cikin 2015, an sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]], wanda shine yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa mai bin doka game da canjin yanayi. Manufarta ita ce ta iyakance dumamar duniya zuwa "kasa da 2", kuma mafi kyau 1.5 digiri Celsius sama da matakan masana'antu, kuma don cimma wannan burin, kasashe sun amince da fitar da iskar gas mai guba da wuri-wuri don cimma duniya mai tsaka-tsaki a tsakiyar karni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Paris Agreement |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=UNFCCC}}</ref> Ya yi alkawarin dukkan kasashe na duniya don cimma "daidaita tsakanin hayaki na mutum ta hanyar tushe da cire iskar gas a rabi na biyu na wannan karni. " Yarjejeniyar Paris ta nuna sabon zamani don manufofin makamashi da yanayi na duniya. A karkashin tsarinsa, kowace ƙasa tana gabatar da gudummawar da ta ke da ita a cikin ƙasa (NDC) bisa ga halin da take ciki. Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Paris tana da doka, a matsayin tsawo ga UNFCCC, NDCs ba su da doka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yarjejeniyar da ta dace da doka za ta buƙaci tabbatarwa ta Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, wanda ba ya goyon baya. == Tarihi == Za'a iya gano ci gaban mulkin yanayi da farko ga diflomasiyyar yanayi tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi kuma na biyu ga ci gaban cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da wadanda ba na jihohi ba. Tsarin lokaci da ke sama yana nuna mahimman bayanai a duk wannan tsari. Ma'anar halitta tana da wuyar tantancewa daidai, duk da haka wani batu na ƙarshe a cikin tarihinta shine Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1992 kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a Rio. An kira wannan "babban abu na farko a tarihin diflomasiyyar yanayi". Taron ya yi jawabi ga kasashe daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya nemi yin koyi da nasarar diflomasiyya na Yarjejeniyar Montreal wajen fitar da sunadarai masu lalata ozone.<ref name="Bulkeley, H. & Newell, P. 2009 22" /> Yayinda tsarin mulkin yanayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a matakin kasa da kasa, jerin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu sun nemi aiwatar da manufofin su a cikin fagen su, misali C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, Global Cities Covenant on Climate (wanda aka fi sani da Mexico City Pact), da Cities for Climate Protection Programme (CCPP). Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban (UNFCED) a cikin 1992 ya kasance 'trigger' ga wannan tsari. Cibiyoyin sadarwar yanki da na gida sun karɓi manufofin rage fitar da hayaki kuma sun fara la'akari da yadda za a iya cimma su a matakin gida. Misali shine ICLEI - Karamar Hukumar Kula da dorewa wacce ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Yarjejeniyar kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewarta na haɗa ayyukan gida zuwa manufofi da aka amince da su a duniya.<ref name="ICLEI2011">{{Cite web |last=ICLEI ‘Local Governments for Sustainability’ |title=AboutICLEI |url=http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813221042/http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=about |archive-date=2009-08-13 |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> A karkashin laima na manufofin yanayi na duniya da aka amince da su, sabbin hanyoyin gudanar da yanayi sun bunkasa wadanda ke neman rage hayaki ta amfani da hanyoyin kasuwa, misali tsarin <nowiki>''Cape da kasuwanci''</nowiki>. Sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa sun hada da Powering Past Coal Alliance, wanda aka yi niyyar kawar da amfani da kwal don wutar lantarki, da kuma Under2 Coalition, wanda aka tsara don inganta aiki don rage hayaki a matakin kasa. Don haka, yayin da tsarin yin yarjejeniya tsakanin jihohi ke ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage canjin yanayi na mutum, yanzu ya wanzu a matsayin wani ɓangare na zane-zane mai zurfi na shirye-shiryen mulkin yanayi na masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda ke aiki a ma'auni da yawa.<ref name="Bernstein2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bernstein, S., Betsill, M., Hoffmann, M. & Paterson, M. |year=2010 |title=A tale of two Copenhagens: Carbon markets and climate governance |journal=Millennium-Journal of International Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1177/0305829810372480 |s2cid=144401144}}</ref> === Rarraba Arewa da Kudu === Yankin Arewa da Kudu yanki ne na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da [[siyasa]]. An yi amfani da shi ga tsarin kula da yanayi, rarrabuwar ta raba ƙasashen arewacin 'masu ci gaba' waɗanda a tarihi suka fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga ƙasashen kudancin 'marasa ci gaba' wadanda suka fitar da ƙananan hayaki. Wannan rarrabuwar tarihi shine dalilin manufar Common But Differentiated Responsibilities a cikin UNFCCC. An kuma yi amfani da rarrabuwa don nuna bambance-bambance a cikin [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|rauni ga canjin yanayi]] (an dauki kudancin duniya a matsayin mafi rauni saboda abin da ya faru na bala'o'i, karancin kayan aiki da karancin wadata). <ref name="Bulkeley, H. & Newell, P. 2009" /> Wadannan rarrabuwar sun ciyar da dukkan batutuwan mulkin yanayi na kasa da kasa, suna kawo musu tambayoyi na adalci da daidaito na zamantakewa waɗanda suka kasance a yau.<ref name="Bulkeley, H. & Newell, P. 2009" /> Wani zargi game da rarrabuwa shine cewa yana sauƙaƙa yanayin da ke ƙaruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, cinikayya ta kasa da kasa, gudanawar jari kyauta da ci gaban wasu ƙasashe na kudanci (misali [[Sin|China]] da [[Indiya]]) sun sake bayyana dangantakar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jean-Philippe Therien |year=2009 |title=Beyond the North-South divide: The two tales of world poverty |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=723–742 |doi=10.1080/01436599913523}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == An gano tsarin kula da yanayi a matsayin mai yawa, mai yawa kuma yana da zurfi a cikin tsarin zamantakewa da na zahiri: * Scale da yawa: Gudanar da yanayi yana faruwa kuma yana da manufofi da aka kafa a matakai da sarari daban-daban a kowane sikelin shugabanci. Wannan ya hada da ma'auni na kasa, na kasa, [[Ƙaramar hukuma|yankin]] da na gida. Ma'amala tsakanin waɗannan wuraren suna tayar da muhimman tambayoyi game da inda iko da iko don gudanar da canjin yanayi ke. Fassarar gargajiya na ikon "sama da kasa" ba lallai bane ya shafi mulkin yanayi wanda ke nuna yanayin da ya fi rikitarwa. Za'a iya haɗa shirye-shiryen gida a kwance, misali C40, yayin da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa suka koma cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa.<ref name="Bulkeley2010"/> * Multi actor: Matsayin da ya ragu kuma ba a fahimta ba na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba suna haifar da rashin tabbas game da matsayinsu na dangi a cikin mulkin yanayi.<ref name="Bulkeley2010" /> 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da ba na jihar ba suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara matsayin da gwamnatocin kasa suka dauka dangane da yarjejeniyar yanayi ta kasa da kasa, misali UNFCCC da Kyoto Protocol.<ref name="Bulkeley2010" /> Wadannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kimiyya, kasuwanci, masu fafutuka da' yan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, an ɗauki tasirin su "ɓoye", wanda ke cikin wuraren mulki na yau da kullun. Kwanan nan, an sake tantance wannan rawar yayin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu ke ba da sabbin shafuka da hanyoyin da ke neman magance canjin yanayi.<ref name="Bulkeley2010" /> * An saka: Haɗin masu ba na jihar ba a cikin mulkin yanayi wani bangare ne na tunani game da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin da ke haifar da hayaki na Greenhouse Gas (GHG). <ref name="Bulkeley, H. & Newell, P. 2009" /> Matsalolin magance canjin yanayi sun kara da rikitarwa na matakai da suka shafi hayakin GHG a duk faɗin duniya a kowane sikelin.<ref name="Bulkeley2010" /> Bugu da ƙari, yanke shawara da aka samu a wasu yankuna, gami da kasuwanci, tsaro na makamashi da aiki ba za a iya gujewa ba a kan kokarin mulkin yanayi don magance canjin yanayi na ɗan adam.<ref name="Bulkeley2010" /> Masana sun nuna cewa kotuna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da yanayi. Akwai yankuna biyar masu alaƙa da juna inda za'a iya gane tasirin kotuna: kafa lissafi, sake bayyana alaƙar iko, magance rauni da rashin adalci, kara girman kai da tasirin dokar yanayi ta duniya da kuma amfani da kimiyyar yanayi don [[Hukunci|yanke hukunci]] kan rikice-rikicen shari'a. Saboda sabon aikin su a cikin waɗannan yankuna kotuna na iya zama 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na mulkin yanayi na duniya. Misali, kotuna suna ba da gudummawa ga mulkin yanayi ta hanyar karfafa masu sha'awar da masu ruwa da tsaki da masu ruwa le tsaki; sanya la'akari da canjin yanayi a kan ajanda na siyasa; shawo kan al'umma game da muhimmancin matakin yanayi; fassara da aiwatar da karuwar dokokin yanayi na cikin gida, yanki da na duniya; yanke hukunci kan rikice-rikice da suka shafi [[Adalci na yanayi|Rashin adalci da ke haifar da yanayi]]. Kotuna ta haka suna ba da damar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa su yi amfani da kayan aikin shari'a na jihar don warware rikice-rikicen da suka shafi yanayi. === Haɗin kai na al'umma === Haɗin al'umma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da manufofin mulkin yanayi. Akwai manyan dalilai guda biyu na wannan. Na farko, inda tsarin sauyin yanayi ke buƙatar canji a matakin halayyar, akwai buƙatar ilimantar da jama'a don cimma wannan (alal misali rage tafiye-tafiye na mota). Inda ya ci nasara, wannan yana ba da yiwuwar cewa al'ummomi zasu iya zama masu mulkin kansu, misali zabar fitar da ƙasa.<ref name="Bulkeley2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bulkeley |first=H. |year=2010 |title=Climate Policy and Governance: an editorial essay |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=311–313 |bibcode=2010WIRCC...1..311B |doi=10.1002/wcc.1 |s2cid=129109192}}</ref> Na biyu, ingantaccen haɗin gwiwar al'umma yana tabbatar da cewa manufofin kula da yanayi sun dace da al'ummomin da aka nufa a yi amfani da su. Wannan yana buƙatar tsari na "koyon ƙasa zuwa sama", yayin da ake ba da ra'ayoyi daga yanki zuwa matakin ƙasa. An gano wannan tsarin a matsayin tsarin ka'idoji na "kungiyoyin ilmantarwa" kuma sananne ne a cikin kungiyoyin muhalli waɗanda ke neman karfafa ci gaban jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power, G., Maury, M. & Maury, S. |year=2002 |title=Operationalising bottom-up learning in international NGOs: Barriers and alternatives |journal=Development in Practice |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=272–284 |doi=10.1080/0961450220149663 |s2cid=154670016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roper, L. |last2=J. Pettit |year=2002 |title=Development and the Learning Organisation: An Introduction |journal=Development in Practice |volume=12 |issue=3/4 |pages=258–271 |citeseerx=10.1.1.525.9449 |doi=10.1080/0961450220149654 |s2cid=6729960}}</ref> Ayyukan kimiyya da fasaha na musamman suna tsarawa da sanar da fahimtarmu game da canjin yanayi kuma a yin hakan suna bayyana yadda ake bayyana matsalolin muhalli a matsayin abubuwa na mulki. Misali, ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin binciken sake zagayowar carbon, nesa da kuma dabarun lissafin carbon sun bayyana cewa sare daji na wurare masu zafi yana da kashi 15% na hayakin carbon dioxide na duniya.<ref name="Boyd, W. 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Boyd, W. |year=2010 |title=Ways of seeing in environmental law: how deforestation became an object of climate governance |journal=Ecology Law Quarterly |volume=37 |pages=843–857}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, ya zama damuwa mai mahimmanci game da tsarin yanayi. Kafin ƙididdigar ta, an cire sare daji na wurare masu zafi daga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.<ref name="Boyd, W. 2010" /> Koyaya, fassarar binciken kimiyya ko manufofi zuwa cikin mulki ta hanyar tsarin siyasa ya kasance da wahala kamar yadda kimiyya da siyasa ke da hanyoyi daban-daban na magance batun rashin tabbas wanda shine bangare na bincike === Tushen kasuwa === Tarihin mulkin yanayi ya ga karuwar girmamawa da aka sanya akan mafita ta kasuwa, ko "hanyar sassauci".<ref name="Bulkeley2010"/> Wannan ci gaba ne wanda ke cikawa, maimakon maye gurbin tsarin gargajiya na "umurni da sarrafawa". An gano shawarar da za a yi amfani da hanyoyin kasuwa a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba saboda ci gaban shahararren Neoliberalism a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Don haka, an cimma burin da aka kafa a taron kula da yanayi na kasa da kasa ta hanyar amfani da kasuwanni (misali EU-ETS), Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (misali "haɗin gwiwar nau'in II") da kuma kula da kai na masana'antu (misali Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership). Abu mai mahimmanci, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto tana ba da kasashe masu halarta hanyoyin kasuwa guda uku a matsayin hanyar saduwa da manufofin rage fitar da hayaki. Wadannan su ne 'cinikin fitarwa' (wanda aka sani da "kasuwar carbon"), 'tsarin ci gaba mai tsabta' (CDM) da 'Haɗin gwiwa' (JI). <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |title=The Kyoto Protocol |url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref> An gano hanyoyin kasuwar Kyoto guda uku a matsayin nau'ikan mulkin kasuwar carbon, wani nau'i na mulkin yanayi na kasuwa. Gudanar da kasuwar carbon yana ba da damar musayar hayaki a wani wuri tare da rage hayaki a wasu. Ya dogara da auna, saka idanu da dabarun tabbatarwa don daidaitaccen carbon, yana ba da damar ayyukan da ba su da kyau su bayyana a kan takardar ma'auni ɗaya.<ref name="Biermann, F., Pattberg, P. & Zelli, F. 2010" /> Misali mafi girma na aiki na mulkin kasuwar carbon har zuwa yau shine EU-ETS. Shirin kasuwancin hayaki ne na kasa da kasa. Masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanyar sun nuna mayar da hankali kan ingantaccen aiki, rage carbon inda ya fi tsada don yin hakan. Masu sukar ta sun gano cewa ya zuwa yanzu ya ba da izinin masana'antu masu shiga don samun riba daga ƙididdigar carbon yayin da suke da ƙarancin tasiri ko babu tasiri a kan hayakin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandbag |title=Sandbag ETS S.O.S: Why the flagship 'EU Emissions Trading Policy' needs rescuing |url=http://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Sandbag_ETS_SOS_Report.pdf |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724061721/http://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Sandbag_ETS_SOS_Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ra'ayi na masu ruwa da tsaki na kula da yanayi cewa matakin yanayi nauyi ne mai tsada ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan: A cewar Hukumar Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki da Yanayi, har zuwa 90% na ayyukan da ake buƙata don shiga hanyar 2 ° C za su dace da burin bunkasa ci gaban ƙasa, ci gaban daidaito da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tänzler |first=Dennis |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Catalyzing the Climate Economy |url=https://library.ecc-platform.org/file/2162/download?token=90f6h_Bj |journal=Climate Diplomacy Brief |pages=7 |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2021-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218230527/https://library.ecc-platform.org/file/2162/download?token=90f6h_Bj |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abubuwa uku ne ke bayan wannan bincike mai tsada: Na farko, "rashin farashi mara kyau" yana nufin cewa hana hayaki yana rage farashin gaba ɗaya (misali tanadin makamashi). Na biyu, tattalin arzikin sikelin da kuma ilmantarwa-ta hanyar yin kirkire-kirkire na iya haifar da faduwar farashi a tsawon lokaci. Na uku, abin da ake kira "amfanin hadin gwiwa" <ref name=":0" /> kamar fa'idodin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska ko tsaro ta hanyar sabunta ƙasa na iya zama da fa'ida ga ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Diplomacy – Co-Benefits of Climate Change Policy – Sample1 |url=https://vimeo.com/146590200 |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=Vimeo}}</ref>&nbsp; === ⁸Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu === A cikin 2019 Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya buga ka'idojin jagoranta da tambayoyin don taimakawa daraktocin kamfanoni don kalubalantar allon su game da mulkin yanayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=How to Set Up Effective Climate Governance on Corporate Boards: Guiding principles and questions |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Creating_effective_climate_governance_on_corporate_boards.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> Wannan ya samo asali ne daga [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]], fitowar dokokin da suka shafi yanayi, shawarwarin Kwamitin Tabbatar da Kudi na Kwamitin Bayyanawa na Kudi (TCFD) kuma, kwanan nan, karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin jiki da haɗari da aka bayyana a cikin Rahoton Musamman kan Warming na Duniya na 1.5 ° C na Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC). <ref name=":1" /> == Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa == Baya ga kokarin kasashe-kasashe don daidaitawa a duniya kan al'amuran mulkin yanayi, kasashe-asashe, 'yan wasan da ba na jihohi ba da kuma masu zaman kansu suna ƙara shiga cikin haɗin gwiwar mulkin yanayi da yawa a duniya.<ref name="Bulkeley2010"/> Wadannan 'yan wasan sun hada da birane, yankuna, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni. Karuwar sa hannu ya sa malamai su sake nazarin yanayin iko a cikin mulkin yanayi da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu <ref name="Bulkeley2010" /> 7yzh142yov2flk2zcrkjehjio3vgu0g 0 109380 858887 683220 2026-06-16T12:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858887 wikitext text/x-wiki   (Faransanci: Immeuble de l'IMCAMA), wandayafi shara da suna Ginin Sony ({{Lang|fr|Immeuble Sony}}) gini ne na Art Deco a Casablanca, Morocco . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-20 |title=Axa restaure son patrimoine Art déco |url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1012624-axa-restaure-son-patrimoine-art-deco |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=L'Economiste |language=fr}}</ref> Tana a Place Saint-Exupéry, a mahaɗar Lorraine Boulevard da Agadir Street.<ref name=":0" /> [[Albert Greslin]] ne ya tsara shi a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da takwas 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |title=À la une : L'immeuble Albert Greslin |url=https://www.maghress.com/fr/lagazette/12189 |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=Maghress |publication-date= |archive-date=2020-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106164808/https://www.maghress.com/fr/lagazette/12189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana fuskantar filin shakatawa na Arab League . == Suna == "IMCAMA" yana tsaye ne don ''[[Société Immobilière de Casablanca et Maroc|Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Casablanca da Morocco]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1940-03-20 |title=Le Petit Marocain |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4690760d |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=Gallica |language=FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3adwb67jla734wee6mstgbfkrah7tka 0 111372 858886 692235 2026-06-16T12:27:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Dokar Tattalin Arziki ta Green Prairie (Faransanci: Loi sur le développement d'une économie verte dans les Prairies) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin Kanada wanda ya shafi ci gaban tattalin arzikin muhalli mai ɗorewa a lardunan Prarie na Kanada . == Tarihi == A cewar wani rahoto daga Cibiyar Bincike kan Manufofin Jama'a, tun daga watan Janairun 2025, daya daga cikin goma na Kanada yana zaune a wuraren da ke da rauni ga rushewa saboda sauyawa zuwa tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa. == Hanyar wucewa == An gabatar da lissafin a matsayin lissafin memba mai zaman kansa, daga Winnipeg MP Jim Carr, wanda ya mutu daga gazawar koda jim kadan bayan House Of Commons ta zartar da lissafin. == Shirye-shiryen == Dokar ta buƙaci gwamnatocin tarayya, gwamnatocin larduna, kananan hukumomi, al'ummomin 'yan asalin, da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar ma'aikata da ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su hada kai don aiwatar da manufofi don bunkasa tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa a lardunan Prarie. == Aiwatarwa == Prairies Economic Development Canada (PrairiesCan) ta fitar da wani tsari don aiwatar da manufofin da aka amince da su a karkashin dokar, mai taken The Framework to Build a Green Prairie Economy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Prairies Economic Development Canada]] |date=2023-12-18 |title=The Framework to Build a Green Prairie Economy |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/prairies-economic-development/programs/green-prairie-economy/framework.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.canada.ca |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430145841/https://www.canada.ca/en/prairies-economic-development/programs/green-prairie-economy/framework.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukan da PrairiesCan da sauransu suka tallafawa sun haɗa da: * Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki Lethbridge da Alberta Sugar Beet Growers sun sami jimlar saka hannun jari na CA $ 1,800,000 akan inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomi a kan Hanyar Hanyar 4. * [[Canadian Wheat Research Coalition|Kungiyar Binciken Alkama ta Kanada]] ta sami CA $ 11,200,000 a cikin kudade don bincika ayyukan gudanarwa mafi kyau da sabbin kayan aikin genomics don rage fitar da iskar gas. * Kungiyar NFI ta sami saka hannun jari na CA $ 23,400,000 don tallafawa ci gaban "All-Canadian Build facility" don bas da masu horar da iska. * Ayyukan samar da hasken rana, iska, da grid guda tara sun sami CA $ 150,000,000 a karkashin Shirin Sabuntawa da Hanyar Wutar Lantarki. Anne Lindsey, memba kuma tsohon darektan zartarwa na Manitoba Eco-Network ta soki dokar don inganta makamashin nukiliya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b80h8b7j1xrw9seoe9humoy33aci720 0 111727 859079 840156 2026-06-16T20:25:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aure na yara''' aure ne ko haɗin kai tsakanin yaro a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 zuwa wani yaro ko kuma ga babba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Aure na yara ya zama ruwan dare a kasashe da yawa na Afirka. A [[Sudan ta Kudu]], auren yara annoba ce mai girma. Aure na yara a Sudan ta Kudu yana haifar da abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kamar talauci da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Madut |first=Kon K. |year=2020 |title=Determinants of Early Marriage and Construction of Gender Roles in South Sudan |journal=SAGE Open |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215824402092297 |doi=10.1177/2158244020922974 |issn=2158-2440 |s2cid=219478978 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin yanzu sun nuna cewa Sudan ta Kudu tana daya daga cikin manyan kasashe a duniya idan ya zo ga auren yara.<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Child Marriage and the Hunger Crisis in South Sudan: A Case Study - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/child-marriage-and-hunger-crisis-south-sudan-case-study |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name="unicef.org">{{Cite web |title=Some things are not fit for children – marriage is one of them |url=https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/press-releases/some-things-are-not-fit-for-children |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Aure na yara yana da mummunar sakamako ga yara, gami da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ƙananan ilimin ga 'yan matan Sudan ta Kudu. An dauki matakai da yawa don yaki da auren yara a Sudan ta Kudu, amma kasancewar ka'idojin al'umma da rashin kwanciyar hankali suna ci gaba da fitar da kasancewarsa a cikin al'ummar. [[Fayil:Republic_of_South_Sudan,_July_2011.jpg|thumb|395x395px|Taswirar Sudan ta Kudu]] == Adadin yanzu == Sudan ta Kudu tana da matsayi na 6 mafi girma na auren yara a duniya.<ref name=":1"/> A shekara ta 2008, ƙididdigar Sudan ta Kudu ta yi la'akari da cewa 'yan mata 2 cikin 5 sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Open Access Repository {{!}} Princeton University Library |url=https://oar.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/pr1j571/3/LISD_GLS_III_Booklet.pdf#page=51 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=oar.princeton.edu |archive-date=2022-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423100137/https://oar.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/pr1j571/3/LISD_GLS_III_Booklet.pdf#page=51 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, kashi 52% na 'yan matan Sudan ta Kudu sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru 18 kuma kashi 9% sun yi aure da shekaru 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNICEF and UNFPA |date=September 2018 |title=Child Marriage: A Mapping of Programmes and Partners in Twelve Countries in East and Southern Africa |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Child%20marriage%20mapping_final_digital.pdf}}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu, auren mata da yawa ya zama ruwan dare, kuma kashi 41% na auren yara sun haɗa da amarya fiye da ɗaya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=UNFPA ESARO |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Child%20marriage%20mapping_final_digital.pdf |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=UNFPA ESARO |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kashi 28% na 'yan mata sun yi aure yayin da yara suka yi juna biyu kafin su kai ga balaga.<ref name="reliefweb.int"/> == Tarihin auren yara == A duniya, wasu daga cikin manyan direbobi na auren yara sune bambancin jinsi tsakanin maza da mata da tsarin zamantakewa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Some things are not fit for children – marriage is one of them |url=https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/press-releases/some-things-are-not-fit-for-children |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shi ne kuma a Sudan ta Kudu. Ana ganin aure a matsayin tushe ga al'umma a Sudan ta Kudu kuma yana ƙarfafa aikin aure na farko a kai a kai.<ref name=":2"/> Aure na farko ya samo asali ne daga al'ummar karkara, inda salon rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kamar kiwon shanu, noma, da farauta sun nuna matsayin jinsi wanda matasan mata zasu iya cikawa cikin sauƙi.<ref name=":2" /> Saboda haka, a halin yanzu, auren yara a Sudan ta Kudu ana ganin shi a yankunan karkara na kasar.<ref name=":2"/> A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin makiyaya, dokar gargajiya tana da iko akan dokar majalisa. Dokokin doka na iya kare 'ya'yan mata daga ayyukan aure na farko amma rashin tsari da aiwatarwa ya haifar da rata tsakanin dokar gargajiya da al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Odhiambo |first=Agnes |date=2013-03-07 |title="This Old Man Can Feed Us, You Will Marry Him": Child and Forced Marriage in South Sudan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/03/07/old-man-can-feed-us-you-will-marry-him/child-and-forced-marriage-south-sudan |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan dokoki na al'ada galibi ba su da shekaru da ake buƙata don aure.<ref name="preventforcedmarriage.org">{{Cite web |title=Tahirih – Forced Marriage Initiative Forced Marriage Overseas: South Sudan |url=http://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-south-sudan/ |access-date=2017-11-10 |website=preventforcedmarriage.org}}</ref> Shawarwarin yaro ya yi aure shine umarnin uba ko wasu mazajen iyali. Mahaifiyar ba ta da wani iko a cikin shawarar da ya kamata ya amfane iyali.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Why it happens |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/about-child-marriage/why-child-marriage-happens/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref> == Bayan haila da farashin amarya == Babu shekarun da aka tsara wanda aka ɗauka yarinya a shirye take ta yi aure. Lokacin da aka fi so ga yaro ya yi aure ya dogara ne akan ci gaban haihuwa na jiki da na jima'i.<ref name=":2"/> Lokacin da yaro ya [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma ya sami "lokacin" ta, ta cancanci yin aure.<ref name=":2" /> A Sudan ta Kudu, matasa dole ne su yi aure da farko kuma su biya sadaki don a dauke su manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Institute of Peace |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR_295.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002231552/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR_295.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref> Kyauta ita ce biyan da ke cikin auren yara. ango yana biyan sadaki ga dangin yarinyar, kuma hanyoyin biyan kuɗi sun haɗa da shanu, kuɗi (kudi). <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Born to be Married |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620620/rr-born-to-be-married-efm-south-sudan-180219-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529215316/https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620620/rr-born-to-be-married-efm-south-sudan-180219-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cattles suna da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin makiyaya a Sudan ta Kudu kuma ana amfani da su don nuna dukiya da matsayi na mutane.<ref name=":3" /> A matsayin biyan kuɗi ga amarya, iyalin na iya karɓar wani wuri tsakanin shanu goma zuwa ɗaruruwan.<ref name=":3" /> Farashin amarya ya bambanta a kan abubuwa da yawa kamar ilimin amarya, iyali, kyau, da al'umma.<ref name=":3" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dalilin auren yara shine dangin jaririn su kasance cikin matsayi mai kyau kuma su sami wadatar kudi. Iyalan suna riƙe da wannan al'ada don kiyaye 'ya'yansu lafiya da kuma hana 'yarsu daga ɗaukar yara ba tare da yin aure ba.<ref name=":0"/> Wannan ra'ayin yana kare girman kai da girmamawa na iyalai. A cikin al'ummar gargajiya 'yan mata suna da ƙarfin da bai dace ba, kuma maza a cikin iyali suna yin waɗannan yanke shawara.<ref name=":6"/> Iyalai kuma suna auren 'ya'yansu tun suna ƙanana don tabbatar da' ya'yansu mata suna da kariya da tsaro wanda ke kara damar rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chand Basha |first=P |date=November 2016 |title=Child marriage: Causes, consequences and intervention programmes |url=http://202.164.34.138/moodle/pluginfile.php/4693/mod_resource/content/1/Child%20Marriage-causes%20consequences.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research}}</ref> Ayyukan auren yara na gargajiya a Sudan ta Kudu sun samo asali ne daga jinsi da ka'idojin zamantakewa. Saboda haka, 'yan mata sun ƙuduri aniyar zama masu iya yin aure ta hanyar shekarun da lokacin su ya fara, yayin da shirye-shiryen maza ya ƙayyade ta hanyar ikon su na samar da iyalansu.<ref name="Madut 2158244020922972">{{Cite journal |last=Madut |first=Kon K. |date=April 2020 |title=Determinants of Early Marriage and Construction of Gender Roles in South Sudan |journal=SAGE Open |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215824402092297 |doi=10.1177/2158244020922974 |issn=2158-2440 |s2cid=219478978 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iyalai kuma suna yanke shawarar yadda kuma lokacin da waɗannan auren ke faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin gargajiya sau da yawa ana ganin dattawa sun san ka'idoji da tsammanin mafi kyau.<ref name="Madut 2158244020922972" /> Wannan yana ba su damar samun karin magana a cikin aure fiye da ango da amarya waɗanda dole ne su sami yardar dattawa su shiga ko barin waɗannan auren<ref name=":2"/> Talauci yana taka rawa a yadda 'yan amarya ke yin aure. Sau da yawa ana yin aure don rage matsalolin kudi ga iyalai, da kuma damar samun riba kamar sadaki.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Why it happens |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/about-child-marriage/why-child-marriage-happens/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da suke fuskantar talauci, ana ganin sadaki a matsayin damar karshe ga sauran dangin su tsira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Child Marriage and the Hunger Crisis in South Sudan: A Case Study - South Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/child-marriage-and-hunger-crisis-south-sudan-case-study |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ƙasashe inda iyalai ke fuskantar yawan talauci suma suna fuskantar rikici, wanda ke haifar da yawan auren yara.<ref name=":62" /> Yaƙin basasar Sudan ta Kudu wanda ya ci gaba tun 2013 ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda ya haifar da talauci da tilasta ƙaura. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudi yana haifar da yarjejeniyar aure inda iyalai za su iya samun riba daga auren 'ya'yansu mata maimakon ilimantar da su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Katrin |date=November 2021 |title=The Combined Impact of Civil Conflict and Unregulated Child, Early, and Forced Marriage on Female Secondary Education in South Sudan |url=https://oar.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/pr1j571/3/LISD_GLS_III_Booklet.pdf |journal=Gender Law and Security: Selected Student Research from the Project on Gender and the Global Community |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2023-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125104647/https://oar.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/pr1j571/3/LISD_GLS_III_Booklet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sakamakon == Aure na yara yana da sakamako ga yara. Nazarin kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa matasan mata suna da haɗari mafi girma a cikin ciki fiye da tsofaffin mata saboda jikin su da kuma karamin pelvises.<ref name=":0"/> Aure na yara wanda ke haifar da ciki a Sudan ta Kudu ya ba da gudummawa ga yawan mace-mace a kasar. Yawan mace-mace a Sudan ta Kudu shine mutuwar 2,054 ga kowane haihuwa 100,000.<ref name=":4"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9jke1bpdr6nwqwvf9dyrljsgx7xk0js 0 112295 859225 696331 2026-06-17T09:37:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta riƙe [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] yayin da ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa|Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu]] (ICCR) na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=ABOLITION OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN AFRICA |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ACT5011622019ENGLISH.pdf |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> A tarihi, an tsara hukuncin kisa a karkashin Fetha Negest don cika burin al'umma. Ana iya amfani da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar amincewar Shugaban kasa, amma kisa ba shi da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Metekia |first=Tadesse Simie |date=2019-01-30 |title=Punishing Core Crimes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the Domestic Practice in Light of and in Comparison, with Sentencing Practices at the unicts and the icc |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/icla/19/1/article-p160_160.xml |journal=International Criminal Law Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=160–190 |doi=10.1163/15718123-01901007 |issn=1571-8123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Manjo Janar Tsehai ya kashe Kinfe Gebremedhin, abokin tarayya na Firayim Minista [[Meles Zenawi]]. Yazo 2019, [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da rahoton cewa hukuncin kisa ya ci gaba, tare da kashe mutane 10. Hukuncin mutuwa na iya amfani da ba kawai ga kisan kai ba har ma da laifuka marasa ƙarfi ciki har da lalata da dangi, saɓo, satar yarinya ko gwauruwa, da sata dabbobi kamar dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Ethiopia's Compliance with The International Covenant |url=https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/res/byid/8639 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> A karkashin Dokar Laifuka ta Tarayya Mataki na 122-128, Habasha ta tabbatar da hukunce-hukunce na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49216b572.pdf}}</ref> == Bayani game da hukuncin == A halin yanzu, Habasha tana riƙe da hukuncin kisa kuma ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa|Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu]] ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCR) ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Ethiopia's Compliance with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Suggested List of Issues Relating to the Death Penalty |url=https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/res/byid/8639#:~:text=Ethiopia%20retains%20the%20death%20penalty,and%20Political%20Rights%20(ICCPR).&text=4.,ratify%20the%20Second%20Optional%20Protocol.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Ratification Status for Ethiopia - UN Treaty Body Database |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=59&Lang=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=No. 14668 MULTILATERAL International Covenant on Civil |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=FIACAT, ACAT Liberia and The World Coalition Against the Death Penalty Coalition Against the Death Penalty Contribution to the Second review of Liberia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0590-2015008 |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0590-2015008 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, an kashe Major Tsehai bayan da aka ki amincewa da roko don jinƙai ga Kotun Koli. An same shi da laifin harbi Kinfe Gebremedhin, abokin tarayya na Firayim Minista [[Meles Zenawi]], a waje da kulob din jami'in a shekara ta 2001. Shugaba Girma Wolde-Giorgis ne ya amince da hukuncin kisa. Har ila yau, hukuncin kisa ya faru a baya a cikin Yakin Eritrea-Ethiopian a shekarar 1998, lokacin da gwamnati ta kashe dan kasuwa na Eritrea saboda harbi wani sanannen janar na Habasha. <ref name="Reuters2007" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia carries out rare execution - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/08/06/ethiopia.execution.reut/index.html?section=cnn_latest |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> Habasha ta yi adawa da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da amfani da hukuncin kisa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-12-18 |title=Moratorium on the use of the death penalty |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/614676 |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnati tana amfani da hukuncin kisa don aikata laifuka ba tare da tashin hankali ba, gami da [[ta'addanci]] "wanda ke haifar da mummunan tarihi ko al'adu" da kuma aiki a matsayin kayan haɗi ga laifin da ke haifar da mummunar rauni a jiki.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Suggested List of Issues Relating to the Death Penalty |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/ETH/INT_CCPR_ICO_ETH_42936_E.docx }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2019, Habasha ba ta nuna a hukumance don kawar da hukuncin kisa ko tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ba. A cikin shekara ta 2011 Concluding Observations, [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] ya nuna damuwa cewa Habasha ta ba da izinin hukuncin kisa ga "laifuka da suka bayyana suna da ma'anar siyasa", <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Ethiopia's Compliance with The International Covenant |url=https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/res/byid/8639}}</ref> da kuma manyan laifuka da bin Mataki na 14 na Alkawari. Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwarsa game da take hakkin dan adam a Yankin Somaliya kuma ya yi kira ga Gwamnatin Habasha da ta dauki mataki game da dokokin yaki da ta'addanci.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Committee considers report of Ethiopia |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2011/07/human-rights-committee-considers-report-ethiopia |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> == A cikin dokar Habasha == A tarihi, al'ummar Habasha suna kallon hukuncin kisa a matsayin muhimmiyar kayan aiki don kariya ga al'umma. Sun yarda da shi a matsayin abin da ya sa waɗanda suka aikata babban zunubi. Wadannan sun hada da kisan kai, dangi, saɓo, satar yarinya ko gwauruwa, da sata da dabbobi kamar dawakai ko shanu. Ana iya amfani da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar amincewar [[President of Ethiopia|Shugaban kasa]], amma kisa ba shi da yawa.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Metekia |first=Tadesse Simie |date=2019-01-30 |title=Punishing Core Crimes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the Domestic Practice in Light of and in Comparison, with Sentencing Practices at the unicts and the icc |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/icla/19/1/article-p160_160.xml |journal=International Criminal Law Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=160–190 |doi=10.1163/15718123-01901007 |issn=1571-8123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hukuncin kisa don kisan kai yana da mahimman manufofi guda biyu: <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Sentencing and Execution |url=https://www.lawethiopia.com/images/teaching_materials/sentencing-and-execution.pdf |access-date=9 August 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112021850/https://www.lawethiopia.com/images/teaching_materials/sentencing-and-execution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1. Ta hanyar yanke hukuncin kisa, al'umma tana fatan biyan wanda aka rasa. Fetha Negest ya bayar: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Sentencing and Execution |url=https://www.lawethiopia.com/images/teaching_materials/sentencing-and-execution.pdf |access-date=9 August 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112021850/https://www.lawethiopia.com/images/teaching_materials/sentencing-and-execution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><blockquote>Za a sanya su (zuwa mutuwa) a wurin da suka yi zunubi, don su zama darasi ga wasu waɗanda suke so su kasance (suna da hannu) a cikin wannan aikin, kuma don dangin mutumin da aka kashe su gamsu.<ref name=":1"/></blockquote>2. Hukuncin mutuwa ya zama kafara ga mai kisan kai daga zunubi. Da yake magana game da gardama don riƙe hukuncin kisa, a cikin daftarin Dokar Shari'a na shekara ta 1957, Jean Graven ya rubuta: <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=The penal code of the Empire of Ethiopia |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00220914_403}}</ref><blockquote>Ba wai kawai ya zama dole don kariya ta zamantakewa ba; ya dogara ne akan zurfin ji na Mutanen Habasha don adalci da kafara. Halakar rayuwa, babbar nasara ta Mahalicci, za a iya biya ta hanyar sadaukar da rayuwar mutum mai laifi.<ref name=":1"/></blockquote> == Shahararrun lokuta == A watan Yunin shekarar 2011, shugaban kasar Girma Wolde-Giyogis ya sanar a Fadar Kasa cewa an sauyawa hukuncin kisa ga manyan jami'an Derg 23 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. An yanke shawarar ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2011, daidai da bikin cika shekaru 20 da faduwar gwamnatin Derg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2011 |title=Ethiopia lifts death penalty for over 20 former Derg officials |url=https://sudantribune.com/article38667/ |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q5g5u14ki19k4x4bacf9vvr2j3bev1c 0 112563 858971 817532 2026-06-16T16:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Heat_Wave.jpg|thumb|tsarin matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya na sama yana kama zafi kusa da ƙasa, yana samar da guguwar zafi (don Arewacin Amurka a cikin wannan misali) ]] [[Fayil:Heatwave_in_London_(9217).jpg|thumb|Ciyawa mai ƙonewa a Greenwich Park, London, Ingila, a lokacin guguwar zafi a watan Agusta 2022.]] '''Ruwa mai zafi''' ko zafi, wani lokacin ana bayyana shi azaman '''matsanancin zafi''', lokaci ne na [[Climate|yanayi]] zafi <ref name=":42">IPCC, 2022: Annex II: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Annex-II.pdf Glossary] [Möller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, pp. 2897–2930, {{Doi|10.1017/9781009325844.029}}.</ref>:{{Rp|2911}} wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Ana yawan auna '''guguwar zafi''' dangane da yanayin da aka saba da shi a yankin da kuma yanayin zafi na yau da kullun don kakar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Peter J |year=2001 |title=On the Definition of a Heat Wave |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=762–775 |bibcode=2001JApMe..40..762R |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban matsalolin da ke tattare da wannan ma'anar mai zurfi suna fitowa lokacin da mutum dole ne ya ƙayyade abin da yanayin zafin jiki na 'al'ada' yake, da kuma abin da girman sararin samaniya na taron zai iya ko dole ne ya kasance. Za'a iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi da mutane daga yanayin zafi suka yi la'akari da shi azaman raƙuman zafi a cikin yanki mai sanyi. Wannan zai zama lamarin idan yanayin zafi ya kasance a waje da yanayin yanayi na al'ada na wannan yanki. Ruwa na zafi ya zama mafi yawa, kuma ya fi karfi a kan ƙasa, a kusan kowane yanki a Duniya tun daga shekarun 1950, karuwar mitar da tsawon lokaci ana haifar da [[Canjin yanayi]]. {{Rp|8–10}} Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da wani yanki mai matsin lamba a cikin sararin samaniya ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=J |title=NWS JetStream - Heat Index |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/hi |access-date=2019-02-09 |publisher=US Department of Commerce NOAA weather.gov}}</ref> Wannan yana kama zafi kusa da farfajiyar duniya. Yawancin lokaci yana yiwuwa a hango hasashen raƙuman zafi, don haka yana ba da damar hukumomi su ba da gargadi a gaba. Ruwa na zafi yana da tasiri ga tattalin arziki. Za su iya rage yawan ma'aikata, rushe hanyoyin noma da masana'antu da lalata ababen more rayuwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bottollier-Depois |first=Amélie |title=Deadly heatwaves threaten economies too |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-06-deadly-heatwaves-threaten-economies.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |publisher=phys.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=García-León |first=David |last2=Casanueva |first2=Ana |last3=Standardi |first3=Gabriele |last4=Burgstall |first4=Annkatrin |last5=Flouris |first5=Andreas D. |last6=Nybo |first6=Lars |date=2021-10-04 |title=Current and projected regional economic impacts of heatwaves in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=5807 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.5807G |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26050-z |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8490455 |pmid=34608159}}</ref> Ruwa mai tsanani ya haifar da mummunar gazawar amfanin gona da dubban mutuwar daga hyperthermia. Sun kara hadarin gobarar daji a yankunan da ke da fari. Suna iya haifar da raguwar wutar lantarki saboda ana amfani da ƙarin iska. Ruwa mai zafi ya ƙidaya a matsayin [[matsanancin yanayi]]. Yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, saboda zafi da hasken rana suna mamaye yanayin zafi a cikin mutane. == Ma'anar == Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na raƙuman zafi: * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] ta bayyana zafi a matsayin "lokacin yanayi mai zafi, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi tare da ambaton iyakar zafin jiki, wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki biyu zuwa watanni" <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Heat Waves Explained |url=https://compass.rauias.com/disaster-management/heat-waves-heat-dome/}}</ref>:{{Rp|2911}}<ref name=":42"/> * Ma'anar da ta danganci Heat Wave Duration Index ita ce cewa guguwar zafi tana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na fiye da kwanaki biyar a jere ya wuce matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki da {{Convert|5|C-change|0}} ° C ° F), lokacin al'ada shine 1961-1990 .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frich |first=A. |last2=L.V. Alexander |last3=P. Della-Marta |last4=B. Gleason |last5=M. Haylock |last6=A.M.G. Klein Tank |last7=T. Peterson |date=January 2002 |title=Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century |url=http://www.vsamp.com/resume/publications/Frich_et_al.pdf |journal=Climate Research |volume=19 |pages=193–212 |bibcode=2002ClRes..19..193F |doi=10.3354/cr019193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar ta yi amfani da ita ta Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Heat wave meteorology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/heat-wave-meteorology |access-date=2019-04-01 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> * Ma'anar daga Glossary of Meteorology ita ce: "Lokaci ne na rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin daɗinsa kuma yawanci yanayin zafi". === Ma'anar ƙasa === Denmark ta bayyana guguwar zafi ta kasa (hedeb Explorer) a matsayin lokacin akalla kwanaki 3 a jere inda matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a fadin fiye da rabin kasar ya wuce {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} ° C (82.4 ° F). Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Danish tana da ma'anar "warmth wave" (varmeb Explorer). Ya bayyana wannan ta amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya don zafin jiki na {{Convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ° C (77.0 ° F).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2008 |title=Danmark får varme- og hedebølge |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/danmark_faar_varme-_og_hedeboelge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723170544/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/danmark_faar_varme-_og_hedeboelge |archive-date=23 July 2008 |access-date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da}}</ref> Sweden ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin akalla kwanaki biyar a jere tare da tsananin yau da kullun sama da {{Convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ° C (77.0 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Värmebölja Klimat: Kunskapsbanken SMHI |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/klimat/varmebolja-1.22372 |access-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=Smhi.se |language=sv}}</ref> A Girka, [http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/ Hellenic National Meteorological Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026115407/http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/ |date=2021-10-26 }} ya bayyana guguwar zafi kamar yadda ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki uku a jere tare da yanayin zafi ° C (102 ° F) ko mafi girma. A cikin wannan lokacin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|26|°C|°F}} ° C (79 ° F) ko fiye. A wannan lokacin, babu iskõki ko iska mai rauni kawai. Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa a cikin yanki mai faɗi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Netherlands ta bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin lokaci na akalla kwanaki biyar a jere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt ya wuce {{Convert|25|°C|°F}} ° C (77 ° F). A wannan lokacin matsakaicin zafin jiki a De Bilt dole ne ya wuce {{Convert|30|°C|°F}} ° C (86 ° F) na akalla kwana uku. Belgium kuma tana amfani da wannan ma'anar guguwar zafi tare da Ukkel a matsayin ma'anar magana. Haka Luxembourg ke yi. A cikin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], Ofishin Met yana aiki da tsarin Kula da Lafiyar Zafin.  Wannan ya sanya kowane yanki na Karamar hukuma zuwa ɗaya daga cikin matakai huɗu.  Yanayin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da matsakaicin zafin rana da mafi ƙarancin zafin dare ya tashi sama da maƙasudin wani yanki.  Tsawon lokacin da ke sama da ƙofar yana ƙayyade matakin.  Mataki na 1 yana wakiltar yanayin bazara na al'ada.  Mataki na 2 yana faruwa a lokacin da akwai 60% ko mafi girma haɗari cewa zafin jiki zai kasance sama da matakan ƙofa na kwana biyu da tsakar dare.  Mataki na 3 yana tasowa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasance sama da kofa don rana da dare da suka gabata, kuma akwai damar 90% ko mafi girma cewa zai tsaya sama da bakin kofa a rana mai zuwa.  Mataki na 4 yana haifar da idan yanayi ya fi tsanani fiye da na matakan ukun da suka gabata.  Kowane matakin farko na uku yana haifar da wani yanayi na shirye-shirye da amsa ta ayyukan zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya.  Mataki na 4 ya ƙunshi amsa da yawa.  Matsakaicin zafin rana yana faruwa lokacin da akwai aƙalla kwanaki uku sama da 25 °C (77 °F) a yawancin ƙasar.  Babban London yana da madaidaicin 28 ° C (82 ° F).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2023 |title=What is a heatwave? |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/temperature/heatwave |access-date=26 May 2023 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> A Ireland, an bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin yanayin zafi wanda ya wuce {{Convert|25|°C|°F}} ° C (77 ° F) na kwanaki biyar ko fiye a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Jun 2023 |title=Summer Centre |url=https://www.met.ie/climate/summer-centre |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Met Éireann}}</ref> ==== Arewacin Amurka ==== A cikin Amurka, ma'anoni kuma sun bambanta da yanki. Yawancin lokaci suna ɗaukar tsawon aƙalla kwanaki biyu ko fiye na yanayin zafi da yawa.] A Arewa maso Gabas, zafi yana yawanci lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai ko ya wuce 90 °F (32.2 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere. Ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Wannan saboda yanayin zafi mai girma yana da alaƙa tare da matakan zafi don ƙayyade maƙasudin zafi. Hakanan ba ya shafi bushewar yanayi. Guguwar zafi kalma ce ta California don tsawan zafin zafi. Guguwar zafi na faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki ya kai 100 °F (37.8 °C) na tsawon kwanaki uku ko fiye a jere a kan faffadan yanki (dubun mil mil). A Kanada, ana bayyana raƙuman zafi ta amfani da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, kuma a mafi yawan ƙasar, humidex ma, ya wuce ƙofar yanki na kwana biyu ko fiye. Ƙofar da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun dole ne ya wuce tsakanin {{Convert|28|°C|°F}} ° C (82 ° F) a Newfoundland da {{Convert|35|°C|°F}} ° C (95 ° F) na ciki a cikin British Columbia, kodayake wannan ƙofar ta fi ƙasa a Nunavut, tsakanin {{Convert|22|°C|°F}} ° C (72 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 Jul 2024 |title=Criteria for public weather alerts |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/types-weather-forecasts-use/public/criteria-alerts.html#heat |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada}}</ref> ==== Oceania ==== A Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, guguwar zafi tana da kwanaki biyar a jere a ko sama da {{Convert|35|°C|°F}} ° C (95 ° F), ko kwana uku a jere a o sama da {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2010 |title=Extreme Heat Services for South Australia |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/sa/20100115_First_Heatwave_SA_Jan.shtml |access-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref> Ofishin Ma'aikatar Ma'aunin Australiya ya bayyana guguwar zafi a matsayin kwana uku ko fiye na matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Australia Weather and Warnings |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140923/http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/heatwave-forecast.shtml |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=2016-01-17 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |language=en}}</ref> Kafin wannan sabon Pilot Heatwave Forecast babu wani ma'anar ƙasa don raƙuman zafi ko ma'auni na tsananin raƙuman zafin jiki.<ref name=":0" /> A [[New Zealand]], ƙofofin raƙuman zafi sun dogara da ilimin yanayi na gida, tare da ƙofar zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|27|°C|°F}} ° C (81 ° F) a Greymouth da {{Convert|32|°C|°F}} ° C (90 ° F) na Gisborne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Heat |url=https://getready.govt.nz/emergency/heat |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |publisher=Get Ready - National Emergency Management Agency}}</ref> == Ruwa mai zafi == Guguwar zafi ta ruwa ta zama wani muhimmin batu na bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke nuni da cewa tun farkon wannan karnin da dama daga cikin yankunan tekun sun fuskanci kololuwar yanayin zafi, tare da yawaitar dumamar yanayi, fiye da yadda aka saba gani a tarihi. Halin yanayin zafi na magudanar ruwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke tattare da teku da na yanayi, galibi suna haifar da tsarin matsa lamba wanda zai rage murfin gajimare tare da ƙara ɗaukar hasken rana ta saman teku. Sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar ya bayyana daure zai taka rawa wajen haɓaka ɗumamar ruwan teku, tare da ƙara yin tasiri kan yanayin yanayin ruwa, kamar yawan mace-mace a cikin al'ummomin benthic, abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching na murjani, rushewar kamun kifi, da canji a cikin rarraba nau'ikan.<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden">[[File:1951+_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg|alt=|216x216px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Sabbin rikodin zafin jiki mai girma sun wuce sabbin rikodin zabin jiki a kan wani yanki mai girma na farfajiyar Duniya.<ref name="NOAA_October"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023"]. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) NCEI.NOAA.gov of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185412/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 Archived] from the original on 16 November 2023.</cite> (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)</ref></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden">[[File:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg|alt=|268x268px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Ana sa ran karuwa mai yawa a cikin mitar da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na [[Extreme weather|matsanancin yanayi]] (don karuwar digiri na dumamar yanayi).<ref name="SPM IPCC 2021">IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001|10.1017/9781009157896.001]]</ref> : 18 <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">&#x3A;&#x200A;18&#x200A;</span></sup></div></div></div></div></div> [[Fayil:Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp|thumb|Taswirar karuwar yanayin guguwar zafi (matsayi da ƙarfin tarawa) a kan tsakiyar latitudes da Turai, Yuli-Agusta 1979-2020 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rousi |first=Efi |last2=Kornhuber |first2=Kai |last3=Beobide-Arsuaga |first3=Goratz |last4=Luo |first4=Fei |last5=Coumou |first5=Dim |date=4 July 2022 |title=Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3851 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.3851R |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y |pmc=9253148 |pmid=35788585 |doi-access=free}} </ref>]] Yana yiwuwa a kwatanta raƙuman zafi a yankuna daban-daban na duniya tare da yanayi daban-daban godiya ga alamar gaba ɗaya da ta bayyana a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russo |first=Simone |last2=Sillmann |first2=Jana |last3=Fischer |first3=Erich M |year=2015 |title=Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/109725/2/Russo_109725.pdf |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=124003 |bibcode=2015ERL....10l4003R |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan alamomi, masana sun kiyasta raƙuman zafi a sikelin duniya daga 1901 zuwa 2010. Sun sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin yawan wuraren da abin ya shafa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zampieri |first=Matteo |last2=Russo |first2=Simone |last3=Di Sabatino |first3=Silvana |last4=Michetti |first4=Melania |last5=Scoccimarro |first5=Enrico |last6=Gualdi |first6=Silvio |year=2016 |title=Global assessment of heatwave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for the river discharge of the Alps |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=571 |pages=1330–9 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.571.1330Z |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008 |pmid=27418520}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya binciki birane 13,115. Ya gano cewa matsanancin zafi na zafin jiki na duniya sama da 30 Celsius ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1983 da 2016, kuma idan tasirin yawan jama'a (ƙara tasirin [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tsibirin zafi na birane]]) a cikin waɗannan shekarun an cire shi, bayyanar ta karu da ƙarin 50%. Masu binciken sun tattara cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka faru a birane masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tuholske |first=Cascade |last2=Caylor |first2=Kelly |last3=Funk |first3=Chris |last4=Verdin |first4=Andrew |last5=Sweeney |first5=Stuart |last6=Grace |first6=Kathryn |last7=Peterson |first7=Pete |last8=Evans |first8=Tom |date=12 October 2021 |title=Global urban population exposure to extreme heat |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=41 |pages=e2024792118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11824792T |doi=10.1073/pnas.2024792118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8521713 |pmid=34607944 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Ruwa mai zafi ya samo asali ne lokacin da babban matsin lamba a tsawo na mita 3,000-7,600 (9,800-24,900 feet) ya ƙarfafa kuma ya kasance a kan yanki na kwanaki da yawa har zuwa makonni da yawa.<ref name=":1"/> Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani a Arewa da Kudancin Hemispheres. Wannan shi ne saboda jet stream 'yana biye da rana'. Yankin matsin lamba yana kan gefen ma'auni na jet stream a saman yadudduka na yanayi. Tsarin yanayi gabaɗaya yana yin saurin canzawa a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.  Don haka, wannan babban matakin matsi shima yana motsawa a hankali.  Karkashin matsin lamba, iska tana nutsewa zuwa saman.  Yana dumi kuma yana bushewa adiabatically.  Wannan yana hana convection kuma yana hana samuwar girgije.  Rage gajimare yana ƙara ɗan gajeren igiyoyin hasken da ke kaiwa saman.  Ƙananan yanki a saman yana kaiwa ga iska daga ƙananan latitudes wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi, yana haɓaka dumamar yanayi.  Iskar tana kuma iya busawa daga cikin [[nahiya]] mai zafi zuwa yankin bakin teku.  Wannan zai haifar da zazzafar igiyar ruwa a bakin teku.  Hakanan za su iya busa daga sama zuwa ƙananan tudu.  Wannan yana haɓaka raguwa ko nutsewar iska don haka ɗumamar adiabatic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lau |first=N |last2=Nath |first2=Mary Jo |year=2012 |title=A Model Study of Heat Waves over North America: Meteorological Aspects and Projections for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=4761–4784 |bibcode=2012JCli...25.4761L |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00575.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat Index |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/global/hi.htm |publisher=US National Weather Service}}</ref> A yankunan gabashin Amurka zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da wani babban tsarin matsi da ya samo asali daga mashigin tekun Mexico ya tsaya kusa da Tekun Atlantika. Yawan iska mai zafi yana tasowa a kan Tekun Mexico da Tekun Caribbean. A lokaci guda kuma busasshiyar iska mai zafi ta mamaye hamada Kudu maso Yamma da arewacin Mexico. Iskar kudu maso yamma da ke gefen baya na tudu na ci gaba da yin zafi da iska mai danshi zuwa arewa maso gabas. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin zafi da ɗanɗano ga yawancin gabashin Amurka da kuma zuwa kudu maso gabashin Kanada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heat Index |url=http://www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/departments/911/webpage/heatwaves.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318154040/http://www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/departments/911/webpage/heatwaves.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 |publisher=Pasquotank County, NC, U. S. Website}}</ref> A lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, zazzafar zafi na iya faruwa a lokacin da yankin da ake fama da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin teku da kuma yankin da ke da matsananciyar matsin lamba a cikin kasa suka hadu suka haifar da iska mai karfin gaske.  Iska tana dumama yayin da take gangarowa daga cikin Karoo.  Zazzabi zai tashi kusan 10 Celsius daga ciki zuwa bakin teku.  Danshi yawanci kadan ne.  Zazzabi na iya wuce Celsius 40 a lokacin rani.  Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin a Afirka ta Kudu (Celsius 51.5) ya faru ne a lokacin rani ɗaya yayin iska mai ƙarfi a kan gabar Tekun Gabashin Cape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergwind Info |url=http://www.1stweather.com/regional/education/bergwind.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415080019/http://www.1stweather.com/regional/education/bergwind.shtml |archive-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=1stweather.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Hazards - Heat Wave |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/DRM/Pages/HeatWave.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608111607/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/DRM/Pages/HeatWave.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=City of Cape Town, South Africa Website}}</ref> Matsayin danshi na ƙasa na iya kara yawan raƙuman zafi a Turai.<ref name="Miralles n/a–n/a">{{Cite journal |last=Miralles |first=D. G. |last2=van den Berg |first2=M. J. |last3=Teuling |first3=A. J. |last4=de Jeu |first4=R. A. M. |date=November 2012 |title=Soil moisture-temperature coupling: A multiscale observational analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053703 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=21 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3921707M |doi=10.1029/2012gl053703 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=53668167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=Sonia I. |last2=Corti |first2=Thierry |last3=Davin |first3=Edouard L. |last4=Hirschi |first4=Martin |last5=Jaeger |first5=Eric B. |last6=Lehner |first6=Irene |last7=Orlowsky |first7=Boris |last8=Teuling |first8=Adriaan J. |date=2010-05-01 |title=Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825210000139 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=125–161 |bibcode=2010ESRv...99..125S |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004 |issn=0012-8252 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin danshi na ƙasa yana haifar da hanyoyin da suka dace. Wadannan su ma na iya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shine rage sanyaya na yanayi.<ref name="Miralles n/a–n/a" /> Lokacin da ruwa ya bushe, yana cinye makamashi. Don haka, zai rage yawan zafin jiki da ke kewaye da shi. Idan ƙasa ta bushe sosai, to radiation mai shigowa daga rana zai dumi iska. Amma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ko babu tasirin sanyaya daga danshi da ke narkewa daga ƙasa.{{excerpt|Effects of climate change#Heat waves and temperature extremes|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam == [[Fayil:Heat_stroke_treatment,_Baton_Rouge,_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg|thumb|Magani da bugun jini a Baton Rouge a lokacin ambaliyar Louisiana ta 2016Ruwan ruwa na Louisiana na 2016]] === Tasirin kiwon lafiya mai alaƙa da zafi ga mutane masu rauni === {{excerpt|heat illness|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}{{excerpt|Effects of climate change on human health#Heat-related health effects for vulnerable people|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} [[Fayil:NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg|thumb|Matsayin haɗarin Sabis na Yanayi na Kasa don ''NWS HeatRisk'']] {{excerpt|Effects of climate change on human health#Heat-related mortality|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Rubuce-rubuce na mutuwar ==== Yawan mutuwar zafi mai yiwuwa ba a bayar da rahoto sosai ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin rahotanni da kuma bayar da rahoto mara kyau.<ref name="heat epidemiology">{{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Rupa |last2=Jonathan M. Samet |year=2002 |title=Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence |journal=[[Epidemiologic Reviews]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=190–202 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxf007 |pmid=12762092 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin la'akari da cututtukan da suka shafi zafi, ainihin adadin mutuwar daga matsanancin zafi na iya zama sau shida fiye da adadi na hukuma. Wannan ya dogara ne akan nazarin California da [[Japan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Heat waves are far deadlier than we think. How California neglects this climate threat |url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/california-extreme-heat-deaths-show-climate-change-risks/ |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujibe |first=Fumiaki |last2=Matsumoto |first2=Jun |date=2021 |title=Estimation of Excess Deaths during Hot Summers in Japan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sola/17/0/17_2021-038/_article/-char/ja |journal=Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere |volume=17 |pages=220–223 |bibcode=2021SOLA...17..220F |doi=10.2151/sola.2021-038 |s2cid=241577645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na mutuwa a lokacin guguwar zafi na iya zama saboda gajeren lokaci na gaba. A wasu raƙuman zafi akwai raguwar mutuwar gaba ɗaya a cikin makonni bayan raƙuman zafin jiki. Wadannan raguwa a cikin mutuwa suna nuna cewa zafi yana shafar mutanen da za su mutu ko ta yaya, kuma yana kawo mutuwarsu gaba.<ref name="pmid11401757">{{Cite journal |last=Huynen |first=Maud M. T. E |last2=Martens |first2=Pim |last3=Schram |first3=Dieneke |last4=Weijenberg |first4=Matty P |last5=Kunst |first5=Anton E |year=2001 |title=The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=463–70 |doi=10.2307/3454704 |jstor=3454704 |pmc=1240305 |pmid=11401757}}</ref> Cibiyoyin zamantakewa da tsarin suna tasiri ga tasirin haɗari. Wannan ma'anar na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana rashin bayar da rahoto game da raƙuman zafi a matsayin haɗarin lafiya. Rashin zafi na Faransa a shekara ta 2003 ya nuna cewa haɗarin zafi ya haifar da haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poumadère |first=M. |last2=Mays |first2=C. |last3=Le Mer |first3=S. |last4=Blong |first4=R. |year=2005 |title=The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/majorhazards/activites/murcia_26-27oct2009/heatwave2003_poumadere2005.pdf |journal=Risk Analysis |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1483–1494 |bibcode=2005RiskA..25.1483P |citeseerx=10.1.1.577.825 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x |pmid=16506977 |s2cid=25784074}}</ref> Rashin ganuwa na zamantakewa yana daya daga cikin irin wannan dalili. Mutuwar da ta shafi zafi na iya faruwa a cikin gida, misali tsakanin tsofaffi da ke zaune su kaɗai. A cikin waɗannan lokuta yana iya zama ƙalubale don sanya zafi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ro |first=Christine |date=2022-09-01 |title=Can Japan really reach "zero deaths" from heat stroke? |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o2107 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=378 |pages=o2107 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2107 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=251954370 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar zafi don zafin jiki da zafi mai dangi === {{HeatTable}}Alamar zafi a cikin teburin da ke sama shine ma'auni na yadda yake da zafi lokacin da aka danganta da yanayin zafi na gaske. === Tasirin tunani da zamantakewa === Yawan [[Laifi]] yana haifar da damuwa ta tunani da damuwa ta jiki. Wannan na iya shafar aikin. Hakanan yana iya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka.<ref name="heat and stress">{{Cite journal |last=Simister |first=John |last2=Cary Cooper |date=October 2004 |title=Thermal stress in the U.S.A.: effects on violence and on employee behaviour |journal=Stress and Health |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1002/smi.1029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da karuwar rikici tsakanin mutane da kuma matakin zamantakewa. A cikin kowace al'umma, yawan aikata laifuka yana ƙaruwa lokacin da yanayin zafi ya tashi. Wannan shi ne musamman game da laifuka na tashin hankali kamar hari, kisan kai da fyade. A cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaituwa na siyasa, yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya kara abubuwan da ke haifar da yakin basasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsiang |first=Solomon |last2=Burke |first2=Marshall |last3=Miguel |first3=Edward |year=2015 |title=Climate and Conflict |journal=Annual Review of Economics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=577–617 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115430 |s2cid=17657019}}</ref> Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga samun kudin shiga. Binciken kasashe a Amurka ya gano cewa yawan tattalin arziki na kwanakin mutum ya ragu da kusan kashi 1.7 cikin dari ga kowane digiri na Celsius sama da {{Convert|15|°C|°F}} ° C (59 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solomon |first=Hsiang |last2=Tatyana |first2=Deryugina |date=December 2014 |title=Does the Environment Still Matter? Daily Temperature and Income in the United States |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 20750 |doi=10.3386/w20750 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yankin ozone (ƙazantar da iska) === Babban yanayin zafi kuma yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen ozone a cikin birane ya fi muni. Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diem |first=Jeremy E. |last2=Stauber |first2=Christine E. |last3=Rothenberg |first3=Richard |date=2017-05-16 |editor-last=Añel |editor-first=Juan A. |title=Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e0177937 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1277937D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0177937 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5433771 |pmid=28520817 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin raƙuman zafi a cikin birane, gurɓataccen ozone na ƙasa na iya zama kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da yadda aka saba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hou |first=Pei |last2=Wu |first2=Shiliang |date=July 2016 |title=Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=23792 |bibcode=2016NatSR...623792H |doi=10.1038/srep23792 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4815017 |pmid=27029386}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya kalli ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ozone daga 1860 zuwa 2000. Ya gano cewa yawan mutanen duniya da aka auna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sun karu da kashi 5 cikin dari saboda canjin yanayi. Ƙididdigar ozone a kusa da ƙasa ta tashi da kashi 2.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orru |first=H. |last2=Ebi |first2=K. L. |last3=Forsberg |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=504–513 |bibcode=2017CEHR....4..504O |doi=10.1007/s40572-017-0168-6 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=5676805 |pmid=29080073}}</ref> Bincike don tantance tasirin mutuwar haɗin gwiwa na ozone da zafi a lokacin raƙuman zafi na Turai a cikin 2003 ya kammala cewa waɗannan sun bayyana suna da ƙari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosatsky T. |date=July 2005 |title=The 2003 European heat waves |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=552 |journal=Eurosurveillance |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en |pmid=29208081 |access-date=14 January 2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tasirin da ke tattare da al'ummomi == [[Fayil:09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG|right|thumb|2009 kudu maso gabashin Australia zafi raƙuman ruwa, taswirar zafi da aka nuna a ja]] Ruwa na zafi sau da yawa yana da tasiri mai rikitarwa akan tattalin arziki. Suna rage yawan aiki, suna rushe aikin gona da masana'antu da kuma lalata ababen more rayuwa wanda bai dace da matsanancin zafi ba.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> A cikin 2016, wani ruwan zafi na ruwa a Chile da kuma mummunar furewar algal da ta biyo baya ya haifar da dala miliyan 800 (USD) a cikin asarar fitarwa ga masana'antar kiwon kifi yayin da salmon da shellfish suka mutu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trainer |first=Vera L. |last2=Moore |first2=Stephanie K. |last3=Hallegraeff |first3=Gustaaf |last4=Kudela |first4=Raphael M. |last5=Clement |first5=Alejandro |last6=Mardones |first6=Jorge I. |last7=Cochlan |first7=William P. |date=2020-01-01 |title=Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes |journal=Harmful Algae |series=Climate change and harmful algal blooms |volume=91 |bibcode=2020HAlga..9101591T |doi=10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009 |issn=1568-9883 |pmid=32057339 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rage kayan aikin gona === Ruwa na zafi babban barazana ne ga samar da aikin gona. A cikin raƙuman zafi na 2019 a yankin Mulanje na [[Malawi]] sun haɗa da yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Cvt|40|°C}} ° C (104 ° F). Wannan da kuma ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama sun ƙone ganyen shayi kuma sun rage amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi heatwaves threaten tea yields and livelihoods |url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/news/malawi-heatwaves-threaten-tea-yields-and-livelihoods/ |access-date=2020-09-24 |publisher=Future Climate Africa |archive-date=2021-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318071126/https://futureclimateafrica.org/news/malawi-heatwaves-threaten-tea-yields-and-livelihoods/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Dabbobi masu noma ==== {{excerpt|Effects of climate change on livestock#Health impacts of heat stress}}Dabbobi suna da kewayon haƙuri wanda ke bayyana yanayin zafi inda suke aiki mafi kyau. Yanayin zafin jiki da ke waje da wannan kewayon na iya fuskantar raguwar lafiya da rashin iya haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=N. A. |last2=Stillman |first2=J. H. |title=Physiological Optima and Critical Limits |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/physiological-optima-and-critical-limits-45749376/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Scitable |publisher=Nature |language=en}}</ref> Nau'in da ke da isasshen bambancin kwayar halitta za su iya tabbatar da cewa wasu mutane za su iya tsira daga kwanakin da za su iya zama ruwan dare a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Extreme heat triggers mass die-offs and stress for wildlife in the West |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/extreme-heat-triggers-mass-die-offs-and-stress-for-wildlife-in-the-west |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> Rashin zafi na teku na iya haifar da mutuwar jama'a a cikin yawan kifaye, musamman ga nau'in da suka fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Burrows |first2=Michael T. |last3=Hobday |first3=Alistair J. |last4=King |first4=Nathan G. |last5=Moore |first5=Pippa J. |last6=Sen Gupta |first6=Alex |last7=Thomsen |first7=Mads S. |last8=Wernberg |first8=Thomas |last9=Smale |first9=Dan A. |date=2023-01-16 |title=Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=119–145 |bibcode=2023ARMS...15..119S |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437 |issn=1941-1405 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Nau'in da suka saba da yanayin zafi na iya fadada kewayon su a lokacin zafi. Wadannan nau'o'in mamayewa na iya cinye nau'o-in'in da ke fuskantar mutuwa mafi girma a lokacin zafi, wanda ke rushe aikin yanayin halittu.<ref name=":03" /> Har ila yau, ana danganta ruwan zafi na ruwa tare da mummunar tasiri a kan nau'ikan tushe kamar coral da kelp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smale |first=Dan A. |last2=Wernberg |first2=Thomas |last3=Oliver |first3=Eric C. J. |last4=Thomsen |first4=Mads |last5=Harvey |first5=Ben P. |last6=Straub |first6=Sandra C. |last7=Burrows |first7=Michael T. |last8=Alexander |first8=Lisa V. |last9=Benthuysen |first9=Jessica A. |last10=Donat |first10=Markus G. |last11=Feng |first11=Ming |last12=Hobday |first12=Alistair J. |last13=Holbrook |first13=Neil J. |last14=Perkins-Kirkpatrick |first14=Sarah E. |last15=Scannell |first15=Hillary A. |date=April 2019 |title=Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |bibcode=2019NatCC...9..306S |doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1 |issn=1758-6798 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Zaɓuɓɓuka don rage tasirin mutane == Wata hanyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a a lokacin raƙuman zafi ita ce kafa cibiyoyin sanyaya na jama'a. Ƙara iska mai sanyaya a makarantu yana ba da wurin aiki mai sanyi. Amma zai iya haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai guba sai dai idan an yi amfani da Hasken rana. Masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da kuɗi da masu bincike sun kirkiro hadin gwiwar Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance a karkashin Majalisar Atlantic. Wannan yana ba da shawara don ba da suna ga raƙuman zafi, auna su, da kuma sanya su don inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance: Reducing Extreme Heat Risk for Vulnerable People |url=https://wcr.ethz.ch/news-and-events/EHRA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821212642/https://wcr.ethz.ch/news-and-events/EHRA.html |archive-date=21 August 2020 |access-date=2020-09-02 |publisher=wcr.ethz.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=The world's getting hotter. Can naming heat waves raise awareness of the risks? |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-19/world-s-getting-hotter-can-naming-heat-waves-raise-awareness-risks |access-date=2020-09-02 |publisher=The World from PRX}}</ref>{{excerpt|List of heat waves#2024}} === Indiya === {{excerpt|2024 Indian heat wave}}{{excerpt|2024 Southeast Asia heat wave}} === China === Wani bincike ya gano matsakaitan mazauna kasar Sin sun fuskanci tsananin zafi na kwanaki 16 a shekarar 2023, inda sama da mutane 37,000 suka mutu sakamakon tsananin zafi. Ban da wannan kuma, adadin sa'o'in aikin da aka yi hasarar saboda tsananin zafi a kasar Sin ya kai biliyan 36.9 a shekarar 2023, kuma jama'ar kasar Sin sun sami karuwar kashi 60 cikin 100 na sa'o'in ayyukan da ba amintacce a waje ba, inda kowane mutum ya yi asarar sa'o'i 2.2 a matsakaicin kowace rana. Binciken ya yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2060, ana sa ran mace-macen da ke da nasaba da zafin rana zai kai 29,000 zuwa 38,000 a kasar Sin, inda aka yi hasarar karuwar sa'o'in aiki da kashi 28% zuwa 37%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ding Rui |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Heat Wave-Related Deaths Soared in China in 2023, Report Finds |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1016149 |website=[[Sixth Tone]]}}</ref> === Amurka ===   A watan Yulin 2019, akwai mutane sama da miliyan 50 a Amurka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da shawarwarin zafi. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a karya rikodin da yawa na mafi girman yanayin zafi a cikin kwanaki bayan waɗannan gargadi. Wannan yana nufin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin sa'o'i 24 zai zama mafi girma fiye da kowane ƙarancin zafi da aka auna a baya. Dangane da binciken 2022, mutane miliyan 107 a Amurka za su fuskanci zafi mai haɗari sosai a cikin shekara ta 2053.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Brandon |last2=Waldrop |first2=Theresa |date=2022-08-16 |title=An 'extreme heat belt' will impact over 100 million Americans in the next 30 years, study finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/15/weather/extreme-heat-belt-us-impact-study-climate/index.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Tashin zafi shine mafi munin yanayi na yanayi a Amurka. A tsakanin shekara ta 1992 zuwa 2001, an kashe mutane 2,190 daga zafin da ya wuce kima a Amurka, idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar mutane 880 daga ambaliya da 150 daga guguwa mai zafi. Kimanin mutane 400 ne ke mutuwa a shekara a matsakaici kai tsaye sakamakon zafi a Amurka. Guguwar zafi ta Chicago a shekarar 1995, daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin Amurka, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan 739 masu alaka da zafi a cikin kwanaki 5. A Amurka, asarar rayukan bil'adama da ake yi a lokacin zafi a lokacin rani ya zarce wanda sauran al'amuran yanayi ke haifarwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da walƙiya, ruwan sama, ambaliya, guguwa, da guguwa Kimanin Amurkawa 6,200 suna buƙatar magani a asibiti a kowane bazara, bisa ga bayanan daga 2008. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan zafi, kuma wadanda ke cikin haɗari mafi girma matalauta ne, marasa inshora ko tsofaffi. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsanancin zafin jiki da mace-mace a Amurka ta bambanta da wuri. Zafi na iya kara barazanar mutuwa a garuruwan arewacin kasar fiye da yankunan kudancin kasar. Gabaɗaya, mutane a Amurka suna da alama suna daidaita yanayin zafi a arewa kowace shekara goma. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, ƙarin ƙirar gine-gine na zamani da ingantaccen wayar da kan jama'a<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert E. Davis |last2=Paul C. Knappenberger |last3=Patrick J. Michaels |last4=Wendy M. Novicoff |date=November 2003 |title=Changing heat-related mortality in the United States |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=111 |issue=14 |pages=1712–1718 |bibcode=2003EnvHP.111.1712D |doi=10.1289/ehp.6336 |pmc=1241712 |pmid=14594620}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0v37qp9cqsly292vil7yyu934xufl7g 0 113539 859197 856935 2026-06-17T08:36:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337709363|Asepsis]]" 859197 wikitext text/x-wiki Asepsis shine yanayin kasancewa ba tare da kwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cuta ba (kamar kwayoyin cutaa, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, da ƙwayoyin cututtuka). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Alene |title=Standard Precautions, Transmission Based, Surgical Asepsis: NCLEX-RN {{!}}{{!}} RegisteredNursing.org |url=https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/standard-precautions-transmission-based-surgical-asepsis/ |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.registerednursing.org}}</ref> Akwai nau'o'i biyu na asepsis: likita da tiyata.<ref name=":0" /> Tunanin zamani na asepsis ya samo asali ne daga tsofaffin dabarun antiseptic, canjin da mutane daban-daban suka fara a karni na 19 wadanda suka gabatar da ayyuka kamar su sterilizing na kayan aikin tiyata da sanya safofin tiyata yayin aiki. Manufar asepsis ita ce kawar da kamuwa da cuta, ba don cimma rashin haihuwa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Da kyau, filin aiki ba shi da kyau, ma'ana ba shi da duk gurɓataccen halittu (misali fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyi), ba kawai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da cuta, putrefaction, ko fermentation.<ref name=":0" /> Ko da a cikin yanayin aseptic, yanayin kumburi na iya tasowa. Kalmar sau da yawa tana nufin waɗancan ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su don ingantawa ko haifar da asepsis a fagen tiyata ko magani don hana kamuwa da cuta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Grace Y. |last2=Nuñez |first2=Gabriel |date=19 November 2010 |title=Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage |journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=826–837 |doi=10.1038/nri2873 |issn=1474-1733 |pmc=3114424 |pmid=21088683}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tunanin zamani na asepsis ya samo asali ne a karni na 19 ta hanyar mutane da yawa. Ignaz Semmelweis ya riga ya nuna a cikin 1847-1848 cewa [[wanke hannu]] kafin haihuwa ya rage zazzabin puerperal. Duk da wannan, asibitoci da yawa sun ci gaba da yin tiyata a cikin yanayin da ba shi da tsabta, tare da wasu likitocin tiyata suna alfahari da rigunan tiyata masu jini. Shekaru goma bayan haka yanayin ya fara canzawa, lokacin da wasu likitocin Faransa suka fara karɓar carbolic acid a matsayin maganin rigakafi, rage yawan kamuwa da cuta, sannan abokan aikinsu na Italiya suka biyo baya a cikin shekarun 1860.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="37" href="./Joseph_Lister" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;journal<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The American Surgeon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;86<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;3<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;176–183<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;doi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;10.1177/000313482008600324<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issn<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1555-9823<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pmid<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;32223794<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAYY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt19\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFEhrhardtNakayamaO'Leary2020\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Ehrhardt, John D.; Nakayama, Don K.; O'Leary, J. Patrick (2020-03-01). \"Carbolic Acid before Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink\". <i id=\"mwAYc\">The American Surgeon</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mwAYg\">86</b></nowiki> (3): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAYk\">176–</span></nowiki>183. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"141\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAYo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000313482008600324\" id=\"mwAYs\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.1177/000313482008600324</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"142\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAYw\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAY0\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-9823\" id=\"mwAY4\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">1555-9823</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"143\" href=\"./PMID_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAY8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAZA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32223794\" id=\"mwAZE\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">32223794</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Asepsis#cite_note-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A cikin 1867 Joseph Lister ya bayyana wannan raguwa ta hanyar Ka'idar kwayar cuta ta Louis Pasteur kuma ya shahara da disinfectant a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Turanci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Schlich |first=Thomas |date=July 2012 |title=Asepsis and Bacteriology: A Realignment of Surgery and Laboratory Science1 |journal=Medical History |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=308–334 |doi=10.1017/mdh.2012.22 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=3426977 |pmid=23002302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Giuseppe Ruggi|it}} ya sauya motsi daga antisepsis zuwa asepsis a cikin shekarun 1870, ya buga bincikensa a shekara ta 1879. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabbatani |first=Sergio |last2=Catena |first2=Fausto |last3=Neri |first3=Flavia |last4=Vallicelli |first4=Carlo |last5=Ansaloni |first5=Luca |last6=Sartelli |first6=Massimo |last7=Coccolini |first7=Federico |last8=Di Saverio |first8=Salomone |last9=Catena |first9=Rodolfo |last10=Lazzareschi |first10=Daniel |last11=Tarasconi |first11=Antonio |last12=Abongwa |first12=Hariscine K. |last13=De Simone |first13=Belinda |last14=Pinna |first14=Antonio |date=December 2014 |title=The Bolognese surgeon Giuseppe Ruggi: how and why the aseptic surgery was introduced in Bologna in the middle half of the XIX century |journal=The Journal of Surgical Research |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=555–563 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.018 |issn=1095-8673 |pmid=25240285}}</ref>[it] [[Gustav Adolf Neuber]] ya gabatar da riguna da kawuna a cikin 1883, kuma a cikin 1891, [[Ernst von Bergmann]] ya gabatar da [[autoclave]], na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin amfani da kayan aikin tiyata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Infection Control and its Contributions to the |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503947 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Medscape}}</ref> == Cututtukan da suka danganci == [[Fayil:Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg|thumb|Hoton likita na Staphylococcus]] Duk da kokarin adana asepsis yayin tiyata, har yanzu akwai damar 1-3% na kamuwa da cutar tiyata (SSI). [1] Ana rarraba cututtukan a matsayin incisional, zurfin incisional, ko kwayar halitta; nau'in farko an tsare shi a fata, na biyu ga tsokoki da kyallen da ke kusa, kuma na uku ga gabobin da ba a kusa da wurin aiki ba.[1][2] Takamaiman yanayin kamuwa da cuta ya dogara da nau'ikan tiyata, amma ƙwayoyin cuta da suka fi dacewa da SSIs sune Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococci mara kyau, Escherichia coli, da Enterococcus spp.[3] CDC ta jaddada muhimmancin hanyoyin antiseptic da aseptic wajen guje wa SSIs, musamman tunda Staphylococcus aureus, a tsakanin sauran ƙwayoyin cuta, suna iya samo asali daga nau'ikan masu tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda zasu iya zama da wahala a magance su.[4] A cikin 2017, kusan marasa lafiya 20,000 a Amurka sun mutu daga Staphylococcus aureus idan aka kwatanta da 16,350 daga cutar HIV. [5][6] == Dubi kuma == * Magungunan kashe cututtuka * Jinya mai hanawa * Keɓewar abubuwa na jiki * Tsabtace * Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi * Disinfectant (auna tasirin) * Ignaz Semmelweis * Sterilization (microbiology) * Hanyoyin da ke tattare da watsawa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nuk3z1fd9ib963ag5o06yu8o0pykvkq 859199 859197 2026-06-17T08:37:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asepsis shine yanayin kasancewa ba tare da kwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cuta ba (kamar kwayoyin cutaa, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, da ƙwayoyin cututtuka). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Alene |title=Standard Precautions, Transmission Based, Surgical Asepsis: NCLEX-RN {{!}}{{!}} RegisteredNursing.org |url=https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/standard-precautions-transmission-based-surgical-asepsis/ |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=www.registerednursing.org}}</ref> Akwai nau'o'i biyu na asepsis: likita da tiyata.<ref name=":0" /> Tunanin zamani na asepsis ya samo asali ne daga tsofaffin dabarun antiseptic, canjin da mutane daban-daban suka fara a karni na 19 wadanda suka gabatar da ayyuka kamar su sterilizing na kayan aikin tiyata da sanya safofin tiyata yayin aiki. Manufar asepsis ita ce kawar da kamuwa da cuta, ba don cimma rashin haihuwa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Da kyau, filin aiki ba shi da kyau, ma'ana ba shi da duk gurɓataccen halittu (misali fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyi), ba kawai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da cuta, putrefaction, ko fermentation.<ref name=":0" /> Ko da a cikin yanayin aseptic, yanayin kumburi na iya tasowa. Kalmar sau da yawa tana nufin waɗancan ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su don ingantawa ko haifar da asepsis a fagen tiyata ko magani don hana kamuwa da cuta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Grace Y. |last2=Nuñez |first2=Gabriel |date=19 November 2010 |title=Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage |journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=826–837 |doi=10.1038/nri2873 |issn=1474-1733 |pmc=3114424 |pmid=21088683}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tunanin zamani na asepsis ya samo asali ne a karni na 19 ta hanyar mutane da yawa. Ignaz Semmelweis ya riga ya nuna a cikin 1847-1848 cewa [[wanke hannu]] kafin haihuwa ya rage zazzabin puerperal. Duk da wannan, asibitoci da yawa sun ci gaba da yin tiyata a cikin yanayin da ba shi da tsabta, tare da wasu likitocin tiyata suna alfahari da rigunan tiyata masu jini. Shekaru goma bayan haka yanayin ya fara canzawa, lokacin da wasu likitocin Faransa suka fara karɓar carbolic acid a matsayin maganin rigakafi, rage yawan kamuwa da cuta, sannan abokan aikinsu na Italiya suka biyo baya a cikin shekarun 1860.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="37" href="./Joseph_Lister" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;journal<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The American Surgeon<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;86<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issue<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;3<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pages<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;176–183<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;doi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;10.1177/000313482008600324<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issn<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;1555-9823<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;pmid<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;32223794<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAYY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt19\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFEhrhardtNakayamaO'Leary2020\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Ehrhardt, John D.; Nakayama, Don K.; O'Leary, J. Patrick (2020-03-01). \"Carbolic Acid before Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink\". <i id=\"mwAYc\">The American Surgeon</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mwAYg\">86</b></nowiki> (3): <nowiki><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAYk\">176–</span></nowiki>183. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"141\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAYo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000313482008600324\" id=\"mwAYs\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.1177/000313482008600324</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"142\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAYw\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAY0\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-9823\" id=\"mwAY4\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">1555-9823</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"143\" href=\"./PMID_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAY8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAZA\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32223794\" id=\"mwAZE\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">32223794</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Asepsis#cite_note-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A cikin 1867 Joseph Lister ya bayyana wannan raguwa ta hanyar Ka'idar kwayar cuta ta Louis Pasteur kuma ya shahara da disinfectant a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Turanci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Schlich |first=Thomas |date=July 2012 |title=Asepsis and Bacteriology: A Realignment of Surgery and Laboratory Science1 |journal=Medical History |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=308–334 |doi=10.1017/mdh.2012.22 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=3426977 |pmid=23002302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link|Giuseppe Ruggi|it}} ya sauya motsi daga antisepsis zuwa asepsis a cikin shekarun 1870, ya buga bincikensa a shekara ta 1879. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabbatani |first=Sergio |last2=Catena |first2=Fausto |last3=Neri |first3=Flavia |last4=Vallicelli |first4=Carlo |last5=Ansaloni |first5=Luca |last6=Sartelli |first6=Massimo |last7=Coccolini |first7=Federico |last8=Di Saverio |first8=Salomone |last9=Catena |first9=Rodolfo |last10=Lazzareschi |first10=Daniel |last11=Tarasconi |first11=Antonio |last12=Abongwa |first12=Hariscine K. |last13=De Simone |first13=Belinda |last14=Pinna |first14=Antonio |date=December 2014 |title=The Bolognese surgeon Giuseppe Ruggi: how and why the aseptic surgery was introduced in Bologna in the middle half of the XIX century |journal=The Journal of Surgical Research |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=555–563 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.018 |issn=1095-8673 |pmid=25240285}}</ref>[it] [[Gustav Adolf Neuber]] ya gabatar da riguna da kawuna a cikin 1883, kuma a cikin 1891, [[Ernst von Bergmann]] ya gabatar da [[autoclave]], na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin amfani da kayan aikin tiyata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Infection Control and its Contributions to the |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503947 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Medscape}}</ref> == Cututtukan da suka danganci == [[Fayil:Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg|thumb|Hoton likita na Staphylococcus]] Duk da kokarin adana asepsis yayin tiyata, har yanzu akwai damar 1-3% na kamuwa da cutar tiyata (SSI). [1] Ana rarraba cututtukan a matsayin incisional, zurfin incisional, ko kwayar halitta; nau'in farko an tsare shi a fata, na biyu ga tsokoki da kyallen da ke kusa, kuma na uku ga gabobin da ba a kusa da wurin aiki ba.[1][2] Takamaiman yanayin kamuwa da cuta ya dogara da nau'ikan tiyata, amma ƙwayoyin cuta da suka fi dacewa da SSIs sune Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococci mara kyau, Escherichia coli, da Enterococcus spp.[3] CDC ta jaddada muhimmancin hanyoyin antiseptic da aseptic wajen guje wa SSIs, musamman tunda Staphylococcus aureus, a tsakanin sauran ƙwayoyin cuta, suna iya samo asali daga nau'ikan masu tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda zasu iya zama da wahala a magance su.[4] A cikin 2017, kusan marasa lafiya 20,000 a Amurka sun mutu daga Staphylococcus aureus idan aka kwatanta da 16,350 daga cutar HIV. [5][6] == Dubi kuma == * Magungunan kashe cututtuka * Jinya mai hanawa * Keɓewar abubuwa na jiki * Tsabtace * Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi * Disinfectant (auna tasirin) * Ignaz Semmelweis * Sterilization (microbiology) * Hanyoyin da ke tattare da watsawa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 31cxm92apao3cumkktm9g40gjfx4a9u 859263 859199 2026-06-17T10:45:32Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358395377|Mood disorder]]" 859263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin lafiyar yanayi''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''rashin lafiyar motsin rai''', shine ɗayan rukuni na yanayin rashin lafiyar hankali da ɗabi'a {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} inda babban halayyar da ke ƙarƙashinta ita ce damuwa a cikin yanayin mutum. {{Sfn|Sadock|Sadock|2002}} Rarrabawar tana cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM) da Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD). Matsalolin yanayi sun kasu kashi bakwai, {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} ciki har da: 1. yanayi mai girma wanda ba a saba gani ba, kamar mania ko hypomania ; 2. yanayi mai cike da damuwa, wanda aka fi sani kuma aka fi bincike a kansa shine [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD) (wanda aka fi sani da rashin jin daɗi na asibiti, rashin jin daɗi na unipolar, ko babban baƙin ciki); da kuma 3. yanayi wanda ke zagayawa tsakanin mania da baƙin ciki, wanda aka fi sani da [[Cutar bipolar|rashin jin daɗi na bipolar]] (BD) (wanda a da aka fi sani da manic depression). 4. Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan damuwa da dama ko cututtukan tabin hankali waɗanda ke nuna alamun da ba su da tsanani kamar rashin jin daɗi (kamar MDD, amma sun daɗe kuma sun daɗe, kodayake galibi sun fi sauƙi) da kuma rashin jin daɗin cyclothymic (kamar BD amma sun fi sauƙi). {{Sfn|Carlson|Heth|2007}} A wasu lokuta, akwai yiwuwar kamuwa da yanayi fiye da ɗaya a cikin mutum, kamar matsalar bipolar da depression disorder. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Matsalolin yanayi kuma na iya zama abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai, ko kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon wani yanayi na rashin lafiya . Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan Ingila Henry Maudsley ya gabatar da wani babban rukuni na ''rashin lafiyar motsin rai'' . <ref name="Lewis1934">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=AJ |year=1934 |title=Melancholia: A Historical Review |url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/citation/80/328/1 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Mental Science |volume=80 |issue=328 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1192/bjp.80.328.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215051726/http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/citation/80/328/1 |archive-date=15 December 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga nan aka maye gurbin kalmar da ''rashin lafiyar yanayi'', kamar yadda na ƙarshen ke nufin yanayin [[Emotion|motsin rai]] na asali ko na tsawon lokaci, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berrios |first=GE |year=1985 |title=The Psychopathology of Affectivity: Conceptual and Historical Aspects |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=745–758 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700004980 |pmid=3909185 |s2cid=26603488}}</ref> yayin da na farko ke nufin yanayin motsin rai na waje da wasu suka lura. {{Sfn|Sadock|Sadock|2002}} == Rarrabawa == === Matsalolin Damuwa === * [[Babban rashin damuwa]] (MDD), wanda aka fi sani da babban baƙin ciki, rashin kwanciyar hankali na unipolar, ko baƙin ciki na asibiti, inda mutum ke da ɗaya ko fiye da [[Babban abin baƙin ciki|manyan abubuwan damuwa]] . Bayan wani lokaci guda, za a gano Babban Rashin Damuwa (wani lokaci guda). Dole ne ku fuskanci alamun kusan duk tsawon yini na tsawon akalla makonni biyu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinical Depression (Major Depressive Disorder): Symptoms |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260221173514/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder |archive-date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> . Bayan wani lokaci fiye da ɗaya, ganewar asali ya zama Babban Rashin Damuwa (Maimaitawa). Baƙin ciki ba tare da lokutan mania ba wani lokaci ana kiransa da ''baƙin ciki na unipolar'' saboda yanayin yana nan a ƙasan "sanduna" kuma baya hawa zuwa "sanduna" mafi girma, kamar yadda yake a cikin matsalar bipolar. {{Sfn|Parker|Hadzi-Pavlovic|Eyers|1996}} : Mutane da ke fama da babban yanayin damuwa ko kuma babban yanayin damuwa suna fuskantar haɗarin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]] . Neman taimako da magani daga ƙwararren likita yana rage haɗarin kashe kansu sosai. Bincike ya nuna cewa tambayar ko wani aboki ko wani ɗan uwa da ke cikin damuwa ya yi tunanin kashe kansa hanya ce mai inganci ta gano waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, kuma ba ya "dasa" ra'ayin ko ƙara haɗarin kashe kansa ta kowace hanya. {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} Nazarin cututtuka da aka gudanar a Turai ya nuna cewa, a wannan lokacin, kusan kashi 8.5 cikin ɗari na mutanen duniya suna da matsalar damuwa. Babu wata ƙungiyar shekaru da ta yi kama da ba ta da wata matsala daga baƙin ciki, kuma bincike ya gano cewa baƙin ciki yana bayyana a cikin jarirai 'yan ƙasa da watanni 6 waɗanda aka raba su da iyayensu mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayuso-Mateos J.L. |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=Depressive Disorders in Europe: Prevalence figures from the ODIN study |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=308–316 |doi=10.1192/bjp.179.4.308 |pmid=11581110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin al'adu a cikin yawan jama'ar MDD saboda tasirin al'adu waɗanda ke "ƙalubalantar ma'anar da gano cututtukan tabin hankali", kamar yadda aka gani a cikin wani bincike da Parker et al. suka yi wanda ya yi bincike kan MDD a cikin mutanen China. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Gordon |last2=Gladstone |first2=Gemma |last3=Chee |first3=Kuan Tsee |date=June 2001 |title=Depression in the Planet's Largest Ethnic Group: The Chinese |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857 |url-status=live |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=857–864 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703190756/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857?download=true |archive-date=Jul 3, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon damuwa (wanda kuma aka sani da baƙin ciki ) cuta ce ta hankali da aka saba gani. Ya ƙunshi yanayi na baƙin ciki ko rashin jin daɗi ko sha'awar ayyuka na dogon lokaci. Baƙin ciki ya bambanta da canje-canjen yanayi na yau da kullun da ji game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Yana iya shafar dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. Baƙin ciki na iya faruwa ga kowa. Mutanen da suka rayu ta hanyar cin zarafi, asara mai tsanani, ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru masu damuwa sun fi kamuwa da baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2023 |title=Depressive disorder (depression) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> * Ciwon damuwa yana yawan faruwa a asibitoci na farko da kuma asibitoci na gabaɗaya amma sau da yawa ba a gano shi ba. Ciwon damuwa da ba a gane shi ba na iya jinkirta murmurewa da kuma ƙara ta'azzara hasashen rashin lafiya, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci duk likitoci su iya gane yanayin, su magance matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, da kuma gano waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. : Masana binciken cututtuka sun san nau'ikan ko kuma takamaiman matakai daban-daban: :* ''Bacin rai mai kama da na yau da kullun'' ( ''AD'' ) yana da alaƙa da amsawar yanayi (rashin lafiyar jiki) da kuma kyakkyawan fata, [[Ƙara nauyi|ƙaruwar nauyi]] mai yawa ko ƙaruwar sha'awa ("cin abinci mai daɗi"), barci mai yawa ko barci mai nauyi ( hypersomnia ), jin nauyi a gaɓoɓi da aka sani da gurguwar leaden, da kuma rashin ƙarfi a zamantakewa sakamakon rashin jin daɗin da ake ji ga ƙin yarda da juna . {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} Matsalolin auna wannan ƙaramin nau'in ya haifar da tambayoyi game da ingancinsa da yawansa. {{Sfn|Sadock|Sadock|2002}} :* Ana siffanta ''ɓacin rai na Melancholic'' da rashin jin daɗi ( anhedonia ) a yawancin ayyuka ko duk wani aiki, gazawar amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa rai masu daɗi, yanayin baƙin ciki da ya fi bayyana fiye da [[Alhini|baƙin ciki]] ko asara, ƙara tsanantar alamun da safe, farkawa da sassafe, jinkirin motsin rai, raguwar nauyi mai yawa (ba za a iya rikitar da shi da [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia nervosa ba]] ), ko kuma yawan jin laifi. {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} :* ''Babban ɓacin rai na tabin hankali'' ( ''PMD'' ), ko kuma kawai ɓacin rai na tabin hankali, kalma ce ta babban abin da ke faruwa na ɓacin rai, musamman yanayin baƙin ciki, inda majiyyaci ke fuskantar alamun tabin hankali kamar ruɗi ko, ba kasafai ake gani ba, [[Hallucination|mafarki]] . Waɗannan galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayi (abin da ke ciki ya yi daidai da jigogi na baƙin ciki). {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} :* ''Damuwa mai tsanani'' wani nau'i ne na baƙin ciki mai tsanani wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba wanda ya haɗa da rikicewar halayen motsa jiki da sauran alamu. A nan, mutumin bebe ne kuma kusan yana cikin maye, kuma ko dai ba ya motsi ko kuma yana nuna motsin da ba shi da ma'ana ko ma na ban mamaki. Alamomin cutar catatonic kuma na iya faruwa a cikin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] ko wani lamari na manic, ko kuma yana iya kasancewa saboda cutar neuroleptic malignant syndrome . {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} :* An jera ''[[Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa|matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa]]'' ( ''PPD'' ) a matsayin ma'aunin tantancewa a cikin DSM-IV-TR; yana nufin tsananin damuwa, mai dorewa kuma wani lokacin yana raunana damuwa da mata ke fuskanta bayan haihuwa. Damuwa bayan haihuwa, wacce ke shafar kashi 10-15% na mata, yawanci tana faruwa ne cikin watanni uku na [[Jego|haihuwa]], kuma tana ɗaukar tsawon watanni uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruta M Nonacs |title=Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3408.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013205912/http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3408.htm |archive-date=13 October 2008 |website=eMedicine}}</ref> Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mata su fuskanci gajiya da baƙin ciki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan haihuwa; duk da haka, damuwa bayan haihuwa ya bambanta saboda yana iya haifar da wahala mai yawa da rashin aiki a gida, aiki, ko makaranta da kuma, wataƙila, wahala a dangantaka da 'yan uwa, mata, ko abokai, ko ma matsalolin haɗuwa da jariri. A cikin maganin manyan cututtukan damuwa bayan haihuwa da sauran damuwa ta unipolar a cikin mata masu shayarwa, nortriptyline, paroxetine (Paxil), da sertraline (Zoloft) gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su a matsayin magunguna da aka fi so. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Donohue M, Ellingrod VL, Wisner KL |year=2004 |title=Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=6 |pages=1066–1078 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1066 |pmid=15169695}}</ref> Mata masu tarihin rikicewar yanayi na kansu ko na iyali suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. :* ''Ciwon mara na kafin al'ada'' ( ''PMDD'' ) wani nau'i ne mai tsanani kuma mai nakasa na ciwon mara na kafin al'ada wanda ke shafar kashi 3-8% na mata masu jinin al'ada. <ref name="Rapkin" /> Ciwon ya ƙunshi "gungun alamomin motsin rai, hali da na somatic" waɗanda ke sake faruwa kowane wata a lokacin lokacin luteal na zagayowar al'ada . <ref name="Rapkin">{{Cite journal |last=Rapkin |first=AJ |last2=Lewis |first2=EI |date=November 2013 |title=Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder |journal=Women's Health |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=537–56 |doi=10.2217/whe.13.62 |pmid=24161307 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ƙara PMDD cikin jerin cututtukan damuwa a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' a cikin 2013. Ainihin sanadin cutar har yanzu ba a fayyace shi ba kuma batu ne na bincike mai aiki. Maganin PMDD ya dogara ne akan magungunan rage radadi waɗanda ke daidaita matakan serotonin a cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu hana sake amfani da serotonin da kuma hana ovulation ta amfani da maganin hana haihuwa. <ref name="Rapkin" /> {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013}} :* ''Cutar yanayin yanayi'' ( ''SAD'' ), wacce aka fi sani da "baƙin cikin hunturu" ko "blues na hunturu", wani abu ne da ke ƙayyade yanayi. Wasu mutane suna da yanayin yanayi, tare da abubuwan damuwa suna faruwa a kaka ko hunturu, kuma suna warwarewa a bazara. Ana yin ganewar asali idan aƙalla lokuta biyu sun faru a cikin watanni masu sanyi ba tare da wani lokaci ba a cikin shekaru biyu ko fiye. {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} Ana yawan hasashe cewa mutanen da ke zaune a wurare mafi girma suna da ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu don haka suna fuskantar yawan SAD, amma tallafin annoba ga wannan shawara ba shi da ƙarfi (kuma latitude ba shine kawai abin da ke tantance adadin hasken rana da ke isa idanu a lokacin hunturu ba). An ce ana iya magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar maganin haske . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=N.E |date=1984 |title=A Description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with Light Therapy |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010 |pmc=2686645 |pmid=6581756}}</ref> SAD kuma ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da suka ƙanana kuma yawanci yana shafar mata fiye da maza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lam, Raymond W. |last2=Levitan, Robert D. |year=2000 |title=Pathophysiology of seasonal affective disorder: a review |journal=Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=469–480 |pmc=1408021 |pmid=11109298}}</ref> :* ''Dysthymia'' cuta ce da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki na unipolar, inda matsalolin jiki da na fahimta iri ɗaya suke bayyana, amma ba su da tsanani kuma suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo (yawanci aƙalla shekaru 2). {{Sfn|Schacter|Gilbert|Wegner|2011}} Maganin dysthymia galibi iri ɗaya ne da na babban baƙin ciki, gami da magungunan rage damuwa da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} :* Ana iya bayyana ''baƙin ciki sau biyu'' a matsayin yanayi mai matuƙar baƙin ciki (dysthymia) wanda ke ɗaukar akalla shekaru biyu kuma yana da alaƙa da lokutan babban baƙin ciki. {{Sfn|Schacter|Gilbert|Wegner|2011}} :* An sanya Cutar Damuwa da Ba a Bayyana Ba a cikin Lambar ''311'' don cututtukan damuwa. A cikin DSM-5, Cutar Damuwa da Ba a Bayyana Ba ta ƙunshi alamun da ke nuna alamun cututtukan damuwa kuma suna haifar da raguwar aiki, amma ba su cika sharuɗɗan gano duk wani takamaiman cututtukan damuwa ba. A cikin DSM-IV, an kira wannan Cutar Damuwa da Ba a Bayyana Ba a Wani Lokaci ba. :* ''Ciwon Hauka'' (DPD) wata cuta ce ta tabin hankali da ke nuna rashin lafiyar mutum mai siffofi na damuwa. Da farko an haɗa ta a cikin DSM-II, an cire matsalar halin damuwa daga DSM-III da DSM-III-R. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Millon |first=T. |date=2006 |title=Personality subtypes |url=http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055645/http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology}}</ref> Kwanan nan, an sake duba ta don a sake dawo da ita a matsayin ganewar asali. A halin yanzu an bayyana matsalar halin damuwa a cikin Shafi na B a cikin DSM-IV-TR a matsayin wanda ya cancanci ƙarin bincike. :* ''Bacin rai na ɗan lokaci mai zuwa'' ( ''RBD'' ), wanda aka bambanta shi da babban rashin jin daɗi musamman ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsawon lokaci. Mutanen da ke da RBD suna da alamun damuwa kusan sau ɗaya a wata, tare da alamun da ke faruwa ƙasa da makonni biyu kuma yawanci ƙasa da kwana 2-3. Gano RBD yana buƙatar cewa alamun suna faruwa a cikin aƙalla shekara guda, kuma, a cikin marasa lafiya mata, ba tare da la'akari da zagayowar al'ada ba. {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} Mutanen da ke da ciwon ciki na asibiti na iya kamuwa da RBD, akasin haka kuma cututtukan biyu suna da irin wannan haɗarin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carta, Mauro Giovanni |last2=Altamura, Alberto Carlo |last3=Hardoy, Maria Carolina |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Is recurrent brief depression an expression of mood spectrum disorders in young people? |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=253 |issue=3 |pages=149–53 |doi=10.1007/s00406-003-0418-5 |pmid=12904979 |s2cid=26860606 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="What kind of risks? The second statement (from and both...) cannot be verified against the source. (November 2019)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> :* ''Ƙaramin rashin jin daɗi'', ko kuma ƙaramin baƙin ciki, wanda ke nufin baƙin ciki wanda bai cika cikakkun sharuɗɗan babban baƙin ciki ba amma wanda aƙalla alamomi biyu ke bayyana na tsawon makonni biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ |year=2002 |title=A descriptive analysis of minor depression |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=637–43 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 |pmid=11925303}}</ref> === Matsalolin Bipolar === * [[Cutar bipolar|Ciwon Bipolar]] (BD) (wanda kuma ake kira "manic depression" ko "manic-depressive disorder"), wani yanayi na motsin rai mara kwanciyar hankali wanda ke tattare da zagayowar yanayi mara kyau, mai ɗorewa ( mania ) da ƙarancin yanayi ( [[Babban rashin damuwa|depression]] ), {{Sfn|Schacter|Gilbert|Wegner|2011}} wanda a da aka san shi da "manic depression" (kuma a wasu lokuta saurin hawan keke, yanayi gauraye, da alamun tabin hankali ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Melissa Conrad Stöppler |title=Bipolar Disorder (cont.) |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/bipolar_disorder/page3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018063559/http://www.medicinenet.com/bipolar_disorder/page3.htm |archive-date=18 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=MedicineNet, Inc.}}</ref> Ƙananan nau'ikan sun haɗa da: :* Ana bambanta ''Bipolar I'' ta hanyar kasancewar ko tarihin wani ko fiye na abubuwan da suka faru na manic ko kuma abubuwan da suka haɗu tare da ko ba tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru na depression ba. Ba a buƙatar wani abu mai ban tsoro don gano cutar Bipolar I Disorder, amma abubuwan da suka faru na depression yawanci wani ɓangare ne na yadda cutar ke faruwa. :* ''Bipolar II'' wanda ya ƙunshi maimaitawar yanayin hypomanic da depression ko kuma gauraye yanayi. :* ''Cyclothymia'' wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiyar bipolar, wanda ya ƙunshi sake dawowar hypomanic da dysthymic episodes, amma babu cikakken aukuwar manic episodes ko cikakken manyan episodes na baƙin ciki. :* ''Ciwon bipolar da ba a ƙayyade shi ba'' ( ''BD-NOS'' ), wanda wani lokacin ake kira "ƙasa-ƙasa" bipolar, yana nuna cewa majiyyaci yana da wasu alamu a cikin bipolar spectrum (misali, alamun manic da depressive) amma bai cancanci cikakken ganewar asali na DSM-IV guda uku da aka ambata a sama ba. : An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1% na manya suna da cutar bipolar I, wani kashi 1% kuma yana da cutar bipolar II ko cyclothymia, kuma tsakanin kashi 2% da 5% suna da nau'ikan cutar bipolar "ƙasa-ƙasa". Bugu da ƙari, yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar bipolar idan aka gano iyaye ɗaya yana da ita shine 15-30%. Hadarin, idan iyaye biyu suna da ita, shine 50-75%. Haka kuma, yayin da yake ga 'yan'uwa maza da mata masu bipolar, haɗarin shine 15-25%, tare da tagwaye iri ɗaya, shine kusan 70%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abell |first=S. |last2=Ey, J. L. |date=4 June 2009 |title=Bipolar Disorder |journal=Clinical Pediatrics |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1177/0009922808316663 |pmid=19498214 |s2cid=46493183}}</ref> == Dalilai == Nazarin meta ya nuna cewa manyan maki akan yanayin motsin rai na mutum suna da ƙarfin hasashen ci gaban rikice-rikicen yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}</ref> Yanayin baƙin ciki martani ne da ake iya faɗi game da wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, kamar asarar matsayi, saki, ko mutuwar yaro ko mata. Waɗannan abubuwa ne da ke nuna asarar ikon haihuwa ko yuwuwar samu, ko kuma waɗanda suka faru a cikin yanayin kakannin ɗan adam. Ana iya ɗaukar yanayin baƙin ciki a matsayin martani mai daidaitawa, ta ma'anar cewa yana sa mutum ya juya daga yanayin ɗabi'un da suka gabata (kuma waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a haihuwa). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yanayin damuwa ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin cututtuka, kamar [[Influenza|mura]] . An yi jayayya cewa wannan wata hanya ce da ta samo asali wadda ke taimaka wa mutum ya murmure ta hanyar takaita ayyukansa na jiki. {{Sfn|Nesse|Williams|1994}} Faruwar rashin kwanciyar hankali a lokacin hunturu, ko kuma yanayin damuwa na yanayi, wataƙila ya kasance mai daidaitawa a baya, ta hanyar iyakance ayyukan jiki a lokutan da abinci ke da ƙarancin gaske. {{Sfn|Nesse|Williams|1994}} Ana jayayya cewa mutane sun riƙe yanayin jin daɗin fuskantar ƙarancin yanayi a lokacin hunturu, koda kuwa yanayin ba ya ƙayyade samuwar abinci. {{Sfn|Nesse|Williams|1994}} Yawancin abin da aka sani game da tasirin kwayoyin halitta na baƙin ciki na asibiti ya dogara ne akan binciken da aka yi da tagwaye iri ɗaya. Tagwaye iri ɗaya suna da tsarin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya. An gano cewa lokacin da tagwaye ɗaya suka shiga cikin baƙin ciki, ɗayan kuma zai kamu da baƙin ciki na asibiti kusan kashi 76% na lokacin. Lokacin da aka haifi tagwaye iri ɗaya daban da juna, dukansu za su shiga cikin baƙin ciki kusan kashi 67% na lokacin. Saboda tagwayen biyu suna shiga cikin baƙin ciki a irin wannan babban adadin, ma'anar ita ce akwai tasirin kwayar halitta mai ƙarfi. Idan ya faru cewa lokacin da tagwaye ɗaya ya shiga cikin baƙin ciki na asibiti, ɗayan koyaushe yana haifar da baƙin ciki, to baƙin cikin na asibiti zai zama gaba ɗaya na kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the main causes of depression or depressive disorders (psychology)? |url=http://www.erissolver.com/sq/What-are-the-main-causes-of-depression-or-depressive-disorders-(psychology) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610110247/http://www.erissolver.com/sq/What-are-the-main-causes-of-depression-or-depressive-disorders-(psychology) |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Eris Consulting}}</ref> Ana kuma ɗaukar [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]] a matsayin matsalar yanayi kuma ana hasashen cewa tana iya faruwa ne sakamakon matsalar mitochondrial . <ref name="Pieczenik, Steve R 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Pieczenik, Steve R. |last2=Neustadt, John |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease |journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.008 |pmid=17239370}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and bipolar disorder |url=https://bipolarnutrition.wordpress.com/2017/09/29/mitochondrial-dysfunction-and-bipolar-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165713/https://bipolarnutrition.wordpress.com/2017/09/29/mitochondrial-dysfunction-and-bipolar-disorder/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scainiab, Giselli, Rezinc, Gislaine, Carvalhod, Andre, Streckb, Emilio L, Berkef, Michael, Quevedo, João |year=2016 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Evidence, pathophysiology and translational implications |journal=Neurosci Biobehav Rev |volume=68 |pages=694–713 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.040 |pmid=27377693 |s2cid=207092957}}</ref> === Bambance-bambancen jinsi === An nuna cewa matsalolin yanayi, musamman matsalolin yanayi da suka shafi damuwa kamar damuwa da baƙin ciki, suna da bambancin adadin ganewar asali dangane da [[jima'i]] . A Amurka, mata sun fi maza saurin kamuwa da matsalar yanayi da ta shafi damuwa. <ref name="Sex-dependent effects of chronic va">{{Cite journal |last=Rosinger |first=Zachary |date=2020 |title=Sex-dependent effects of chronic variable stress on discrete corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 cell populations |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=219 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112847 |pmc=7540729 |pmid=32081812}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blume |first=Shannon |date=23 August 2019 |title=Disruptive effects of repeated stress on basolateral amygdala neurons and fear behavior across the estrous cycle in rats |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=12292 |bibcode=2019NatSR...912292B |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48683-3 |pmc=6707149 |pmid=31444385 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin waɗannan bambance-bambancen jinsi, bincike ya nuna rashin daidaituwar aikin neuroendocrine mai amsawa ga damuwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar yuwuwar kamuwa da waɗannan matsalolin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiser |first=Michael |date=26 July 2008 |title=Androgen regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) mRNA expression and receptor binding in the rat brain |journal=Experimental Neurology |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.013 |pmc=2891365 |pmid=18706413}}</ref> Yawan aiki da aka yi a cikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|axis na hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)]] zai iya samar da damar fahimtar yadda waɗannan bambance-bambancen jinsi ke tasowa. Ana fitar da sinadarin neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) daga paraventricular nucleus (PVN) na hypothalamus, yana ƙarfafa sakin adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) zuwa cikin jini. Daga nan ACTH yana haifar da sakin glucocorticoids kamar [[cortisol]] daga adrenal cortex . Cortisol, wanda aka sani da babban hormone na damuwa, yana ƙirƙirar madaurin martani mara kyau zuwa hypothalamus don kashe martanin damuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramot |first=Assaf |date=March 2017 |title=Hypothalamic CRFR1 is essential for HPA axis regulation following chronic stress |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1038/nn.4491 |pmid=28135239 |s2cid=5017743}}</ref> Lokacin da akwai mai damuwa akai-akai, axis na HPA yana ci gaba da aiki da yawa kuma ana samar da cortisol akai-akai. Wannan [[Matsanancin yau da kullun|damuwa ta yau da kullun]] yana da alaƙa da sakin CRF mai ɗorewa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar samar da halaye masu kama da damuwa da baƙin ciki da kuma aiki a matsayin wata hanya mai yuwuwar bambance-bambancen yawaita tsakanin maza da mata. <ref name="Sex-dependent effects of chronic va">{{Cite journal |last=Rosinger |first=Zachary |date=2020 |title=Sex-dependent effects of chronic variable stress on discrete corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 cell populations |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=219 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112847 |pmc=7540729 |pmid=32081812}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRosinger2020">Rosinger, Zachary (2020). </cite></ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == === ''DSM-5'' === ''DSM-5'', wanda aka fitar a watan Mayu na 2013, ya raba babin matsalar yanayi daga ''DSM-IV-TR'' zuwa sassa biyu: Matsalolin damuwa da masu alaƙa da kuma cututtukan bipolar da masu alaƙa. Cututtukan bipolar suna faɗuwa tsakanin cututtukan damuwa da schizophrenia da cututtuka masu alaƙa "don gane matsayinsu a matsayin gada tsakanin azuzuwan ganewar asali guda biyu dangane da alamun cutar, tarihin iyali da kwayoyin halitta" (Ref. 1, shafi na 123). {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013}} Cututtukan Bipolar sun fuskanci ƴan canje-canje a cikin ''DSM-5'', musamman ƙara wasu takamaiman alamun da suka shafi yanayin hypomanic da manic gauraye. Cututtukan damuwa sun fuskanci mafi yawan canje-canje, ƙara sabbin cututtuka guda uku: matsalar rashin daidaituwar yanayi, rashin daidaituwar damuwa mai ɗorewa (wanda a da yake dysthymia ne), da kuma rashin daidaituwar yanayi kafin al'ada (wanda a da yake a cikin ƙarin bayani na B, sashen rashin daidaituwar yanayi da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike). An yi nufin rashin daidaituwar yanayi mai rikitarwa a matsayin ganewar asali ga yara da matasa waɗanda yawanci za a gano suna da matsalar bipolar a matsayin hanyar iyakance ganewar cutar bipolar a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru. Babban rashin daidaituwar yanayi (MDD) shi ma ya sami babban sauyi, domin an cire sashin [[Alhini|baƙin ciki]] . Waɗanda a da aka keɓe daga ganewar cutar MDD saboda baƙin ciki yanzu 'yan takara ne don ganewar cutar MDD. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=George |date=2014 |title=DSM-5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=182–190 |pmid=24986345}}</ref> == Magani == Akwai nau'ikan jiyya daban-daban da ake da su don cututtukan yanayi, kamar magani da magunguna. Maganin ɗabi'a, maganin halayyar fahimta da kuma maganin hulɗa da mutane duk sun nuna cewa suna da amfani a cikin damuwa. {{Sfn|Nolen-Hoeksema|2013}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Drew |last2=Morrison |first2=Kate |date=2001 |title=A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=875–899 |citeseerx=10.1.1.200.7241 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.69.6.875 |pmid=11777114}}</ref> Manyan magungunan rashin damuwa yawanci sun haɗa da magungunan rage damuwa ; haɗin magungunan rage damuwa da maganin halayyar fahimta ya nuna cewa sun fi tasiri fiye da magani ɗaya kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karyotaki |first=E. |last2=Smit |first2=Y. |last3=Holdt Henningsen |first3=K. |last4=Huibers |first4=M.J.H. |last5=Robays |first5=J. |last6=de Beurs |first6=D. |last7=Cuijpers |first7=P. |date=2016 |title=Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=194 |pages=144–152 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.036 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=26826534 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan rashin lafiyar bipolar na iya ƙunsar magungunan rage damuwa, magungunan daidaita yanayi, magungunan rage tashin hankali <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keck |first=Paul E. Jr. |last2=McElroy |first2=Susan L. |author-link2=Susan McElroy |last3=Strakowski |first3=Stephen M. |date=1998 |title=Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=Suppl 6 |pages=74–82 |pmid=9674940}}</ref> da/ko lithium . An tabbatar da cewa lithium yana rage kashe kai da duk abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace a cikin mutanen da ke da matsalar yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cipriani |first=A |year=2013 |title=Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=346 |page=1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f3646 |pmid=23814104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan matsalar mitochondrial ko cututtukan mitochondrial sune ke haifar da matsalolin yanayi kamar matsalar bipolar, <ref name="Pieczenik, Steve R 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Pieczenik, Steve R. |last2=Neustadt, John |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease |journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.008 |pmid=17239370}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPieczenik,_Steve_R.Neustadt,_John2007">Pieczenik, Steve R.; Neustadt, John (2007). </cite></ref> to an yi hasashen cewa N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), da melatonin na iya zama zaɓuɓɓukan magani masu yuwuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nierenberg, Andrew A, Kansky, Christine, Brennan, Brian P, Shelton, Richard C, Perlis, Roy, Iosifescu, Dan V |year=2012 |title=Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: A pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development |journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=26–42 |doi=10.1177/0004867412449303 |pmid=22711881 |s2cid=22983555}}</ref> Wajen tantance magani, akwai nau'ikan ma'aunin damuwa da yawa da ake amfani da su. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aunin damuwa shine ma'aunin rahoton kai da ake kira Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Wani ma'auni kuma shine Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). HAMD ma'aunin kimantawa ne na asibiti wanda ake kimanta majiyyaci bisa ga lura da likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Eun Young |last2=Hwang |first2=Samuel Suk-Hyun |last3=Lee |first3=Nam Young |last4=Kim |first4=Se Hyun |last5=Lee |first5=Hyun Jeong |last6=Kim |first6=Yong Sik |last7=Ahn |first7=Yong Min |date=June 2013 |title=Intelligence, temperament, and personality are related to over- or under-reporting of affective symptoms by patients with euthymic mood disorder |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=148 |issue=2–3 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.065 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=23270973}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka Masu Yaduwa (CES-D) ma'auni ne na alamun damuwa wanda ya shafi jama'a gabaɗaya. Wannan ma'aunin yawanci ana amfani da shi a cikin bincike ba don rahotannin kai ba. PHQ-9 wanda ke wakiltar [[Tambayoyin lafiyar Majinyata|Tambayoyin Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya]] -9, rahoton kai ne kuma. A ƙarshe, Tambayoyin Rashin Lafiyar Yanayi (MDQ) yana kimanta cutar bipolar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Seung W. |last2=Schalet |first2=Benjamin |last3=Cook |first3=Karon F. |last4=Cella |first4=David |date=2014 |title=Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: Linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS Depression. |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=513–527 |doi=10.1037/a0035768 |issn=1939-134X |pmc=5515387 |pmid=24548149}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] btdm7sckm95re6tb1145kowebp6ghz4 859265 859263 2026-06-17T10:45:53Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin lafiyar yanayi''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''rashin lafiyar motsin rai''', shine ɗayan rukuni na yanayin rashin lafiyar hankali da ɗabi'a {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} inda babban halayyar da ke ƙarƙashinta ita ce damuwa a cikin yanayin mutum. {{Sfn|Sadock|Sadock|2002}} Rarrabawar tana cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM) da Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD). Matsalolin yanayi sun kasu kashi bakwai, {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} ciki har da: 1. yanayi mai girma wanda ba a saba gani ba, kamar mania ko hypomania ; 2. yanayi mai cike da damuwa, wanda aka fi sani kuma aka fi bincike a kansa shine [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD) (wanda aka fi sani da rashin jin daɗi na asibiti, rashin jin daɗi na unipolar, ko babban baƙin ciki); da kuma 3. yanayi wanda ke zagayawa tsakanin mania da baƙin ciki, wanda aka fi sani da [[Cutar bipolar|rashin jin daɗi na bipolar]] (BD) (wanda a da aka fi sani da manic depression). 4. Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan damuwa da dama ko cututtukan tabin hankali waɗanda ke nuna alamun da ba su da tsanani kamar rashin jin daɗi (kamar MDD, amma sun daɗe kuma sun daɗe, kodayake galibi sun fi sauƙi) da kuma rashin jin daɗin cyclothymic (kamar BD amma sun fi sauƙi). {{Sfn|Carlson|Heth|2007}} A wasu lokuta, akwai yiwuwar kamuwa da yanayi fiye da ɗaya a cikin mutum, kamar matsalar bipolar da depression disorder. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bipolar Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> Matsalolin yanayi kuma na iya zama abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai, ko kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon wani yanayi na rashin lafiya . Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan Ingila Henry Maudsley ya gabatar da wani babban rukuni na ''rashin lafiyar motsin rai'' . <ref name="Lewis1934">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=AJ |year=1934 |title=Melancholia: A Historical Review |url=http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/citation/80/328/1 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Mental Science |volume=80 |issue=328 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1192/bjp.80.328.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215051726/http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/citation/80/328/1 |archive-date=15 December 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga nan aka maye gurbin kalmar da ''rashin lafiyar yanayi'', kamar yadda na ƙarshen ke nufin yanayin [[Emotion|motsin rai]] na asali ko na tsawon lokaci, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berrios |first=GE |year=1985 |title=The Psychopathology of Affectivity: Conceptual and Historical Aspects |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=745–758 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700004980 |pmid=3909185 |s2cid=26603488}}</ref> yayin da na farko ke nufin yanayin motsin rai na waje da wasu suka lura. {{Sfn|Sadock|Sadock|2002}} == Rarrabawa == === Matsalolin Damuwa === * [[Babban rashin damuwa]] (MDD), wanda aka fi sani da babban baƙin ciki, rashin kwanciyar hankali na unipolar, ko baƙin ciki na asibiti, inda mutum ke da ɗaya ko fiye da [[Babban abin baƙin ciki|manyan abubuwan damuwa]] . Bayan wani lokaci guda, za a gano Babban Rashin Damuwa (wani lokaci guda). Dole ne ku fuskanci alamun kusan duk tsawon yini na tsawon akalla makonni biyu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinical Depression (Major Depressive Disorder): Symptoms |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260221173514/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24481-clinical-depression-major-depressive-disorder |archive-date=2026-02-21 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> . Bayan wani lokaci fiye da ɗaya, ganewar asali ya zama Babban Rashin Damuwa (Maimaitawa). Baƙin ciki ba tare da lokutan mania ba wani lokaci ana kiransa da ''baƙin ciki na unipolar'' saboda yanayin yana nan a ƙasan "sanduna" kuma baya hawa zuwa "sanduna" mafi girma, kamar yadda yake a cikin matsalar bipolar. {{Sfn|Parker|Hadzi-Pavlovic|Eyers|1996}} : Mutane da ke fama da babban yanayin damuwa ko kuma babban yanayin damuwa suna fuskantar haɗarin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]] . Neman taimako da magani daga ƙwararren likita yana rage haɗarin kashe kansu sosai. Bincike ya nuna cewa tambayar ko wani aboki ko wani ɗan uwa da ke cikin damuwa ya yi tunanin kashe kansa hanya ce mai inganci ta gano waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, kuma ba ya "dasa" ra'ayin ko ƙara haɗarin kashe kansa ta kowace hanya. {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} Nazarin cututtuka da aka gudanar a Turai ya nuna cewa, a wannan lokacin, kusan kashi 8.5 cikin ɗari na mutanen duniya suna da matsalar damuwa. Babu wata ƙungiyar shekaru da ta yi kama da ba ta da wata matsala daga baƙin ciki, kuma bincike ya gano cewa baƙin ciki yana bayyana a cikin jarirai 'yan ƙasa da watanni 6 waɗanda aka raba su da iyayensu mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayuso-Mateos J.L. |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=Depressive Disorders in Europe: Prevalence figures from the ODIN study |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=308–316 |doi=10.1192/bjp.179.4.308 |pmid=11581110 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin al'adu a cikin yawan jama'ar MDD saboda tasirin al'adu waɗanda ke "ƙalubalantar ma'anar da gano cututtukan tabin hankali", kamar yadda aka gani a cikin wani bincike da Parker et al. suka yi wanda ya yi bincike kan MDD a cikin mutanen China. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=Gordon |last2=Gladstone |first2=Gemma |last3=Chee |first3=Kuan Tsee |date=June 2001 |title=Depression in the Planet's Largest Ethnic Group: The Chinese |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857 |url-status=live |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=857–864 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703190756/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.857?download=true |archive-date=Jul 3, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon damuwa (wanda kuma aka sani da baƙin ciki ) cuta ce ta hankali da aka saba gani. Ya ƙunshi yanayi na baƙin ciki ko rashin jin daɗi ko sha'awar ayyuka na dogon lokaci. Baƙin ciki ya bambanta da canje-canjen yanayi na yau da kullun da ji game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Yana iya shafar dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. Baƙin ciki na iya faruwa ga kowa. Mutanen da suka rayu ta hanyar cin zarafi, asara mai tsanani, ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru masu damuwa sun fi kamuwa da baƙin ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2023 |title=Depressive disorder (depression) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref> * Ciwon damuwa yana yawan faruwa a asibitoci na farko da kuma asibitoci na gabaɗaya amma sau da yawa ba a gano shi ba. Ciwon damuwa da ba a gane shi ba na iya jinkirta murmurewa da kuma ƙara ta'azzara hasashen rashin lafiya, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci duk likitoci su iya gane yanayin, su magance matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, da kuma gano waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. : Masana binciken cututtuka sun san nau'ikan ko kuma takamaiman matakai daban-daban: :* ''Bacin rai mai kama da na yau da kullun'' ( ''AD'' ) yana da alaƙa da amsawar yanayi (rashin lafiyar jiki) da kuma kyakkyawan fata, [[Ƙara nauyi|ƙaruwar nauyi]] mai yawa ko ƙaruwar sha'awa ("cin abinci mai daɗi"), barci mai yawa ko barci mai nauyi ( hypersomnia ), jin nauyi a gaɓoɓi da aka sani da gurguwar leaden, da kuma rashin ƙarfi a zamantakewa sakamakon rashin jin daɗin da ake ji ga ƙin yarda da juna . {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} Matsalolin auna wannan ƙaramin nau'in ya haifar da tambayoyi game da ingancinsa da yawansa. {{Sfn|Sadock|Sadock|2002}} :* Ana siffanta ''ɓacin rai na Melancholic'' da rashin jin daɗi ( anhedonia ) a yawancin ayyuka ko duk wani aiki, gazawar amsawa ga abubuwan da ke motsa rai masu daɗi, yanayin baƙin ciki da ya fi bayyana fiye da [[Alhini|baƙin ciki]] ko asara, ƙara tsanantar alamun da safe, farkawa da sassafe, jinkirin motsin rai, raguwar nauyi mai yawa (ba za a iya rikitar da shi da [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia nervosa ba]] ), ko kuma yawan jin laifi. {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} :* ''Babban ɓacin rai na tabin hankali'' ( ''PMD'' ), ko kuma kawai ɓacin rai na tabin hankali, kalma ce ta babban abin da ke faruwa na ɓacin rai, musamman yanayin baƙin ciki, inda majiyyaci ke fuskantar alamun tabin hankali kamar ruɗi ko, ba kasafai ake gani ba, [[Hallucination|mafarki]] . Waɗannan galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayi (abin da ke ciki ya yi daidai da jigogi na baƙin ciki). {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} :* ''Damuwa mai tsanani'' wani nau'i ne na baƙin ciki mai tsanani wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba wanda ya haɗa da rikicewar halayen motsa jiki da sauran alamu. A nan, mutumin bebe ne kuma kusan yana cikin maye, kuma ko dai ba ya motsi ko kuma yana nuna motsin da ba shi da ma'ana ko ma na ban mamaki. Alamomin cutar catatonic kuma na iya faruwa a cikin [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] ko wani lamari na manic, ko kuma yana iya kasancewa saboda cutar neuroleptic malignant syndrome . {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} :* An jera ''[[Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa|matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa]]'' ( ''PPD'' ) a matsayin ma'aunin tantancewa a cikin DSM-IV-TR; yana nufin tsananin damuwa, mai dorewa kuma wani lokacin yana raunana damuwa da mata ke fuskanta bayan haihuwa. Damuwa bayan haihuwa, wacce ke shafar kashi 10-15% na mata, yawanci tana faruwa ne cikin watanni uku na [[Jego|haihuwa]], kuma tana ɗaukar tsawon watanni uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruta M Nonacs |title=Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3408.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013205912/http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3408.htm |archive-date=13 October 2008 |website=eMedicine}}</ref> Abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mata su fuskanci gajiya da baƙin ciki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan haihuwa; duk da haka, damuwa bayan haihuwa ya bambanta saboda yana iya haifar da wahala mai yawa da rashin aiki a gida, aiki, ko makaranta da kuma, wataƙila, wahala a dangantaka da 'yan uwa, mata, ko abokai, ko ma matsalolin haɗuwa da jariri. A cikin maganin manyan cututtukan damuwa bayan haihuwa da sauran damuwa ta unipolar a cikin mata masu shayarwa, nortriptyline, paroxetine (Paxil), da sertraline (Zoloft) gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su a matsayin magunguna da aka fi so. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Donohue M, Ellingrod VL, Wisner KL |year=2004 |title=Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=6 |pages=1066–1078 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1066 |pmid=15169695}}</ref> Mata masu tarihin rikicewar yanayi na kansu ko na iyali suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. :* ''Ciwon mara na kafin al'ada'' ( ''PMDD'' ) wani nau'i ne mai tsanani kuma mai nakasa na ciwon mara na kafin al'ada wanda ke shafar kashi 3-8% na mata masu jinin al'ada. <ref name="Rapkin" /> Ciwon ya ƙunshi "gungun alamomin motsin rai, hali da na somatic" waɗanda ke sake faruwa kowane wata a lokacin lokacin luteal na zagayowar al'ada . <ref name="Rapkin">{{Cite journal |last=Rapkin |first=AJ |last2=Lewis |first2=EI |date=November 2013 |title=Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder |journal=Women's Health |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=537–56 |doi=10.2217/whe.13.62 |pmid=24161307 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ƙara PMDD cikin jerin cututtukan damuwa a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' a cikin 2013. Ainihin sanadin cutar har yanzu ba a fayyace shi ba kuma batu ne na bincike mai aiki. Maganin PMDD ya dogara ne akan magungunan rage radadi waɗanda ke daidaita matakan serotonin a cikin kwakwalwa ta hanyar masu hana sake amfani da serotonin da kuma hana ovulation ta amfani da maganin hana haihuwa. <ref name="Rapkin" /> {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013}} :* ''Cutar yanayin yanayi'' ( ''SAD'' ), wacce aka fi sani da "baƙin cikin hunturu" ko "blues na hunturu", wani abu ne da ke ƙayyade yanayi. Wasu mutane suna da yanayin yanayi, tare da abubuwan damuwa suna faruwa a kaka ko hunturu, kuma suna warwarewa a bazara. Ana yin ganewar asali idan aƙalla lokuta biyu sun faru a cikin watanni masu sanyi ba tare da wani lokaci ba a cikin shekaru biyu ko fiye. {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} Ana yawan hasashe cewa mutanen da ke zaune a wurare mafi girma suna da ƙarancin hasken rana a lokacin hunturu don haka suna fuskantar yawan SAD, amma tallafin annoba ga wannan shawara ba shi da ƙarfi (kuma latitude ba shine kawai abin da ke tantance adadin hasken rana da ke isa idanu a lokacin hunturu ba). An ce ana iya magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar maganin haske . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=N.E |date=1984 |title=A Description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with Light Therapy |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010 |pmc=2686645 |pmid=6581756}}</ref> SAD kuma ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da suka ƙanana kuma yawanci yana shafar mata fiye da maza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lam, Raymond W. |last2=Levitan, Robert D. |year=2000 |title=Pathophysiology of seasonal affective disorder: a review |journal=Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=469–480 |pmc=1408021 |pmid=11109298}}</ref> :* ''Dysthymia'' cuta ce da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki na unipolar, inda matsalolin jiki da na fahimta iri ɗaya suke bayyana, amma ba su da tsanani kuma suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo (yawanci aƙalla shekaru 2). {{Sfn|Schacter|Gilbert|Wegner|2011}} Maganin dysthymia galibi iri ɗaya ne da na babban baƙin ciki, gami da magungunan rage damuwa da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Sartorius|1993}} :* Ana iya bayyana ''baƙin ciki sau biyu'' a matsayin yanayi mai matuƙar baƙin ciki (dysthymia) wanda ke ɗaukar akalla shekaru biyu kuma yana da alaƙa da lokutan babban baƙin ciki. {{Sfn|Schacter|Gilbert|Wegner|2011}} :* An sanya Cutar Damuwa da Ba a Bayyana Ba a cikin Lambar ''311'' don cututtukan damuwa. A cikin DSM-5, Cutar Damuwa da Ba a Bayyana Ba ta ƙunshi alamun da ke nuna alamun cututtukan damuwa kuma suna haifar da raguwar aiki, amma ba su cika sharuɗɗan gano duk wani takamaiman cututtukan damuwa ba. A cikin DSM-IV, an kira wannan Cutar Damuwa da Ba a Bayyana Ba a Wani Lokaci ba. :* ''Ciwon Hauka'' (DPD) wata cuta ce ta tabin hankali da ke nuna rashin lafiyar mutum mai siffofi na damuwa. Da farko an haɗa ta a cikin DSM-II, an cire matsalar halin damuwa daga DSM-III da DSM-III-R. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Millon |first=T. |date=2006 |title=Personality subtypes |url=http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055645/http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology}}</ref> Kwanan nan, an sake duba ta don a sake dawo da ita a matsayin ganewar asali. A halin yanzu an bayyana matsalar halin damuwa a cikin Shafi na B a cikin DSM-IV-TR a matsayin wanda ya cancanci ƙarin bincike. :* ''Bacin rai na ɗan lokaci mai zuwa'' ( ''RBD'' ), wanda aka bambanta shi da babban rashin jin daɗi musamman ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsawon lokaci. Mutanen da ke da RBD suna da alamun damuwa kusan sau ɗaya a wata, tare da alamun da ke faruwa ƙasa da makonni biyu kuma yawanci ƙasa da kwana 2-3. Gano RBD yana buƙatar cewa alamun suna faruwa a cikin aƙalla shekara guda, kuma, a cikin marasa lafiya mata, ba tare da la'akari da zagayowar al'ada ba. {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2000}} Mutanen da ke da ciwon ciki na asibiti na iya kamuwa da RBD, akasin haka kuma cututtukan biyu suna da irin wannan haɗarin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carta, Mauro Giovanni |last2=Altamura, Alberto Carlo |last3=Hardoy, Maria Carolina |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Is recurrent brief depression an expression of mood spectrum disorders in young people? |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=253 |issue=3 |pages=149–53 |doi=10.1007/s00406-003-0418-5 |pmid=12904979 |s2cid=26860606 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="What kind of risks? The second statement (from and both...) cannot be verified against the source. (November 2019)">ana buƙatar bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> :* ''Ƙaramin rashin jin daɗi'', ko kuma ƙaramin baƙin ciki, wanda ke nufin baƙin ciki wanda bai cika cikakkun sharuɗɗan babban baƙin ciki ba amma wanda aƙalla alamomi biyu ke bayyana na tsawon makonni biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ |year=2002 |title=A descriptive analysis of minor depression |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=637–43 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 |pmid=11925303}}</ref> === Matsalolin Bipolar === * [[Cutar bipolar|Ciwon Bipolar]] (BD) (wanda kuma ake kira "manic depression" ko "manic-depressive disorder"), wani yanayi na motsin rai mara kwanciyar hankali wanda ke tattare da zagayowar yanayi mara kyau, mai ɗorewa ( mania ) da ƙarancin yanayi ( [[Babban rashin damuwa|depression]] ), {{Sfn|Schacter|Gilbert|Wegner|2011}} wanda a da aka san shi da "manic depression" (kuma a wasu lokuta saurin hawan keke, yanayi gauraye, da alamun tabin hankali ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Melissa Conrad Stöppler |title=Bipolar Disorder (cont.) |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/bipolar_disorder/page3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018063559/http://www.medicinenet.com/bipolar_disorder/page3.htm |archive-date=18 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=MedicineNet, Inc.}}</ref> Ƙananan nau'ikan sun haɗa da: :* Ana bambanta ''Bipolar I'' ta hanyar kasancewar ko tarihin wani ko fiye na abubuwan da suka faru na manic ko kuma abubuwan da suka haɗu tare da ko ba tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru na depression ba. Ba a buƙatar wani abu mai ban tsoro don gano cutar Bipolar I Disorder, amma abubuwan da suka faru na depression yawanci wani ɓangare ne na yadda cutar ke faruwa. :* ''Bipolar II'' wanda ya ƙunshi maimaitawar yanayin hypomanic da depression ko kuma gauraye yanayi. :* ''Cyclothymia'' wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiyar bipolar, wanda ya ƙunshi sake dawowar hypomanic da dysthymic episodes, amma babu cikakken aukuwar manic episodes ko cikakken manyan episodes na baƙin ciki. :* ''Ciwon bipolar da ba a ƙayyade shi ba'' ( ''BD-NOS'' ), wanda wani lokacin ake kira "ƙasa-ƙasa" bipolar, yana nuna cewa majiyyaci yana da wasu alamu a cikin bipolar spectrum (misali, alamun manic da depressive) amma bai cancanci cikakken ganewar asali na DSM-IV guda uku da aka ambata a sama ba. : An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1% na manya suna da cutar bipolar I, wani kashi 1% kuma yana da cutar bipolar II ko cyclothymia, kuma tsakanin kashi 2% da 5% suna da nau'ikan cutar bipolar "ƙasa-ƙasa". Bugu da ƙari, yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar bipolar idan aka gano iyaye ɗaya yana da ita shine 15-30%. Hadarin, idan iyaye biyu suna da ita, shine 50-75%. Haka kuma, yayin da yake ga 'yan'uwa maza da mata masu bipolar, haɗarin shine 15-25%, tare da tagwaye iri ɗaya, shine kusan 70%. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abell |first=S. |last2=Ey, J. L. |date=4 June 2009 |title=Bipolar Disorder |journal=Clinical Pediatrics |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=693–694 |doi=10.1177/0009922808316663 |pmid=19498214 |s2cid=46493183}}</ref> == Dalilai == Nazarin meta ya nuna cewa manyan maki akan yanayin motsin rai na mutum suna da ƙarfin hasashen ci gaban rikice-rikicen yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders: A meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}</ref> Yanayin baƙin ciki martani ne da ake iya faɗi game da wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, kamar asarar matsayi, saki, ko mutuwar yaro ko mata. Waɗannan abubuwa ne da ke nuna asarar ikon haihuwa ko yuwuwar samu, ko kuma waɗanda suka faru a cikin yanayin kakannin ɗan adam. Ana iya ɗaukar yanayin baƙin ciki a matsayin martani mai daidaitawa, ta ma'anar cewa yana sa mutum ya juya daga yanayin ɗabi'un da suka gabata (kuma waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a haihuwa). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yanayin damuwa ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin cututtuka, kamar [[Influenza|mura]] . An yi jayayya cewa wannan wata hanya ce da ta samo asali wadda ke taimaka wa mutum ya murmure ta hanyar takaita ayyukansa na jiki. {{Sfn|Nesse|Williams|1994}} Faruwar rashin kwanciyar hankali a lokacin hunturu, ko kuma yanayin damuwa na yanayi, wataƙila ya kasance mai daidaitawa a baya, ta hanyar iyakance ayyukan jiki a lokutan da abinci ke da ƙarancin gaske. {{Sfn|Nesse|Williams|1994}} Ana jayayya cewa mutane sun riƙe yanayin jin daɗin fuskantar ƙarancin yanayi a lokacin hunturu, koda kuwa yanayin ba ya ƙayyade samuwar abinci. {{Sfn|Nesse|Williams|1994}} Yawancin abin da aka sani game da tasirin kwayoyin halitta na baƙin ciki na asibiti ya dogara ne akan binciken da aka yi da tagwaye iri ɗaya. Tagwaye iri ɗaya suna da tsarin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya. An gano cewa lokacin da tagwaye ɗaya suka shiga cikin baƙin ciki, ɗayan kuma zai kamu da baƙin ciki na asibiti kusan kashi 76% na lokacin. Lokacin da aka haifi tagwaye iri ɗaya daban da juna, dukansu za su shiga cikin baƙin ciki kusan kashi 67% na lokacin. Saboda tagwayen biyu suna shiga cikin baƙin ciki a irin wannan babban adadin, ma'anar ita ce akwai tasirin kwayar halitta mai ƙarfi. Idan ya faru cewa lokacin da tagwaye ɗaya ya shiga cikin baƙin ciki na asibiti, ɗayan koyaushe yana haifar da baƙin ciki, to baƙin cikin na asibiti zai zama gaba ɗaya na kwayoyin halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the main causes of depression or depressive disorders (psychology)? |url=http://www.erissolver.com/sq/What-are-the-main-causes-of-depression-or-depressive-disorders-(psychology) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610110247/http://www.erissolver.com/sq/What-are-the-main-causes-of-depression-or-depressive-disorders-(psychology) |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Eris Consulting}}</ref> Ana kuma ɗaukar [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar bipolar]] a matsayin matsalar yanayi kuma ana hasashen cewa tana iya faruwa ne sakamakon matsalar mitochondrial . <ref name="Pieczenik, Steve R 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Pieczenik, Steve R. |last2=Neustadt, John |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease |journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.008 |pmid=17239370}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and bipolar disorder |url=https://bipolarnutrition.wordpress.com/2017/09/29/mitochondrial-dysfunction-and-bipolar-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165713/https://bipolarnutrition.wordpress.com/2017/09/29/mitochondrial-dysfunction-and-bipolar-disorder/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scainiab, Giselli, Rezinc, Gislaine, Carvalhod, Andre, Streckb, Emilio L, Berkef, Michael, Quevedo, João |year=2016 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Evidence, pathophysiology and translational implications |journal=Neurosci Biobehav Rev |volume=68 |pages=694–713 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.040 |pmid=27377693 |s2cid=207092957}}</ref> === Bambance-bambancen jinsi === An nuna cewa matsalolin yanayi, musamman matsalolin yanayi da suka shafi damuwa kamar damuwa da baƙin ciki, suna da bambancin adadin ganewar asali dangane da [[jima'i]] . A Amurka, mata sun fi maza saurin kamuwa da matsalar yanayi da ta shafi damuwa. <ref name="Sex-dependent effects of chronic va">{{Cite journal |last=Rosinger |first=Zachary |date=2020 |title=Sex-dependent effects of chronic variable stress on discrete corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 cell populations |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=219 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112847 |pmc=7540729 |pmid=32081812}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blume |first=Shannon |date=23 August 2019 |title=Disruptive effects of repeated stress on basolateral amygdala neurons and fear behavior across the estrous cycle in rats |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=12292 |bibcode=2019NatSR...912292B |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48683-3 |pmc=6707149 |pmid=31444385 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin waɗannan bambance-bambancen jinsi, bincike ya nuna rashin daidaituwar aikin neuroendocrine mai amsawa ga damuwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar yuwuwar kamuwa da waɗannan matsalolin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiser |first=Michael |date=26 July 2008 |title=Androgen regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) mRNA expression and receptor binding in the rat brain |journal=Experimental Neurology |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.013 |pmc=2891365 |pmid=18706413}}</ref> Yawan aiki da aka yi a cikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|axis na hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)]] zai iya samar da damar fahimtar yadda waɗannan bambance-bambancen jinsi ke tasowa. Ana fitar da sinadarin neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) daga paraventricular nucleus (PVN) na hypothalamus, yana ƙarfafa sakin adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) zuwa cikin jini. Daga nan ACTH yana haifar da sakin glucocorticoids kamar [[cortisol]] daga adrenal cortex . Cortisol, wanda aka sani da babban hormone na damuwa, yana ƙirƙirar madaurin martani mara kyau zuwa hypothalamus don kashe martanin damuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramot |first=Assaf |date=March 2017 |title=Hypothalamic CRFR1 is essential for HPA axis regulation following chronic stress |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=385–388 |doi=10.1038/nn.4491 |pmid=28135239 |s2cid=5017743}}</ref> Lokacin da akwai mai damuwa akai-akai, axis na HPA yana ci gaba da aiki da yawa kuma ana samar da cortisol akai-akai. Wannan [[Matsanancin yau da kullun|damuwa ta yau da kullun]] yana da alaƙa da sakin CRF mai ɗorewa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar samar da halaye masu kama da damuwa da baƙin ciki da kuma aiki a matsayin wata hanya mai yuwuwar bambance-bambancen yawaita tsakanin maza da mata. <ref name="Sex-dependent effects of chronic va">{{Cite journal |last=Rosinger |first=Zachary |date=2020 |title=Sex-dependent effects of chronic variable stress on discrete corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 cell populations |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=219 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112847 |pmc=7540729 |pmid=32081812}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRosinger2020">Rosinger, Zachary (2020). </cite></ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == === ''DSM-5'' === ''DSM-5'', wanda aka fitar a watan Mayu na 2013, ya raba babin matsalar yanayi daga ''DSM-IV-TR'' zuwa sassa biyu: Matsalolin damuwa da masu alaƙa da kuma cututtukan bipolar da masu alaƙa. Cututtukan bipolar suna faɗuwa tsakanin cututtukan damuwa da schizophrenia da cututtuka masu alaƙa "don gane matsayinsu a matsayin gada tsakanin azuzuwan ganewar asali guda biyu dangane da alamun cutar, tarihin iyali da kwayoyin halitta" (Ref. 1, shafi na 123). {{Sfn|American Psychiatric Association|2013}} Cututtukan Bipolar sun fuskanci ƴan canje-canje a cikin ''DSM-5'', musamman ƙara wasu takamaiman alamun da suka shafi yanayin hypomanic da manic gauraye. Cututtukan damuwa sun fuskanci mafi yawan canje-canje, ƙara sabbin cututtuka guda uku: matsalar rashin daidaituwar yanayi, rashin daidaituwar damuwa mai ɗorewa (wanda a da yake dysthymia ne), da kuma rashin daidaituwar yanayi kafin al'ada (wanda a da yake a cikin ƙarin bayani na B, sashen rashin daidaituwar yanayi da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike). An yi nufin rashin daidaituwar yanayi mai rikitarwa a matsayin ganewar asali ga yara da matasa waɗanda yawanci za a gano suna da matsalar bipolar a matsayin hanyar iyakance ganewar cutar bipolar a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru. Babban rashin daidaituwar yanayi (MDD) shi ma ya sami babban sauyi, domin an cire sashin [[Alhini|baƙin ciki]] . Waɗanda a da aka keɓe daga ganewar cutar MDD saboda baƙin ciki yanzu 'yan takara ne don ganewar cutar MDD. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=George |date=2014 |title=DSM-5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=182–190 |pmid=24986345}}</ref> == Magani == Akwai nau'ikan jiyya daban-daban da ake da su don cututtukan yanayi, kamar magani da magunguna. Maganin ɗabi'a, maganin halayyar fahimta da kuma maganin hulɗa da mutane duk sun nuna cewa suna da amfani a cikin damuwa. {{Sfn|Nolen-Hoeksema|2013}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Drew |last2=Morrison |first2=Kate |date=2001 |title=A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=875–899 |citeseerx=10.1.1.200.7241 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.69.6.875 |pmid=11777114}}</ref> Manyan magungunan rashin damuwa yawanci sun haɗa da magungunan rage damuwa ; haɗin magungunan rage damuwa da maganin halayyar fahimta ya nuna cewa sun fi tasiri fiye da magani ɗaya kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karyotaki |first=E. |last2=Smit |first2=Y. |last3=Holdt Henningsen |first3=K. |last4=Huibers |first4=M.J.H. |last5=Robays |first5=J. |last6=de Beurs |first6=D. |last7=Cuijpers |first7=P. |date=2016 |title=Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=194 |pages=144–152 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.036 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=26826534 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan rashin lafiyar bipolar na iya ƙunsar magungunan rage damuwa, magungunan daidaita yanayi, magungunan rage tashin hankali <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keck |first=Paul E. Jr. |last2=McElroy |first2=Susan L. |author-link2=Susan McElroy |last3=Strakowski |first3=Stephen M. |date=1998 |title=Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=Suppl 6 |pages=74–82 |pmid=9674940}}</ref> da/ko lithium . An tabbatar da cewa lithium yana rage kashe kai da duk abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace a cikin mutanen da ke da matsalar yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cipriani |first=A |year=2013 |title=Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=346 |page=1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f3646 |pmid=23814104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan matsalar mitochondrial ko cututtukan mitochondrial sune ke haifar da matsalolin yanayi kamar matsalar bipolar, <ref name="Pieczenik, Steve R 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Pieczenik, Steve R. |last2=Neustadt, John |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease |journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.008 |pmid=17239370}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPieczenik,_Steve_R.Neustadt,_John2007">Pieczenik, Steve R.; Neustadt, John (2007). </cite></ref> to an yi hasashen cewa N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), da melatonin na iya zama zaɓuɓɓukan magani masu yuwuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nierenberg, Andrew A, Kansky, Christine, Brennan, Brian P, Shelton, Richard C, Perlis, Roy, Iosifescu, Dan V |year=2012 |title=Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: A pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development |journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=26–42 |doi=10.1177/0004867412449303 |pmid=22711881 |s2cid=22983555}}</ref> Wajen tantance magani, akwai nau'ikan ma'aunin damuwa da yawa da ake amfani da su. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aunin damuwa shine ma'aunin rahoton kai da ake kira Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Wani ma'auni kuma shine Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). HAMD ma'aunin kimantawa ne na asibiti wanda ake kimanta majiyyaci bisa ga lura da likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Eun Young |last2=Hwang |first2=Samuel Suk-Hyun |last3=Lee |first3=Nam Young |last4=Kim |first4=Se Hyun |last5=Lee |first5=Hyun Jeong |last6=Kim |first6=Yong Sik |last7=Ahn |first7=Yong Min |date=June 2013 |title=Intelligence, temperament, and personality are related to over- or under-reporting of affective symptoms by patients with euthymic mood disorder |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=148 |issue=2–3 |pages=235–242 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.065 |issn=0165-0327 |pmid=23270973}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka Masu Yaduwa (CES-D) ma'auni ne na alamun damuwa wanda ya shafi jama'a gabaɗaya. Wannan ma'aunin yawanci ana amfani da shi a cikin bincike ba don rahotannin kai ba. PHQ-9 wanda ke wakiltar [[Tambayoyin lafiyar Majinyata|Tambayoyin Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya]] -9, rahoton kai ne kuma. A ƙarshe, Tambayoyin Rashin Lafiyar Yanayi (MDQ) yana kimanta cutar bipolar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Seung W. |last2=Schalet |first2=Benjamin |last3=Cook |first3=Karon F. |last4=Cella |first4=David |date=2014 |title=Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: Linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS Depression. |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=513–527 |doi=10.1037/a0035768 |issn=1939-134X |pmc=5515387 |pmid=24548149}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7z79lfggouwxit86732nmkw4780k8fm 0 114089 858931 705044 2026-06-16T13:58:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Comisionada Gloria Monique de Mees (53614907647).jpg|thumb|Gloria de Mees]] '''Gloria Monique de Mees''' farfesa ce ta [[Suriname]] wacce ta zama Mai Rahoto ta OAS akan Haƙƙin Baƙin Afro da kuma adawa da Wariyar launin fata. An zabe ta don yin aiki a Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-American (IAHCR) daga 2024 zuwa karshen 2027. == Rayuwa == An haifi Mees a babban birnin Suriname [[Paramaribo]], <ref name="cejil">{{Cite web |title=CV GLORIA MONIQUE DE MEES |url=https://cejil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CV-Gloria-Monique-de-Mees.pdf |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Center for Justice and International Law - CEJIL}}</ref> kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Anton de Kom ta Suriname a shekara ta 2000.<ref name="cejil" /> [[Fayil:Gloria_Monique_de_Mees_189_Período_de_Sesiones,_Washington_DC_(53613354428).jpg|left|thumb|Kwamitin IACHR na 2024]] Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Anton de Kom ta Suriname tana ba da lacca kan dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref name="iachrelect">{{Cite web |title=OAS IACHR: Rapporteurship on the Rights of Persons of African Descent and against Racial Discrimination :: Rapporteur :: Rapporteur |url=https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/IACHR/R/DPAD/relator.asp |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) |language=en}}</ref> Kasarta ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama 'yar takarar da za a zabe ta a IACHR. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da wani kwamiti mai zaman kansa karkashin jagorancin Claudia Martin na Jami'ar Amurka ta Kwalejin Shari'a ta Washington, ya dubi dukkan masu neman takara a cikin shekara da za a sami sababbin membobin IACHR guda hudu. Kwamitin ya damu da cewa an janye da yawa daga cikin 'yan takarar. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa sun cika sharuddan, amma de Mees ta gaza cika ƙwarewa tare da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na IACHR kuma kwamitin ya tuhumi 'yancin kai, rashin son kai, da rashin rikice-rikice".<ref name="panelconcern">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Presentation of the Final Report of the IACHR Panel |url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/hracademy/news/presentation-of-the-final-report-of-the-iachr-panel/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=American University Washington College of Law |language=en}}</ref> Babban taron OAS ne ya zabe ta don yin aiki daga farkon 2024 zuwa karshen 2027. Ta gaji lauyan Jamaica Margarette May Macaulay a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kan 'yancin mata da mai ba da rahoto kan 'yancin mutanen Afirka da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref name="iachrelect"/> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sababbin kwamishinonin uku, ciki har da Andrea Pochak, wanda ya maye gurbin kwamishinonin Macauley, Julissa Mantilla Falcón da Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño. Shugaban farko na Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Inter-Amurka (IACHR) zai kasance Roberta Clarke wanda kwamishina ne daga Trinidad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyana & Suriname representatives appointed to IACHR commission {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/guyana-suriname-representatives-appointed-iachr-commission |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Loop News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Commons category-inline}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tadpyeuarolxwfgoxud75gi3p94srxg 0 115463 858953 714679 2026-06-16T15:56:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Gudanar da Sana'o'i: Matsayi mafi Muhimmanci wanda al'ummar musulmi za su wuce ta cikinsa''''' ( Arabic , ''Idārat at-Tawaḥḥuš: Akhṭar marḥalah satamurru bihā l 'ummah'' ), <ref name="jamestown28Jan" /> also translated as ''Administration of Savagery'', <ref name="jamestown28Jan">{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Michael W. S. |date=28 January 2010 |title=Al-Qaeda's Purpose in Yemen Described in Works of Jihad Strategists |url=https://jamestown.org/program/al-qaedas-purpose-in-yemen-described-in-works-of-jihad-strategists/ |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> littafi ne na mai fafutukar Islama Abu Bakr Naji, wanda aka buga akan [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] a shekara ta 2004. Yana da nufin samar da wata sabuwar dabara ta [[al-Qaeda]] . [[Khalifofi|Halifancin]] Musulunci . Cibiyar Nazarin Al Arabiya ta ce ainihin sunan Abubakar Naji shi ne Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim . <ref name="alarabiya">{{Cite web |last=Nesira |first=Hani |date=16 May 2014 |script-title=ar:إدارة التوحش..والملاذات الآمنة للإرهاب من نظام الأسد إلى إمارة داعش! |url=http://studies.alarabiya.net/hot-issues/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229151947/http://studies.alarabiya.net/hot-issues/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=[[Al Arabiya]] Institute for Studies |language=ar}}</ref> <ref name="alarabiya-en">{{Cite web |last=Nesira |first=Hani |date=6 July 2013 |title=From Agassi to Al Nusra..Assad experience in jihadi investment! |url=http://estudies.alarabiya.net/content/agassi-al-nusraassad-experience-jihadi-investment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016223117/http://estudies.alarabiya.net/content/agassi-al-nusraassad-experience-jihadi-investment |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] Institute for Studies}}</ref> sanannen ayyukansa sune wannan yanki da wasu gudummawar ga mujallar yanar gizo ta al-Qaeda ''Sawt al-Jihad'' . Rediyon Jama'a na kasa ya bayyana Naji a matsayin "babban mai bin al-Qaida" kuma ya kwatanta aikin a matsayin "littafin wasan kwaikwayo na al-Qaida". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Laura |date=27 June 2006 |title=Al-Qaida's Playbook |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5516640 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> == Etymology == Kalmar da ke cikin take توحش ''tawaḥḥḥuš'' an fassara ta da "lalata" ko "barbarism". Da yake shi ne nau'i na V na magana da aka samo daga tushen وحش ''waḥš'' "dabbobin daji", saboda haka an fassara shi da "dawa". == Jigogi da matakai == ''Gudanar da Savagery ya tattauna game da buƙatar ƙirƙira da sarrafa fushin kishin ƙasa da na addini da tashin hankali don samar da damar farfaganda na dogon lokaci ga ƙungiyoyin jihadi. Musamman ma, Naji ya tattauna kan amfanin tsokanar soji daga manyan ƙasashen duniya domin daukar ma'aikata da horar da mayaka da samar da shahidai. Naji ya ba da shawarar cewa dabarar da za ta [[Attrition warfare|dawwama]] za ta bayyanar da kasawa ta asali a cikin karfin manyan kasashe wajen fatattakar masu jihadi''. Naji ya yi ikirarin cewa [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taimiyya]], fitaccen malamin addinin Musulunci na karni na 14 ne ya yi masa wahayi. === Matakai === Najji ya bayyana jihohi uku na jihadi.{{unordered list|In stage one ("vexation and empowerment") the "will of the enemy" would be broken by destruction of "vital economic and strategic targets". In Muslim-majority countries these would include "oil facilities and the tourism infrastructure".<ref name="Gerges-18-3-19"/> For example, after the [[2005 Bali bombings]] of tourist resorts, tourist sites around the world were compelled to increase their security, an enormous expense compared to the small cost of jihad attacks.<ref name="sole-2016" /> A campaign of constant violent attacks (vexation operations) in Muslim states will eventually exhaust their ability and will to enforce their authority.<ref name="nyJune14" /><ref name=newyorker /> Concentrating security forces to protect these sensitive targets will cause the state to weaken and its powers wither, leading to a breakdown of public order, since "if regular armies concentrate in one place they lose control. Conversely, if they spread out, they lose effectiveness".<ref name="sole-2016"/> Salafi-jihadists will take advantage of this security vacuum, launching an all-out battle on the thinly dispersed security forces leading to the destruction of the state targeted by the jihadis.<ref>Najji, ''Management of Savagery'', p.20</ref> Extreme violence is emphasized. <blockquote>One who previously engaged in jihad knows that it is naught but violence, crudeness, terrorism, frightening [others] and massacring—I am talking about jihad and fighting, not about Islam and one should not confuse them.<ref name=worth-174>{{cite book|last=Worth|first=Robert F.|title=A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNOLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|year=2016|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-71071-2|page=174}}</ref></blockquote> Also part of this stage are attention grabbing operations, publicized by "a media strategy that seeks rational and sharia justification for such operations" to attract youthful recruits to jihad.<ref name="sole-2016">{{cite web |last1=Sole |first1=Jeff |title="Management Of Savagery" – A Model For Establishing The Islamic State |url=https://mackenzieinstitute.com/2016/06/management-of-savagery-a-model-for-establishing-the-islamic-state/ |publisher=Mackenzie Institute |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820193808/https://mackenzieinstitute.com/2016/06/management-of-savagery-a-model-for-establishing-the-islamic-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> To free captured jihadis, hostages should be taken and "if the demands are not met, the hostages should be liquidated in a terrifying manner, which will send fear into the hearts of the enemy and his supporters."<ref name="sole-2016"/> "The most abominable of the levels of savagery" are preferable to "stability under the order of unbelief".<ref name="Crooke-2014">{{cite news |last1=Crooke |first1=Alastair |title=The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/iraq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575 |access-date=22 August 2019 |agency=HuffPost |date=30 June 2014}}</ref> In addition, "police forces, armies, political parties, newspapers, Islamic groups, petroleum companies, [[private security companies]], civil institutions", should be infiltrated by jihadis.<ref name="sole-2016"/> Naji nominated [[Jordan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]], [[North Africa]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Pakistan]] as potential targets, due to their geography, weak military presence in remote areas, existing jihadist presence, and easy accessibility of weapons.<ref>{{cite web|last=al-Ibrahim |first=Fouad |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |title=Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise |work=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]] |location=Lebanon |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |archive-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>|In stage two is the "administration of savagery" (''Idarat al-Tawhush''). In the wake of the breakdown in order, the law of the jungle will prevail and survivors will "accept any organization, regardless of whether it is made up of good or evil people."<ref name="Neurink-2015">{{cite web |last1=Neurink |first1=Judit |title=ANALYSIS: The 'Savage' book behind ISIS violence |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/analysis/21022015 |agency=Rudaw |access-date=21 August 2019 |date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Jihadists can take advantage of this savagery to win popular support, or at least acquiescence, Jihadis will be the organization—enforcing sharia and providing basic services of security, food and medicine. The areas they control will serve as bases to attack other states that have not yet been overthrown, to "plunder their money, and place them in a constant state of apprehension".<ref name="sole-2016" />|In the third and final stage, ("empowerment", ''Shawkat al-Tamkeen''). The area or areas they administer become the nucleus of a new [[caliphate]].<ref name="nyJune14" /><ref name=newyorker /> Jihadis will be empowered through the establishment of an Islamic state, ruled by a single leader who will unify diffuse and scattered groups and regions of "savagery" in a caliphate.<ref>Najji, ''Management of Savagery'', p.50</ref> Despite the enormous suffering and loss of life caused by the forces of jihad, those forces will (according to Najji) win hearts and minds and gain legitimacy and recognition for Islamic rule by employing a mixture of persuasion and coercion.<ref name="Gerges-18-3-19">{{cite journal |last1=Gerges |first1=Fawaz A. |title=The World According to ISIS |journal=Foreign Policy Journal |date=18 March 2016 |url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2016/03/18/the-world-according-to-isis/ |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>}} == A aikace == Kafofin yaɗa labarai da dama sun kwatanta yunkurin da [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|kungiyar Da'esh ta Iraki da Levant ke]] yi na tabbatar da yankunan Iraki da Siriya da dabarun da aka zayyana wajen ''gudanar da ayyukan ta'addanci'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alastair |first=Crooke |date=30 June 2014 |title=The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/iraq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> Fitowar farko ta mujallar daular musulunci ta yanar gizo mai suna ''Dabiq'', ta qunshi bahasi kan yaqin ƙungiyoyi da dabarun da suka yi kama da rubuce-rubuce da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su ''wajen Gudanar da Savageriya'', duk da cewa ba a ambaci littafin kai tsaye ba. <ref name="JamestownDabiq">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Michael W.S. |date=1 August 2014 |title=Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magazine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns and Guerrilla Doctrine |url=https://jamestown.org/program/hot-issue-dabiq-what-islamic-states-new-magazine-tells-us-about-their-strategic-direction-recruitment-patterns-and-guerrilla-doctrine/ |access-date=27 October 2014 |website=Hot Issues |publisher=Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> Dan jarida Hassan Hassan, a rubuce a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', ya ruwaito wani malami mai alaƙa da ISIL yana cewa ana karanta ''Gudanar da Savagery'' a tsakanin kwamandojin ƙungiyar da wasu daga cikin mayakan sa-kai. Haka kuma wani dan kungiyar ISIL ya ambace shi a cikin jerin litattafai da masu akidar da ke da tasiri a kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Hassan |date=8 February 2015 |title=Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/isis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot |access-date=10 February 2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Gidauniyar Jamestown ta bayyana Al-Qaeda a yankin Larabawa da bin ka'idojin Naji a [[Yemen]], <ref name="jamestown28Jan"/> yayin da aka ambaci littafin da kyau a cikin hirar da aka yi da 'yan kungiyar [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al-Shabaab]] ta [[Somaliya|Somalia]] . Masanan Brian A. Jackson da Bryce Loidolt suna jayayya cewa ''Gudanar da Savagery'' da Mustafa Setmariam Nasar 's ''The Global Islamic Resistance Call'' ya jagoranci al-Qaeda don ƙirƙira da canza ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loidolt |first=Bryce |last2=Jackson |first2=Brian A. |date=2013 |title=Considering al-Qa'ida's Innovation Doctrine: From Strategic Texts to 'Innovation in Practice' |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=284–310 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2012.662557 |s2cid=144363806}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * ''Littafin Al Qaeda'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110084554/https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/abu-bakr-naji-the-management-of-savagery-the-most-critical-stage-through-which-the-umma-will-pass.pdf The Management of Savagery] English Translation * [http://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Stealing-Al-Qaidas-Playbook.pdf Stealing Al‐Qa'ida's Playbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718181858/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Stealing-Al-Qaidas-Playbook.pdf |date=2015-07-18 }} Archived 2015-07-18 at the Wayback Machine Overview, Jarret M. Brachman et al., Combating Terrorism Center 5084wcsg1ddogasj8juvj42bwr4eg4c 0 116047 859050 728298 2026-06-16T19:59:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samun dama */ 859050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Manazarta == pi5p7nxws7zgg8wus09husgxuevkd2l 859054 859050 2026-06-16T20:02:06Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samun Ruwa */ 859054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> == Manazarta == 17kbc9ki9ay2kw8na9tsa7fa4bmx12w 859056 859054 2026-06-16T20:02:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin ruwan sha */ 859056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8ooha76dbb3rj78t2hynnrr5a9e80od 859058 859056 2026-06-16T20:03:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin ruwan sha */ 859058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === {{further|wastewater treatment}} An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Manazarta == p7su3q1ksa0xbil7bhfbgd4oth8qnea 859059 859058 2026-06-16T20:03:33Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin ruwan sha */ 859059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === {{further|wastewater treatment}} An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Manazarta == hkzn9r6e4tswd4iqrcu90wnbad5xqfv 859060 859059 2026-06-16T20:03:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sarrafa ruwan kazanta */ 859060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Manazarta == invxqs9zrxfabcyqrgicauwjnf2i62v 859064 859060 2026-06-16T20:09:04Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sarrafa ruwan kazanta */ 859064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> == Manazarta == 8fa7txva6qjprfwjujrse9qvujlcqlm 859065 859064 2026-06-16T20:10:25Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan */ 859065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === {{Main|Water privatisation in Ghana|l1=Water privatization in Ghana}} Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> == Manazarta == cmhric9u08bh4op0oq6srk1oinpgp78 859066 859065 2026-06-16T20:10:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) */ 859066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === {{Main|Water privatisation in Ghana|l1=Water privatization in Ghana}} Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Manazarta == dwovzpj2hg4pg6gwqam4e3tzz3j9o43 859067 859066 2026-06-16T20:11:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) */ 859067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Manazarta == 1vvmo9rcsk8g98aklejcg191k6swv2o 859070 859067 2026-06-16T20:17:52Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) */ 859070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3g9t755f2bzdl41tu7y64sm1yljz2fk 859072 859070 2026-06-16T20:18:30Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa */ 859072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> == Manazarta == snqai8xr4ti8bds65x06mivwkt11g0c 859073 859072 2026-06-16T20:19:06Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yankunan Karkara */ 859073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == n36alhcgnlb7i5uv52jfwfbsmesddns 859074 859073 2026-06-16T20:19:36Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki */ 859074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == hkwre1nuyw4tv9g3ns35vyckkbt37ge 859075 859074 2026-06-16T20:19:59Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga */ 859075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan aiki na ma'aikata === An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2010, GWCL tana da ma'aikata 7.2 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da matakan shiyyoyi.<ref name="Vitens Evides"/> Sai dai, kyakkyawan tsarin aiki na duniya shine ƙasa da ma'aikata 4 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. == Manazarta == 6arik0wejlw8mb5joc06k1n32r2nxlt 859153 859075 2026-06-17T05:45:20Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yawan aiki na ma'aikata */ 859153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan aiki na ma'aikata === An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2010, GWCL tana da ma'aikata 7.2 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da matakan shiyyoyi.<ref name="Vitens Evides"/> Sai dai, kyakkyawan tsarin aiki na duniya shine ƙasa da ma'aikata 4 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. == Bangarorin Kuɗi == === Kudirin haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa === Harajin ruwa a Ghana sun yi ƙanƙanta da za su iya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan. Harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na yankunan birane. '''Yankunan birane.''' A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC ta amince da ƙarin kashi 67.2% a kan harajin ruwan birane. An ƙara harajin daga GHS1.78/m3 ($0.45/m3) zuwa GHS3.01/m3 (US$0.76/m3). Matsakaicin lissafin kuɗi na kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar zai kai GHS10.00 ($2.50). Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water) ya buƙaci ƙarin haraji da kashi 400% don biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa, amma hukumar daidaitawa ta rage buƙatar sosai, tana mai bayyana damuwa game da ikon biyan kuɗin jama'a.<ref name="GWI tariffs">{{cite web|title=Ghana swallows 67% tariff hike|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|page=13|date=December 2015}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 1997, matsakaicin harajin ruwa a yankunan biranen Ghana ya kasance tsakanin US$0.10 zuwa US$0.15 a kowace m³.<ref name="doe 32">{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 32</ref><ref name="cedi">1 Ghanaian Cedi = 0.0001132 US Dollar (31 December 2006); Source: http://www.oanda.com/</ref> A wancan lokacin, Gwamnati ba ta shirya amincewa da manyan ƙarin haraji ba. Al'amura sun canza bayan kafa hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC wacce ke bincika tare da amincewa da harajin ayyukan jama'a da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsakaicin harajin ruwa na kusan US$0.50 a shekarar 2004.<ref name="wateraid 4"/> A shekarar 2006, harajin GWCL na farkon 20m³ da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance US$0.55 a kowace m³, yayin da aka caji US$0.76 a kowace m³ da ta wuce 20m³ a cikin wata guda.<ref name="doe 32"/><ref name="cedi"/> Bayan haka, darajar harajin da aka lissafta da dalar Amurka ta sake raguwa saboda faɗuwar darajar kuɗin gida. '''Yankunan karkara.''' Kamar yadda tsarin manufofin CWSA ya tsara, harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kamata ya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan, gami da gudanarwa, kulawa, manyan gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da faɗaɗawa zuwa sabbin yankuna. Majalisun gundumomi ne ke fito da haraji a yankunan karkara.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> Sai dai kuma, ya kamata kuɗin samar da ruwan ya yi ƙasa sosai yadda ba zai kai ga harajin da ya wuce dalar Amurka 1 a kowace m³ ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a tsarin famfo guda biyar da al'umma ke gudanarwa a Yankin Ashanti ya gano matsakaicin haraji na kusan US$0.60 a kowace m³ a shekarar 2003, wanda a zahiri yana biyan tsakanin kashi 57 zuwa 77% na cikakken kuɗin samar da ruwan.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Nyarko| first = K. B.|author2=Oduro-Kwarteng, S. |author3=Adama, I.| title = Cost recovery of community-managed piped water systems in the Ashanti region, Ghana| journal = Water and Environment Journal| volume = 21| issue = 2| pages = 92–99| publisher = Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)| year = 2006| doi = 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00051.x| s2cid = 154378574| issn = 1747-6585}}</ref> Wani binciken kuma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna matsakaicin kuɗin da kowane gida ke kashewa a kowane wata don siyan ruwa ya kai US$0.99 a ƙauyuka 97 na samfur a Yankin Volta da kuma US$0.89 a ƙauyuka 103 a Yankin Brong Ahafo. Sayi dai, a kusan kashi 70% na ƙauyukan Volta da kashi 40% kawai na ƙauyukan Brong Ahafo, aƙalla kashi 90% na gidajen da aka tattauna da su ne a zahiri suka biya kuɗin ruwa. Inda ake cajin amfanin ruwa, ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin biya ko kuma tsarin biya-yayin-ɗiba.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 4</ref> == Manazarta == ies119jk6l59kef1kxcp4hxdkqkzj9o 859154 859153 2026-06-17T05:46:10Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kudirin haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa */ 859154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan aiki na ma'aikata === An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2010, GWCL tana da ma'aikata 7.2 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da matakan shiyyoyi.<ref name="Vitens Evides"/> Sai dai, kyakkyawan tsarin aiki na duniya shine ƙasa da ma'aikata 4 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. == Bangarorin Kuɗi == === Kudirin haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa === Harajin ruwa a Ghana sun yi ƙanƙanta da za su iya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan. Harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na yankunan birane. '''Yankunan birane.''' A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC ta amince da ƙarin kashi 67.2% a kan harajin ruwan birane. An ƙara harajin daga GHS1.78/m3 ($0.45/m3) zuwa GHS3.01/m3 (US$0.76/m3). Matsakaicin lissafin kuɗi na kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar zai kai GHS10.00 ($2.50). Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water) ya buƙaci ƙarin haraji da kashi 400% don biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa, amma hukumar daidaitawa ta rage buƙatar sosai, tana mai bayyana damuwa game da ikon biyan kuɗin jama'a.<ref name="GWI tariffs">{{cite web|title=Ghana swallows 67% tariff hike|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|page=13|date=December 2015}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 1997, matsakaicin harajin ruwa a yankunan biranen Ghana ya kasance tsakanin US$0.10 zuwa US$0.15 a kowace m³.<ref name="doe 32">{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 32</ref><ref name="cedi">1 Ghanaian Cedi = 0.0001132 US Dollar (31 December 2006); Source: http://www.oanda.com/</ref> A wancan lokacin, Gwamnati ba ta shirya amincewa da manyan ƙarin haraji ba. Al'amura sun canza bayan kafa hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC wacce ke bincika tare da amincewa da harajin ayyukan jama'a da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsakaicin harajin ruwa na kusan US$0.50 a shekarar 2004.<ref name="wateraid 4"/> A shekarar 2006, harajin GWCL na farkon 20m³ da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance US$0.55 a kowace m³, yayin da aka caji US$0.76 a kowace m³ da ta wuce 20m³ a cikin wata guda.<ref name="doe 32"/><ref name="cedi"/> Bayan haka, darajar harajin da aka lissafta da dalar Amurka ta sake raguwa saboda faɗuwar darajar kuɗin gida. '''Yankunan karkara.''' Kamar yadda tsarin manufofin CWSA ya tsara, harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kamata ya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan, gami da gudanarwa, kulawa, manyan gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da faɗaɗawa zuwa sabbin yankuna. Majalisun gundumomi ne ke fito da haraji a yankunan karkara.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> Sai dai kuma, ya kamata kuɗin samar da ruwan ya yi ƙasa sosai yadda ba zai kai ga harajin da ya wuce dalar Amurka 1 a kowace m³ ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a tsarin famfo guda biyar da al'umma ke gudanarwa a Yankin Ashanti ya gano matsakaicin haraji na kusan US$0.60 a kowace m³ a shekarar 2003, wanda a zahiri yana biyan tsakanin kashi 57 zuwa 77% na cikakken kuɗin samar da ruwan.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Nyarko| first = K. B.|author2=Oduro-Kwarteng, S. |author3=Adama, I.| title = Cost recovery of community-managed piped water systems in the Ashanti region, Ghana| journal = Water and Environment Journal| volume = 21| issue = 2| pages = 92–99| publisher = Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)| year = 2006| doi = 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00051.x| s2cid = 154378574| issn = 1747-6585}}</ref> Wani binciken kuma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna matsakaicin kuɗin da kowane gida ke kashewa a kowane wata don siyan ruwa ya kai US$0.99 a ƙauyuka 97 na samfur a Yankin Volta da kuma US$0.89 a ƙauyuka 103 a Yankin Brong Ahafo. Sayi dai, a kusan kashi 70% na ƙauyukan Volta da kashi 40% kawai na ƙauyukan Brong Ahafo, aƙalla kashi 90% na gidajen da aka tattauna da su ne a zahiri suka biya kuɗin ruwa. Inda ake cajin amfanin ruwa, ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin biya ko kuma tsarin biya-yayin-ɗiba.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 4</ref> === Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe === Tunda ingantaccen tattalin arziki gami da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a ɓangaren suna da matuƙar ƙasa, zuba jari ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana ya dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen waje. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, kashi 90% na jimillar zuba jari a ɓangaren a shekarun 1990 hukumomin waje ne suka yi shi,<ref name="ADF"/> waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 500 ga ɓangaren tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2003. Yana da kyau a ambata cewa yawancin lokuta fannin tsaftar muhalli ba ya samun kulawa sosai.<ref>{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 3</ref> Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasin ya nuna, fiye da kashi 96% na kuɗaɗen da ake sauran samu a shekarar 2006 za su fito ne daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: [http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227155149/http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} – A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 27</ref> Duk da gagarumar gudummawar da masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa ke bayarwa, kuɗaɗen tallafin sun kasance basu isa ba don cimma Burikan Cigaban Ƙarni (Millennium Development Goals) na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, waɗanda ke da burin rage rabin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyukan nan da shekarar 2015 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 1990. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, faɗaɗawa da gyara abubuwan more rayuwa na birane na buƙatar zuba jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.3 a cikin wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="oecd 294"/> Wata majiyar kuma ta ƙiyasta bukatun zuba jari na shekara-shekara a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a kan dalar Amurka miliyan 150. Kuɗaɗen zuba jari da ake saurare don shekarar 2006 sun kasance dalar Amurka miliyan 85, ko kuma kashi 57% na abubuwan da ake buƙata.<ref name="MDG"/> Hukumar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ta ƙiyasta ainihin zuba jarin shekara-shekara a yankunan birane a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara, wanda "kwanan nan" ya ragu zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 17 kacal a kowace shekara (ba tare da fadar takamaiman shekarar ba). Adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 40 na yankunan birane ya yi daidai da kusan dalar Amurka 4 ga kowane mutum, matakin matsakaici idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref>[http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp Water for Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |date=3 April 2007 }}. It is US$9 per capita in Nicaragua, more than US$4 per capita in Rwanda, US$3.7 per capita in Bolivia and less than US$1 per capita in Ethiopia</ref> An tara jarin masu zaman kansu ta hanyar aikin Ginin-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build-Operate-Transfer - BOT) don masana'antar kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a Accra. An ba da kwangilar shekaru 25 don samar da kuɗaɗe, gini, da gudanar da masana'antar da ke samar da mita kubik 60,000 kowace rana a shekarar 2012. Za a sayar da ruwan a kan US$1.36 a kowace mita kubik ga GWCL, tare da garanti daga Ma'aikatar Kuɗi. Kamfanin MIGA na Bankin Duniya ne ke ba da inshorar aikin daga haɗarin siyasa. Kuɗaɗen sun fito ne daga Bankin Standard na Afirka ta Kudu (dalar Amurka miliyan 88.7) da kuma mai hannun jari Abengoa Water (dalar Amurka miliyan 38.1). GWCL ya yi watsi da ƙarin ayyukan kawar da gishiri daga ruwa saboda yawan albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar da kuma buƙatar gano mafita cikin sauri ga yankin Nungua da ke haɓaka cikin sauri inda za a gina masana'antar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Global Water Intelligence|title=Ghana rules out further desalination|date=November 2012}}</ref> == Manazarta == ct6ipznce3o57aqlzuu8fioz6e2szae 859155 859154 2026-06-17T05:47:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe */ 859155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan aiki na ma'aikata === An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2010, GWCL tana da ma'aikata 7.2 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da matakan shiyyoyi.<ref name="Vitens Evides"/> Sai dai, kyakkyawan tsarin aiki na duniya shine ƙasa da ma'aikata 4 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. == Bangarorin Kuɗi == === Kudirin haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa === Harajin ruwa a Ghana sun yi ƙanƙanta da za su iya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan. Harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na yankunan birane. '''Yankunan birane.''' A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC ta amince da ƙarin kashi 67.2% a kan harajin ruwan birane. An ƙara harajin daga GHS1.78/m3 ($0.45/m3) zuwa GHS3.01/m3 (US$0.76/m3). Matsakaicin lissafin kuɗi na kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar zai kai GHS10.00 ($2.50). Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water) ya buƙaci ƙarin haraji da kashi 400% don biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa, amma hukumar daidaitawa ta rage buƙatar sosai, tana mai bayyana damuwa game da ikon biyan kuɗin jama'a.<ref name="GWI tariffs">{{cite web|title=Ghana swallows 67% tariff hike|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|page=13|date=December 2015}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 1997, matsakaicin harajin ruwa a yankunan biranen Ghana ya kasance tsakanin US$0.10 zuwa US$0.15 a kowace m³.<ref name="doe 32">{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 32</ref><ref name="cedi">1 Ghanaian Cedi = 0.0001132 US Dollar (31 December 2006); Source: http://www.oanda.com/</ref> A wancan lokacin, Gwamnati ba ta shirya amincewa da manyan ƙarin haraji ba. Al'amura sun canza bayan kafa hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC wacce ke bincika tare da amincewa da harajin ayyukan jama'a da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsakaicin harajin ruwa na kusan US$0.50 a shekarar 2004.<ref name="wateraid 4"/> A shekarar 2006, harajin GWCL na farkon 20m³ da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance US$0.55 a kowace m³, yayin da aka caji US$0.76 a kowace m³ da ta wuce 20m³ a cikin wata guda.<ref name="doe 32"/><ref name="cedi"/> Bayan haka, darajar harajin da aka lissafta da dalar Amurka ta sake raguwa saboda faɗuwar darajar kuɗin gida. '''Yankunan karkara.''' Kamar yadda tsarin manufofin CWSA ya tsara, harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kamata ya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan, gami da gudanarwa, kulawa, manyan gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da faɗaɗawa zuwa sabbin yankuna. Majalisun gundumomi ne ke fito da haraji a yankunan karkara.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> Sai dai kuma, ya kamata kuɗin samar da ruwan ya yi ƙasa sosai yadda ba zai kai ga harajin da ya wuce dalar Amurka 1 a kowace m³ ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a tsarin famfo guda biyar da al'umma ke gudanarwa a Yankin Ashanti ya gano matsakaicin haraji na kusan US$0.60 a kowace m³ a shekarar 2003, wanda a zahiri yana biyan tsakanin kashi 57 zuwa 77% na cikakken kuɗin samar da ruwan.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Nyarko| first = K. B.|author2=Oduro-Kwarteng, S. |author3=Adama, I.| title = Cost recovery of community-managed piped water systems in the Ashanti region, Ghana| journal = Water and Environment Journal| volume = 21| issue = 2| pages = 92–99| publisher = Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)| year = 2006| doi = 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00051.x| s2cid = 154378574| issn = 1747-6585}}</ref> Wani binciken kuma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna matsakaicin kuɗin da kowane gida ke kashewa a kowane wata don siyan ruwa ya kai US$0.99 a ƙauyuka 97 na samfur a Yankin Volta da kuma US$0.89 a ƙauyuka 103 a Yankin Brong Ahafo. Sayi dai, a kusan kashi 70% na ƙauyukan Volta da kashi 40% kawai na ƙauyukan Brong Ahafo, aƙalla kashi 90% na gidajen da aka tattauna da su ne a zahiri suka biya kuɗin ruwa. Inda ake cajin amfanin ruwa, ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin biya ko kuma tsarin biya-yayin-ɗiba.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 4</ref> === Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe === Tunda ingantaccen tattalin arziki gami da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a ɓangaren suna da matuƙar ƙasa, zuba jari ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana ya dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen waje. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, kashi 90% na jimillar zuba jari a ɓangaren a shekarun 1990 hukumomin waje ne suka yi shi,<ref name="ADF"/> waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 500 ga ɓangaren tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2003. Yana da kyau a ambata cewa yawancin lokuta fannin tsaftar muhalli ba ya samun kulawa sosai.<ref>{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 3</ref> Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasin ya nuna, fiye da kashi 96% na kuɗaɗen da ake sauran samu a shekarar 2006 za su fito ne daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: [http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20080227155149/http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} – A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 27</ref> Duk da gagarumar gudummawar da masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa ke bayarwa, kuɗaɗen tallafin sun kasance basu isa ba don cimma Burikan Cigaban Ƙarni (Millennium Development Goals) na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, waɗanda ke da burin rage rabin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyukan nan da shekarar 2015 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 1990. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, faɗaɗawa da gyara abubuwan more rayuwa na birane na buƙatar zuba jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.3 a cikin wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="oecd 294"/> Wata majiyar kuma ta ƙiyasta bukatun zuba jari na shekara-shekara a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a kan dalar Amurka miliyan 150. Kuɗaɗen zuba jari da ake saurare don shekarar 2006 sun kasance dalar Amurka miliyan 85, ko kuma kashi 57% na abubuwan da ake buƙata.<ref name="MDG"/> Hukumar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ta ƙiyasta ainihin zuba jarin shekara-shekara a yankunan birane a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara, wanda "kwanan nan" ya ragu zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 17 kacal a kowace shekara (ba tare da fadar takamaiman shekarar ba). Adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 40 na yankunan birane ya yi daidai da kusan dalar Amurka 4 ga kowane mutum, matakin matsakaici idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref>[http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp Water for Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |date=3 April 2007 }}. It is US$9 per capita in Nicaragua, more than US$4 per capita in Rwanda, US$3.7 per capita in Bolivia and less than US$1 per capita in Ethiopia</ref> An tara jarin masu zaman kansu ta hanyar aikin Ginin-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build-Operate-Transfer - BOT) don masana'antar kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a Accra. An ba da kwangilar shekaru 25 don samar da kuɗaɗe, gini, da gudanar da masana'antar da ke samar da mita kubik 60,000 kowace rana a shekarar 2012. Za a sayar da ruwan a kan US$1.36 a kowace mita kubik ga GWCL, tare da garanti daga Ma'aikatar Kuɗi. Kamfanin MIGA na Bankin Duniya ne ke ba da inshorar aikin daga haɗarin siyasa. Kuɗaɗen sun fito ne daga Bankin Standard na Afirka ta Kudu (dalar Amurka miliyan 88.7) da kuma mai hannun jari Abengoa Water (dalar Amurka miliyan 38.1). GWCL ya yi watsi da ƙarin ayyukan kawar da gishiri daga ruwa saboda yawan albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar da kuma buƙatar gano mafita cikin sauri ga yankin Nungua da ke haɓaka cikin sauri inda za a gina masana'antar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Global Water Intelligence|title=Ghana rules out further desalination|date=November 2012}}</ref> Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) tana tallafawa Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Asutsuare, aikin Ginin-Mallaka-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer - BOOT) na Yuro miliyan 500 tare da GWCL wanda ɗan kwangilar Belgium mai suna Denys ya ɓullo da shi. Ya haɗa da masana'antar tace ruwa mai ƙarfin mita kubik 432,000 kowace rana, wacce ke ƙasa da madatsar ruwa ta Kpong a kan Kogin Volta da kuma bututun mai guda biyu, kowanne mai tsawon kusan kilomita 73 zuwa Babban Accra, da kuma wuraren adana ruwa guda biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asutsuare Water Treatment Plant – Summary of Investment Information|url=http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/651aeb16abd09c1f8525797d006976ba/9062cbcf30cf532385257b3b0065cc41?opendocument|publisher=IFC|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manyan masu ba da agaji masu fada aji a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana su ne Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Canada, Denmark, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EU Commission), Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Netherlands, da kuma Bankin Duniya. Akwai Tsarin Tallafin Kasafi na Masu Ba da Tallafi Da Yawa, Ƙungiyar Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli gami da Taron Binciken Shekara-shekara na Haɗin Gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da "abokan cigaba" (masu ba da tallafi).<ref name="WB SRWSP">{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=Project Appraisal Document: Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 28 May 2010|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/06/07/000333037_20100607005153/Rendered/PDF/546720PAD0P120101Official0Use0Only1.pdf|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> === Bankin Cigaban Afirka === Bankin Cigaban Afirka yana ba da gudummawa ga Aikin Gyara Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa na Accra (Accra Sewerage Improvement Project - ASIP) tare da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 69, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 8.6. Bankin na ADB ya amince da aikin a shekarar 2006 kuma ana saurar gudanar da shi a cikin shekaru biyar. A cikin wannan lokacin, ana saurar gina masana'antar tace ruwa guda biyu da gidajen famfo guda takwas. Bugu da ƙari, za a faɗaɗa tare da gyara hanyoyin magudanar ruwa da wuraren tsaftar muhalli. Aikin yana kuma tallafawa matakan kare muhalli, ƙarfafa cibiyoyi, ayyukan injiniya, da gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{cite journal|last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Bank#Group Entities |title=Accra Sewerage Improvement Project (ASIP). Appraisal Report. |date=October 2005 |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/126478C8BF8B14D1E040C00A0C3D0235 |format=PDF |access-date=28 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> === Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada === Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada (CIDA) tana tallafawa fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan arewacin Ghana ta hanyar ayyuka guda uku: # CIDA tana ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 11 ga Aikin Haɓaka Ƙarfin Gundumomi (District Capacity Building Project - DISCAP) mai duba daidaiton jinsi, wanda ke da burin ƙarfafa gungun gundumomi don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, ta yadda zai baiwa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi damar samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An fara DISCAP a shekarar 2000 kuma zai ƙare a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{cite web| last = Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)| author-link = Canadian International Development Agency| title = District Capacity Building Project (DISCAP)| url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/F2780B799147D0FC85257405003CECE1| access-date = 28 March 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> # Hukumar tana ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 16.4 don Aikin Tsaftar Ruwa na Yankin Arewa (Northern Region Water Sanitation Project - NORWASP), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1999 kuma ake saurar zai ƙare a shekarar 2009. Babban burin aikin mai duba daidaiton jinsi shi ne ƙara samun damar yin amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar tsarin dogaro da buƙatu. A ƙarshen aikin, ana saurar har al'ummomi 250,000 a sashin gabas na yankin arewa su sami damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gami da 420 waɗanda ke gudanar da sabbin tsarin ruwansu da kansu.<ref>{{cite web| last = Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)| author-link = Canadian International Development Agency| title = Northern Region Water Sanitation Project (NORWASP)| url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/DF59D73C4094A94885257019003185F3| access-date = 28 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Aikin Ƙananan Garuruwa na Yankin Arewa (Northern Region Small Towns - NORST), wanda ake gudanarwa daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2014, yana samun tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 30 daga CIDA. Ana saurar aikin zai kafa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a har ƙananan garuruwa 30.<ref>{{cite web|author-link = Canadian International Development Agency|title = Northern Region Small Towns (NORST)|url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/C9C1EFDFD2DF72C08525701900318551|access-date = 28 March 2008|archive-url = https://afchive.today/20130101074941/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/C9C1EFDFD2DF72C08525701900318551|archive-date = 1 January 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == twff5a11e9rgfs8cl2l7kkp70az7npr 859156 859155 2026-06-17T05:48:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada */ 859156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan aiki na ma'aikata === An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2010, GWCL tana da ma'aikata 7.2 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da matakan shiyyoyi.<ref name="Vitens Evides"/> Sai dai, kyakkyawan tsarin aiki na duniya shine ƙasa da ma'aikata 4 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. == Bangarorin Kuɗi == === Kudirin haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa === Harajin ruwa a Ghana sun yi ƙanƙanta da za su iya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan. Harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na yankunan birane. '''Yankunan birane.''' A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC ta amince da ƙarin kashi 67.2% a kan harajin ruwan birane. An ƙara harajin daga GHS1.78/m3 ($0.45/m3) zuwa GHS3.01/m3 (US$0.76/m3). Matsakaicin lissafin kuɗi na kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar zai kai GHS10.00 ($2.50). Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water) ya buƙaci ƙarin haraji da kashi 400% don biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa, amma hukumar daidaitawa ta rage buƙatar sosai, tana mai bayyana damuwa game da ikon biyan kuɗin jama'a.<ref name="GWI tariffs">{{cite web|title=Ghana swallows 67% tariff hike|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|page=13|date=December 2015}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 1997, matsakaicin harajin ruwa a yankunan biranen Ghana ya kasance tsakanin US$0.10 zuwa US$0.15 a kowace m³.<ref name="doe 32">{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 32</ref><ref name="cedi">1 Ghanaian Cedi = 0.0001132 US Dollar (31 December 2006); Source: http://www.oanda.com/</ref> A wancan lokacin, Gwamnati ba ta shirya amincewa da manyan ƙarin haraji ba. Al'amura sun canza bayan kafa hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC wacce ke bincika tare da amincewa da harajin ayyukan jama'a da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsakaicin harajin ruwa na kusan US$0.50 a shekarar 2004.<ref name="wateraid 4"/> A shekarar 2006, harajin GWCL na farkon 20m³ da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance US$0.55 a kowace m³, yayin da aka caji US$0.76 a kowace m³ da ta wuce 20m³ a cikin wata guda.<ref name="doe 32"/><ref name="cedi"/> Bayan haka, darajar harajin da aka lissafta da dalar Amurka ta sake raguwa saboda faɗuwar darajar kuɗin gida. '''Yankunan karkara.''' Kamar yadda tsarin manufofin CWSA ya tsara, harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kamata ya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan, gami da gudanarwa, kulawa, manyan gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da faɗaɗawa zuwa sabbin yankuna. Majalisun gundumomi ne ke fito da haraji a yankunan karkara.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> Sai dai kuma, ya kamata kuɗin samar da ruwan ya yi ƙasa sosai yadda ba zai kai ga harajin da ya wuce dalar Amurka 1 a kowace m³ ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a tsarin famfo guda biyar da al'umma ke gudanarwa a Yankin Ashanti ya gano matsakaicin haraji na kusan US$0.60 a kowace m³ a shekarar 2003, wanda a zahiri yana biyan tsakanin kashi 57 zuwa 77% na cikakken kuɗin samar da ruwan.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Nyarko| first = K. B.|author2=Oduro-Kwarteng, S. |author3=Adama, I.| title = Cost recovery of community-managed piped water systems in the Ashanti region, Ghana| journal = Water and Environment Journal| volume = 21| issue = 2| pages = 92–99| publisher = Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)| year = 2006| doi = 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00051.x| s2cid = 154378574| issn = 1747-6585}}</ref> Wani binciken kuma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna matsakaicin kuɗin da kowane gida ke kashewa a kowane wata don siyan ruwa ya kai US$0.99 a ƙauyuka 97 na samfur a Yankin Volta da kuma US$0.89 a ƙauyuka 103 a Yankin Brong Ahafo. Sayi dai, a kusan kashi 70% na ƙauyukan Volta da kashi 40% kawai na ƙauyukan Brong Ahafo, aƙalla kashi 90% na gidajen da aka tattauna da su ne a zahiri suka biya kuɗin ruwa. Inda ake cajin amfanin ruwa, ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin biya ko kuma tsarin biya-yayin-ɗiba.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 4</ref> === Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe === Tunda ingantaccen tattalin arziki gami da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a ɓangaren suna da matuƙar ƙasa, zuba jari ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana ya dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen waje. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, kashi 90% na jimillar zuba jari a ɓangaren a shekarun 1990 hukumomin waje ne suka yi shi,<ref name="ADF"/> waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 500 ga ɓangaren tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2003. Yana da kyau a ambata cewa yawancin lokuta fannin tsaftar muhalli ba ya samun kulawa sosai.<ref>{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 3</ref> Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasin ya nuna, fiye da kashi 96% na kuɗaɗen da ake sauran samu a shekarar 2006 za su fito ne daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: [http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20080227155149/http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} – A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 27</ref> Duk da gagarumar gudummawar da masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa ke bayarwa, kuɗaɗen tallafin sun kasance basu isa ba don cimma Burikan Cigaban Ƙarni (Millennium Development Goals) na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, waɗanda ke da burin rage rabin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyukan nan da shekarar 2015 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 1990. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, faɗaɗawa da gyara abubuwan more rayuwa na birane na buƙatar zuba jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.3 a cikin wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="oecd 294"/> Wata majiyar kuma ta ƙiyasta bukatun zuba jari na shekara-shekara a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a kan dalar Amurka miliyan 150. Kuɗaɗen zuba jari da ake saurare don shekarar 2006 sun kasance dalar Amurka miliyan 85, ko kuma kashi 57% na abubuwan da ake buƙata.<ref name="MDG"/> Hukumar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ta ƙiyasta ainihin zuba jarin shekara-shekara a yankunan birane a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara, wanda "kwanan nan" ya ragu zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 17 kacal a kowace shekara (ba tare da fadar takamaiman shekarar ba). Adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 40 na yankunan birane ya yi daidai da kusan dalar Amurka 4 ga kowane mutum, matakin matsakaici idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref>[http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp Water for Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |date=3 April 2007 }}. It is US$9 per capita in Nicaragua, more than US$4 per capita in Rwanda, US$3.7 per capita in Bolivia and less than US$1 per capita in Ethiopia</ref> An tara jarin masu zaman kansu ta hanyar aikin Ginin-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build-Operate-Transfer - BOT) don masana'antar kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a Accra. An ba da kwangilar shekaru 25 don samar da kuɗaɗe, gini, da gudanar da masana'antar da ke samar da mita kubik 60,000 kowace rana a shekarar 2012. Za a sayar da ruwan a kan US$1.36 a kowace mita kubik ga GWCL, tare da garanti daga Ma'aikatar Kuɗi. Kamfanin MIGA na Bankin Duniya ne ke ba da inshorar aikin daga haɗarin siyasa. Kuɗaɗen sun fito ne daga Bankin Standard na Afirka ta Kudu (dalar Amurka miliyan 88.7) da kuma mai hannun jari Abengoa Water (dalar Amurka miliyan 38.1). GWCL ya yi watsi da ƙarin ayyukan kawar da gishiri daga ruwa saboda yawan albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar da kuma buƙatar gano mafita cikin sauri ga yankin Nungua da ke haɓaka cikin sauri inda za a gina masana'antar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Global Water Intelligence|title=Ghana rules out further desalination|date=November 2012}}</ref> Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) tana tallafawa Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Asutsuare, aikin Ginin-Mallaka-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer - BOOT) na Yuro miliyan 500 tare da GWCL wanda ɗan kwangilar Belgium mai suna Denys ya ɓullo da shi. Ya haɗa da masana'antar tace ruwa mai ƙarfin mita kubik 432,000 kowace rana, wacce ke ƙasa da madatsar ruwa ta Kpong a kan Kogin Volta da kuma bututun mai guda biyu, kowanne mai tsawon kusan kilomita 73 zuwa Babban Accra, da kuma wuraren adana ruwa guda biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asutsuare Water Treatment Plant – Summary of Investment Information|url=http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/651aeb16abd09c1f8525797d006976ba/9062cbcf30cf532385257b3b0065cc41?opendocument|publisher=IFC|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manyan masu ba da agaji masu fada aji a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana su ne Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Canada, Denmark, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EU Commission), Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Netherlands, da kuma Bankin Duniya. Akwai Tsarin Tallafin Kasafi na Masu Ba da Tallafi Da Yawa, Ƙungiyar Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli gami da Taron Binciken Shekara-shekara na Haɗin Gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da "abokan cigaba" (masu ba da tallafi).<ref name="WB SRWSP">{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=Project Appraisal Document: Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 28 May 2010|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/06/07/000333037_20100607005153/Rendered/PDF/546720PAD0P120101Official0Use0Only1.pdf|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> === Bankin Cigaban Afirka === Bankin Cigaban Afirka yana ba da gudummawa ga Aikin Gyara Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa na Accra (Accra Sewerage Improvement Project - ASIP) tare da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 69, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 8.6. Bankin na ADB ya amince da aikin a shekarar 2006 kuma ana saurar gudanar da shi a cikin shekaru biyar. A cikin wannan lokacin, ana saurar gina masana'antar tace ruwa guda biyu da gidajen famfo guda takwas. Bugu da ƙari, za a faɗaɗa tare da gyara hanyoyin magudanar ruwa da wuraren tsaftar muhalli. Aikin yana kuma tallafawa matakan kare muhalli, ƙarfafa cibiyoyi, ayyukan injiniya, da gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{cite journal|last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Bank#Group Entities |title=Accra Sewerage Improvement Project (ASIP). Appraisal Report. |date=October 2005 |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/126478C8BF8B14D1E040C00A0C3D0235 |format=PDF |access-date=28 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> === Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada === Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada (CIDA) tana tallafawa fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan arewacin Ghana ta hanyar ayyuka guda uku: # CIDA tana ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 11 ga Aikin Haɓaka Ƙarfin Gundumomi (District Capacity Building Project - DISCAP) mai duba daidaiton jinsi, wanda ke da burin ƙarfafa gungun gundumomi don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, ta yadda zai baiwa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi damar samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An fara DISCAP a shekarar 2000 kuma zai ƙare a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{cite web| last = Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)| author-link = Canadian International Development Agency| title = District Capacity Building Project (DISCAP)| url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/F2780B799147D0FC85257405003CECE1| access-date = 28 March 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> # Hukumar tana ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 16.4 don Aikin Tsaftar Ruwa na Yankin Arewa (Northern Region Water Sanitation Project - NORWASP), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1999 kuma ake saurar zai ƙare a shekarar 2009. Babban burin aikin mai duba daidaiton jinsi shi ne ƙara samun damar yin amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar tsarin dogaro da buƙatu. A ƙarshen aikin, ana saurar har al'ummomi 250,000 a sashin gabas na yankin arewa su sami damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gami da 420 waɗanda ke gudanar da sabbin tsarin ruwansu da kansu.<ref>{{cite web| last = Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)| author-link = Canadian International Development Agency| title = Northern Region Water Sanitation Project (NORWASP)| url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/DF59D73C4094A94885257019003185F3| access-date = 28 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Aikin Ƙananan Garuruwa na Yankin Arewa (Northern Region Small Towns - NORST), wanda ake gudanarwa daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2014, yana samun tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 30 daga CIDA. Ana saurar aikin zai kafa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a har ƙananan garuruwa 30.<ref>{{cite web|author-link = Canadian International Development Agency|title = Northern Region Small Towns (NORST)|url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/C9C1EFDFD2DF72C08525701900318551|access-date = 28 March 2008|archive-url = https://afchive.today/20130101074941/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/C9C1EFDFD2DF72C08525701900318551|archive-date = 1 January 2013}}</ref> === Jamus === Jamus tana tallafawa samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan karkara a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafinta ga shirin raba madafun iko na Ghana. Tare da sauran masu ba da tallafi, Jamus tana tallafawa Tsarin Tallafin Cigaban Gundumomi (District Development Facility) tun daga shekarar 2009, wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Ƙananan Hukumomi da Cigaban Karkara. Har zuwa shekarar 2014, Jamus tana ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa har Yuro miliyan 36 daga cikin jimillar Yuro miliyan 210. Sauran kuɗaɗen kuma sauran masu ba da tallafi da Gwamnatin Ghana ne ke ba da su, wacce ke samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗaɗen. Tsarin Tallafin Cigaban Gundumomi yana ba da kuɗaɗe ga Majalisun Gundumomi waɗanda dole ne su bi tsauraran dokoki game da gaskiya da riƙon amana waɗanda ake sa ido a kansu ba tare da son zuciya ba. Gundumomin da ke gudanar da kuɗaɗensu da kyau suna samun ƙarin kuɗaɗe.<ref>{{cite web|last=KfW Entwicklungsbank|title=Ghana: Programme – Decentralisation|url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Countries_and_Programmes/Sub-Saharan_Africa/Ghana/Programme_-_Dezentralisation.jsp|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> Wani aikin samar da ruwa a karkara na baya da Jamus ta tallafa an ƙiyasta shi da gamsarwa a cikin wani binciken kimantawa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005. Binciken ya gano, cikin sauran abubuwa, cewa shekaru uku zuwa takwas bayan gina su, kashi 4 kacal na rijiyoyin ne suka daina aiki gaba ɗaya, yayin da kashi 76 ke aiki kuma kashi 20 sun lalace na ɗan lokaci. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa a cikin kashi 28 na samfuran ruwa, sinadarin ƙarfe (iron) ya yi yawa kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ruwa daga sauran majiyoyi daban da rijiyoyin da aka gina a ƙarƙashin aikin don ayyuka daban-daban, gami da sha.<ref name="KfW RWS">{{cite web|last=KfW Entwicklungsbank|title=Ghana: Rural Water Supply I -II Ex post evaluation, 2005|url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Evaluation/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_E-K/Ghana_Laendl__WV_I__II_e.pdf|access-date=19 August 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya yana tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da birane a Ghana. '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma (CWSP)''' An ƙaddamar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Biyu a shekarar 2000 tare da tallafin rancen IDA na Bankin Duniya na dalar Amurka miliyan 21.9, da nufin ƙara samun dama da tallafawa ingantaccen amfani mai dorewa na ingantaccen ruwan al'umma da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a ƙauyuka da ƙananan garuruwa ta hanyar tsarin dogaro da buƙatu. Ya ginu ne a kan darussan da aka koya daga shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na farko wanda aka gudanar daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref name="World Bank"/> Babban tsarin raba madafun iko wajen tsari, gudanarwa, da tafiyar da samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin shirin na biyu. Bugu da ƙari, an ba wa al'ummomin tallafin fasaha da ilimin tsafta. An kafa kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli masu duba daidaiton jinsi don sa hannun ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da Majalisun Gundumomi. Sakamakon shirin, wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 2004, kusan mutane 800,000 aka samar mawa da ruwan sha kuma kusan gidaje 6,000 da makarantu 440 aka samar mawa da masai (latrines).<ref name="World Bank"/> '''Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙananan Garuruwa''' Bankin Duniya ya amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙananan Garuruwa a shekarar 2004 tare da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 26. A shekarar 2007 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar tallafawa aikin tare da ƙarin rance na dalar Amurka miliyan 10. Hukumar cigaba ta Jamus (GTZ) tana ba da gudummawa ga aikin da dalar Amurka 400,000, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 4.6. Aikin zai ƙare a shekarar 2009 kuma yana da burin ƙara samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga ƙananan garuruwa a yankuna shida na Ghana, inda zai samar wa kusan mutane 500,000 kayan samar da ruwa da kuma kusan mutane 50,000 kayan tsaftar muhalli. Saboda haka, aikin yana tallafawa tsari, gini, da gyaran tsarin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa tare da ba da haɓaka tsafta, horo, da tallafin fasaha. Bugu da ƙari, ana tallafawa CWSA ta hanyar kuɗin gudanarwa da ya yi daidai da kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen da aka raba don tallafawa ƙarin kuɗaɗen aikin.<ref>{{cite web| last = World Bank| author-link = World Bank| title = Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project| url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P084015&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415| access-date = 28 March 2008}}</ref> == Manazarta == qdliu0tm3m9nfdi0dsrv3vs8gsii1uk 859157 859156 2026-06-17T05:48:54Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bankin Duniya */ 859157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a [[Ghana]] wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar. A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]], wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa [[Gundumomin Ghana|gundumomi]] 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WaterAid">{{Cite web |last=WaterAid |author-link=WaterAid |title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana |url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin |access-date=26 March 2008 |format=[[PDF]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na [[Yankin birni|birane]] tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). <ref name="WaterAid"/> Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare.<ref name="NWP">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Water Resources Commission |title=National Water Policy |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024. == Samun Ruwa == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli bai wadatar ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin bayanan samun ruwa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda bambancin ma’anoni da ake amfani da su. Bisa ga Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na UNICEF da WHO, samun ruwa da tsafta yana kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2| ! Birane<br />(51% na jama’a) ! Karkara<br />(49% na jama’a) ! Jimla |- | rowspan=2|Ruwa<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 88% | 66% | 78% |- | Haɗin ruwa a gida | 33% | 3% | 18% |- | rowspan=2|Tsafta<ref name="JMP"/> | Ma’anar 'Akalla asali' | 19% | 9% | 14% |- |Magudanar ruwa | ? | ? | ? |} Bisa ga rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage rabin yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Ghana.<ref>2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report, UNDP in Ghana</ref> Ana kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsarin samar da ruwa a Ghana ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma da yawa suna aiki ƙasa da ƙarfinsu. Haka kuma, samar da ruwan gida yana gogayya da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa daga masana’antu da noma.<ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">Safe Water Network: Ghana</ref> Kusan kashi 88% na jama’ar birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":0">Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011</ref> Akwai bambanci tsakanin birane da karkara wajen samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bisa ga binciken UNICEF na 2011, mazauna birane suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta fiye da mazauna karkara da kashi 91% da 69%, bi da bi.<ref name=":0" /> Saboda haka, dogaro da ruwan da ba tsabta ba ya fi yawa a karkara.<ref>Water.org: Ghana – Water Crisis</ref> Ruwa na karkara yana da datti mai yawa fiye da 200 NTUs kuma yana dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da najasa, wanda ke sa yara da sauran jama’a cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref name=":1">Mintz et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2001</ref> A yankunan Arewa uku na Ghana, rashin samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ya fi tsanani, inda ɗaya cikin goma na yara ke mutuwa kafin su kai shekaru biyar saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.<ref>WaterAid America: Ghana – Where We Work</ref> A babban yankin Arewa na Ghana kaɗai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai inganci kuma sau da yawa suna dogaro da ruwan da ya gurɓata.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da tsafta, a shekarar 2010, kashi 14% na jama’ar Ghana ne kawai ke amfani da wuraren tsafta na zamani.<ref>UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ruwan Sha Mai Inganci !Ruwan Sha Mara Inganci |- |Haɗin ruwa a gida |Koguna ko tafkuna |- |Borehole |Guga |- |Rami mai kariya |Rami ba tare da kariya ba |- |Tushen ruwa mai kariya |Tushen ruwa ba tare da kariya ba |- |Bututun jama’a |Ruwan da masu siyarwa suka bayar |- | |Ruwan motar tanki |- | |Ruwan kwalba (ko sachet) |} Wannan teburin yana nuna rarrabuwar ruwan sha mai inganci da mara inganci a Ghana tun bayan ƙarshen MDGs, bisa ga WHO da UNICEF.<ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa.</ref> A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, ruwan sha mai inganci ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na gida, boreholes, ramuka masu kariya, tushen ruwa mai kariya, da bututun jama’a.<ref>United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report.</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ci gaban samar da ruwa === Bisa wani ƙididdiga, kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mazauna Accra ne ke samun ruwa akai-akai ba tare da yankewa ba. Kusan kashi 30% ana ba su ruwa na tsawon sa'o'i 12 kowace rana, kwanaki biyar a mako. Wani kashi 35% kuma ana ba su ruwa na kwanaki biyu kowace mako. Sauran kashi 10% da galibi ke zaune a gari-da-gari na babban birnin kasar ba su da damar samun ruwan fanfo kwata-kwata.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Kamar yadda wata majiyar ta nuna, lamarin ya ma fi haka muni: A watan Fabrairun 2008, wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankin babban birnin Accra-Tema ana ba su ruwa ko dai sau ɗaya a mako, sau ɗaya a cikin mako biyu, ko kuma sau ɗaya a wata.<ref>AVRL: The Dodowa intervention</ref> Ci gaban samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da kuma yankin Arewacin Ghana ba shi da yawa. Musamman a yankunan karkara, mazauna wurin suna tilastuwa su debo ruwansu da kansu daga hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban-daban dangane da wurin da suke:<ref name=":1" /> * Rijiyoyin burtsatse ko tsofaffin rijiyoyin tura-famfo – dogon rami da aka tona ko aka huda domin kaiwa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana fitar da ruwan ta bututu ta hanyar famfo da ƙarfin ɗan adam ke amfani da shi, kuma ana kare rijiyar da dakali don hana kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye shiga cikin ruwan. * Kariyar rijiyoyin haƙawa – rijiya ce da aka kare ta daga kwararar ruwan sama ta hanyar katange bakinta ko gina mata danga sama da matakin ƙasa. * Tara ruwan sama – ruwan sama da ake tarawa ko kwashewa daga saman kwanon gidaje da adana shi a cikin akwati don amfani. * Motar tankar ruwa – ana jigilar ruwa ta mota zuwa cikin al'umma kuma a sayar da shi daga motar. * Rijiyoyin haƙawa ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya – rijiya ce da ba a kare ta daga kwararar ruwan kazanta ko bayan gari na tsuntsaye ba. * Amalanke mai ƙaramin tanki/ganga – wani mai sayarwa ne ke sayar da ruwan wanda ke jigilar ruwa zuwa cikin al'umma. Ana yin jigilar ne ta amfani da amalanken jaki ko baburan dakon kaya na motoking. * Hanyoyin ruwan sama-sama – koguna, madatsun ruwa, tafunansu, da sauran su. Dukkaninsu suna da matuƙar haɗarin gurbacewa, wanda zai zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke sha daga wurin. Waɗannan sune hanyoyin ruwa mafi haɗari ga al'ummar Ghana, tun da suna iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) da abubuwa masu guba da yawa da za su iya sa mutane su kamu da cututtuka da majiyyata, waɗanda wasu ma na iya kashewa.<ref name="Water And sanitation For The Urban Poor">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/|website=WSUP|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422094420/http://www.wsup.com/programme/where-we-work/ghana/}}</ref> == Gurɓacewar ruwa == === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|450px|Hanyar yaɗuwar cututtuka ta baki da bayan gari]] Rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftar muhalli babban abin damuwa ne ga lafiyar al'umma a Ghana, wanda ke janyo kashi 70% na cututtuka a Ghana. Duk da gagarumin ƙoƙari da gwamnati da abokan raba alheri na ci gaba ke yi, kusan kashi 76% na gidaje suna cikin haɗarin shan ruwan da ke gurɓace da bayan gari na dabbobi da ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Ghana |url=https://www.unicef.org/ghana/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Yaɗuwar amfani da ledojin ruwan sha saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa mai tsafta ya kuma haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓacewar leda (plastic pollution), wanda galibi ke gurɓata guraren ruwa, yana toshe magudanar ruwan sama kuma yana janyo mutuwar dabbobi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |article-number=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |bibcode=2020MarPo.11603928A |s2cid=216397079 }}</ref> Masana'antar hakar gwal ta ƙasar ta gurɓata kashi 60% na ruwan kasar Ghana.<ref name="illegal_gold_mines_2021_08_11_bbc">{{Cite news |title=The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 |access-date=16 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 October 2024 |title=CONIWAS expresses worry over increasing effects of Galamsey |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348449/coniwas-expresses-worry-over-increasing-effects.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Saboda rashin tsaftataccen ruwa da rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, Ghana na yin rashin yara 1,000 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kowace shekara waɗanda ke mutuwa sanadiyyar cutar zawo (diarrhea) da ruwan da ke gurɓace ke janyowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana|url=https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana|website=Water Aid UK|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> Ruwan da suke samu daga tafkuna ko koguna ba shi da inganci. Sakamakon haka, gidajen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa suna tilastuwa su yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da tabbas da rashin tsafta, kuma galibi suna biyan kuɗi mai yawa.<ref name="oecd 294">{{cite journal |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/51/38562673.pdf |journal=African Economic Outlook 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008}}, p. 294</ref> Gurbataccen ruwan sha, tare da rashin tsaftar muhalli, suna da alaƙa da yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa kamar kwalara, zawo, zawayi mai jini (dysentery), hepatitis A, taifot (typhoid) da shan inna (polio).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808013616/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/|archive-date=8 August 2014|title=Drinking-water|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Saboda shan gurbataccen ruwa, cutar zawo ita ce cuta ta uku mafi yawan rahoton da ake samu a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a faɗin Ghana. Kashi 25% na dukkan mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar ana danganta su ne da cutar zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/Pneumonia_Diarrhoea_2012_35.pdf|title=UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children.}}</ref> Baya ga rashin ababen more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli, wasu akidu da mahangan al'adu suna ƙarfafa yin bayan gari a sarari (open defecation). Daga cikin daukacin al'ummar Ghana, kashi 23% suna amfani da yin bayan gari a sarari a matsayin tsarin tsaftarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Har kusan kashi 72% na mutane a yankin Arewacin Ghana (Northern Region) suna bayan gari a sarari, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama mafi yawan yaduwar yin bayan gari a sarari a Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin cututtuka da ruwa ke ɗauka cututtukan hanji ne (enteric diseases) da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar baki da bayan gari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf|title=WHO. 2006. Preventing disease through healthy environments.}}</ref> A cikin hanyoyin yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar gurɓacewar ruwa, kashin ɗan adam daga bayan gari a sarari yana ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa da masai da ba sa sarrafa kayan kazanta, wanda kuma ruwan sama ke kwashe shi zuwa cikin ruwan sama-sama na gida kuma mazauna wurin su haɗiye shi ta hanyar taɓawa kai tsaye, sha ko tsotsewa. Ruwan sama-sama shine babban tushen ruwan sha ga al'ummomin yankin Arewa na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2024 a wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki, Ing Harold Esseku, Babban Masani kan harkokin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ghana tana kan hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana to upscale efforts to improve water quality by 2030 - Esseku |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1348313/ghana-to-upscale-efforts-to-improve-water-quality.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Tasiri a kan ilimi === Babban hanyoyin samun ruwa na gargajiya a sassa da yawa na karkaran Ghana sune ƙananan tafunansu da rijiyoyin da ba su da kariya, waɗanda duka biyun suna da sauƙin gurɓacewa, suna janyo cututtuka ga mutanen da ke shansa (Oxfam). Fiye da kashi 50% na mazauna karkara a Ghana kuma sun dogara ne da hanyoyin ruwa marasa kyau daga masu sayarwa (Ghana Clean Water Project). Wannan yana kawo cututtuka da yawa. Ruwan yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na parasites da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta na microbial, gami da ma'adanai masu haɗari. Mutane da yawa, galibi yara, suna fama da cututtuka da yawa da wannan ruwa ke janyowa, kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya kasancewa masu kaza mutuwa.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana">{{cite web|title=Ghana|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|website=Water.org|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref> Wannan ruwa ba wai kawai yana shafar lafiyar mutane ba ne, yana kuma shafar ilimi. Alal misali, a wasu wurare a Ghana, yara, musamman 'yan mata, ana hana su haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta saboda makarantunsu ba su da guraren tsaftar sirri. Maimakon haka, ana sa ran su kashe daukacin ranarsu wajen debo ruwa. Wannan yana shafar iliminsu kuma yana sa ya yi wuya ƙasar ta ci gaba cikin sauri. Idan da mutane suna da ƙarin hanyoyin samun tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da ba za a hana 'yan mata haƙƙinsu na zuwa makaranta ba, don haka, za su sami ilimi kuma za su ƙara yawan mutane masu ilimi a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delali |first=Sika |title=Ghana Marks Global Hand-washing Day with renewed call for improved hygiene |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-ghana-marks-global-handwashing-day-with-renewed-call-for-improved-hygiene.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=16 October 2024 |newspaper=Daily Graphic|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> Idan aka yi la'akari da komai, matsalolin ruwa da Ghana ke fuskanta ba wai kawai suna shafar al'umma da cututtuka ba ne, har ma suna shafar harkokin ilimi. Wannan ba ya faruwa akai-akai, amma yana faruwa a wasu sassa na Ghana, yawanci a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Water.org: Ghana"/> === Sarrafa ruwan kazanta === An ƙiyasta cewa a shekarar 2000 yankunan birane na Ghana sun samar da kusan m³ 763,698 na ruwan kazanta kowace rana, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 280 m³ a tsawon shekara guda. Manyan biranen shiyyoyi sun ƙara wani miliyan 180 m³.<ref>{{cite conference| first = SK| last = Agodzo|author2=Huibers, FP |author3=Chenini, F. |author4=van Lier, JB |author5=Duran A.| title = Use of wastewater in irrgigated agriculture. Country studies from Bolivia, Ghana and Tunisia. Volume 2: Ghana| publisher = WUR| location = Wageningen| url = http://www.iwe.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/B87C7F6A-BACA-43CF-BC29-B223B0102B21/9226/fh030624GHANAfinal.PDF| isbn = 90-6754-704-2| access-date = 28 March 2008}}, p. 16-17</ref> Kadan ne kawai daga cikin ruwan kazanta na birane da aka samar ake tarawa, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ne ake sarrafawa. Rashin isasshen gudanarwa na ruwan kazanta na birane, masana'antu da na aikin gona galibi yana nufin cewa ruwan sha na miliyoyin mutane ya kasance ko dai gurɓatacce cikin haɗari ko kuma gurbatacce ta hanyar sinadarai.<ref name=":2" /> A babban birnin kasar wato Accra, rabon ruwan kazanta da ake tarawa kusan kashi 10% ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da kashi 25% na masana'antun sarrafa ruwan kazanta na masana'antu da na birane guda 46 a Ghana ne ke aiki bisa ga wani bincike da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Ghana ta gudanar a shekarar 2001. Masana'antar sarrafa ruwan kazanta na birane ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, kuma yawancinsu tafunansu na daidaitawa ne (stabilization ponds).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana sanitation report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> An gina masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta hanyar halitta (biological treatment plant) a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a Korle Lagoon na Accra. Sai dai kuma, tana sarrafa kusan kashi 8% ne kawai na ruwan kazanta na Accra.<ref name="maxwell"/> == Hanyoyin samar da ruwa == Ghana tana da wadata sosai da albarkatun ruwa. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Volta, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Oti, Daka, Pru, Sene, da Afram, tare da kogunan White Volta da Black Volta, ya mamaye kashi 70% na fadin ƙasar. Wani kashi 22% na kasar Ghana kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin magudanar ruwa na kudu maso yamma wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Bia, Tano, Ankobra, da Pra. Tsarin magudanar ruwa na gaɓar teku, wanda ya haɗa da kogunan Ochi-Nawuka, Ochi Amissah, Ayensu, Densu, da Tordzie, ya mamaye sauran kashi 8% na kasar Ghana. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin duwatsun dake tattare da laka (sedimentary rocks) na zamanin mesozoic da cenozoic, da kuma a cikin tsarin laka na ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwan Volta. Tafkin Volta, mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 8,500, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafunnan da ɗan adam ya gina (artificial lakes) mafi girma a duniya. Gaba ɗaya, an ƙiyasta jimillar albarkatun ruwa da za a iya sabuntawa a kowace shekara sun kai m cubic biliyan 53.2.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 3–4</ref> {{wide image|Volta lake from the Saint Barbara Church.JPG|930px|align-cap=center|Kyawun yanayi da hoton fili na Tafkin Volta a cikin kwaron Volta da kuma Yankin Gabas na kasar Ghana. Tafkin Volta, idan aka duba fadin saman da dan adam ya gina, shi ne babban tafki, madatsar ruwa, kuma tafkin da dan adam ya kera mafi girma a Duniya. Tafkin Volta yana kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Guinea na Tekun Atlantic. Kogin Volta yana da manyan rassa guda uku—wato Black Volta, White Volta da kuma Red Volta.}} == Amfani da ruwa == A shekarar 2000, jimillar ruwan da aka kwashe ya kai m cubic miliyan 982, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na sa aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan gona. Wani kashi 10% kuma an kwashe shi ne don masana'antu, wanda hakan ya bar kashi 24% ko m cubic miliyan 235 don amfanin gida. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da m cubic 37,843 don samar da makamashin lantarki na ruwa (hydroelectricity) a Madatsar Ruwa ta Akosombo a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations| author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization| title = Ghana Country Overview| url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/ghana/ghana_cp.pdf| access-date = 25 March 2008}}, p. 4–5</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan == Ayyukan binciken kayan tarihi a kango na gidajen Begho (ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 19) sun bayyana kasancewar rumbunan tara ruwan sama (cisterns) waɗanda a matsakaici suke da zurfin mita biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Posnansky |first=Merrick |date=2015 |title=Begho: Life and Times |journal=Journal of West African History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |jstor=10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0095 |issn=2327-1868|s2cid=193121437}}</ref> A shekarar 1817, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya rubuta bayanai kan hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli a Daular Ashanti gami da yaduwar masai (latrines) a cikin gidajen Kumasi. {{blockquote|Abin da ya fi ba ni mamaki... shi ne gano cewa kowane gida yana da masai (cloacae), bayan na bai-ɗaya da aka yi wa talakawa da ke wajen gari. Galibi ana gina su ne a ƙarƙashin wata ƙaramar mashiga ta baka a kusurwar da ta fi kowace fita daga idon mutane a ginin, amma ba kasafai ba ma a saman bene, a cikin wani daki na daban kamar ƙaramin kabad inda babban ginshiki mai rami ke taimakawa wajen riƙe silin na saman bene: ramukan ba su da faɗi sosai, amma an haƙa su zuwa wani zurfi mai ban mamaki, kuma ana zuba musu ruwan zafi kowace rana, wanda hakan ke hana wari sam-sam....|Bowdich, 1817.<ref name="Maier medicine">{{cite journal | last=Maier| first=D. | title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=63–81 | year=1979| jstor=178452| doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 | pmid=11614369 | s2cid=19587869 }}</ref>}} A shekarar 1821, William Hutton ya tabbatar da abubuwan da Bowdich ya gani. {{blockquote|Bayanai na Mr. Bowdich game da samar da gidaje da masai da kuma tsaftar gaba ɗaya ta mutanen Ashantee daidai suke; kuma babu shakka cewa a tsarin muhallinsu sun fi da yawa daga cikin maƙwabtanku....|Hutton, 1821.<ref name="Maier medicine"/>}} Bowdich ya rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 19 cewa ana ƙona sharan gida da datti daga dukkan gidaje kowace safiya a bayan tituna. A cewar masaniya Donna Maier, wata Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Works Department) ta kasance a Daular Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kujerar sarauta (stool) da ake kira Akwammofo Akonnwa. Wannan ma'aikata ce ke da alhakin share titunan Kumasi kowace rana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa mutane sun kiyaye gidajensu da gurgunsu da tsafta kuma an yi musu duba.<ref name="Maier medicine"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Feierman| first=Steven | title=Struggles for Control: The Social Roots of Health and Healing in Modern Africa| journal= African Studies Review| volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=73–147| year=1985| jstor=524604| doi=10.2307/524604 }}</ref> A shekarar 1928, an gina tsarin samar da ruwan fanfo na farko a Cape Coast. Sassan samar da ruwa (Water Supply Division) na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ke da alhakin ba da hidimar a yankunan karkara da birane na Ghana. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a shekarar 1957, an raba sashen daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje. A shekarar 1965, an canza shi zuwa Hukumar Ruwa da Kafan Kazanta ta Ghana (GWSC), wata hukuma ta shari'a ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane da karkara don amfanin jama'a, gida, da masana'antu gami da kafawa, gudanarwa, da sarrafa tsarin kwashe kazanta. === Rarraba madafun iko, mayar da hankali kan yankunan karkara, da tsarin gudanarwa mai zaman kansa (1994-1999) === A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Jerry Rawlings da kuma bayan amincewa da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1992, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa manyan dokoki guda biyar da suka shafi alhakin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: * Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 462 na shekarar 1993 ta bayyana amfani da ikon Majalisun Gundumari (District Assemblies) a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace Gunduma, karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Gunduma (kamar magajin gari). Kundin tsarin mulkin ko Dokar Gidajen Gwamnati ba su fayyace takamaiman ayyukan Majalisun Gundumari ba, kuma tun farko ba su da wata rawa a harkar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har sai da aka mika musu wani ɓangare a shekarar 1999. * Dokar Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa mai lamba 552 na shekarar 1996 ta kafa Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin haɗakar gudanarwar albarkatun ruwa gami da ba da izinin kwashe ruwa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> * Dokar Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji mai lamba 538 na shekarar 1997 ta kafa Hukumar Kayayyakin Jama'a da Ka'idoji (PURC) wadda aka sanya ta da alhakin tsara sashen lantarki da samar da ruwa a birane, gami da duba buƙatun ƙarin haraji, sanya idanu kan ingancin sabis da kuma kare muradin masu amfani.<ref name="oecd 294"/> * Dokar Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma mai lamba 564 na shekarar 1998 ta kafa Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) wadda ta zama da alhakin tallafawa al'ummomin gida da Majalisun Gundumari ta fuskar samar da ruwa a karkara da tsaftar muhalli. CWSA ta fito ne daga Sashin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma wanda aka ƙirƙira a matsayin sashe mai zaman kansa na GWSC a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ghanaian Water Resources and Environmental Sanitation Project| author-link = macmeshack| title = Water Supply & Sanitation in Ghana| url = http://www.wresp.org/wsesingh.php#history | access-date = 26 March 2008}}</ref> * A ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Canza Hukumomin Shari'a zuwa Kamfanoni (Act 461) na shekarar 1993 da kuma daidai da manufar gwamnati na canza hukumomin gwamnati zuwa kamfanoni masu aiki da tsarin kasuwanci, an canza GWSC zuwa kamfani mai suna GWCL, wanda ya kasance da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane kawai, yayin da aka mika alhakin tsarin kwashe kazanta ga Majalisun Gundumari.<ref>{{cite journal| last = United Nations| author-link = United Nations| title = Freshwater Country Profile: Ghana| year = 2004| url = https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/ghana/waterghana04f.pdf| access-date = 7 April 2008}}, p. 2</ref> A shekarar 1999, an mika alhakin tallafawa al'ummomi wajen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a cikin ƙananan garuruwa fiye da 110 da kuma yankunan karkara ga Majalisun Gundumari. Haka kuma tsaftar muhalli ta zama alhakin Majalisun Gundumari, a birane da karkara baki ɗaya.<ref name="wateraid 2"/> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bi sahun shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a harkar samar da ruwa a birane tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen nazari da bita, amma ba tare da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gaske ba tukunna. === Shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankunan birane (2000-2011) === Don gudanar da shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na GWCL, tun farko an yi hasashen kwangilar hayar (lease contract) na shekaru 10. A shekarar 2000, yarjejeniyar hayar tsakanin GWCL da kamfanin Azurix na Amurka ta gaza saboda adawar jama'a da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yaƙi da mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Rahaman| first = Abu Shiraz|author2=Everett, Jeff |author3=Neu, Dean| title = Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa| journal = Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal| volume = 20| issue = 5| pages = 637–670| publisher = Emerald Group Publishing Limited| year = 2007| doi = 10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648–651</ref> A watan Oktoban 2006, a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin John Kufuor kuma tare da tallafin Aikin Ruwa na Birane da Bankin Duniya ya ɗauki nauyinsa, an sanya wa hannu kan kwangilar gudanarwa (management contract) na shekaru biyar tsakanin GWCL da Aqua Vitens Rand Limited (AVRL), ƙungiyar kamfanonin ruwa na gwamnatin Holland wato Vitens da kamfanin gwamnati na Afirka Ta Kudu wato Rand Water. Babban makasudin wannan kwangilar gudanarwa na shekaru 5 sune: * Inganta tabbas (matsayi da saurin kwarara) da kuma ingancin ruwan sha, * Tabbatar da dorewar kuɗaɗen kamfanin, * Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da kuma * Ba da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai sauƙi ga masu amfani masu ƙaramin kuɗi.<ref name="Vitens Evides">{{cite web|last=Vitens Evides International|title=Management Contract 2006–2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development|url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}, p. 35-36</ref> A shekarar 2008, an ba da rahoton ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra saboda katsewar wutar lantarki a masana'antun sarrafa ruwa guda biyu.<ref>Benson, Ivy: Government maintains Aqua Vitens deal...to manage water supply in the country, The Ghanaian Chronicle, 12 March 2008</ref> Kwangilar gudanarwar ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011 ba tare da an sabunta ta ba bayan ta cimma burinta a ɓangare kawai. A yankunan karkara, an ƙarfafa iko da albarkatun Majalisun Gundumari ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Gidajen Gwamnati mai lamba 656 na shekarar 2003. Dokar ta mika ikon naɗawa, ƙarin girma, da horar da maƙurarta daga gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa Majalisun Gundumari. A shekarar 2006, an ƙirƙira Asusun Raya Gundumari don tura kuɗaɗen gwamnati da na masu ba da tallafi a bayyane kuma cikin inganci ga Majalisun Gundumari. An ƙirƙira Daraktocin Muhalli, Lafiya da Tsafta a Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gwamnati da Raya Karkara a shekarar 2009 don mayar da hankali sosai kan tsaftar muhalli. A cikin wannan tsari ne aka ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da bayan gari a sarari ta hanyar cikakken tsaftar muhalli karkashin jagorancin al'umma (community-led total sanitation).<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> == Hakki game da samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli == [[Fayil:Pra River.gif|thumb|350px|Tsarin Kogin Pra na kogunan Ghana.]] Bisa ga bita ta masu ba da taimako da yawa kan ɓangaren samar da ruwa na Ghana, an bayyana cewa tsarin "yana da kyau sosai", inda gwamnati ke da alhakin tsare-tsare da dokoki, yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da al'ummomi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyuka.<ref name="MDG"/> Tsarin hukumomi na tsaftace muhalli bai fito fili ba sosai, kuma ba a bayyana hujjojin ayyukan kowace hukuma dalla-dalla ba. === Manufofi da dokoki === A halin yanzu, akwai hukumomi da dama da ke kula da daidaita batun samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli. Tsarin manufofin ya ginu ne a kan Tsarin Rage Talauci na Ghana (GPRS).<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 28–29</ref> Manufofin gaba ɗaya na ɓangaren ruwa ga karkara da birane ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (Water Directorate) da ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje (MWRWH). Haka kuma, ma'aikatar tana neman kuɗaɗe daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, tana sa ido kan ɓangaren, kuma tana ba Majalisar Ministoci shawara.<ref name="wateraid 5">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 5</ref> Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1997 a Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, ita ke kula da tsarin shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin wannan ɓangare.<ref>{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 33</ref> Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Gida da Raya Karkara tana raba alhakin tsara manufofin tsaftace muhalli da daidaita kuɗaɗen tallafi na wannan ɓangare tare da MWRWH. Gwamnati tana haɓaka tsarin madaidaitan iko (decentralization) ta yadda ake sa ran Majalisun Birane, Municipal, da na Gundumomi za su aiwatar da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Don aiwatar da dokokin ingancin muhalli, ana sa ran Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kimiyya za ta bincoki tasirin ayyukan haɓaka tsaftar muhalli a kan kewaye. Don shawo kan rashin daidaituwa tsakanin hukumomin ɓangaren da dama, Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ayyuka, da Gidaje, Abubakar Saddique Boniface, ya ƙaddamar da Manufar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NWP) a watan Fabrairun 2008, wadda ta shafi sarrafa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa, da tsaftace muhalli. Kodayake ɓangaren ya sami ci gaba, rashin jituwa wajen tsara manufofi ya haifar da dabarun aiwatarwa da dama masu rikitarwa. NWP ta yi niyyar tsara cikakkiyar manufar ɓangaren da kuma sauƙaƙawa abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba wajen ba da tallafin da ya dace ga ɓangaren.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Appiah| first = Innocent| title = Govt tackles water issue| newspaper = Ghanaian Times| date = 28 February 2008| url = http://www.newtimesonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14378&Itemid=181&month=2&year=2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa (WRC) ce ta shirya NWP tun shekarar 2002.<ref name="NWP"/> === Ayyukan hakar gwal ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da samar da ruwa === Ministan Filaye, Samuel Abu Jinapor ya sake tabbatar wa jama'a cewa samar da ruwa na Ghana yana da lafiya kuma za a iya sha, duk da fargaba mai yawa da ake da ita na cewa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (galamsey) suna shafar gurɓata ruwan sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lands Minister Jinapor Defends Ghana's Water Supply Amidst Galamsey Concerns |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/godblessed/Lands-Minister-Jinapor-Defends-Ghana-s-Water-Supply-Amidst-Galamsey-Concerns-244 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Ghana Web |date=9 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New water policy to address 'galamsey' menace – Sanitation Ministry |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/new-water-policy-to-address-galamsey-menace-sanitation-ministry/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> === Samar da Ayyuka === ==== Yankunan Birane ==== Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana Ltd. (GWCL) shi ke da alhakin samarwa, rarrabawa, da adana ruwa don amfanin gida, jama'a, da masana'antu a cikin tsarin birane 82 a yankunan da ke da mazauna fiye da 5,000. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin sanya mita, lissafin kuɗi ga abokan ciniki, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga.<ref name="wateraid 19">{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 19</ref> Tsaftace muhallin birane alhakin gwamnatocin gida ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf |title=RUAF Ghana Sanitation Report |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133727/http://www.ruaf.org/system/files?file=Chap6-Sanitation.pdf }}</ref> ==== Yankunan Karkara ==== [[Fayil:Ghana - Victory Pump.jpg|300px|thumb|Famfon igiya kusa da Paga, Yankin Upper East]] Hukumar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Al'umma (CWSA) ce ke da alhakin daidaitawa da sauƙaƙa aiwatar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Ƙasa (NCWSP) a yankunan karkara, wanda al'ummomi da Majalisun Gundumominsu ke aiwatarwa kai tsaye. NCWSP yana mai da hankali kan manyan manufofi guda uku don cimma ingantuwar lafiya: samar da ruwa mai lafiya, ilimin tsafta, da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 15</ref> An ƙirƙiri CWSA ne a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin tsarin manufofin raba madaidaitan iko na Ghana kuma ta sami ikon gashin kanta a shekarar 1998. Hukumar ba ta gina, sarrafawa, ko kula da wuraren samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, rawar da take takawa ita ce daidaita ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke gudanar da ayyukan a yankunan karkara, gami da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, al'ummomin da ke amfana, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ana kuma sa ran CWSA za ta tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga abokan haɗin gwiwa yadda ya dace kuma ta tabbatar da ilimin tsafta. Hukumar tana gudanar da ofisoshin shiyyoyi guda goma baya ga babban ofishinta da ke Accra.<ref name="CWSA 9-11">{{cite web|last=Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) |title=Strategic Investment Plan 2005 – 2015 |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.cwsagh.org/documents/SIP_2005-2015.pdf |access-date=26 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, p. 9-11</ref> A cikin al'ummomin da ke da mazauna ƙasa da 5,000, tsarin samar da ruwa mallakin al'ummar ne kuma su ke tafiyar da shi bisa ga buƙatunsu. Dangane da NCWSP, waɗannan tsarin ba sa karɓar kowane tallafi na giciye (cross-subsidies) kuma kashi 5% na kuɗin saka hannun jari ana biyan su ne ta Majalisun Gundumomi.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Nyarko| first = Kwabena Biritwum| contribution = Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana| year = 2004| title = Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference| editor-last = Chaoka| editor-first = T. R.| pages = 217–226| place = London| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group| isbn = 0-415-35913-9|display-editors=etal}}, p. 217–218.</ref> Al'ummomi a yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa suna zaɓar gudanarwa da ta haɗa da maza da mata na hukumar ruwa da tsafta, waɗanda suka ƙunshi masu saƙai, gami da masu kula da ƙauyen guda ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman kan gyare-gyare da kiyayewa.<ref name="wateraid 5"/><ref name="wedc 2">{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 2</ref> Al'ummomi za su iya ɗaukar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ba da tallafin fasaha, kayayyaki, ko ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Water-Aid Ghana| title = Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report.| year = 2005| location = Accra| url = http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf| access-date = 26 March 2008}}, p. 31</ref> Kamfanonin cikin gida suna haƙa rijiyoyin burtsatse da na ganyaye, kuma ana amfani da masana na cikin gida don samar da masai na gidaje.<ref name="wateraid 19"/> An mayar da sassan kula da gyare-gyare na CWSA ga hannun masu zaman kansu, kuma kamfanonin shiyyoyi da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan tsari yanzu suna gudanar da manyan gyare-gyare a madadin Majalisun Gundumomi. Ƙananan gyare-gyare kuma makanikai na yankin ne ke yin su.<ref name="KfW RWS"/> Hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na al'ummomi suna samun tallafin fasaha daga Ƙungiyoyin Ruwa da Tsafta na Gunduma (DWST), waɗanda yafi dacewa su ƙunshi injiniya, masanin tsafta, da mai haɗa kan al'umma.<ref name="wedc 2"/> Sai dai a wasu gundumomin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da rauni sosai ta yadda ƙungiyoyin shiyyoyi na CWSA ke komawa ga ba da agaji kai tsaye ga hukumomin ruwa da tsafta na cikin gida.<ref name="WB SRWSP"/> === Sauran masu ruwa da tsaki === Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Ghana a Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsafta (CONIWAS), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2001, "tana aiki ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na ɓangaren don yin tasiri ga manufofi, cire cikas da haɓaka damar samun ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ingantaccen tsafta ga matalauta da masu rauni." A cewar ƙungiyar, bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu murya ɗaya don fafutuka da neman haƙƙi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodinta.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top CONIWAS]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Innovations for Poverty Action''' An kafa Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da manufofi maras riba wadda ke nufin gano da kuma haɓaka mafita masu inganci ga matsalolin talauci na duniya. IPA tana ɗaukar masu bincike da masu yanke shawara don auna tasirin ayyukan a ɓangaren noma, ilimi, lafiya, haɗakar kuɗi, gudanarwa, zaman lafiya da farfadowa, ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaita, da kariya ta zamantakewa tsakanin shirye-shiryen ƙasashe 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/research|title=Research {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=6 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Gwaje-gwajen Sarrafa bazuwar (RCT) da sauran nau'ikan bincike na inganci don cimma wannan, gami da binciken bincike na Ruwa Mai Tsabta a Arewacin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/about/what-we-do|title=What We Do {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=11 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana auna sha'awar gidaje a Arewacin Ghana na siyan tace ruwan Kosim wanda Pure Home Water (PHW), wata ƙungiyar sa-kai mai zaman kanta ta Ghana ke siyarwa. Binciken kuma yana nufin auna tasirin lafiya na kula da ruwa a matakin gida a yankunan da al'ummarsu ke da babban haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/study/clean-water-northern-ghana|title=Clean Water in Northern Ghana {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Pure Home Water''' Pure Home Water (PHW) ƙungiyar sa-kai ce mai zaman kanta ta Ghana kuma masana'antar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hwts.web.unc.edu/files/2014/08/2013Accra_Day1_11_Jackson.pdf|title=Pure Home Water, Tamale, Ghana. 2013.}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarar 2005, an tsara PHW don zama masana'antar tace ruwa ta tukwane a birnin Tamale da ke arewacin Ghana. Manufofinta guda biyu sun haɗa da isar da agaji ga mutanen da suka fi buƙatar ruwan sha mai lafiya, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya (WASH) a Arewacin Ghana, da kuma dogaro da kai ta fuskar kuɗi da na gida. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ba da horo da sa ido kan amfani da tace ruwan AfriClay daidai, akai-akai da kuma ci gaba (3Cs). Suna kuma gina da rarraba wuraren wanke hannu da kayan tsafta a ko'ina cikin ƙauyuka a Yankin Arewa. PHW ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta Innovations for Poverty Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poverty-action.org/organization/pure-home-water|title=Pure Home Water {{!}} Innovations for Poverty Action|website=www.poverty-action.org|date=10 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purehomewater.org/|title=Pure Home Water|website=Pure Home Water|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> '''Saha Global''' Saha Global (wadda aka sani da Community Water Solutions a dā) ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta mai hedkwata a Boston, Massachusetts da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 wadda ke da nufin biyan bukatun ruwa da makamashi na al'ummomin Ghana a Yankin Arewa. Saha Global tana aiki don ba wa mata na al'ummomin karkara na Ghana iko don samar da ruwa mai tsabta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar samar da damar kasuwanci. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawo matasan shugabanni daga sassan duniya daban-daban zuwa Ghana ta hanyar Shirin Shugabanci na Duniya. Yayin da suke Ghana, mahalarta taron suna horar da mata na gida don gina kasuwancin da zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen shiga cikin al'ummominsu na gida. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an ƙirƙiri ayyukan kasuwancin ruwa mai tsabta 84 da na wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana 20 tare da taimakon Saha Global, kuma kashi 100% na waɗannan ayyukan kasuwancin suna aiki cikakku har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahaglobal.org/|title=Saha Global|website=sahaglobal.org|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> '''Water.org''' Water.org ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Amurka da ƙasa da ƙasa maras riba wadda aka tsara don samar da damar samun ruwa mai lafiya da tsaftace muhalli a duniya ta hanyar buɗe sabbin hanyoyi masu dorewa ga matsalar ruwa ta duniya. An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a shekarar 1990 bayan haɗewar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ruwa guda biyu: H₂O Africa, wadda Matt Damon ya taimaka wajen kafawa, da WaterPartners, wadda Gary White ya taimaka wajen kafawa. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli lafiyayye, mai sauƙin samu da kuma mai sauƙin kuɗi, Water.org ta ci gaba da isar da agaji ga rayukan mutane sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya sama da shekaru 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/about/|title=About Us – Learn About Our Clean Water Solutions {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Water.org tana aiki a yankunan karkara guda biyu a Ghana: Yankin Volta da Yankin Upper East. Waɗannan gundumomin suna cikin mafi talauci a ƙasar, inda ƙasa da rabin al'ummar ke da ƙarancin damar samun ruwan sha mai lafiya kuma iyalai kaɗan ne ke da damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin karkara a waɗannan yankuna suna fama sosai da cututtukan da ke fita ta ruwa, gami da gudawa. Water.org tana aiki tare da al'ummomin gida da ƙungiyoyin abokan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Rural Aid, don gina rijiyoyi, masai da matatun yashi (biosand filters) a Ghana da kuma ba da ilimin lafiya da tsafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/country/ghana/|title=Ghana – Water Crisis {{!}} Water.org|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422112638/http://water.org/country/ghana/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://water.org/post/opportunity-in-ghana/|title=Opportunity in Ghana|website=Water.org|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> == Ingancin ayyukan amfani == === Ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga === A cewar Sakatariyar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗaɗen shiga a yankunan birane ya kai kusan kashi 50% na ruwan da ake samarwa, wato yana ɓacewa ne, musamman saboda yoyo da haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Water Sector Restructuring Secretariat |title=Water for Ghana website |url=http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 }} .</ref> A cewar wani gidan rediyon Ghana, wani bincike ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa 3,000 cikin 15,000 na ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne yayin da aka sami ƙananan yoyo guda 20.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Illegal water connections hampering GWCL |newspaper=Kessben FM radio station |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid=2060 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090625190137/http://www.kessbenfm.com/news_read.php?nid%3D2060 |archive-date=25 June 2009 }} .</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yawancin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da samar da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗaɗen da aka lissafa musu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abayie |first=Henrietta |title=Few People Pay for Water |newspaper=Daily Guide |date=10 March 2008 |url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101115334/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/portal/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4387 |archive-date=1 November 2007 }}</ref> Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, gwamnatin Ghana ta halarci wannan mummunar al'ada ta rashin biyan kuɗi.<ref name="wateraid 4">{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 4</ref> A zaman wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage asarar tsarin, a watan Fabrairun 2008 shiyyar Accra ta Gabas ta AVRL-GWCL ta sa an kama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba guda goma a cikin al'ummar Adenta. Sun gina manyan rumbunan ajiye ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke zama madogarar ruwa ga masu motocin jigilar ruwa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu motocin suna siyan ruwa daga waɗannan hanyoyi na haram kuma suna siyar wa mutane a Ashaley Botwe akan farashi mai yawa.<ref>[http://www.water-mwrwh.com/sub.htm#top AVRL:The Dodowa Intervention]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yawan aiki na ma'aikata === An kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2010, GWCL tana da ma'aikata 7.2 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da matakan shiyyoyi.<ref name="Vitens Evides"/> Sai dai, kyakkyawan tsarin aiki na duniya shine ƙasa da ma'aikata 4 ga kowace mita ko haɗin gwiwa 1,000. == Bangarorin Kuɗi == === Kudirin haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗen kashewa === Harajin ruwa a Ghana sun yi ƙanƙanta da za su iya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan. Harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na yankunan birane. '''Yankunan birane.''' A watan Disamba na shekarar 2015, hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC ta amince da ƙarin kashi 67.2% a kan harajin ruwan birane. An ƙara harajin daga GHS1.78/m3 ($0.45/m3) zuwa GHS3.01/m3 (US$0.76/m3). Matsakaicin lissafin kuɗi na kowane wata ga iyali mai mutane biyar zai kai GHS10.00 ($2.50). Kamfanin Ruwa na Ghana (Ghana Water) ya buƙaci ƙarin haraji da kashi 400% don biyan dukkan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa, amma hukumar daidaitawa ta rage buƙatar sosai, tana mai bayyana damuwa game da ikon biyan kuɗin jama'a.<ref name="GWI tariffs">{{cite web|title=Ghana swallows 67% tariff hike|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|page=13|date=December 2015}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 1997, matsakaicin harajin ruwa a yankunan biranen Ghana ya kasance tsakanin US$0.10 zuwa US$0.15 a kowace m³.<ref name="doe 32">{{Cite journal| first = Henry Wonder| last = Doe| title = Assessing the Challenges of Water Supply in. Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. (EESI Master Thesis)| year = 2007| place = Stockholm| publisher = Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)| url = http://www.lwr.kth.se/Publikationer/PDF_Files/LWR_EX_07_06.PDF| access-date = 27 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 32</ref><ref name="cedi">1 Ghanaian Cedi = 0.0001132 US Dollar (31 December 2006); Source: http://www.oanda.com/</ref> A wancan lokacin, Gwamnati ba ta shirya amincewa da manyan ƙarin haraji ba. Al'amura sun canza bayan kafa hukumar daidaitawa ta PURC wacce ke bincika tare da amincewa da harajin ayyukan jama'a da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsakaicin harajin ruwa na kusan US$0.50 a shekarar 2004.<ref name="wateraid 4"/> A shekarar 2006, harajin GWCL na farkon 20m³ da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance US$0.55 a kowace m³, yayin da aka caji US$0.76 a kowace m³ da ta wuce 20m³ a cikin wata guda.<ref name="doe 32"/><ref name="cedi"/> Bayan haka, darajar harajin da aka lissafta da dalar Amurka ta sake raguwa saboda faɗuwar darajar kuɗin gida. '''Yankunan karkara.''' Kamar yadda tsarin manufofin CWSA ya tsara, harajin ruwa a yankunan karkara ya kamata ya dawo da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da ayyukan, gami da gudanarwa, kulawa, manyan gyare-gyare, sauyawa, da faɗaɗawa zuwa sabbin yankuna. Majalisun gundumomi ne ke fito da haraji a yankunan karkara.<ref name="wateraid 5"/> Sai dai kuma, ya kamata kuɗin samar da ruwan ya yi ƙasa sosai yadda ba zai kai ga harajin da ya wuce dalar Amurka 1 a kowace m³ ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a tsarin famfo guda biyar da al'umma ke gudanarwa a Yankin Ashanti ya gano matsakaicin haraji na kusan US$0.60 a kowace m³ a shekarar 2003, wanda a zahiri yana biyan tsakanin kashi 57 zuwa 77% na cikakken kuɗin samar da ruwan.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Nyarko| first = K. B.|author2=Oduro-Kwarteng, S. |author3=Adama, I.| title = Cost recovery of community-managed piped water systems in the Ashanti region, Ghana| journal = Water and Environment Journal| volume = 21| issue = 2| pages = 92–99| publisher = Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)| year = 2006| doi = 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2006.00051.x| s2cid = 154378574| issn = 1747-6585}}</ref> Wani binciken kuma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna matsakaicin kuɗin da kowane gida ke kashewa a kowane wata don siyan ruwa ya kai US$0.99 a ƙauyuka 97 na samfur a Yankin Volta da kuma US$0.89 a ƙauyuka 103 a Yankin Brong Ahafo. Sayi dai, a kusan kashi 70% na ƙauyukan Volta da kashi 40% kawai na ƙauyukan Brong Ahafo, aƙalla kashi 90% na gidajen da aka tattauna da su ne a zahiri suka biya kuɗin ruwa. Inda ake cajin amfanin ruwa, ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin biya ko kuma tsarin biya-yayin-ɗiba.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Komives| first = K.|author2=Akanbang, B. |author3=Thorsten, R. |author4=Tuffuor, B. |author5=Wakeman, Wasser. |author6=Larbi, E. |author7=Bakalian, A |author8= Whittington, D. | title = Post-construction Support and the Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Ghana| journal = Paper Presented at the 33rd WEDC International Conference – Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions| location = Accra| year = 2008}}, p. 4</ref> === Zuba jari da samar da kuɗaɗe === Tunda ingantaccen tattalin arziki gami da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a ɓangaren suna da matuƙar ƙasa, zuba jari ga fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana ya dogara kacokan a kan kuɗaɗen waje. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, kashi 90% na jimillar zuba jari a ɓangaren a shekarun 1990 hukumomin waje ne suka yi shi,<ref name="ADF"/> waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 500 ga ɓangaren tsakanin shekarar 1990 da 2003. Yana da kyau a ambata cewa yawancin lokuta fannin tsaftar muhalli ba ya samun kulawa sosai.<ref>{{cite web|last = WaterAid|author-link = WaterAid|title = National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url = http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format = PDF|access-date = 26 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, p. 3</ref> Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasin ya nuna, fiye da kashi 96% na kuɗaɗen da ake sauran samu a shekarar 2006 za su fito ne daga masu ba da gudummawa na waje.<ref name="MDG">AMCW/AfDB/EUWI/WSP/UNDP: [http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20080227155149/http://www.wsp.org/filez/news/27200752243_MDGsAfrica.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }} – A Status Overview of Sixteen African Countries, 2006, p. 27</ref> Duk da gagarumar gudummawar da masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa ke bayarwa, kuɗaɗen tallafin sun kasance basu isa ba don cimma Burikan Cigaban Ƙarni (Millennium Development Goals) na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, waɗanda ke da burin rage rabin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyukan nan da shekarar 2015 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 1990. Kamar yadda wani ƙiyasi ya nuna, faɗaɗawa da gyara abubuwan more rayuwa na birane na buƙatar zuba jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.3 a cikin wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="oecd 294"/> Wata majiyar kuma ta ƙiyasta bukatun zuba jari na shekara-shekara a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a kan dalar Amurka miliyan 150. Kuɗaɗen zuba jari da ake saurare don shekarar 2006 sun kasance dalar Amurka miliyan 85, ko kuma kashi 57% na abubuwan da ake buƙata.<ref name="MDG"/> Hukumar Sake Tsara Ɓangaren Ruwa ta ƙiyasta ainihin zuba jarin shekara-shekara a yankunan birane a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 40 a kowace shekara, wanda "kwanan nan" ya ragu zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 17 kacal a kowace shekara (ba tare da fadar takamaiman shekarar ba). Adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 40 na yankunan birane ya yi daidai da kusan dalar Amurka 4 ga kowane mutum, matakin matsakaici idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref>[http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp Water for Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20070403154006/http://www.waterforghana.org/urban_water.asp |date=3 April 2007 }}. It is US$9 per capita in Nicaragua, more than US$4 per capita in Rwanda, US$3.7 per capita in Bolivia and less than US$1 per capita in Ethiopia</ref> An tara jarin masu zaman kansu ta hanyar aikin Ginin-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build-Operate-Transfer - BOT) don masana'antar kawar da gishiri daga ruwan teku a Accra. An ba da kwangilar shekaru 25 don samar da kuɗaɗe, gini, da gudanar da masana'antar da ke samar da mita kubik 60,000 kowace rana a shekarar 2012. Za a sayar da ruwan a kan US$1.36 a kowace mita kubik ga GWCL, tare da garanti daga Ma'aikatar Kuɗi. Kamfanin MIGA na Bankin Duniya ne ke ba da inshorar aikin daga haɗarin siyasa. Kuɗaɗen sun fito ne daga Bankin Standard na Afirka ta Kudu (dalar Amurka miliyan 88.7) da kuma mai hannun jari Abengoa Water (dalar Amurka miliyan 38.1). GWCL ya yi watsi da ƙarin ayyukan kawar da gishiri daga ruwa saboda yawan albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar da kuma buƙatar gano mafita cikin sauri ga yankin Nungua da ke haɓaka cikin sauri inda za a gina masana'antar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Global Water Intelligence|title=Ghana rules out further desalination|date=November 2012}}</ref> Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC) tana tallafawa Masana'antar Tace Ruwa ta Asutsuare, aikin Ginin-Mallaka-Gudanarwa-Maida Hannun Jari (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer - BOOT) na Yuro miliyan 500 tare da GWCL wanda ɗan kwangilar Belgium mai suna Denys ya ɓullo da shi. Ya haɗa da masana'antar tace ruwa mai ƙarfin mita kubik 432,000 kowace rana, wacce ke ƙasa da madatsar ruwa ta Kpong a kan Kogin Volta da kuma bututun mai guda biyu, kowanne mai tsawon kusan kilomita 73 zuwa Babban Accra, da kuma wuraren adana ruwa guda biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asutsuare Water Treatment Plant – Summary of Investment Information|url=http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/651aeb16abd09c1f8525797d006976ba/9062cbcf30cf532385257b3b0065cc41?opendocument|publisher=IFC|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manyan masu ba da agaji masu fada aji a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana su ne Bankin Cigaban Afirka, Canada, Denmark, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EU Commission), Faransa, Jamus, Japan, Netherlands, da kuma Bankin Duniya. Akwai Tsarin Tallafin Kasafi na Masu Ba da Tallafi Da Yawa, Ƙungiyar Ɓangaren Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli gami da Taron Binciken Shekara-shekara na Haɗin Gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da "abokan cigaba" (masu ba da tallafi).<ref name="WB SRWSP">{{cite web|last=World Bank|title=Project Appraisal Document: Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 28 May 2010|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/06/07/000333037_20100607005153/Rendered/PDF/546720PAD0P120101Official0Use0Only1.pdf|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> === Bankin Cigaban Afirka === Bankin Cigaban Afirka yana ba da gudummawa ga Aikin Gyara Tsarin Magudanar Ruwa na Accra (Accra Sewerage Improvement Project - ASIP) tare da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 69, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 8.6. Bankin na ADB ya amince da aikin a shekarar 2006 kuma ana saurar gudanar da shi a cikin shekaru biyar. A cikin wannan lokacin, ana saurar gina masana'antar tace ruwa guda biyu da gidajen famfo guda takwas. Bugu da ƙari, za a faɗaɗa tare da gyara hanyoyin magudanar ruwa da wuraren tsaftar muhalli. Aikin yana kuma tallafawa matakan kare muhalli, ƙarfafa cibiyoyi, ayyukan injiniya, da gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{cite journal|last=African Development Fund |author-link=African Development Bank#Group Entities |title=Accra Sewerage Improvement Project (ASIP). Appraisal Report. |date=October 2005 |url=http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/126478C8BF8B14D1E040C00A0C3D0235 |format=PDF |access-date=28 March 2008 }}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> === Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada === Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Canada (CIDA) tana tallafawa fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan arewacin Ghana ta hanyar ayyuka guda uku: # CIDA tana ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 11 ga Aikin Haɓaka Ƙarfin Gundumomi (District Capacity Building Project - DISCAP) mai duba daidaiton jinsi, wanda ke da burin ƙarfafa gungun gundumomi don gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, ta yadda zai baiwa hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi damar samar da ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. An fara DISCAP a shekarar 2000 kuma zai ƙare a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{cite web| last = Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)| author-link = Canadian International Development Agency| title = District Capacity Building Project (DISCAP)| url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/F2780B799147D0FC85257405003CECE1| access-date = 28 March 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> # Hukumar tana ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 16.4 don Aikin Tsaftar Ruwa na Yankin Arewa (Northern Region Water Sanitation Project - NORWASP), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1999 kuma ake saurar zai ƙare a shekarar 2009. Babban burin aikin mai duba daidaiton jinsi shi ne ƙara samun damar yin amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar tsarin dogaro da buƙatu. A ƙarshen aikin, ana saurar har al'ummomi 250,000 a sashin gabas na yankin arewa su sami damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gami da 420 waɗanda ke gudanar da sabbin tsarin ruwansu da kansu.<ref>{{cite web| last = Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)| author-link = Canadian International Development Agency| title = Northern Region Water Sanitation Project (NORWASP)| url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/DF59D73C4094A94885257019003185F3| access-date = 28 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Aikin Ƙananan Garuruwa na Yankin Arewa (Northern Region Small Towns - NORST), wanda ake gudanarwa daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2014, yana samun tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 30 daga CIDA. Ana saurar aikin zai kafa ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a har ƙananan garuruwa 30.<ref>{{cite web|author-link = Canadian International Development Agency|title = Northern Region Small Towns (NORST)|url = http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/C9C1EFDFD2DF72C08525701900318551|access-date = 28 March 2008|archive-url = https://afchive.today/20130101074941/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/CIDAWEB/cpo.nsf/vWebCSAZEn/C9C1EFDFD2DF72C08525701900318551|archive-date = 1 January 2013}}</ref> === Jamus === Jamus tana tallafawa samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan karkara a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafinta ga shirin raba madafun iko na Ghana. Tare da sauran masu ba da tallafi, Jamus tana tallafawa Tsarin Tallafin Cigaban Gundumomi (District Development Facility) tun daga shekarar 2009, wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Ƙananan Hukumomi da Cigaban Karkara. Har zuwa shekarar 2014, Jamus tana ba da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa har Yuro miliyan 36 daga cikin jimillar Yuro miliyan 210. Sauran kuɗaɗen kuma sauran masu ba da tallafi da Gwamnatin Ghana ne ke ba da su, wacce ke samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗaɗen. Tsarin Tallafin Cigaban Gundumomi yana ba da kuɗaɗe ga Majalisun Gundumomi waɗanda dole ne su bi tsauraran dokoki game da gaskiya da riƙon amana waɗanda ake sa ido a kansu ba tare da son zuciya ba. Gundumomin da ke gudanar da kuɗaɗensu da kyau suna samun ƙarin kuɗaɗe.<ref>{{cite web|last=KfW Entwicklungsbank|title=Ghana: Programme – Decentralisation|url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Countries_and_Programmes/Sub-Saharan_Africa/Ghana/Programme_-_Dezentralisation.jsp|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> Wani aikin samar da ruwa a karkara na baya da Jamus ta tallafa an ƙiyasta shi da gamsarwa a cikin wani binciken kimantawa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005. Binciken ya gano, cikin sauran abubuwa, cewa shekaru uku zuwa takwas bayan gina su, kashi 4 kacal na rijiyoyin ne suka daina aiki gaba ɗaya, yayin da kashi 76 ke aiki kuma kashi 20 sun lalace na ɗan lokaci. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa a cikin kashi 28 na samfuran ruwa, sinadarin ƙarfe (iron) ya yi yawa kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ruwa daga sauran majiyoyi daban da rijiyoyin da aka gina a ƙarƙashin aikin don ayyuka daban-daban, gami da sha.<ref name="KfW RWS">{{cite web|last=KfW Entwicklungsbank|title=Ghana: Rural Water Supply I -II Ex post evaluation, 2005|url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/Evaluation/Ex-post_evaluation_reports/PDF-Dokumente_E-K/Ghana_Laendl__WV_I__II_e.pdf|access-date=19 August 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya yana tallafawa samar da ruwa a karkara da birane a Ghana. '''Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma (CWSP)''' An ƙaddamar da Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na Biyu a shekarar 2000 tare da tallafin rancen IDA na Bankin Duniya na dalar Amurka miliyan 21.9, da nufin ƙara samun dama da tallafawa ingantaccen amfani mai dorewa na ingantaccen ruwan al'umma da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a ƙauyuka da ƙananan garuruwa ta hanyar tsarin dogaro da buƙatu. Ya ginu ne a kan darussan da aka koya daga shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Al'umma na farko wanda aka gudanar daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 2000.<ref name="World Bank"/> Babban tsarin raba madafun iko wajen tsari, gudanarwa, da tafiyar da samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Ghana ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin shirin na biyu. Bugu da ƙari, an ba wa al'ummomin tallafin fasaha da ilimin tsafta. An kafa kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli masu duba daidaiton jinsi don sa hannun ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da Majalisun Gundumomi. Sakamakon shirin, wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 2004, kusan mutane 800,000 aka samar mawa da ruwan sha kuma kusan gidaje 6,000 da makarantu 440 aka samar mawa da masai (latrines).<ref name="World Bank"/> '''Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙananan Garuruwa''' Bankin Duniya ya amince da Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙananan Garuruwa a shekarar 2004 tare da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 26. A shekarar 2007 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar tallafawa aikin tare da ƙarin rance na dalar Amurka miliyan 10. Hukumar cigaba ta Jamus (GTZ) tana ba da gudummawa ga aikin da dalar Amurka 400,000, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke samar da dalar Amurka miliyan 4.6. Aikin zai ƙare a shekarar 2009 kuma yana da burin ƙara samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga ƙananan garuruwa a yankuna shida na Ghana, inda zai samar wa kusan mutane 500,000 kayan samar da ruwa da kuma kusan mutane 50,000 kayan tsaftar muhalli. Saboda haka, aikin yana tallafawa tsari, gini, da gyaran tsarin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙananan garuruwa tare da ba da haɓaka tsafta, horo, da tallafin fasaha. Bugu da ƙari, ana tallafawa CWSA ta hanyar kuɗin gudanarwa da ya yi daidai da kashi 5% na kuɗaɗen da aka raba don tallafawa ƙarin kuɗaɗen aikin.<ref>{{cite web| last = World Bank| author-link = World Bank| title = Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project| url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P084015&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415| access-date = 28 March 2008}}</ref> '''Aikin Ruwan Birane''' A shekarar 2004, Hukumar Bankin Duniya ta amince da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 103 don Aikin Ruwan Birane, wanda daga baya aka canza shi zuwa tallafin kyauta. Asusun Cigaban Nordic yana ba da gudummawar wani dalar Amurka miliyan 5, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke samar da sauran dalar Amurka miliyan 12 na jimillar aikin na dalar Amurka miliyan 120.<ref>{{cite web| author-link = World Bank| title = Ghana: World Bank Turns US$103 Million Ghana Urban Water Credit To Grant| url = http://go.worldbank.org/ZATGPT5LF1| access-date = 28 March 2008}}</ref> Babban burin shirin, wanda zai ƙare a shekarar 2010, shi ne (i) ƙara samun damar yin amfani da tsarin samar da ruwa sosai a yankunan biranen Ghana tare da jaddada inganta sabis ga matalauta na birane; da kuma (ii) dawo da daidaiton kuɗi na dogon lokaci, dorewa, da ingancin GWCL. Yana ba da tallafin fasaha da horo. Mafi mahimmanci, Aikin Ruwan Birane yana tallafawa sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma ta haka ne ya ba da gudummawa ga kwangilar gudanarwa tsakanin GWCL da AVRL.<ref>{{cite web| author-link = World Bank| title = Urban Water Project| url = http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P056256&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415| access-date = 28 March 2008}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3505d4mgy8or7tj8gtcuvs1ss37j3m4 0 118910 858905 840084 2026-06-16T13:09:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kiba shine damuwa game da lafiyar lafiya a Kanada, wanda "ana tsammanin ya zarce {{Efn|Based on data from "the '''2004''' Canadian Community Health Survey: Nutrition, the 1978/79 Canada Health Survey and the 1986 to 1992 Canadian Heart Health Surveys"}} shan taba a matsayin babban dalilin rigakafin cututtuka da mace-mace" kuma yana wakiltar nauyi {{Efn|"The direct costs were extracted from the National Health Expenditure Database and allocated to each comorbidity using weights principally from the Economic Burden of Illness in Canada. The study showed that the total direct costs attributable to overweight and obesity in Canada were $6.0 billion in '''2006''', with 48% attributable to obesity."}} na Can $ 3.96 (US $ 3.04 / € 2.75) biliyan akan [[Economy of Canada|tattalin arzikin Kanada]] kowace shekara." <ref name="Eisenberg et al, 20112">{{Cite journal |last=Eisenberg |first=Mark J. |last2=Renée Atallah |last3=Sonia M. Grandi |last4=Sarah B. Windle |last5=Elliot M. Berry |date=Sep 20, 2011 |title=Legislative approaches to tackling the obesity epidemic. |journal=CMAJ |volume=183 |issue=13 |pages=1496–500 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.101522 |pmc=3176842 |pmid=21540168}}</ref> == Yawan kiba == Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Kanada ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2017, 64% na Kanada sama da shekaru 18 suna da kiba ko [[kiba]], kuma game da 30% na yara masu shekaru 5-17 suna da kiba ko kiba. <ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-22 |title=Tackling Obesity in Canada: Obesity and Excess Weight Rates in Canadian Adults |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-adults.html |access-date=2018-11-01 |archive-date=2018-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101233718/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-adults.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="canada-child">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Tackling obesity in Canada: Childhood obesity and excess weight rates in Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-children.html |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102105121/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-children.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani bincike mai zaman kansa a cikin wannan shekarar ta Renew Bariatrics, cibiyar kula da kiba a Amurka da Kanada, ya ba da rahoton manya miliyan 650 da yara miliyan 135 da matasa a matsayin masu kiba a duniya. Nazarin ya nuna cewa idan Kanada ta kashe dala biliyan 4.2 don maganin kiba, za a iya rage yawan kiba sosai zuwa 29%. A cikin yara, kiba ya karu sosai tsakanin 1978 da 2017, tare da ƙimar kiba a cikin yara yana ƙaruwa daga 23% zuwa 30%. <ref name="Canada" /> Ya zuwa 2016, 16% na [[British Columbia|British Columbians]] suna da kiba, yana mai da shi lardin da mafi ƙarancin kiba a Kanada. Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma suna da mafi girman kiba, a 33.7%. == Manazarta == eabk9xsygz5j6v5u56ua17fvabvi8nx 0 118917 858904 726918 2026-06-16T13:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Kiba]] a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Ireland]] babbar damuwa ce ta kiwon lafiya. Ireland tana daya daga cikin mafi girman kiba a Turai; Kashi 60% na manya, kuma sama da kashi 20% na yara da matasa, a kasar suna da kiba ko kiba. <ref name="hse.ie">{{Cite web |title=Obesity |url=https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/cspd/ncps/obesity/ |access-date=July 21, 2021 |publisher=[[Health Service Executive]] |archive-date=July 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723114820/https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/cspd/ncps/obesity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2011, 23.4% na al'ummar ƙasar sun kasance masu kiba. <ref name="pubmed2">{{Cite journal |last=Boylan |first=E. A. |last2=McNulty |first2=B. A. |last3=Walton |first3=J. |last4=Flynn |first4=A. |last5=Nugent |first5=A. P. |last6=Gibney |first6=M. J. |year=2014 |title=The prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in Irish adults between 1990 and 2011 |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=2389–2397 |doi=10.1017/S1368980014000536 |pmc=10282270 |pmid=24721159 |s2cid=8089847 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ma'anar BMI na ƙasar ya karu da 1.1kg (2.4lbs)/m² tsakanin 1990 da 2001 da {{Convert|0.6|kg|lb}} /m² tsakanin 2001 da 2011. <ref name="pubmed2"></ref> A shekarar 2015, gwamnati ta fitar da alkaluman da ke nuna cewa farashin kiba a kasar ya kai Yuro biliyan 1 a shekara. Ta hanyar 2017, an kiyasta cewa farashin rayuwa na kiba shine € 4.6bn ga ƙasar (da € 2.6bn na Ireland ta Arewa), gami da farashin kiwon lafiya da asarar lokutan aiki. Wani binciken [[PubMed]] ya gano kiba tsakanin yara musamman a Ireland ya faɗi daga 25% a cikin 2005 zuwa 16% ta 2019; <ref name="pubmed3">{{Cite journal |last=O'Donnell |first=A. |last2=Buffini |first2=M. |last3=Kehoe |first3=L. |last4=Nugent |first4=A. |last5=Kearney |first5=J. |last6=Walton |first6=J. |last7=Flynn |first7=A. |last8=McNulty |first8=B. |year=2020 |title=The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish children between 1990 and 2019 |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=14 |pages=2512–2520 |doi=10.1017/S1368980020000920 |pmc=10200483 |pmid=32613932 |s2cid=220306848}}</ref> duk da haka, binciken yayi gargadin cewa kiba ya kasance babbar matsala a Ireland. <ref name="pubmed3" /> Wani bincike na Turai a cikin 2021 ya gano cewa Ireland tana da matsayi na biyu mafi girma na kiba a Turai (a bayan Malta), tare da mafi yawan adadin da aka samu a cikin mutanen da suka wuce 65. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan da ke kan iyaka sun fi girma fiye da kiba ko kiba, yayin da mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan yammacin yamma da kudu maso yammacin sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanci. A cikin 2022, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta bayyana cewa kiba ya zama annoba a Ireland, musamman bayan Covid, tare da 57% na manya da 8% na yara 'yan kasa da biyar suna da kiba ko kiba. Kiba a Burtaniya == Manazarta == tr0yq1kise2i9v98jv441a51yhm3dar 0 119271 859277 728208 2026-06-17T11:18:23Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] hkmx1zwgbrwgqa5buoatft9s1l4696a 859278 859277 2026-06-17T11:20:21Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] dtuvc4mzqezhntr7izf6289hc5cb3it 859281 859278 2026-06-17T11:22:57Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] 396pu4unin6jgpprj7y6wmvf3unh5oz 859282 859281 2026-06-17T11:24:52Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901. == Ritaya da mutuwa == Ba ya cikin waɗanda za su tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1900, sai ya ci gaba da aikin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] 95q1ld40v6igevio3ikia6i9wfahd1c 859284 859282 2026-06-17T11:25:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka sashe 859284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901. == Ritaya da mutuwa == Ba ya cikin waɗanda za su tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1900, sai ya ci gaba da aikin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Death == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] ogxrg7hoftvd5oiwqv4bmnd7yp9i308 859285 859284 2026-06-17T11:26:22Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901. == Ritaya da mutuwa == Ba ya cikin waɗanda za su tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1900, sai ya ci gaba da aikin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Death == Bradley died from cirrhosis of the liver at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan on April 1, 1901, age 31 years. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, Queens, New York. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] t47ydgjrjr6qz5f0vzjbidlbcrk3che 859287 859285 2026-06-17T11:27:40Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20.<ref>United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000746</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901. == Ritaya da mutuwa == Ba ya cikin waɗanda za su tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1900, sai ya ci gaba da aikin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Death == Bradley died from cirrhosis of the liver at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan on April 1, 1901, age 31 years. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, Queens, New York. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] fqt26sh57nfehj7homja4l01mgo8d8l 859288 859287 2026-06-17T11:28:07Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20.<ref>United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000746</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya.<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/12798608</ref> === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901. == Ritaya da mutuwa == Ba ya cikin waɗanda za su tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1900, sai ya ci gaba da aikin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Death == Bradley died from cirrhosis of the liver at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan on April 1, 1901, age 31 years. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, Queens, New York. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] r12lw7eu4608zcpbc84dnkf9mak9yxp 859289 859288 2026-06-17T11:28:53Z Abdurra'uf 23412 saka manazarta 859289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Joseph Bradley'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Bradley</ref> (Janairu 2, 1870 - Afrilu 1, 1901) lauya ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[United States House of Representatives|Wakilin Amurka]] daga New York a farkon karni na 20.<ref>United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000746</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a birnin New York, Bradley ya halarci makarantun jama'a kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1887. Ya koyar a makarantun jama'a na birnin New York daga 1887 har zuwa 1891 kuma ya sauke karatu daga sashen shari'a na jami'ar New York City, a 1889. An shigar da shi mashaya a 1891 kuma ya yi aiki a New York. == Aiki == Bradley ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin mataimakin lauyan gundumar na gundumar New York daga 1892 zuwa 1895, sannan ya ci gaba da aikin lauya.<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/12798608</ref> === Zaman Majalisar Dokoki === An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Democrat zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Biyar, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 56.84%; da kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta Hamsin da Shida, inda ya yi nasara da kashi 46.27%; Bradley ya kasance Wakilin Amurka na gundumar tara ta New York daga 4 ga Maris, 1897, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1901.<ref>http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bradley8.html</ref> == Ritaya da mutuwa == Ba ya cikin waɗanda za su tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1900, sai ya ci gaba da aikin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Death == Bradley died from cirrhosis of the liver at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan on April 1, 1901, age 31 years. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, Queens, New York. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] iu9u9p9a3ag494b3m7hlkvplva92rhz 0 121339 858917 832746 2026-06-16T13:36:31Z Drseeyah muhammad 45910 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 858917 wikitext text/x-wiki Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatar iska, gurbatar ruwa, gurbatar hayaniya, sauyin yanayi, rashin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, zaizayar kasa, bala'o'i, kwararowar hamada da ambaliya. Dangane da bugu na 2020 na ƙimar aikin muhalli (EPI) wanda Cibiyar Yale ta Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli & Manufofin ta fitar, Pakistan tana matsayi na 142 tare da maki EPI na 33.1, haɓaka na 6.1 a cikin shekaru 10. Ya yi matsayi na 180 dangane da ingancin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan {{!}} Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2020/country/pak |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=epi.yale.edu}}</ref> Canjin yanayi da dumamar yanayi sune batutuwan da suka fi damun mutane da ke cikin hadari a duk faɗin ƙasar. Babban dalilan wadannan batutuwan muhalli sune hayakin carbon, Fashewar yawan jama'a, da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=The environmental issues in Pakistan |url=https://thefrontierpost.com/the-environmental-issues-in-pakistan/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Frontier Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081937/https://thefrontierpost.com/the-environmental-issues-in-pakistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadannan matsaloli ne masu tsanani na muhalli da Pakistan ke fuskanta, kuma suna kara tabarbarewa yayin da tattalin arzikin kasar ke kara habaka da karuwar al'umma. Ko da yake wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ma'aikatun gwamnati sun dauki matakin dakatar da lalata muhalli, har yanzu al'amuran muhalli na Pakistan suna nan. Pakistan na fuskantar babban kalubale yayin da albarkatun kasa da yanayin muhalli ke fuskantar karuwar gurbatar yanayi da dambarwa. Babban abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a kasar sun shafi wuce gona da iri na amfani da albarkatun kasa, gurbacewar iska da ruwa, rage yawan makamashi, rage gandun daji, da sarrafa sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Pakistan paying attention to environment crises? – DW – 05/31/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-pakistan-paying-attention-to-existential-environment-crises/a-61987940 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sakamakon tattalin arziki na lalacewar muhalli == Yawancin sassan masana'antu na Pakistan, misali kamun kifi da noma, wanda ke samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abin da ake samarwa da kuma kashi biyu cikin biyar na ayyukan yi a Pakistan, sun dogara sosai kan albarkatun ƙasar. Don haka, don dorewar ci gaban tattalin arziki, ana samun buƙatu mai yawa kan albarkatun ƙasa da ba su da yawa. Sai dai abin mamaki shi ne abin da kasar ta dogara da shi don ci gabanta shi ma ke barazana ga zaman lafiya da nasarar kasar nan gaba. A cewar bankin duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=11. Environmental Issues - World Bank |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/Publications/448813-1188777211460/pakceach2.pdf |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref> Kashi 70% na al'ummar Pakistan suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara kuma tuni matsanancin talauci ya afka musu. Wadannan mutane sun dogara ne akan albarkatun kasa don samar da kudin shiga kuma suna da yawa fiye da amfani da waɗannan albarkatun. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewa na muhalli kuma daga baya yana ƙara talauci. Wannan ya haifar da abin da Bankin Duniya ke kira da "mummunan koma baya na talauci da lalata muhalli."<ref name=":1" /> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == [[Fayil:Pollution_in_karachi.png|thumb|An jefa sharar gida a cikin wani makirci mara amfani a Karachi, Pakistan.]] [[Fayil:Garbage_dump_in_Karachi.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton ya nuna sharar gida da ke kwance a tsakiyar titin. Birnin ya sha wahala sosai saboda rashin kulawa. Mutane suna barin sharar gida a kan manyan hanyoyi, amma hukumomin yankin ba sa karɓar shi ko ma kallon shi.]] Rahoton na Bankin Duniya a shekara ta 2013 ya bayyana cewa, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatar iska, rashin wadataccen ruwan sha, gurbacewar hayaniya da tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya a birane da kauyuka sakamakon gurbacewar yanayi. Wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli ba wai kawai suna cutar da 'yan Pakistan ba ne har ma suna yin babbar barazana ga tattalin arzikin kasar. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa, karuwar masana'antu, birane da kuma motoci ba makawa za su kara dagula wannan matsala.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sánchez-Triana |first=Ernesto |last2=Enriquez |first2=Santiago |last3=afzal |first3=Javaid |last4=Nakagawa |first4=Akiko |last5=Shuja Khan |first5=Asif |date=2014 |title=Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/701891468285328404/pdf/890650PUB0Clea00Box385269B00PUBLIC0.pdf |website=www.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Pakistan tana da banbancin shakku na kasancewa ƙasa ta uku a duniya mafi ƙazanta idan ana maganar ingancin iska, wanda ke ƙara ƙalubalen muhallinta. Gaggawar haɓakar birane, haɗe da haɓakar yawan jama'a, yana ba da ƙarin ɓarna game da wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan’s Path to Climate Action Needs Strong Political Leadership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/pakistans-path-to-climate-action-needs-strong-political-leadership/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Bankin Duniya ya ware Pakistan a matsayin kasa mai fama da matsalar ruwa. Akwai manyan koguna guda bakwai da ke shiga Pakistan daga manyan kogizai, wadanda suka hada da kogin Kabul da ke shigowa daga Afghanistan, da kogin Indus, kogin Jhelum, kogin Chenab, kogin Ravi, da kogin Sutlej da ke shigowa daga Indiya. Daga cikin waɗannan, ana karkatar da Ravi da Sutlej a cikin ƙasar Indiya, wanda aka ba da amfani mai amfani ga Indiya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Indus Waters da Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu a cikin 1960. Hanyoyin sadarwa na Canal daga Indus (babban tushe), Kogin Jhelum, da Kogin Chenab suna ba da ruwa a ko'ina cikin filayen noma a Punjab da Sindh, yayin da sauran ƙasar ke da ɗan samun damar samun sauran ruwa mai daɗi. Karancin ruwa ba wai kawai yana barazana ga tattalin arzikin Pakistan ba har ma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwar miliyoyin 'yan Pakistan. Ƙananan kwararar ruwa saboda Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, da kuma karkata zuwa magudanar ruwa, na nufin cewa ana samun raguwar kwararar ruwa a cikin kogunan Pakistan. A daya hannun kuma, samar da gurbacewar ruwa na karuwa sosai saboda karuwar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karancin maganin ruwa. Hanyoyin gurbacewar ruwa sun hada da yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari, zubar da gurbatattun masana'antu a cikin tabkuna da koguna, da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, ana zubar da su cikin koguna da teku, da gurbatattun bututun da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief on Water Pollution |url=http://environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/PositionPaper/Water%20Pollution.pdf |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=environment.gov.pk |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202125238/http://environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/PositionPaper/Water%20Pollution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cutar ruwan sha mai kyau yana sa mutane su sami rigakafi don samun ruwa mai tsabta kuma yana ƙara yaduwar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da aka ruwaito a Pakistan ko dai sakamakon kai tsaye ne ko a kaikaice na gurɓataccen ruwa. 45% na mutuwar jarirai saboda zawo ne kuma 60% ga cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellite Based Monitoring of Groundwater Storage Variations Over Indus Basin |url=http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/images/press%20news/Current%20Synopsis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113052216/http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/images/press%20news/Current%20Synopsis.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-13 |website=www.pcrwr.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resource, Ministry of Science & Technology}}</ref> A cewar masu bincike, ana sa ran Pakistan za ta zama kasar da ta fi damuwa da ruwa a yankin a shekara ta 2040. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Pakistan paying attention to environment crises? – DW – 05/31/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-pakistan-paying-attention-to-existential-environment-crises/a-61987940 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓataccen amo === Manyan biranen Pakistan, irin su [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], Islamabad da Rawalpindi, na fuskantar matsalar gurbatar hayaniya. Babban tushen wannan gurbatar yanayi shi ne hayaniyar motoci da motocin bas, motoci, manyan motoci, raksha da tankunan ruwa. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin Karachi, matsakaicin amo ya kai 90 dB kuma yana iya kaiwa kusan 110 dB. Wannan ya fi girman ma'aunin amo na ISO na 70 dB, wanda ba ya nufin ya zama cutarwa ga kunnen ɗan adam. Duk da haka, binciken ya kuma kammala da cewa a Pakistan, "matsayin hayaniyar zirga-zirga kamar yadda ka'idodin ingancin muhalli ya tsara, Hukumar Kare Muhalli shine 85 dB".<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Traffic Noise Pollution in Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://lumhs.edu.pk/jlumhs/Vol09No03/pdfs/v9n3oa09.pdf |journal=Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences |volume=09}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wannan yawan gurɓataccen amo na iya haifar da al'amuran kiwon lafiya na sauraro da marasa sauraro. Abubuwan da ke cikin saurare sun haɗa da asarar sel masu ji; al'amurran kiwon lafiya da ba na sauraro ba sun haɗa da damuwa barci, amo da cututtukan zuciya, amsawar endocrine ga hayaniya da ciwon hauka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Exploring Noise Pollution, Source and its impacts: an anthropological Study of rawalpindi city |url=http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/3641762493rd%20Paper%20Noise%20615-616.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Pakistan Association of Anthropology |issn=1013-5316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804132348/http://sci-int.com/pdf/3641762493rd%20Paper%20Noise%20615-616.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-04 |access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref> Akwai ƴan ƙalilan, dokoki da tsare-tsare marasa fa'ida dangane da matakan hayaniya. Babu wani abin da ya dace, kuma yayin da hukumomin kare muhalli na tarayya da na larduna ke karbar korafe-korafe da dama kan gurbacewar hayaniya daga jama’a, wadannan hukumomin ba su iya daukar mataki ba saboda takurewar doka da kuma rashin ka’idojin hayaniyar kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Position Paper for environmental quality standards of noise in pakistan |url=http://www.environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/NoisePaperGen.pdf |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=environment.gov.ok |publisher=Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata iska === Gurbacewar iska matsala ce da ke kara ta'azzara a yawancin manyan biranen Pakistan. A cewar wani rahoto na Bankin Duniya, " Gurbacewar iska a biranen Karachi na cikin mafi muni a duniya kuma yana haifar da babbar illa ga lafiyar bil'adama da tattalin arziki". Rashin amfani da makamashi, da karuwar motocin da ake amfani da su a kullum, da karuwar hayakin masana'antu ba tare da ka'ida ba, da kona shara da robobi ne suka fi taimakawa wajen gurbata iska a birane. A cewar wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, Sashen Kare Muhalli na Sindh ya yi iƙirarin cewa matsakaita na gurɓacewar muhalli a manyan biranen ya kai kusan sau huɗu fiye da iyakokin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Wadannan hayaki suna da illa masu illa, wadanda suka hada da "cututtukan numfashi, rage gani, asarar ciyayi da kuma tasiri ga ci gaban tsirrai". Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga gurbatar iska shine ayyukan masana'antu. Rashin isassun magunguna masu fitar da iska da kuma rashin kulawar ka'idoji kan ayyukan masana'antu sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar iskar iska a manyan biranen kasar. Bugu da kari, al'adar da aka saba kona dumbin shara, da suka hada da robobi da roba, a kan tituna da jama'a ke yi, na fitar da iskar gas mai guba, wadanda ke da matukar illa ga mazauna yankin. A cikin 2018, wani matashi dan kasuwa a Karachi, Abid Omar, ya ƙaddamar da shirin Pakistan Air Quality Initiative don saka idanu kan ingancin iska a manyan biranen Pakistan. Aikin yana da niyyar kara yawan bayanan ingancin iska a Pakistan da kuma sa 'yan ƙasa su fi sanin tasirin lafiyar gurɓataccen iska.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehman |first=Sonya |date=2018-09-01 |title=Pakistan's Rising Air Pollution Crisis |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/pakistans-rising-air-pollution-crisis/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kafa tashoshin sa ido guda uku masu ingancin iska a wurare uku a Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=U.S. Mission Pakistan Starts Publishing Air Quality Data |url=https://pk.usembassy.gov/u-s-mission-pakistan-starts-publishing-air-quality-data/ |access-date=2019-06-01 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Pakistan |language=en-US}}</ref> Musamman, bincike ya bayyana mummunan sakamakon gurɓacewar iska zai iya haifar da jin daɗin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Bincike ya nuna yadda sauyin yanayi a koda yaushe ke haifar da babbar barazana ga ‘yan kasar Pakistan wadanda a lokuta da dama sukan fallasa illar gurbacewar iska. An sami dakatarwar Particulate Matter, wanda aka danganta da cututtukan numfashi a cikin adadi mai cutarwa a cikin manyan biranen Pakistan. Wasu dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa yadda ya kamata a magance matsalolin gurɓacewar iska a biranen Pakistan sun haɗa da ci gaban ƙirar hanyoyi da inganta dorewar sufuri, ƙarin amfani da manufofin ragewa da gwamnatin Pakistan ke yi, da jujjuya zuwa hanyoyin makamashi mai tsabta kamar CNG. == Canjin yanayi == {{Excerpt|Climate change in Pakistan}} == Bala'o'i na halitta ==   Saboda yanayi daban-daban na Pakistan da yanayin yanayi, yana fuskantar bala'o'i daban-daban da suka hada da girgizar kasa, ambaliya, tsunami, fari, guguwa da guguwa. Wani rahoton kula da bala'o'i ya yi iƙirarin cewa lardunan Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Balochistan da AJK suna cikin yankunan da ke fama da girgizar ƙasa kuma don haka suna da saurin kamuwa da girgizar ƙasa, yayin da Sindh da Punjab ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa a koyaushe saboda suna da ƙananan wurare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irshad |first=Muhammad |last2=Ali |first2=Arshad |last3=Iqbal |first3=Shahid |date=April–June 2015 |title=Disaster Management System of Pakistan |journal=Acta Technica Corvininesis- Bulletin of Engineering |volume=8 |issue=2 |issn=2067-3809}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin munanan bala'o'in da Pakistan ta fuskanta sun hada da girgizar kasa Quetta a 1935 lokacin da aka kashe mutane kusan 60,000, ambaliya ta 1950 lokacin da aka kiyasta mutane 2900 suka mutu yayin da mutane 900,000 suka rasa matsuguni, girgizar Hunza ta 1974 inda girgizar kasar ta Hunza ta 1974, Kashmir da aka kashe kusan mutane 5300, girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa a kalla 200000. fiye da mutane miliyan 1.5, da kuma ambaliyar ruwa na 2010, inda mutane miliyan 20 suka shafa. == dazuzzuka == Pakistan tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.42/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 41 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, sare daji yana faruwa da matukar damuwa a Pakistan. Kasar a halin yanzu ta dogara sosai da kayayyakin katako da aka shigo da su saboda rashin wadatar kai a wannan bangare, wanda ya haifar da kudaden da ake kashewa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan albarkatun suna raguwa a kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari, wanda ke da tasiri sosai ga jin daɗin jama'ar Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=Deforestation in Pakistan |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/24-Nov-2022/deforestation-in-pakistan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain · |first=Tasawar |date=2023-02-02 |title=Post-flood demand for firewood piles pressure on Pakistan’s forests |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/livelihoods/post-flood-demand-for-firewood-piles-pressure-on-pakistans-forests/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Third Pole |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == Gwamnati ta nuna damuwa game da barazanar muhalli ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa kuma tun farkon shekarun 1990 ta magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sabbin dokoki da cibiyoyi irin su Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan. Duk da haka, masu ba da lamuni na kasashen waje suna ba da mafi yawan kudaden kare muhalli, kuma kashi 0.04 cikin 100 na kasafin ci gaban gwamnati ne ke zuwa wajen kare muhalli. Don haka, ikon gwamnati na aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli yana da iyaka, kuma masana'antu masu zaman kansu sau da yawa ba su da kudaden da za su cika ka'idojin muhalli da kungiyoyin cinikayya na kasa da kasa suka kafa. Gwamnatin Pakistan ta fara sabon kamfen tare da Tsabtace da Green Pakistan don shawo kan matsalolin muhalli. === Shirye-shiryen Indus mai rai === Initiative na Living Indus wani shiri ne na muhalli wanda ma'aikatar sauyin yanayi ta Pakistan, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ke da nufin karewa, adanawa, da kuma maido da yanayin yanayin da ke cikin Basin Indus. === Shirin Gwarzon Green Mai Tsarki === Gwamnatin Pakistan ta kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna Clean Green Pakistan a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Ramiz |date=2019-11-25 |title=PM Launches Clean Green Champion Program |url=https://blog.ramizansari.com/2019/11/25/pm-launches-clean-green-champion-program/ |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Blog by Ramiz Ansari |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614174046/https://blog.ramizansari.com/2019/11/25/pm-launches-clean-green-champion-program/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar shirin ita ce gudanar da gasa tsakanin biranen Pakistan a cikin tsabta da ciyayi. An ƙaddamar da tashar yanar gizo inda 'yan ƙasa za su iya yin rajista kuma su ba da rahoton ayyukansu don samun maki. Za a kuma ba 'yan ƙasa lambobin yabo lokacin da suka kai wani ƙofar maki. === Tsunami na itatuwa biliyan === Gwamnatin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) ta kaddamar da Tsunami na Billion Tree a shekarar 2014 a matsayin martani ga kalubalen dumamar da duniya. Tsunami na Billion Tree na Pakistan ya dawo da kadada 350,000 na gandun daji da kuma lalacewar ƙasa don shawo kan jajircewar Bonn Challenge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan (KPK) |url=http://www.bonnchallenge.org/content/pakistan-kpk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010052941/http://www.bonnchallenge.org/content/pakistan-kpk |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=Bonn Challenge |language=en}}</ref> Aikin ya yi niyyar inganta yanayin halittu na gandun daji masu rarraba, da kuma sharar gida masu zaman kansu da filayen gona, sabili da haka yana haifar da aiki tare da al'ummomin da ke da damuwa da masu ruwa da tsaki don tabbatar da sa hannunsu ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan ingantawa da fadada ayyukan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project |url=http://few.kp.gov.pk/page/about_billion_tree_tsunami_afforestation_project |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=few.kp.gov.pk}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda kawai ya kara kashi uku cikin hudu na sabbin bishiyoyi biliyan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na "tsunami na itace" da nufin juyar da mummunar asarar gandun daji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan investing $150m in billion-tree reforestation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/pakistan-investing-150m-billion-tree-reforestation-150430135404923.html |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> An kammala aikin ne a watan Agustan 2017, a gaban jadawalin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan has planted over a billion trees |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/pakistan-s-billion-tree-tsunami-is-astonishing/ |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai na duniya sun amince da shirin, wato The Washington Post, VoA News, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan to Plant '10 Billion Trees' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-incoming-government-to-plant-10-billion-trees-/4516212.html |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> The ''Hindu'', ''Reuters'', ''Al Jazeera'', <ref name=":0"/> da sauransu da yawa. Gajerun fina-finai irin su Green Election Campaign da Stop suna daga cikin Clean Green Pakistan Effort . === Dabarun Kare Kasa === Rahoton dabarun kiyayewa yana da fayyace maƙasudai guda uku: kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa, haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa, da haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da sarrafa albarkatun. Tana kallon kanta a matsayin "kira don daukar mataki" da ake yiwa gwamnatocin tsakiya da na larduna, kasuwanci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), al'ummomin gida, da daidaikun mutane. Abubuwan gurɓataccen tushen noma na farko sune abubuwan gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus), laka, sharar dabbobi, magungunan kashe qwari, da gishiri. Maɓuɓɓugan da ba na noma ba suna shiga cikin ruwan saman ta hanyar zubar da ruwa kai tsaye ko ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa ruwan ƙasa wanda ke fitowa zuwa mashigar ruwa. Ayyukan noma iri-iri suna haifar da zazzagewar barbashi na ƙasa. Labewar da zaizayar kasa ke haifarwa na iya lalata muhallin kifin da dausayi, kuma galibi yana jigilar sinadarai masu yawa na aikin gona wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Wannan zubar da jini, bi da bi, yana rinjayar canje-canje ga wuraren zama na ruwa kamar yawan zafin jiki da rage iskar oxygen. Mafi yawan tushen abubuwan da ake samu na abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ruwa na sama daga tushe mara tushe sune takin sinadari da taki daga wuraren dabbobi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki suna haifar da eutrophication a cikin ruwan saman. Magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su don magance kwari a ayyukan noma kuma na iya gurɓata ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa. Komawar ruwa, zubar da ruwa, da leach da aka ci daga wuraren da aka ban ruwa na iya jigilar ruwa, sinadarai, gishiri, da sauran kayan. A ƙarshe, rashin yin kiwo mara kyau a yankunan magudanan ruwa, da kuma yankunan tudu, na iya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. Ana kallon ci gaban Pakistan a matsayin sana'a mai yawa. A cikin neman canza halaye da ayyuka, dabarun kiyayewa na ƙasa sun fahimci cewa ana buƙatar sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci guda biyu a cikin dabi'u: maido da ɗabi'ar kiyayewa da aka samo daga kyawawan halaye na [[Musulunci]], wanda ake kira Qantas, da farfaɗo da ruhi da alhakin al'umma, Haqooq ul Ibad. Rahoton dabarun kiyayewa na ƙasa ya ba da shawarar fannonin shirye-shirye goma sha huɗu don aiwatar da fifiko: kiyaye ƙasa a cikin filayen noma, haɓaka haɓakar ban ruwa, kare magudanar ruwa, tallafawa gandun daji da [[shuka]], maido da filayen kiwo da inganta kiwo, kiyaye raƙuman ruwa da kiyaye kamun kifi, kiyaye rayayyun halittu, haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi na hana ci gaba, haɓaka cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi, rage ɓangarorin cibiyoyi, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, rage ɓangarorin da za a iya sabunta su, da rage ɓangarorin da za a iya sabunta su a birane. don sarrafa albarkatun gama gari, haɗa shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a da muhalli, da kiyaye abubuwan al'adu. Yana bayyana takamaiman shirye-shirye sittin da takwas a cikin waɗannan fagage, kowanne yana da dogon buri da abubuwan da ake sa ran da kuma saka hannun jari na zahiri da ake buƙata cikin shekaru goma. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli, kungiyoyin mata, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa suke takawa wajen yin aiki tare da gwamnati a kokarinta na kiyaye muhalli. Shawarwari daga Rahoton Dabarun Tsare-tsare na Ƙasa an haɗa su a cikin Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na takwas (1993-98). A wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da kungiyar Global CLEAN ta gudanar, an gano cewa matsakaicin zafin jiki a Pakistan ya karu da digiri 0.2 cikin shekaru biyu kacal. Wannan babban sauyi ne kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamfen ɗin sauyin yanayi. '''Amfani da ƙasa''' * Yankin noma - 27% * Amfanin gona na dindindin - 1% * Filaye na dindindin - 6% * dazuzzuka da gandun daji - 5% * Sauran - 61% (1993 ya kasance) * Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa - 171,100 km² (1993 est.) &nbsp; === Yankunan da aka kare === Pakistan tana da wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda 14, wuraren ajiyar namun daji guda 72, wuraren adana namun daji guda 66, wuraren kariya na ruwa da na ruwa guda 9, wuraren dausayi mai kariya 19 da sauran ciyayi masu karewa, ciyayi, gandun daji da abubuwan tarihi na halitta. ==== Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ==== Pakistan jam'iyya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa da suka shafi muhalli da yanayi. Mafi shahararrun su sune: {| bgcolor="#fff4f4" width="100%" ! colspan="2" align="center" |Yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |Takamaiman yankuna da [[Teku|Tekuna]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>[[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku|Dokar Tekun]], Ƙazantar da Jirgin ([[MARPOL 73/78]]) </small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |[[Climate|yanayi]] da yanayi | align="left" valign="top" |<small>Canjin yanayi, Kare Layer na Ozone, haramta gwajin nukiliyaHana gwajin nukiliya</small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |Biodiversity, [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], da [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>Yaduwar hamada, nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Yankin Ruwa, Kare Rayuwar Ruwa</small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |[[Shara|Rashin da aka yi]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>[[Taron Basel|Rashin Kasuwanci Mai Hadari]]</small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |[[Kogi|Koguna]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus</small> |} == Dubi kuma == * Tattalin arzikin kore * Yanayin Pakistan * Kula da lafiya a Pakistan * Tattalin arzikin hydrogen * Tsalle daga iskar gas zuwa hydrogen * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan * Yankunan da aka kare a Pakistan * Dabbobin daji na Pakistan == Bayanan da aka ambata == gogfn88wre7v4cl2vpol1m1tabob6hw 0 128048 859141 761645 2026-06-17T03:40:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hazel Joan Rowley''' (16 ga Nuwamba 1951 - 1 ga Maris 2011) marubuciya ce ta Australiya da aka haifa a Burtaniya kuma marubuciya.&nbsp; == Rayuwa == An haife ta a [[Landan]], Rowley ta yi hijira tare da iyayenta zuwa [[Adelaide]] tana da shekaru takwas. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide, ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa a Faransanci da Jamusanci. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a Faransanci. Ta koyar da karatun adabi a Jami'ar Deakin da ke Melbourne, kafin ta koma Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazel Rowley |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A19707 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=AustLit: Discover Australian Stories |publisher=The University of Queensland |archive-date=2024-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730172356/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A19707 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarihin Rowley na farko da aka buga, na marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Australiya [[Christina Stead]], an yaba mata sosai kuma ta lashe kyautar "Banjo" ta Majalisar Littattafai ta Ƙasa saboda ba almara ba a shekarar 1994. An zaɓi ta don kyautar Colin Roderick ta 1993. Aikin tarihin rayuwarta na gaba shine game da marubucin Baƙar fata ɗan Amurka [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]] . Littafinta da aka fi sani da shi, ''[[Tête-à-tête (book)|Tête-à-tête]]'' (2005), ya ƙunshi rayuwar [[Simone de Beauvoir]] da [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (de Beauvoir ya kasance batun takardar digirin digirgir ta Rowley). Littafinta na ƙarshe da aka buga shine ''Franklin & Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage'', game da [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin]] da [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] (2011). Rowley ya sha wahala daga zubar da jini a New York a watan Fabrairun 2011 kuma ya mutu a can a ranar 1 ga Maris, yana da shekaru 59. == Kyauta == An kafa Hazel Rowley Literary Fellowship na shekara-shekara a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta a cikin 2011, tare da Mary Hoban wanda ya lashe gasar a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazel Rowley |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A19707 |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=AustLit: Discover Australian Stories |publisher=The University of Queensland }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == * ''Christina Stead: Tarihi'' (1994) * ''Richard Wright: Rayuwa da Lokaci'' (2001) * ''Kai tsaye: Rayuwa da Ƙaunar Simone de Beauvoir & Jean-Paul Sartre'' (2005) * Franklin & Eleanor: Wani Aure na Musamman (2010) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 3pnm59dj8dl7mdc9rsh074v1nvjgwah 0 129082 858914 812562 2026-06-16T13:25:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Giuseppe Zangara''' (7 ga Satumba, 1900 - 20 ga Maris, 1933) ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe zababben Shugaban Amurka, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933, kwanaki 17 kafin rantsar da Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Picchi|1998}} A lokacin jawabin dare da Roosevelt ya yi a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]], Zangara ya harbe harbe-harbe biyar tare da bindiga da ya saya kwanaki biyu da suka gabata. Ya rasa burinsa kuma a maimakon haka ya kashe Anton Cermak, Magajin garin Chicago, kuma ya ji wa masu kallo hudu rauni.{{Sfn|Picchi|1998}}&nbsp; Zangara, wanda ya yarda da laifi kuma ya ki daukaka kara, an kashe shi a kujerar lantarki ta Florida dan kadan fiye da wata daya daga baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Zangara a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1900, a Ferruzzano, [[Calabria]], [[Italiya]]. Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Italiya na Royal a cikin Tyrolean Alps a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], ya yi ayyuka da yawa a ƙauyensa kafin ya yi hijira tare da kawunsa zuwa Amurka a 1923. Ya zauna a Paterson, New Jersey, kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a 1929. == Matsalar kiwon lafiya == Zangara ba shi da ilimi sosai kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai yin tubali. Ya sha wahala mai tsanani a ciki ciki, wanda likitoci suka gaya masa cewa yana da tsanani kuma ba zai iya warkarwa ba. A shekara ta 1926 an yi masa aikin gyare-gyare, amma ba shi da taimako; idan akwai wani abu, zai iya sa ciwonsa ya kara muni. Likitocin da suka yi binciken jikinsa sun danganta ciwon ciki da abubuwan da suka samu a cikin hanji. A cikin tarihin kurkuku, Zangara da kansa ya danganta ciwo da aka tilasta masa yin aiki mai wahala a gonar mahaifinsa tun yana ƙarami. Ya rubuta cewa ciwon ya fara ne lokacin da yake dan shekara shida.{{Sfn|Picchi|1998}} Masu kallo a lokacin da kuma bayan kisan da aka kashe shi sun tattauna yanayin tunaninsa. An yi jayayya cewa Zangara ba shi da hankali, ba zai iya rarrabe gaskiya daga kuskure ba, kuma ya kamata ya gabatar da kariya ta hauka a madadinsa yayin da wasu suka yi jayayya da cewa yana da hankali.{{Sfn|Shappee|1958}} == Yunkurin kisan kai == [[Fayil:GiuseppeZangara.png|thumb|Zangara bayan kama shi a hannun Dade County Sheriff Dan Hardie (hagu) da Jami'in 'yan sanda na Miami Lestron G. "Red" Crews (dama) yana riƙe da bindigar da Zangara ya yi amfani da ita]] A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933, Roosevelt yana ba da jawabi ba zato ba tsammani da dare daga bayan mota mai budewa a yankin Bayfront Park na Miami, Florida, inda Zangara ke aiki a wasu lokuta kuma yana rayuwa daga ajiyarsa. Zangara, dauke da bindiga .32 caliber US Revolver Company wanda ya sayi don $ 8 (daidai da $ 190 a 2024) a wani shagon jinginar gida, ya shiga cikin taron masu kallo, amma saboda yana da mita 5 kawai (1.5 tsawo, bai iya ganin wasu mutane ba kuma dole ne ya tsaya a kan benci mai juyawa, inda Mrs. Lillian Cross ta riga ta tsaya don kyakkyawan ra'ayi. Zangara ya hau kan benci don samun kyakkyawar manufa a burinsa daga 25 feet.{{Sfn|McCann|2006}} {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Roosevelt ya kwantar da Cermak da ya ji rauni sosai a hannunsa yayin da motar ta gaggauta zuwa asibiti; bayan ya isa can, Cermak ya yi magana da Roosevelt kuma, kafin ya mutu bayan kwana 19, an yi zargin ya furta layin da aka zana a kabarinsa: "Ina farin ciki cewa ni ne, ba ku ba. " Tribune ya ba da rahoton wannan magana ba tare da ya danganta shi ga mai shaida ba, kuma yawancin malamai suna shakkar cewa an taɓa faɗi hakan. == Sakamakon haka == Zangara ya furta a kurkukun Kotun Dade County, yana mai cewa: "Ina da bindiga a hannuna. Na kashe sarakuna da shugabanni da farko kuma na gaba duk [[Jari-hujja|masu jari-hujja]]. "Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka hudu na yunkurin kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 80 a kurkuku. Yayin da aka fitar da shi daga kotun, Zangara ya gaya wa alƙalin: " Sau huɗu 20 shine 80. Oh, alƙali, kada ka kasance mai ƙyama. Ka ba ni shekara ɗari. "<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-02-17/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1789&index=1&rows=20&words=Giuseppe+Zangara&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Giuseppe+Zangara&y=11&x=11&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Evening star. &#x5B;volume&#x5D;, February 17, 1933, Page A-5, Image 5]</ref> Cermak ya mutu daga peritonitis kwanaki 19 bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1933, kwana biyu bayan rantsar da Roosevelt. An gurfanar da Zangara nan da nan saboda kisan kai na farko a mutuwar Cermak. <ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-02-17/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1789&index=1&rows=20&words=Giuseppe+Zangara&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Giuseppe+Zangara&y=11&x=11&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Evening star. &#x5B;volume&#x5D;, February 17, 1933, Page A-5, Image 5]</ref> Saboda Zangara ya yi niyyar aikata kisan kai, gaskiyar cewa wanda ya nufa ba shine mutumin da ya kashe ba shi da mahimmanci saboda har yanzu yana da laifi na kisan kai na farko a ƙarƙashin koyarwar canja wurin niyya. Akwai damuwa cewa kare Zangara zai yi jayayya cewa mutuwar Cermak ba sakamakon raunin harsashi ba ne. Wata ka'ida, wadda ta taso shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ta yi tambaya ko mutuwar Cermak ta haifar da rashin aikin likita daga bangaren likitocin da ke kula da shi. Ya yi zargin cewa sun kasa fahimtar cewa harsashi ya haifar da lalacewa kai tsaye ga hanji kuma ya haifar da furewa. Rashin ya haifar da sepsis da mutuwarsa amma Cermak bazai mutu ba "amma saboda kuskuren likitoci".[the]{{Sfn|Picchi|1998}} Wannan ka'idar ta karyata ta hanyar binciken likita na baya game da taron.<ref name="pappas surg">{{Cite journal |last=Pappas |first=Theodore N. |date=April 2020 |title=The Assassination of Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago: A Review of His Postinjury Medical Care |journal=The Surgery Journal |volume=06 |issue=2 |pages=e105–e111 |doi=10.1055/s-0040-1709459 |pmc=7297642 |pmid=32566747}}</ref> Zangara ya yi ikirarin aikata laifin kisan kai kuma Alkalin Kotun da'ira Uly Thompson ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Zangara ya ce bayan ya ji hukuncinsa: "Kun ba ni kujerar lantarki. Ba na jin tsoron wannan kujerar! Kai ɗaya daga cikin masu jari-hujja. Ku ma ɗan fashi ne. Ka sanya ni a kujerar wutan lantarki. Ba ni da damuwa!" A karkashin dokar Florida, wani mai kisan gilla da aka yanke masa hukunci ba zai iya raba sararin salula tare da wani fursuna ba kafin a kashe shi, amma wani mai kariya da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa ya riga ya jiran kisa a Raiford.{{Sfn|Hernandez|2004}} Hukuncin Zangara ya buƙaci jami'an kurkuku su faɗaɗa wurin jiran su ga fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa kuma "kayan mutuwa" ya zama "Death Row". == Kashewa == Bayan ya kwashe kwanaki 10 kawai a kan layin mutuwa, an kashe Zangara a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1933, a Old Sparky, kujerar lantarki a gidan yarin Jihar Florida a Raiford. Zangara ya yi fushi lokacin da ya san cewa babu kyamarori na labarai da za su yi fim dinsa na ƙarshe. Sanarwarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce "Viva l'Italia! Farewell to all poles! ... danna maɓallin! Ku ci gaba, danna maɓallan!"<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-03-24/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1933&index=12&date2=1933&words=Gill+Joe+Mrs&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&rows=20&proxtext=Mrs.+Joe+Gill&y=13&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Evening star. &#x5B;volume&#x5D;, March 24, 1933, Page A-4, Image 4 she was released from hospital March 23, 1933]</ref>&nbsp; == Ka'idar makirci == Duk da yake asusun suna mai da hankali kan Cermak da sauran wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance wadanda suka mutu ba zato ba tsammani na yunkurin kashe Roosevelt, ka'idar makirci ta fito ne wani lokaci kafin 1999, <ref name="AllanMay" /> wanda ya samo asali ne a Birnin Chicago, yana tabbatar da cewa Zangara mai kisan gilla ne da ke aiki ga Frank Nitti, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Chicago. John William Tuohy, marubucin littattafai da yawa game da aikata laifuka a Birnin Chicago, bayan ya sake nazarin bayanan Asirin, ya bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin wani labarin 2002 fassararsa game da yadda kuma dalilin da ya sa Cermak ya kasance ainihin manufa da alaƙar harbi da tashin hankali na ƙungiya a Birnin.<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-03-24/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1933&index=12&date2=1933&words=Gill+Joe+Mrs&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&rows=20&proxtext=Mrs.+Joe+Gill&y=13&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Evening star. &#x5B;volume&#x5D;, March 24, 1933, Page A-4, Image 4 she was released from hospital March 23, 1933]</ref><ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042243/1933-02-16/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1777&index=0&rows=20&words=hand+Kruis+Margaret&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=MArgaret+Kruis++hand&y=16&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 The Bismarck tribune. &#x5B;volume&#x5D;, February 16, 1933, Image 1]</ref> Masu bincike da yawa sun inganta ka'idar, suna ambaton bincikensu na shaidar kotu, suna tabbatar da cewa Cermak ya ba da umarnin yunkurin kisan kai a kan Nitti kasa da watanni uku da suka gabata. <ref name="AllanMay">{{Cite web |last=May |first=Allan |year=1999 |title=The First Shooting of Frank Nitti |url=http://allanrmay.com/First_Shooting_of_Nitti.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307120739/http://allanrmay.com/First_Shooting_of_Nitti.html |archive-date=March 7, 2015 |access-date=April 9, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crossland |first=Bob |date=February 17, 1933 |title=Fifteen Seconds of Terror |url=http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/FDR_Assassination_Attempt-pdf |via=oldmagazinearticles.com |access-date=January 3, 2026 |archive-date=November 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114172404/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/FDR_Assassination_Attempt-pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu ra'ayin makirci sun ba da shawarar cewa Zangara ya kasance ƙwararren mai harbi a cikin Sojojin Italiya shekaru 16 da suka gabata, wanda zai iya kai hari ga burinsa, duk da cewa ya kauce wa duk wata matsala game da matsalolin kiwon lafiya na Zangara tun lokacin da yake cikin yaƙi, gajeren tsayinsa yana buƙatar ya tsaya a kan kujera mai tsayi, kwarewarsa yana da bindiga maimakon bindiga daga nesa, da nasa maganganu game da burinsa.{{Sfn|Sifakis|1987}} [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Raymond Moley, wanda ya yi hira da Zangara, ya yi imanin cewa bai kasance wani ɓangare na wani babban makirci ba, kuma ya yi niyyar kashe Roosevelt. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == Zangara tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayan fage da aka bayar don littafin Philip K. Dick na 1962 The Man in the High Castle (kazalika da Jerin asali na Amazon na gaba). Wannan labari na tarihi, wanda aka kafa bayan nasarar Axis a yakin duniya na biyu, ya kafa ma'anar bambanci a kan batun cewa Zangara ya yi nasarar kashe zababben Shugaba Roosevelt a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933, a Miami. Littafin tarihin Eric Norden na 1973 mai suna The Ultimate Solution kuma yana amfani da wannan batu na bambanci. Ana amfani da irin wannan Zangara-mai nasara a cikin GURPS Alternate Earths rawar da ake takawa a cikin "Reich 5" na sararin samaniya. Littafin Max Allan Collins na 1983 True Detective, na farko a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki na Nathan Heller, ya nuna yunkurin Zangara na kisan Roosevelt, yana mai da shi a matsayin ainihin yunkurin da aka yi wa Magajin garin Chicago Anton Cermak. Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Shamus ta 1984 don Mafi kyawun P.I. Hardcover daga Marubutan Private Eye na Amurka. A cikin fim din HBO na 1998 ''Winchell'', 'yan mintoci kaɗan bayan yunkurin kisan kai, Walter Winchell ya tsallake kan Kwamitin gudu na motar Shugaban' yan sanda na Miami, yana neman hira da Zangara, don haka ya sami labarin musamman ga ''New York Daily Mirror''. Littafin fantasy noir na 2011 Spellbound na Larry Correia ya nuna yunkurin Zangara na kisan Roosevelt. Zangara an inganta shi da sihiri a cikin wani makirci don tayar da tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma rage haƙƙin farar hula na masu baiwar sihiri na Grimnoir Society. Maimakon yin amfani da ƙaramin bindiga, an sanya Zangara a cikin canon mai rai ko bam kuma ya kashe kusan masu kallo 200, gami da Cermak, kuma ya gurgunta Roosevelt. Charlaine Harris' fantasy Western Gunnie Rose Series an saita shi a cikin duniyar da Zangara ya yi nasarar kashe Roosevelt, kuma Amurka ta rabu zuwa jihohi daban-daban.<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1933-02-17/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1789&index=1&rows=20&words=Giuseppe+Zangara&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Giuseppe+Zangara&y=11&x=11&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Evening star. &#x5B;volume&#x5D;, February 17, 1933, Page A-5, Image 5]</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen da aka kashe * Jerin mutanen da aka kashe a Florida (kafin 1972) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 78wab9hvjjrrw2ze9kbkuedwp85e70n 0 130864 859271 768475 2026-06-17T11:13:19Z Abdurra'uf 23412 gyara 859271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruth Ann Buzzi''' / / ˈbʌzi / BUZ BUZ ee ; 24 ga Yuli, 1936 - 1 ga Mayu, 2025) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, mawaƙiya kuma mai barkwanci. Ta fito a kan dandamali, a fina-finai, da kuma a talabijin. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a shirin barkwanci na ''Rowan &amp;amp; Martin's Laugh-In'' daga 1968 zuwa 1973, wanda ya lashe kyautar Golden Globe Award kuma ya sami zaɓe biyar [[Emmy Awards|na Emmy]]. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Buzzi a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1936, a Westerly, Rhode Island, 'yar Rena Pauline da Angelo Peter Buzzi, wani mai sassaka dutse da aka fi sani da shi a ƙasa baki ɗaya. Mahaifinta, wanda ya fito daga dangin Switzerland, ya yi ƙaura daga Arzo, [[Switzerland]], a shekarar 1923. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Built from Stone: The Westerly Granite Story |url=https://www.babcocksmithhouse.org/GraniteIndustry/NewspaperSeries/graniteweek48aBuzzi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823084602/https://www.babcocksmithhouse.org/GraniteIndustry/NewspaperSeries/graniteweek48aBuzzi.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> An rene ta a ƙauyen Wequetequock a garin Stonington, Connecticut, a cikin wani gidan dutse da ke kallon teku a Wequetequock Cove, inda mahaifinta ya mallaki Buzzi Memorials, wani kasuwanci da ɗan'uwanta Harold ya yi aiki da shi har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. == Sana'a == === Nasarorin farko === Kafin ta kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Buzzi ta riga ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai aiki a ƙungiyar ma'aikata tana yin bita a waƙoƙin kiɗa da barkwanci. Aikinta na farko a harkar wasan kwaikwayo shine tana da shekaru 19, tana tafiya tare da mawaƙiya Rudy Vallée a wani wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da barkwanci kai tsaye a lokacin hutun bazara daga kwaleji; hakan ya ba ta damar kammala karatunta da katin ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo . Ta koma birnin New York bayan kammala karatunta kuma an ɗauke ta aiki nan da nan don yin babban matsayi a wani wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na waje da Broadway, na farko cikin shekaru 19 da ta yi a Gabashin Tekun. Ta yi aiki tare da sauran matasa masu wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka fara aikinsu a lokacin, ciki har da Barbra Streisand, Joan Rivers, Dom DeLuise, da Carol Burnett . Ta yi wasa a shirye-shiryen kiɗa iri-iri na New York, kuma ta yi tallace-tallace da yawa na talabijin, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka lashe kyaututtuka na ƙasa ciki har da Kyautar Clio . == Rayuwar mutum, rashin lafiya da mutuwa == Buzzi ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin agaji da dama na yara, ciki har da Gidauniyar Make a Wish, Wasannin Olympics na Musamman, Thalians, Asibitin Bincike na Yara na St. Jude, da Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, kuma ta kasance mai tallafawa sansanin bazara na zane-zane na yara ta hanyar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Dallas. Ta kasance mai himma wajen tara kuɗi don Utopia Animal Rescue Ranch <ref>{{cite news |last=Steele |first=Lee |date=December 23, 2018 |title=Ruth Buzzi, Stonington native and 'Laugh-In' star, is far from both Hollywood and her hometown |url=https://www.ctpost.com/living/amp/Ruth-Buzzi-Stonington-native-and-Laugh-In-13484243.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223112417/https://www.ctpost.com/living/amp/Ruth-Buzzi-Stonington-native-and-Laugh-In-13484243.php |archive-date=December 23, 2018 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |newspaper=[[Connecticut Post]] |location=Bridgeport}}</ref> a Medina Texas, da sauran ayyukan dabbobi. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] == Manazarta == b32khh4n3fncefj0uz5bak61xbgvog0 0 131890 859216 792607 2026-06-17T09:09:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hukumar Zabe ta Malay (Malay; Jawi), ta rage SPR ko EC, kwamiti ne da aka kafa don tabbatar da ayyukan adalci da adalci wajen gudanar da Zabe a Malaysia. Hukumar ta fada ƙarƙashin ikon Sashen Firayim Minista.<ref name="pmo">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page&page=1670|title=Government Directory: Prime Minister's Department|date=8 July 2011|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224115030/http://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page&page=1670|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Hukumar Zabe (EC) a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1957, a karkashin Mataki na 114 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Malaysia, wanda ya ba ta damar gudanar da zabe ga Dewan Rakyat da majalisun jihohi. A lokacin da aka kafa ta, EC kawai ta kunshi shugaban da mambobi biyu - Datuk Dr Mustafa Albakri Hassan tare da Lee Ewe Boon da Ditt Singh. An kuma kafa sakatariyar don cika ayyukan hukumar da aiwatar da shawararta, tare da sakatare da ya zama babban mai gudanarwa. Sakataren EC na farko shi ne H. Cassidy . Bayan kafa Malaysia a 1963 da kuma hada Sabah da Sarawak, an kara wani memba don wakiltar jihohin biyu a kan juyawa. Datuk Abang Marzuki Nor daga Sarawak shine memba na farko da aka nada. Wani gyare-gyare ga Mataki na 114 da aka yi a 1981 ya ba da sabon mukamin mataimakin shugaban, kuma Abdul Rahman Abdul Hassan shine na farko da ya rike wannan mukamin. A yau, EC tana da shugaban, mataimakin shugaban da mambobi biyar, dukansu Yang di-Pertuan Agong ne ya nada su bayan tuntubar Taron Shugabannin. == Dokar Tsarin Mulki == A karkashin Mataki na 114, an ba da ikon " gudanar da zabe ga Majalisar Wakilai (Dewan Rakyat, ƙananan Majalisar dokoki) da Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihohi". A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Malaya mai zaman kanta, Hukumar ta kunshi shugaban daya da mambobi biyu, amma bayan Malaya ta haɗu da Arewacin Borneo, Sarawak da Singapore don samar da Malaysia, an fadada membobin hukumar ta hanyar gyaran kundin tsarin mulki don samar da ƙarin memba daga Sabah ko Sarawak. Wani gyare-gyare na 1981 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kara wani memba kuma ya kirkiro mukamin mataimakin shugaban.[1] Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Sarki) ne ke nada mambobin hukumar, wanda dole ne ya tuntubi Taron Sarakuna kuma ya nada Hukumar da ke da amincewar jama'a. Kodayake Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai buƙaci tuntuɓar Firayim Minista a wannan bangaren ba, an yi jayayya cewa a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 40 na Kundin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki, Sarki ba zai iya yin aiki da kansa ba sai dai idan an bayyana shi a bayyane; a duk sauran lokuta, dole ne ya yarda da shawarar Firayim Ministan, kuma saboda haka ana yin nadin ga hukumar tare da shawarar Firaminista. Mambobin Hukumar sun yi ritaya suna da shekaru 65. == Ayyuka == Baya ga tsara zaɓe, ayyukan EC sun haɗa da sake nazarin iyakokin mazabar majalisa da jihohi, gudanar da zaɓe da gudanar da ayyukan rajista. Har ila yau, yana tattara bayanai game da sabbin yankuna masu tasowa don tabbatar da wakilci mai kyau na masu jefa kuri'a a kowane mazabar, yana inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da yadda yake da muhimmanci a jefa kuri'u kuma ya sake duba jerin sunayen waɗanda suka mutu ko kuma an hana su. A ranar zabe, za a kafa membobin EC da jami'ai a cibiyar zabe a duk faɗin ƙasar don kula da aikin. == Rashin jituwa == An zargi EC da kasancewa da rabin zuciya a cikin sake fasalin zabe kuma a cikin 2012, an zargi shugaban da mataimakin shugaban da kasancewa mambobi ne na jam'iyyar da ke mulki. Dukkanin mutanen da aka yarda sun kasance mambobi a wani lokaci, amma mataimakin shugaban daga baya ya janye shigarwar kuma ya yi tir da shi a matsayin ƙoƙari na lalata EC. A lokacin Babban Zabe na 14 na Malaysia a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2018, an zargi EC da ba da izinin manyan ayyukan Gerrymandering da malapportionment daga gwamnatin da ke kan mulki. An kuma tsawata shi saboda tsarin ƙididdigar kuri'a shine mafi tsawo a tarihin Malaysia, tare da sakamakon har yanzu ana gudana bayan karfe 4 na safe washegari (10 Mayu 2018, GMT +8:00). An kuma zargi EC da yin ranar zabe a ranar mako maimakon karshen mako. A halin yanzu ya musanta cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya dakatar da Malaysians na kasashen waje don yin zabe. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ie5q5814l3qn5od1wezewue049lsmnl 0 134395 858944 853100 2026-06-16T15:18:24Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345743520|Swallow (2021 film)]]" 858944 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Ruwa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Swallow_2021_film_poster.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Kunle Afolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |[[Sefi Atta]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ya dogara da | class="infobox-data" |Swallow (littafin Seffi Atta) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] * [[Niyola]] * [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] * [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">[[Netflix]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Netflix]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 1 ga Oktoba 2021 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-10-01</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 128 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harsuna | class="infobox-data" |Turanci, Yoruba, Pidgin |} Swallow fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya jagoranta, wanda [[Sefi Atta]] ya rubuta '''''Ruwa''''' ya hada da [[Niyola]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] da [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] . An sake shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021, ta hanyar [[Netflix]]. == Makirci == Tolani Ajao da abokinta Rose, wadanda su ma abokan zama ne kuma suna aiki a wannan bankin. Rose's Boss Mr. Lamidi Salako mutum ne mai lalata sosai wanda ke amfani da ikonsa don tayar da sakatarensa. Babu wanda zai iya tsayayya da shi saboda yana da sashen ma'aikata a hannunsa. Ya kori Rose saboda ta ki ci gaba da cin zarafinsa, kuma musamman ya nemi Tolani a matsayin maye gurbinsa. Kamar yadda Rose ta annabta, ya tsananta wa Tolani, wanda ya shigar da korafi don mayar da martani ga bayanin da ya zarge ta da rashin biyayya. Ignatius a cikin Ma'aikata ya ki amincewa da korafinta saboda tsoron da yake ji na lalata hoton Mista Salako a matsayin mai aure. Mista Salaco daga baya ya dakatar da Tolani lokacin da ta nemi hutu, wanda ya dace. Rose ta sadu da 'OC' wani Ba'amurke wanda ya dawo wanda ya gabatar da ita ga duniyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami Tolani da aka ci nasara don shiga tare da ita, kuma kusan ta yi lokacin da aka yaudari saurayinta Sanwo daga duk abin da ta tanada ta ranta masa don fara kasuwanci. A ƙarshe, Rose ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai zuwa London bayan ta haɗiye miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma sun fashe a cikin ciki a tsakiyar jirgin, suka kashe ta. Tolani ta koma ƙauyen, inda Sanwo ta zo neman ta kuma ta gaya mata cewa ma'aikatan sun dakatar da shugabansu Mista Salako. Ya kuma gaya mata game da sabon aikinsa a wani kamfani mai ba da shawara kuma ya mayar da kuɗin ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Swallow (2021) review – this is hard to swallow. |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2021/10/01/review-swallow-2021-netflix-film/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=Ready Steady Cut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Netflix's Swallow (2021) Review: Social Drama Falls Flat |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/netflix-swallow-2021-review/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=Leisure Byte}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Niyola]] a matsayin Tolani Ajao * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] a matsayin Sanwo * [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]] a matsayin Mama Chidi * [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] a matsayin Rose Adamson * Mercy Aigbe a matsayin Violet * 2 Taurari na Miliya * [[Omotunde Adebowale|Omotunde Adebowale David]] a matsayin Franka * [[Kelvin Ikeduba]] a matsayin O.C. * [[Frank Donga]] * [[Eniola Badmus]] a matsayin Mrs. Durojaiye * [[Kunle Afolayan]] a matsayin Fasto Fred * Joseph Jaiyeoba a matsayin Hakeem * Kayode Olaiya a matsayin Ajao * Anthony Edet a matsayin Johnny * Muyiwa ya yi wasa a matsayin Arike * Segun Remi a matsayin Mista Lamidi Salako * Oreofeoluwa Lawal a matsayin Ayo * Eniola Akanni a matsayin matashi Tolani == Fitarwa == [[Sefi Atta|Sefi-Atta]], marubucin kanta, marubuciya, da [[Kunle Afolayan]] ne suka rubuta rubutun don daidaitawar littafin. Babban Hoton ya faru ne a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo . == Karɓar baƙi == Afolayan ya sami bugawa saboda amfani da mawaƙa a matsayin jagora na fina-finai. Wani mai bita na Pulse Nigeria ya ce "Afolayan yana da ido mai kyau ga jagorancin fasaha kuma mai samar da komai ne. A cikin 'Swallow', ya nuna kwarewarsa tare da nuna salon, harshe da abubuwan da suka faru (wani lokacin ba su da kyau) na zamanin da aka saita fim din. Shirin, a gefe guda, kusan ya yi adalci ga rubutun wallafe-wallafen. Ko da Atta ke kula da shi, 'Slowwal' fim din yana jin daɗi, ya ɓace ga alfarin da ya sa littafin ya fito daga Rose Grace ya sake dubawa. Wani mai bita na Premium Times ya yaba wa masu zanen saiti saboda kulawar da suka yi wa daki-daki kuma ya yaba da amfani da harsunan asali a cikin fim din. An kuma yaba wa Grace Agu saboda rawar da ta taka yayin da aka ce Niyola ta yi gwagwarmaya da rawar. A ƙarshe, mai bita ya rubuta "Fim ne mai kyau wanda ya cancanci kallo musamman a matsayin iyali. Yana da koyarwa da nishaɗi". == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2021|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2021]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|14391622}} m3h8qmdg4r1fj9qt70wovkl5jwtmu6x 0 137640 859152 781848 2026-06-17T05:31:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Henri Hemsch''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1700 - Satumba 1769), wanda aka fi sani da '''Johann Heinrich Hemsch''' a Jamusanci (wani rubutun: '''Johannes Heinrich Hembsch''' ), ƙwararren mai ƙera harpsichord ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda asalinsa Jamus ne . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hemsch a [[Kastenholtz]], kusa da [[Köln|Cologne]], kuma ya koma [[Faransa]] a shekara ta 1728 inda ya kammala aikin koyon aiki na shekaru shida a ƙarƙashin Antoine Vater, wani ''ƙwararren'' mai kera harpsichord na Jamus. Bayan haka, ya kafa nasa bita a [[:fr:Rue Quincampoix|Rue Quincampoix]], Paris tare da ƙanensa '''Guillaume''' (1734–1776), kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin ''juré'' na ƙungiyar masu kera kayan kida daga 1746. Hemsch ya mutu a birnin Paris kuma ɗan uwansa Jean-Henri Moers (1754–1793) ya gaje shi. Ana girmama shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gina harpsichord a yankinsa. Shida daga cikin harpsichords ɗinsa masu hannu biyu sun tsira: · wani kayan kida mai tsada da aka yi wa ado da launin ruwan kasa da zinare daga 1736 ( Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Boston ) · wani kayan kida mai farin fenti da fenti na murfi da kuma zinare daga 1751 (wanda a halin yanzu mallakar Frédérick Haas ne) · wani kayan kida mai launin baƙi da ja mai madaurin zinare daga 1754 (Bayerisches Nationalmuseum) wani kayan kida mai launin kore da ja mai launin zinare mai laushi daga 1755/6 (ba a san wurin da ake ciki a yanzu ba) Kayan aiki na baki da ja tare da murfi mara kyau daga 1761 ( Cité de la Musique, Paris ) · wani harpsichord mai kayan ado mai kyau wanda aka yi wa ado da hannu biyu daga 1763 bisa ga harpsichord na 1636 Andrea Ruckers ( Cobbe Collection, Hatchlands Park ) Harpsichord ɗinsa suna kama da na Vater da French a salonsu, tare da littattafai guda biyu, tsarin rajista mai rijista uku tare da haɗin shove, da kuma kamfas na <nowiki>FF–e''' (wanda ya tashi zuwa f'''</nowiki> a kan ɓarna na 1761 da 1763). == Manazarta == * John Koster: 'Hemsch, Henri [Jean-Henri; Johannes Heinrich Hembsch]', Grove Music ed. L. Macy (An shiga 2007-05-18), http://www.grovemusic.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} Archived [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] irkjkhdltmpx2a4dfldeg9a08y6tzow 0 138886 859214 784811 2026-06-17T09:07:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Tennis ta [[Najeriya]]''' (NTTF) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaba da inganta wasan tennis a faɗin Najeriya. Kungiyar na kula da shirya da gudanar da ƙungiyar wasan tennis ta ƙasa don gasa ta cikin gida da ta duniya ma. NTTF ta amince da ita ta Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Duniya (ITTF). Shugaban NTTF na yanzu shine Ishaku Tikon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – NTTF |url=https://nttf.com.ng/history/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208130024/https://nttf.com.ng/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Table Tennis Federation (NTTF) |url=https://tabletennis.sitesng.com/en_NTTF.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=tabletennis.sitesng.com |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506080207/https://tabletennis.sitesng.com/en_NTTF.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alabidun |date=2024-12-13 |title=ITTF Announces New Nominations Committee, Appoints Nigerian President Tikon Ishaku — IntercontinentalNews247 |url=https://incnews247.com/ittf-appoints-nigerian-president-tikon-ishaku/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jack W. Farnsworth ne ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan tennis ta Najeriya a shekarar 1951. Hedkwatarta na a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – NTTF |url=https://nttf.com.ng/history/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208130024/https://nttf.com.ng/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kwallon Tennis a Afrika]] [[Category: Wasanni a Nijeriya]] [[Category: Afrika]] m6z3fq3c06bmupesw6y22w85owc1jfv 0 142085 859276 836094 2026-06-17T11:17:05Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|Background=person|Name=Lars Kinström|image=|birth_date=14 August 1710|birth_place=Risinge, Sweden|death_date={{Death date and age|1763|12|6|1710|8|14}}|death_place=Hedvig Eleonora parish, Sweden|Instrument=Organ}} '''Lars Kinström''', an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1710 a Risinge, Östergötland, ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1763 a Hedvig Eleonora Parish a [[Stockholm]], ya kasance mawakin Sweden ne kuma mai kirkirar kayan kida. Dan uwansa Matthias Lundbom ya kasance mai kirkirar fiyano kuma mai ba da gudummawa a Stockholm. Matar sa Christina Kinström ta ci gaba da kasuwancin bayan mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Kinström a shekara ta 1710 a Ikklisiyar Risinge a Östergötland kuma ɗa ne ga kwamandan Finspång Castle, Vaste Kinström (1673-1738) da Rebecka Wetterström (ya mutu a shekara ta 1799). Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga Kisa kuma mahaifiyarsa mai yiwuwa ta kasance daga dangin Wetterström wanda ke da alaƙa da Malexander. Kinström ya yi karatu a Uppsala a cikin 1730-1731. Ya kasance mai kula da majami'a a cikin 1736-1737 a cikin majami'ar Strängnäs . Kinström ya kasance organist 1738-1763 a Ladugårdsland a [[Stockholm]] kuma yana da wurin aiki a cocin Hedvig Eleonora . Sun zauna a can a cikin rukunin Walfisken na 39. A shekara ta 1741 an ba shi matsayi a matsayin mai kula da majami'ar a cikin Cathedral na Turku, amma bai taɓa ɗaukar matsayin ba.<ref>https://www.doria.fi/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10024/78703/2.%20Aabenraa%E2%80%93Ystad.pdf?sequence=5</ref> A shekara ta 1742, an ba Kinström damar gina harpsichords, clavichords, clavier d'amours, da sauransu. Ya kuma kirkiri cymbals da kayan ayyukan waka. Yana da gida a cikin gidajen Walfisken, mai lamba 35, a Hedvig Eleonora.<ref>Hedvig Eleonora (A, AB) AIa:6 (1741-1743) Page: 40</ref><ref name="G1BA:19:1">The Office of the Treasurer for Collection Matters (A, AB) G1BA:19:1 (1754) Page: 66</ref><ref name="G1BA:21:82">The Office of the Treasurer for Collection Matters (A, AB) G1BA:21:8 (1760) Page: 180, 182</ref> Kinström ya mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 1763 a Hedvig Eleonora kuma an binne shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba. Bayan mutuwarsa, matarsa Christina ta zama mai mallakar kamfanin da ke ɗauke da sunansa,<ref>Nordenfelt-Åberg, Eva. ‘The Harpsichord in 18th-Century Sweden.’ ''Early Music'', Vol.9, no.1, January 1981, pp.47–54, at p.52.</ref> sannan matafiyi Matthias Lundbom yana mata aiki.<ref>Helenius-Öberg, Eva. ''Svenskt Klavikordbygge 1720–1820''. Studier I hantverkets teori och praktik jämte instrumentens utveckling och function i Sverige under klassisk tid. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986. (Text in Swedish with English summary).</ref> == Iyali == Kinström ya auri Maria Elisabeth Ekman (ya mutu a shekara ta 1748) a kusa da shekara ta 1736. Ita ce mawakiya mai suna [[Lars Ekman (organist)|Lars Ekman]] a Strängnäs. Tare suna da Rebecka Christina (an haife ta kafin 1736), Johanna Charlotta (an haifa ta 1739), Catharina Elisabeth (an haifu ta 1742), Maja Gretha (an haifi ta 1745) da Yakubu (an haifee ta 1746). Auren Kinström na biyu ya kasance da Christina Westervik a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1751 a Ikklisiyar Hedvig Eleonora, Stockholm . Ita 'yar masassaƙin Erik Westerwik ce. Tare suna da 'ya'ya Lars (an haife shi a shekara ta 1753), Erik Vaste (an haifee shi a shekara ya 1755), ɗa (an haifi shi a shekara de 1757) da Johan Gustaf (an haifa shi a shekara wa 1759). == Kayan kida == {| class="wikitable" |Shekara |Kayan aiki |Jimillar |- |1761 |Piano da cymbals guda huɗu |933<ref>{{Cite web |year=1761 |title=Commerskollegium kammarkontoret |url=http://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/A0005228_00136 |series=Annual reports of factories series 1 |publisher=National Archives (Sweden) |page=258 |id=image A0005228_00136 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |1762 | - |333<ref>{{Cite web |year=1762 |title=Commercial Board Chamber Office |url=http://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/A0005229_00173 |series=Annual Reports Factories Series 1 |publisher=National Archives (Sweden) |page=325 |id=image A0005229_00173 |access-date=2026-03-02 |archive-date=2021-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204105012/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/A0005229_00173 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |1763 | - |466<ref>{{Cite web |year=1763 |title=Commerskollegium kammarkontoret |url=http://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/A0005230_00173 |series=Annual reports factories series 1 |publisher=National Archives (Sweden) |page=338 |id=image A0005230_00173 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |} === Wakoki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ikilisiya ta asali !Diocese !Hoton !Waƙoƙi !Bayani |- |1753 |Cocin Torneå |Diocese na Härnösand | |7 |Svalberg ne ya gyara kwayar a shekara ta 1769. |- |1762 |Cocin Hacksta |Diocese na Uppsala |[[Fayil:HackstaOrgel1901.jpg|frameless|195x195px]] |7 |An gina shi tare da Jacob Westervik. Erik Henrik Eriksson, Sundbyberg ne ya gina sabon kwayar halitta a 1932.<ref>Edholm, Dag (1985). "Organs 1990:II". ''Orgelbyggare i Sverige 1600–1900 och deras verk''[''Organ Builders in Sweden 1600-1900 and Their Work''] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Proprius förlag. ISBN <bdi>91-7118-499-6</bdi>.</ref> |- |} === Maɓallan maɓalli === * 1748 - Clavichord tare da haɗe da pedal. A yau a Gidan Tarihi na Jämtland. * 1752 - Clavichord. Ya kasance na Vicke Andrén a cikin 1903. Yanzu a Gidan Tarihin Kiɗa, Stockholm. * Harpsichords guda biyu. == Abokan aiki == * Anders Svalberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1715). Ya kasance mai tafiya tare da Kinström a cikin 1754. Ya yi aure. * Jacob Westervik ya kasance mai tafiya tare da Kinström a cikin 1760. * Matthias Lundbom ya kasance ɗan koyo tare da Kinström a cikin 1760. <ref name="G1BA:21:8" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Tushen labari == * ''Stockholms rådhusrätt'' sashi na 1 (A, AB) F1A:149 (1751) shafuka 763-767 * ''Stockholms rådhusrätt'' sashi na 1 (A, AB) F1A:197 (1764) shafuka 949-955 * ''Stockholms rådhusrätt'' sashi na 1 (A, AB) F1A:284 (1786) shafuka 71-75 *   {{DEFAULTSORT:Kinström, Lars}} [[Rukuni:Mata daga Sweden]] tkto5jhk5f0tq1xgjg696s2y463ktg4 0 143985 858885 840076 2026-06-16T12:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gina Dent''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1966) farfesa ce 'yar Amurka a fannin Nazarin Mata a UC Santa Cruz . Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar sashen bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da kuma haɗa kai a Sashen Bil Adama a UC Santa Cruz. [1] Ta rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar littafin Abolition. Feminism na 2022. Yanzu. tare da abokiyar zamanta, [[Angela Davis]] ; Erica Meiners ; da Beth Richie . == Ilimi == Dent ta sami digirin BA a fannin Adabin Kwatanta daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent |url=https://ppfp.ucop.edu/info/fellowship-recipients/fellows-pages/dent-gina.html |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=ppfp.ucop.edu |language=en}}</ref> da kuma digirin MA da PhD a fannin Adabin Turanci da Kwatanta daga Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CJTC — Steering Committee |url=http://cjtc.ucsc.edu/sc_ginaDent.html |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=cjtc.ucsc.edu }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Politics: Gina Dent |url=https://politics.ucsc.edu/faculty/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=ginadent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=politics.ucsc.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Dent yana nan a halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin nazarin mata, tarihin sani, da kuma nazarin shari'a a sashen ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Gina Dent {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University |url=http://heymancenter.org/people/gina-dent/ |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=heymancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> A shekarar 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta Dizikes saboda koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rappaport |first=Scott |title=Feminist studies professor Gina Dent receives Dizikes Award for teaching in Humanities |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/06/humanities-dizikes-awards.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=UC Santa Cruz News |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da take sha'awa a bincike sun haɗa da [[Nazarin baƙar fata|nazarin Afirka]], ka'idar shari'a, da al'adun jama'a. <ref name=":2"/> Ita ce editan ''Baƙar fata Al'adu Mai Farin Ciki'' (1992). <ref name=":0"/> An sanya wa wannan tarin suna a matsayin ''Mafi Kyawun Littafin Muryar Ƙauye na Shekara'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Popular Culture |url=https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=The New Press |language=en |archive-date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030826/https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Dent ta yi aiki a cikin tawagarta zuwa [[Falasdinu|Falasɗinu]], kuma tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Popular Culture |url=https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |website=The New Press |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203114724/https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana nemanta a duniya a matsayin mai magana da kuma mai koyarwa kan Baƙar fata 'Yan Mata da kuma kawar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aydemir |first=Murat |date=2018-04-13 |title=Gina Dent: The Idea of Africa |url=https://www.nica-institute.com/gina-dent-the-idea-of-africa/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=Netherlands Institute for Cultural Analysis (NICA) |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent |url=https://egs.edu/biography/gina-dent/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=The European Graduate School |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Lecture with Professor Gina Dent |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/Event/public-lecture-professor-gina-dent |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=iraas.columbia.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-16 |title=Destacadas activistas feministas visitaron Cárcel Distrital |url=https://periodismopublico.com/destacadas-activistas-feministas |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=periodismopublico.com |publisher=Periodismo Público |language=es}}</ref> Tana da 'yan wasa biyu masu zuwa littattafai, ''Kurkuku a matsayin Iyaka da Sauran Makaloli'' da kuma ''Anchored to the Real: Black Literature in the Wake of Anthropology,'' wanda Duke University Press za ta buga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Gina Dent {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University |url=http://heymancenter.org/people/gina-dent/ |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=heymancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent - The European Graduate School |url=http://egs.edu/faculty/gina-dent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=egs.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC LECTURE with Professor Gina Dent {{!}} IRAAS Institute for Research in African-American Studies |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/Event/public-lecture-professor-gina-dent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=iraas.columbia.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dent ya rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar littafin ''[[Abolition. Feminism. Now.|Abolition.]]'' ''[[Abolition. Feminism. Now.|Feminism na 2022. Yanzu.]]'' tare da Angela Davis, Erica Meiners, da Beth Richie, wanda ke jayayya don hangen nesa na kawar da fursunoni na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Amna A. |date=2022-06-28 |title=Long and Variegated Struggles: On 'Abolition. Feminism. Now.' |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/long-and-variegated-struggles-on-abolition-feminism-now/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=Kitana |date=2022-07-21 |title=What Is Abolition Feminism and Why Do We Need It Now? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/what-is-abolition-feminism-and-why-do-we-need-it-now/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Non Profit News {{!}} Nonprofit Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya zuwa 2020 , Dent tana zaune tare da abokin tarayya, masanin mata kuma mai fafutuka [[Angela Davis|Angela Y. Davis]] . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Nelson |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Angela Davis Still Believes America Can Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/19/t-magazine/angela-davis.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Black History Month • Angela Davis {{!}} Know the Past • Shape the Future |url=https://www.wbbjtv.com/2023/02/20/black-history-month-angela-davis/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=WBBJ TV |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222045327/https://www.wbbjtv.com/2023/02/20/black-history-month-angela-davis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare, sun ba da shawara don kawar da 'yan sanda da kurkuku, ta amfani da manufar kawar da mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantino |first=Annika |date=2020-10-28 |title=Angela Davis, Gina Dent discuss abolition as 'a politic and a practice' |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/27/angela-davis-gina-dent-discuss-abolition-as-a-politic-and-a-practice/ |access-date=2021-12-29 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == Tushe: <ref name=":2"/> * Edita, ''Al'adun Baƙar fata Masu Farin Ciki'' . Seattle: Bay Press, 1992; New York: New Press, 1999. * " Michael Joo ", a cikin Elaine Kim da Margo Machida, editoci, ''Sabbin Magana/Gogewa: Batutuwan 'Yan Asiya na Amurka a cikin Fasahar gani ta Zamani'' . Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press. 2003 * Marubuciya tare da mai ba da shawara [[Angela Davis|Angela Y. Davis]], <ref name=":1"/> "Kurkuku a Matsayin Iyaka: Tattaunawa kan Jinsi, Duniya da Hukunci", ''Alamomi: Mujallar Mata a Al'adu da Al'umma'', Vol. 26, No. 4; Lokacin bazara na 2001. * "Labarin New York", kasida kan kasidar baje kolin ''Haɗawa/Ballewa'' . Graz, Austria. 1997. * Jack Salzman, David Lionel Smith, da Cornel West (masu gyara), "Rita Dove" da "Jamaica Kincaid" (tarihin rayuwar adabi) a cikin ''Encyclopedia of African American Al'adu da Tarihi'', New York: Takardar Karatu ta Macmillan. 1996. * "Matsayin Mishan" a cikin Rebecca Walker (ed.), ''Don Ka Kasance Gaskiya: Faɗin Gaskiya da Sauya Fuskar Mace'' . New York: Anchor/Doubleday. 1995. * "Kabila da Wariyar Launin Fata: Taron Karawa Juna Sani", ''Rubutun Zamantakewa'' . Vol. 42. Bazara, 1995 * == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mcjwb9rthns831kq0ng5kj6aurwlrv9 0 144001 859151 805678 2026-06-17T05:17:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helena Mary Molony''' (15 Janairu 1883 - 29 Janairu 1967) 'Yar jam'iyyar Republican ce ta Ireland, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ma'aikata. Ta yi gwagwarmaya a lokacin tashin Easter na 1916 kuma daga baya ta zama mace ta biyu shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Irish Trades Union . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Helena Molony: a revolutionary life |url=https://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/helena-molony-a-revolutionary-life/ |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Molony a 8 Coles Lane, kusa da titin Henry, a tsakiyar [[Dublin]], ga Michael Molony, mai sayar da kayan abinci, da Catherine McGrath. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=General Registrar's Office |url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/860d5c5712012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529004656/https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/captcha.jsp |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=15 January 2017 |website=IrishGenealogy.ie |publisher=}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta ta mutu tun tana ƙarama a rayuwar Helena. Daga baya mahaifinta ya sake yin aure, amma dukkan ma'auratan sun zama masu shan giya, wani abu da zai yi tasiri ga Helena shekaru bayan haka. == Inghinidhe na hÉireann == A shekarar 1903, bayan wani jawabi mai goyon bayan ƙasa da Maud Gonne ya yi, Molony ta shiga Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Ya'yan Ireland) kuma ta fara sadaukar da kai ga manufar ƙasa a tsawon rayuwarta. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Just your average freedom-fighting socialist feminist - Remembering the Past &#124; An Phoblacht |url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/12934 |access-date=19 July 2019 |website=www.anphoblacht.com}}</ref> A shekarar 1908 ta zama editan jaridar wata-wata ta ƙungiyar, ''Bean na hÉireann'' (Matar Ireland). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helena Molony 1884 – 1967 |url=http://www.aoh61.com/history/labor/molony.htm |access-date=19 July 2019 |website=www.aoh61.com |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711115106/https://www.aoh61.com/history/labor/molony.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Bean na hÉireann ta haɗu da ƙungiyar 'yan kishin ƙasa; Constance Markievicz ta tsara shafin taken, kuma ta rubuta ginshiƙin lambu; Sydney Gifford (a ƙarƙashin ''sunan'' "John Brennan") ya rubuta wa jaridar kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar shirya ta; masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Eva Gore-Booth, Susan L. Mitchell, da Katharine Tynan, da kuma Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh, AE, Roger Casement, Arthur Griffith da James Stephens . <ref>{{Cite web |last="That's Just How It Was" |date=14 July 2015 |title=Helena Molony: Forgotten Hero of the Easter Rising and Trade Unionist |url=https://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blogs/helena-melony-one-of-the-forgotten-revolutionary-women-of-the |access-date=19 July 2019 |website=thewildgeese.irish}}</ref> Jaridar ta haɗa da zaɓi na labarai daban-daban - bayanan salon zamani (wanda ya haɗa da kayan Irish da tufafin Irish), ginshiƙin ma'aikata, wurin dafa abinci, siyasa, almara, waƙoƙi... <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokes |first=Tom |title=Bean na hEireann &#124; The Irish Republic |url=https://theirishrepublic.wordpress.com/tag/bean-na-heireann/ |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> Molony ta kasance ginshiƙi a fafutukar samar da abinci ga yara a makarantu; tare da Maud Gonne, Marie Perolz da sauransu, ta shirya samar da abincin makaranta na yau da kullun ga yara a yankunan da ke fama da talauci, kuma ta matsa wa Kamfanin Dublin da sauran hukumomi lamba don samar da abinci mai kyau (nama da kayan lambu, da shinkafa da madara a ranar Juma'a) ga yara masu yunwa a Dublin. <ref name="bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie">{{Cite web |title=Witness Statement 391: Helena Molony |url=https://bmh.militaryarchives.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0391.pdf |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=Bureau of Military History}}</ref> == Jam'iyyar Republican da Labour == Molony kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma memba ce a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Abbey . [1] Duk da haka, babban aikinta shine ga aikinta na siyasa. [2] Ta kasance mai tasiri a siyasa, wacce aka yaba mata wajen kawo mutane da yawa cikin wannan motsi, ciki har da Constance Markievicz da Dr. Kathleen Lynn, waɗanda suka rubuta: 'Mun saba yin dogon tattaunawa kuma ta mayar da ni cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa. Ta kasance yarinya mai wayo da kyau tare da babban ƙarfin yin abokai.' [3] A matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata, Molony abokiyar aikinta ta kud da kud da Markievicz da kuma James Connolly, wanda ta kasance sakatare na wani lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helena Molony |url=http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/people/a-z/helena-molony/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208173820/https://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/people/a-z/helena-molony/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=Easter 1916}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 1915, Connolly ta naɗa sakatarenta na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Mata ta Ireland, a matsayin maye gurbin Delia Larkin . <ref name="auto"/> An kafa wannan ƙungiyar ne a lokacin yajin aikin da aka yi a masana'antar biskit ta Jacob's 1911 kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na 1913 Dublin Lock-out . Molony ta kula da masana'antar riguna ta ƙungiyar a Liberty Hall, wadda aka kafa don ba wa masu yajin aiki aiki kuma aka sanya su cikin jerin sunayen 'yan ƙasa bayan yajin aikin. "Babu ɗayansu da ya fi kyau a cikin rawar da ta taka a cikin duka yaƙin [Rising na 1916, inda duk suka yi aiki, da kuma yajin aikin da aka yi a Jacob's]," in ji Molony a cikin sanarwar da ta bayar ga Ofishin Tarihin Soja. "Ta irin wannan hanya ce ainihin masu fada a ji na ƙasar da aka haifa." Tana da abokantaka da iyalan Thomas MacDonagh da matarsa, Muriel, kuma ita ce uwar 'yarsu Barbara, wacce uban gidanta Patrick Pearse ne; tana bayanin Liberty Hall, inda Connolly ke yawan yin yawancin lokacinsa, ta rubuta: "Connolly, bayan sa'o'i, zai iya zama kyauta ga masu ziyara na sirri... Pearse ya kira sau da yawa, haka kuma Joe Plunkett da Tom MacDonagh. Waɗannan mutanen duk abokaina ne na kud da kud, don haka ya zama kamar abu ne da na saba ƙarfafa su su sayi safa da taye daga gare mu." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] 6jhi7l55sfkeas5ppbzit19vsrzxc3p 0 144294 858950 806495 2026-06-16T15:47:22Z Merjoor 14653 858950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Julia_Isbrucker.jpg|thumb|Julia Isbrucker]] '''Julia Catharina Isbrücker-Dirksen''' (22 Satumba 1887 - 14 Janairu 1971) ta kasance 'yar asalin Holland ce, memba mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya (UEA), memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Duniya da kwamitin jarrabawa, memba na Kungiyar Soroptimist, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 1948 |title=Honored at Tea |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/280274069/?terms=%22Julia%20Isbrucker%22&match=1 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=The Daily Journal at Newspapers.com |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> shugaban kungiyar The Hague kuma matar mataimakin shugaban UEA Johannes Rijk Gerardus Isbrückers. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Julia C. Isbrücker {{!}} Hymnary.org |url=https://hymnary.org/person/Isbrucker_J |access-date=2021-07-25 |website=hymnary.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Isbrücker ta kasance Esperantist daga 1909, jim kadan bayan ta rubuta littafin Esperanto tare da ɗan'uwanta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minnaja |first=Carlo |title=Persona memoro pri Julia Isbrücker.doc |url=https://www.academia.edu/33098043}}</ref> Ci gaban motsi ya amfana daga shirin da ta yi na gayyatar [[World Esperanto Congress|Taron Duniya]] na 12 a shekarar 1920 zuwa Hague, kamar yadda a wannan lokacin bayan yakin duniya na ya kasance da wahala a sami birni mai dacewa don karbar bakuncin taron duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omaĝe al Julia Isbrücker |url=https://www.esperanto.be/fel/publika/012696p.php |access-date=2021-07-25 |website=www.esperanto.be}}</ref> Ta shirya taron Interfaith na kasa da kasa a Hague a 1928, wanda aka kafa tare da [[Andreo Cseh]] Cibiyar Cseh ta Duniya a 1930 (daga baya Cibiyar Esperanto ta Duniya). A cikin tsarin ta ta shirya darussan, tarurruka, darussan lacca da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. Farawa a 1923, ita ce kuma shugabar farko ta ƙaramar kungiyar Universal Esperantist Pacifist League ([[Einar Dahl (Esperantist)|Einar Dahl]] ta kasance shugaban daga baya). A cikin Shekarar 1931 magajin garin Arnhem (Netherlands) ya ba da babban gida tare da wurin shakatawa, inda cibiyar ta kafa gidan Esperanto. Godiya ga Isbrücker ya zama Cibiyar Esperanto ta Duniya, inda shirye-shirye iri-iri, darussan, tarurruka da tarurruka, galibi na kasa da kasa, suka faru akai-akai. Isbrücker kuma memba ne na kwamitin jarrabawa, memba ne na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Duniya (ICK), shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Hague "Fine ili venkos", ta jagoranci darussan kuma ta ba da laccoci a wasu bangarorin da ba Esperanto ba. A shekara ta 1939 ta zama sakatariyar sabuwar kwamitin Dutch da aka kafa don aikace-aikacen Esperanto, wanda membobinta sune magajin garin The Hague da daraktocin banki, ofishin yawon bude ido, PTT, Philips da KLM. == Ayyuka == * Rahoton Majalisar Dokoki ta Jama'a (1951) * Ayyukan jarrabawar Esperanto na Vertaalde (1931) * Wereldvrede a cikin Esperanto (A cikin: Jubileumboek 1926-1931) * Ayyukan jarrabawar Esperanto (1922) * Ayyukan jarrabawar Esperanto don difloma A da B tare da fassara (1934) * Vertaalde Esperanto-examinationopgaven (1923) * Julia Isbrücker Pioniro de Esperanto, Vienna, 2021 (Esperanto da Turanci). <nowiki>ISBN 978 3 903247 36 9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] 23y5awxyh28mf6c29bqoj880rza1xy3 0 145888 858910 827200 2026-06-16T13:15:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gisela Mama Abbam''' FRSA 'yar kasuwa ce ta Ghana da Burtaniya da ke aiki a bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a wacce ta mai da hankali kan Masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Ita ce shugabar baki ta farko ta Babban Kwamitin Magunguna, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2022 |title=Gisela Abbam appointed Chair of the GPhC &#124; General Pharmaceutical Council |url=https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/news/gisela-abbam-appointed-chair-gphc |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=www.pharmacyregulation.org}}</ref> kuma ita ce shugabar baƙar fata ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=A final sit-down with outgoing Chair, Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/final-sit-down-with-gisela-abbam |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=British Science Association}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta kwamitin Bar Standards Board, kwamishina a Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kasa da kuma Babban Darakta a Revvity .<ref name="LoC">{{Cite web |title=Commissioners |url=https://nationalpreparednesscommission.uk/about/commissioners/ |website=National Preparedness Commission}}</ref> Ita ce tsohon Babban Darakta na Duniya a Janar Electric kuma mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Abbam ta yaba wa danginta kamar kawunta Hon. [[Alex Quaison-Sackey]] da Aunt Mabel Dove a matsayin farkon abin koyi. == Ayyuka == Abbam Babban Darakta ne na Duniya kuma Shugaban Babban Kwamitin Magunguna, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.independentpharmacist.co.uk/interviews/interview-gisela-abbam |website=www.independentpharmacist.co.uk}}</ref> Burtaniya. Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Black History Month: Diversity in STEM with Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/black-history-month-diversity-in-stem-with-gisela-abbam |website=British Science Association}}</ref> Sauran allon da take aiki sun hada da Bar Standards Board Everywoman da [[Kujera|Cibiyar]] Briyah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/A-V1B1H3cTU |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Gisela Abbam - everywoman in Technology Awards |url=https://www.everywoman.com/everywoman-in-technology-awards/judges/gisela-abbam/}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta kwamitin Longitude Prize . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Longitude Committee |url=https://amr.longitudeprize.org/governance/ |website=Longitude Prize}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwar [[Gwamnati|gwamnatoci]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Second WHO Global Forum on Medical Devices: Priority Medical Devices for Universal Health Coverage 22–24 November 2013 Geneva, Switzerland |url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/medical-devices/second-global-forum-of-medical-devices/second-who-global-forum-on-medical-devices-priority-medical-devices-for-universal-health-coverage-22---24-november-2013-geneva-switzerland.pdf?sfvrsn=a88e43c9_3&download=true}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Bankin Duniya da sauran hukumomi don inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararren masani ne a cikin hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ta rubuta takardu sama da 50 a kan batutuwan Manufofin jama'a daban-daban, kuma mai magana ce da ake nema don taron kasa da kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black History Month 2023 |url=https://stbedessch.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/document/Black-History-Month-2023.pdf?t=1696852581%3Fts%3D1696928414 |access-date=2026-03-18 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308204656/https://stbedessch.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/document/Black-History-Month-2023.pdf?t=1696852581%3Fts%3D1696928414 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership Practitioners Forum Report 2017 |url=https://uploads.concordia.net/2017/04/20183924/GPW-Partnership-Practitioners-Forum-Report-.pdf |publisher=Global Partnership Week}}</ref> Abbam ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa a farkon aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2006 |title=NICE Public Health Programme Guidance Behaviour Change {{!}} 4th meeting of the Programme Development Group |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph6/documents/programme-development-group-meeting-4-minutes2 |website=nice.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, ta shiga Janar Electric Healthcare, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajendra Pratap |date=2 September 2017 |title=Report on the 5th Government Industry Dialogue on Digital Health, Medical Devices & Interoperability |url=https://www.slideshare.net/rajendrapgupta/report-on-the-5th-government-industry-dialogue-on-digital-health-medical-devices-interoperability}}</ref> inda ta kasance shugabar harkokin gwamnati da manufofi ta farko a Burtaniya da Ireland. Daga baya ta zama Babban Darakta na Duniya na farko don Harkokin Gwamnati da Manufofin Kula da Lafiya ta Janar kuma ta kafa Sashen a duniya. Ita ce ke da alhakin dabarun al'amuran gwamnati da manufofi ga GE Healthcare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry engagement: A visit from Gisela Abbam, GE Healthcare |url=https://business.leeds.ac.uk/research-ctie/dir-record/research-blog/867/industry-engagement-a-visit-from-gisela-abbam-ge-healthcare |website=business.leeds.ac.uk |publisher=Faculty of Business}}</ref> sashin kasuwanci na GE na dala biliyan 18 wanda ke ba da Fasahar kiwon lafiya ga abokan ciniki a cikin kasashe sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2019 |title=Spotlight on Leaders in Global Health: Gisela Abbam |url=https://leadwithstephanie.com/blog/spotlight-on-leaders-in-global-health-gisela-abbam/ |website=leadwithstephanie.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO compendium of innovative health technologies for low-resource settings |url=https://ses.sp.bvs.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/who-technologies.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Gisela ta jagoranci ci gaban kasuwanci kuma ta fara fiye da fam biliyan 1 sabon damar kasuwanci a cikin shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 2009, ta fara kuma ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin ganewar asali a Burtaniya tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa. Wannan an yi niyya ne ga 'Yan majalisa kuma ya haifar da samun damar kai tsaye don ganowa ta hanyar likitoci da sauransu tare da samun goyon bayan [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] na lokacin, [[David Cameron]]. Ita ce shugabar kafa kungiyar Global Diagnostic Imaging, Healthcare IT & Radiation Therapy Trade Association (DITTA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=not found |url=https://www.globalditta.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_and_events/2016/DITTA_session_%40_UICC_2_nov._2016_.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118052659/https://www.globalditta.org/fileadmin/user_upload/News_and_events/2016/DITTA_session_@_UICC_2_nov._2016_.pdf |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=www.globalditta.org}}</ref> Global Health Working Group, wacce ke wakiltar kamfanoni sama da 600 kuma tana mai da hankali kan aiki tare da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=APEC-GHSA Policy Forum on Infection Control Infrastructure (download) |url=https://www.koshic.org/board/download.php?code=notice2&num=2805&comm= |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=www.koshic.org}}</ref> da Bankin Duniya. A shekara ta 2016, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane 14 da aka zaba don aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya da Matsayin Makomar Amurka - wani rahoto ga Gwamnatin Trump mai shigowa ta Cibiyar Kimiyya, Injiniya da Magunguna ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuster |first=Valentin |last2=Frazer |first2=Jendayi |last3=Snair |first3=Megan |last4=Vedanthan |first4=Rajesh |last5=Dzau |first5=Victor |last6=Frazer |first6=Jendayi |last7=Fuster |first7=Valentin |last8=Abbam |first8=Gisela |last9=Batson |first9=Amie |last10=Burkle |first10=Frederick |last11=Chin |first11=Lynda |last12=Fernald |first12=Lia Haskin |last13=Ferguson |first13=Stephanie |last14=Lamptey |first14=Peter |last15=Laxminarayan |first15=Ramanan |date=December 26, 2017 |title=The Future Role of the United States in Global Health: Emphasis on Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=70 |issue=25 |pages=3140–3156 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.009 |pmid=29198877 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta kasance wani muhimmin bangare na tawagar da ta samu nasarar tattauna Manufofin kasuwanci a [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya|WTO]] kan kawar da haraji a kan manyan na'urorin kiwon lafiya don ba da damar samun dama ga marasa lafiya a cikin ƙasashe 80. Ta kasance Darakta na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Jami'in Kamfanin Abt Associates, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2023 |title=Webinar: What is the role of small businesses in promoting health and well-being |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |website=Global Business School for Health |access-date=March 18, 2026 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118052652/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin bincike na duniya 20 da manyan masu kirkiro na ci gaban kasa da kasa 40. Ta kasance zartarwa ta farko a cikin matsayinta na hudu na ƙarshe kuma tana samun nasara wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka da kuma sanya su a kasuwanci. Ta kuma ba da laccoci a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Webinar: What is the role of small businesses in promoting health and well-being |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |access-date=18 March 2026 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118052652/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-business-school-health/events/2023/may/webinar-what-role-small-businesses-promoting-health-and-well-being |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma baƙo ta ba da lacca a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Leeds . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Industry engagement: A visit from Gisela Abbam, GE Healthcare |url=https://business.leeds.ac.uk/research-ctie/dir-record/research-blog/867/industry-engagement-a-visit-from-gisela-abbam-ge-healthcare}}</ref> A matsayinta na Shugabar BSA, ta jagoranci mayar da hankali kan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya da kuma sa jama'a suyi la'akari da shaidar kimiyya dangane da su a lokacin COVID.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=A final sit-down with outgoing Chair, Gisela Abbam |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/final-sit-down-with-gisela-abbam}}</ref> A matsayinta na Shugabar Majalisar Janar Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) mai kula da Pharmacy tana da alhakin jagorancin dabarun da shugabanci na 92,000 da masu sana'a na kantin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us - overview &#124; General Pharmaceutical Council |url=https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/about-us}}</ref> Ta dauki bakuncin taron zagaye a duk faɗin ƙasar don shiga cikin sana'a da sauraron damuwarsu. Ta ƙaddamar da sabon dabarun shekaru 5 a Gidan Majalisar a watan Yunin, 2025 tare da Steve Race MP da Stephen Kinnock MP da Ministan Jiha na Kulawa. Ita ce mai kafa Trustee na The Dove Foundation for Global Change, wata ƙungiya mai ba da agaji da ke aiki tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tsara manufofin da za a iya aiwatarwa, yayin da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen ƙasa don al'ummomi.[1] Ana mayar da hankali a yanzu akan inganta sakamakon ga mata da 'yan mata da aka kafa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Aunty Mabel Dove na Abbam, wanda 'yar Abbam, Tiffany Dove-Abbam ke gudanarwa.[2] == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Fellow na Royal Society of Arts * Baƙar fata na Burtaniya na Kasuwanci na shekara * Mace mai ban sha'awa ta samar da kyakkyawar Duniya ga Duka ta Taron Tattalin Arziki na Mata * Mata 100 da za a Kula don FTSE 350 Index Boards by Cranfield * Jakadan Goodwill na Duniya * Mai girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya <ref name="bsahonfellow">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Alom Shaha, Gisela Abbam and Tom Crick named British Science Association Honorary Fellows |url=https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/News/alom-shaha-gisela-abbam-and-tom-crick-named-british-science-association-honorary-fellows |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=British Science Association}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] grll1yi9y8owpc1urr66mgz15fwnlpz 0 146153 859018 811794 2026-06-16T18:33:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gülmira Istaibekqyzy Issimbayeva''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba kuma Mataimakiyar Shugabar Mäjilis daga 2016 zuwa 2020. Ta kasance shugabar majalisar dokoki ta Nur Otan daga 2016 zuwa 2019 kuma memba ce ta Tarayyar Soviet ta Koli daga 1990 har zuwa rushewarta a 1993. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Issimbayeva a ƙauyen Usharal . A shekarar 1978 ta kammala karatunta daga sashen ilimin falsafa na Cibiyar Pedagogical ta Jambyl, ƙwararriya a fannin harsuna da adabi na Rasha. A shekarar 1994, Issimbayeva ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Al-Farabi ta Kasa ta Kazakhstan, ƙwararriya a fannin shari'a. == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1978, Issimbayeva ta koyar da harshen Rashanci, kuma ta shirya ayyukan da suka shafi karatun jami'a a Makarantar Sakandare ta Usharal har zuwa shekarar 1990. Daga 1993 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Sashen, Shugabar Sashen Ilimi a Almaty . == Aikin siyasa == An zaɓi Issimbayeva a matsayin memba na Babban Kwamitin Tarayyar Soviet na Kazakhstan a zaɓen Kazakhstan na 1990. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Ci gaban Kimiyya da Ilimin Jama'a har zuwa rusa Majalisar a watan Disamba na 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ответственные лица |url=https://www.afppd.org/about-office-bearers.php?lang=ru |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722131904/https://www.afppd.org/about-office-bearers.php?lang=ru |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=www.afppd.org}}</ref> Ta zama memba na Mäjilis bayan an zaɓe ta a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007 a jerin jam'iyyu, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Ci gaban Al'adu da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Постановление ЦИК РК {{!}} Номад {{!}} 28.08.2007 |url=https://nomad.su/?a=3-200708280238 |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=nomad.su}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Досье: Исимбаева Гульмира Истайбековна |url=https://inbusiness.kz/ru/appointment/dose-isimbaeva-gulmira-istajbekovna |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=inbusiness.kz}}</ref> Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2016, Issimbayeva ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar Mäjilis kuma shugaban majalisar dokoki na Nur Otan . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-25 |title=В.Божко и Г.Исимбаева стали вице – спикерами Мажилиса Парламента |url=https://www.zakon.kz/4782475-v.bozhko-i-g.isimbaeva-stali-vice.html |access-date= |website=zakon.kz |archive-date=2018-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223164005/https://www.zakon.kz/4782475-v.bozhko-i-g.isimbaeva-stali-vice.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Agusta 2019, Shugaban Mazhilis Nurlan Nigmatulin ya karɓi ragamar shugabancinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Абубакарова |first=Тамара |date=2019-08-22 |title=Нурлан Нигматулин провёл первое собрание в статусе главы фракции Nur Otan в Мажилисе |url=https://informburo.kz/novosti/nurlan-nigmatulin-provyol-pervoe-sobranie-v-statuse-glavy-frakcii-nur-otan-v-mazhilise-94577.html |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=informburo.kz}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] haxcky2xm9nt7nhjtp9h6rd2b2ipirh 0 146529 859173 813149 2026-06-17T06:25:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Brahimi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Himoud Brahimi''' (ko Momo), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Aljeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mai nutsewa, masanin falsafa, kuma marubuci, wanda aka san shi da gudummawar da ya bayar ga fina-finai da wallafe-wallafen Aljeriya. Ayyukansa suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da al'adun gargajiya na [[Casbah na Algiers]] da kuma rikodin duniya a cikin 'yanci a cikin tafkin yin iyo na Paris a 1956. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Momo La Casbah |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/191453 |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124113957/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/191453 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Himoud Brahimi a ranar 18 ga Maris 1918 a cikin Kasba na [[Aljir|Algiers]], Yaronsa a cikin Caswah ya rinjayi hangen nesa. Gaskiyar rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin unguwar, labaru, da yanayin ruhaniya sun tsara jigogi na ayyukansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himoud Brahimi dit Momo, poète, philosophe, chantre de la Casbah : Momo, les bobos, les bravos et les trémolos |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/3731 |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129065622/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/3731 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Himoud Brahimi ya zama sananne a cikin fina-finai na Aljeriya a lokacin da fina-falla na kasa ya nemi nuna gaskiyar zamantakewar rayuwar mulkin mallaka a fina-fakkaatu da yawa. Ya ɗauki salon na musamman, ya haɗu da ban dariya da ƙididdigar ƙira. Tahar Hanache ya lura da shi da sauri, wanda ya ba shi muhimmiyar rawa a fina-finai, musamman a Les Plongeurs du désert a 1953. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Momo ya shafe kusan shekaru goma daga fim din, amma babban dawowarsa a fim din [[Alger Insolite|Tahia ya Didou]] na [[Mohamed Zinet|Zinet]], inda ya rubuta rubutun, <ref name="TahiaYaDidou">{{Cite web |title=Tahia Ya Didou! |url=https://africultures.com/films/?no=10016 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Africultures}}</ref> nan da nan ya sami matsayinsa a fim din Aljeriya. Ya mutu a Algiers a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1997. == Hotunan fina-finai == Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Himoud Brahimi |url=https://veboli.com/filmer/1680065 |access-date=14 November 2025 |publisher=veboli.com}}</ref> A nan akwai jerin fina-finai na Himoud Brahimi. * 1949: Les Noces de sable by André Zwobada: The Jester . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Noces de Cendre |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040648/?ref_=tt_mv_close |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=IMDb |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> * 1952: A zuciyar Casbah ta Pierre Cardinal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Coeur de la Casbah |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149730/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cred_t_7 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=IMDb |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> * 1952: Masu nutsewa daga hamada ta [[Tahar Hannache]]: Ammi Hassen. * 1971: Alger Insolite (Tahia Ya Didou) na [[Mohamed Zinet]]: Momo, mawaki.<ref name="TahiaYaDidou"/> * 1978: L'olivier de Boulhilet by Mohamed Nadir Azizi: Bouacha, mahaukaci. * 1981: El ''Anka'' na Abdelkrim Baba Aissa: Himoud Brahimi . * 1982: Vent de sable by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina: Makaho. * 1987: Cri de pierre by [[Abderrahmane Bouguermouh]]: Salah . * 1989: ''[[Le Clandestin (film, 1989)|Le Clandestin (fim, 1989)]]'' na Benamar Bakhti: Ammi Hassen . * 1991: Ombres Blanches na Saïd Ould Khelifa . == Bayanan littattafai == Baya ga aikin fim dinsa, Himoud Brahimi marubuci ne mai yawa. Littattafansa sun haɗa da litattafai, labaru, da ayyukan waka waɗanda ke bincika jigogi na zamantakewa, falsafa, da harshe. == Ayyuka == === Littattafai, shayari, da sauran wallafe-wallafen === * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Algiers, El Ibriz, 2016, 127. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les mots, le verbe et la parole |url=https://www.vitamine.dz/fr/1223.php |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * ''Wanene ni? Ƙaunar haske '', gajerun labaru, Algiers, Editions Rafar, 2014, {{Nowrap|218 p.}}. * La Magie des Mots, texts et poems, Algiers, Alpha, 2006, {{Nowrap|235 p.}}. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Magie des Mots |url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/cb6234164 |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> * Ode à la Terre, waka, Echo-soir, 20 ga Agusta 1955. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org. * Vision ailée, Algérie-Actualité, No. 120, 4 Fabrairu 1968 (wanda aka sake bugawa daga Ici Alger, Mayu 1960). * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * ''Me ya sa Larabawa? '' [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Algeria. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Algeria. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * Chabab el youm, Algeria-Actualité, No. 111, 3 Disamba 1967. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * L'amour des poissons, Algeria-Actualité, No. 128, 31 Maris 1968 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dejeux |first=Jean |year=1971 |title=Bibliographie méthodique et critique de la littérature algérienne d'expression française |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1971_num_10_1_1123 |journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée |issue=10 |pages=111–303}}</ref> === Ayyuka game da Brahimi === * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le fou de la Casbah |url=https://www.bouquineo.fr/products/le-fou-de-la-casbah-hommage-a-himoud-brahimi |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> * MOMO Le Poète Béni, Amar Belkhoudja, shayari, Algiers, El Ibriz editions, 2013, {{Nowrap|142 p.}}. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MOMO Le Poète Béni |url=http://www.almanach-dz.com/index.php?op=fiche&fiche=5674 |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> * ''Tahia da Momo'', Çaliha Brahimi da Djamel Azzi, tarihin rayuwa, wanda aka buga da kansa, 2006, {{Nowrap|80 p.}} == Kyauta da gado == [[Fayil:Hommage_A_Himoud_Brahimi.jpg|thumb|Abdelhamid Rabia yana magana a lokacin haraji]] An yi girmamawa ga Himoud Brahimi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2023 a Gidan Tarihi na Algiers, inda aka haɗa dangi, masu zane-zane, da masu sha'awar aikinsa. Wannan taron ya yi bikin muhimmancin abin da ya gada, wanda ke ci gaba da rinjayar sabbin tsararraki na masu zane-zane na Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hommage a Himoud Brahimi |url=https://vinyculture.dz/sorties/evenement/himoud-brahimi-hommage-le-27-avril-a-alger/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Vinyculture |language=fr}}</ref> == Bayani da nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] 128smbma8o18glo0rd6k9l178nu355l 0 148421 859170 824210 2026-06-17T06:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859170 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hibaaq Osman''' ([[Somali people|Somaliya]]_language" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Somali language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Somali: Hibaaq Cismaan, Larabci: هيباق عثمان) masanin siyasa ne na duniya na Somalia. Ta kafa kuma tana aiki a matsayin Shugaban ThinkTank na Mata Larabawa, Asusun Daraja, El-Karama, da Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauyen Mata. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Osman ne a [[Somaliya]] . Ta yi karatu a cikin gida, da kuma [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref name="Haasbod"/> Ta kuma zauna kuma ta yi aiki a [[Yemen]].<ref name="Rhowiim" /> == Ayyuka == === Asusun Zaman Lafiya === Osman yana da ƙwarewa mai yawa yana aiki tare da jama'a. Tun daga shekara ta 1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Sadarwa don Asusun Zaman Lafiya.<ref name="Gmrtbapmf">{{Cite web |title=Mary Robinson to be Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom |url=http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/impact/news/45-2009/1271-mary-robinson-to-be-awarded-presidential-medal-of-freedom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531185137/http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/impact/news/45-2009/1271-mary-robinson-to-be-awarded-presidential-medal-of-freedom |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014 |publisher=Global Fund for Women}}</ref><ref name="Cspho">{{Cite web |title=Hibaaq Osman |url=http://www.c-span.org/person/?hibaaqosman |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=C-SPAN}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata da Yara ta Somaliya da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wacce aka kafa a matsayin kamfani daga baya a wannan shekarar. === El-Karama === Osman a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin wakilin musamman a Afirka don V-Day, yunkurin duniya don dakatar da tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata.<ref name="Tmfho">{{Cite web |title=Hibaaq Osman |url=http://themuslim500.com/profile/hibaaq-osman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531182709/http://themuslim500.com/profile/hibaaq-osman |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014 |publisher=The Muslim 500}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2002 ta jagoranci ayyukan kungiyar a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Asiya. Don wannan dalili, Osman ya jagoranci wakilai don kafa hadin gwiwar bangarori da yawa tare da mata masu gwagwarmaya a Masar, Sudan, [[Tunisiya]], Morocco, [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Indiya]], [[Tailan|Thailand]] da Koriya.<ref name="Haasbod"/> A shekara ta 2005, ta kafa shirin El-Karama a cikin V-Day, tana aiki a matsayin Shugaba.<ref name="Haasbod">{{Cite web |title=Africa Action Staff and Board of Directors |url=http://www.africaaction.org/about/staff.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201111312/http://www.africaaction.org/about/staff.php |archive-date=February 1, 2008 |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=Africa Action}}</ref><ref name="Acowho">{{Cite web |title=Hibaaq Osman – WOMAN of ACTION |url=https://acelebrationofwomen.org/2014/01/hibaaq-osman-woman-of-action/ |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=A Celebration of Women}}</ref> Kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba tana aiki don kare haƙƙin mata a Duniyar Larabawa.<ref name="Tmfho"/> Hedikwatar ta a Alkahira, tana da ingantaccen cibiyar sadarwa da ta mamaye kasashe goma sha huɗu a yankin MENA, gami da Somaliya. <ref name="Acowho" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=El-KARAMA |url=https://www.ngoadvisor.net/ong/el-karama |publisher=NGOAdvisor }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> El-Karama tana aiki tare da talakawa, shugabannin al'umma, 'yan siyasa,' yan majalisa, masu fafutuka da matasa masu ilimi da sauransu don tallafawa ci gaban mata gaba ɗaya, kariya da tsaro, da kuma sokewa ko sake fasalin duk wata ƙa'ida da ayyukan nuna bambanci. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, kungiyar ta yi tasiri a fannoni daban-daban, gami da gina iyawa, musayar ilimi da kuma bayar da shawarwari. El-Karama ya kuma yi tasiri a kan tsarin kasa, yanki da na kasa da kasa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran hukumomin kasa da kasa sun ba da shawarwari da yawa na hukuma, da kuma karɓa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da sabon tsarin mulki.<ref name="Acowho" /> Ta hanyar shirin, Osman ta ƙaddamar da dandalin mata na Libya don zaman lafiya a cikin 2011 da kuma taron mata na Siriya don zaman lafiya na shekara mai zuwa. Ta kuma shiga cikin taron Norwegian Forum for Women and Development (FOKUS Kvinner) 's No Women, No Peace! kamfen a cikin 2013. <ref name="Sdhoaamg">{{Cite web |title=6th December: Hibaaq Osman and Ana Milena Gonzalez |url=http://www.fokuskvinner.no/en/Frontpage-EN/16-Days-of-action-2011/6th-December/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140617231652/http://www.fokuskvinner.no/en/Frontpage-EN/16-Days-of-action-2011/6th-December/ |archive-date=17 June 2014 |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=Fokus}}</ref> El-Karama tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da Asusun MDG3 na Inter Press Service (IPS), wanda Ma'aikatar Dutch ta kafa don Haɗin Kai.<ref name="Hoysmwier">{{Cite web |title=Hibaaq Osman on Youth, Social Media, and Women in the Egyptian Revolution |url=http://www.ips.org/mdg3/hibaaq-osman-on-youth-social-media-and-women-in-the-egyptian-revolution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219005024/http://www.ips.org/mdg3/hibaaq-osman-on-youth-social-media-and-women-in-the-egyptian-revolution/ |archive-date=19 February 2015 |access-date=17 June 2014 |publisher=IPS MDG3}}</ref> === Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauyen Mata === Bugu da ƙari, Osman ita ce ta kafa kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Mata (CSIW). Ta hanyar kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba, ta yi kira ga dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma shiga mata cikin warware rikice-rikice. A lokaci guda ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta SIHA ("ƙararru" a cikin Larabci), wanda ke haɗa kungiyoyin mata daban-daban a cikin Horn of Africa don haɓaka tasirin su akan tasirin jama'a da jagorancin al'umma.<ref name="Haasbod"/> === Haɗin Kai don Zaman Lafiya a Ƙahon Afirka === Osman kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa hadin gwiwa don zaman lafiya a Horn of Africa . Daga cikin sauran shirye-shiryen, mai tunani ya bukaci hukumomin Amurka da su karɓi manufofin ƙasashen waje masu kyau ga Afirka. Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta janye tallafin kudi ga gwamnatoci masu zalunci.<ref name="Haasbod"/> === ThinkTank don Mata Larabawa da Asusun Daraja === Bugu da kari, Osman ya kafa kuma yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban ThinkTank for Arab Women (TTfAW). Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Alkahira ta ƙunshi masana na cikin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya a kan haƙƙin mata.<ref name="Acowho"/> Osman kuma ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta Asusun Daraja.<ref name="Rhowiim" /> == Kasancewa memba da zumunci == Baya ga ayyukan Shugaba da jakada, Osman tana aiki a cikin kwamitin kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da Ashoka Arab World, Afirka Action, <ref name="Haasbod"/> Daidaita Yanzu, Majalisar Ba da Shawara don Asusun Duniya don Mata, <ref name="Omho">{{Cite web |title=Hibaaq Osman |url=https://www.eomega.org/workshops/teachers/hibaaq-osman |access-date=21 June 2014 |publisher=Omega}}</ref> Ayyukan Ba da Shaware, da kuma Majalisar Ba da Shawarar don Cibiyar Jagorancin Mata ta Omega. <ref name="Acowho"/> Ita memba ce ta kwamitin kwararru na zaman lafiya da tsaro a Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Larabawa, kwamitin kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata, <ref name="Omho" /> da kuma kungiyar ba da shawara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Osman kuma babban jami'i ne a Kwalejin Jagorancin Siyasa da Kasancewa a Jami'ar Maryland . <ref name="Haasbod" /> == Kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 2009, an ambaci Osman a cikin Musulmai 500 Mafi Muhimmanci ta Cibiyar Yarima Alwaleed don Fahimtar Musulmi-Kirista a Jami'ar Georgetown . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.el-karama.org/ El-Karama - Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140531182709/http://themuslim500.com/profile/hibaaq-osman Musulmi 500 - Hibaaq Osman] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h7119uhgtafr3jbmct57jxk7m02qydu 0 148530 859120 826000 2026-06-16T21:59:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859120 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Haniifa Mohamed Ibrahim''' da aka fi sani da '''Hanifa Habsade''' (an haife ta 25 Yuni 1991) ta kasance Ministan Mata da Ci gaban 'Yancin Dan Adam na Somalia. Daga baya ta shiga kwamitin Babban Bankin [[Somaliya]] . == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1991 kuma ta zama memba na majalisar dokokin Somaliya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somali Federal Parliament |url=http://golahashacabka.parliament.gov.so/legislator/en/showMembers.php?legID=277&lang=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160835/https://golahashacabka.parliament.gov.so/legislator/en/showMembers.php?legID=277&lang=1 |archive-date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=golahashacabka.parliament.gov.so}}</ref> a shekara ta 2016. <ref name="bored">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors – Central Bank of Somalia |url=https://centralbank.gov.so/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce ta farko a cikin zaben mata yayin da kasar ta yi niyyar kara yawan mata zuwa kashi 30 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South West State approaches final stages of voting for House of the People |url=https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/south-west-state-approaches-final-stages-voting-house-people |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=UNSOM |language=en |archive-date=2026-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429100138/https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/south-west-state-approaches-final-stages-voting-house-people |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2017 ta kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa goma sha bakwai da aka samo daga ƙananan gidajen majalisa na Somalia waɗanda aikin su shine zabar shugaban Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Somalia forms Presidential Election Committee |url=https://goobjoog.com/english/somalia-forms-presidential-election-committee/ |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=Goobjoog News English |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zama Ministan Mata da Ci gaban Dan Adam a karkashin Firayim Minista [[Abdihakin Ashkir]] a Somalia.<ref name="centre">{{Cite web |title=Minister of Women and Human Development opens advocacy center in Mogadishu |url=https://sonna.so/en/somalia-minster-of-women-and-human-development-opens-womens-quota-advocacy-center-at-30/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160355/https://sonna.so/en/somalia-minster-of-women-and-human-development-opens-womens-quota-advocacy-center-at-30/ |archive-date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=Somali National News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2021 ta buɗe cibiyar a Mogadishu don tallafawa mata. Wannan ya kasance don tallafawa burin samun mata 30% a siyasa.<ref name="centre" /> A cikin tattaunawa tare da wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] James C. Swan ta tayar da batun goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkinobho ga burin 30% a cikin 2021. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2025 Hanifa Mohamed Ibrahim, wanda ya kasance Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Kakakin Majalisar Tarayya ta Somalia, <ref name="bored"/> Majalisar Ministoci ta zabe shi don shiga kwamitin Babban Bankin Somaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Hanifa Appointed to Central Bank of Somalia's Board of Directors - Somali News today Live |url=https://www.ftlsomalia.com/hanifa-appointed-to-central-bank-of-somalias-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=FTL Somalia |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 9xqpekb5vvj2sr9qebql4m4wxudfhzy 0 148936 859087 829056 2026-06-16T21:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halloumi''', ko '''haloumi''', {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|l|uː|m|i}} {{respell|hə|LOO|mee}}; also variably spelt '''hallumi''', '''halumi''', '''halloomi''', '''haloomi''' and '''helloumi''' {{bulleted list|{{langx|el|χαλούμι|chaloúmi}} |{{langx|tr|hellim}} |{{langx|ar|حلوم|ḥalūm}} }}}} [[cuku]] ne da ya samo asali daga [[Cyprus]] . A al'ada ana yin sa ne daga cakuda madarar akuya da madarar tumaki; duk da haka, saboda dabarun masana'antu don ƙara riba, halloumi na zamani yana ƙara ƙunshe da madarar shanu. Sau da yawa ana siffanta yanayin cukuwar a matsayin "mai ƙara". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Why does halloumi, but not other cheese, "squeak" against your teeth? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/lastword/mg24833113-900-why-does-halloumi-but-not-other-cheese-squeak-against-your-teeth/ |website=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref> Yana da wurin narkewa mai yawa don haka ana iya soya shi ko gasa shi cikin sauƙi, wani abu da ya sa ya zama sanannen madadin nama tsakanin masu cin ganyayyaki. Ana amfani da Rennet (galibi mai cin ganyayyaki ko ƙwayoyin cuta) don narke madarar a lokacin samar da halloumi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Halloumi Cheese |url=https://www.greekfromgreece.com/posts/all-about-halloumi-cheese |website=Greek from Greece }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kodayake ba a amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da acid a cikin shirye-shiryensa ba. Saboda dokar alamar kasuwanci, kafin a kira cuku "halloumi" a Amurka ko Tarayyar Turai, dole ne a samar da shi a Cyprus. Kasuwar halloumi ta duniya tana da kusan dala miliyan 500 a kowace shekara; Birtaniya ita ce babbar mai shigo da kaya. Halloumi tana da kashi 13.4% na fitar da kaya daga Jamhuriyar Cyprus. Duk da cewa tatsuniya ta danganta asalin halloumi ga Cyprus, ba a san ko an fara samar da shi a can ba; bayanan da aka tattara a tsibirin sun samo asali ne a kusan 1554. == Asalin Ma'anar == Sunan Ingilishi ''halloumi'' ya samo asali ne daga Greek na zamani {{IPA|el|xaˈlumi|}}, {{Transl|el|khalloúmi}}, daga Cyprus Maronite Larabci {{Lang|acy|xallúm}}, <ref name="Heritage">{{Cite web |title=halloumi |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=halloumi |website=[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]}}</ref> wanda a ƙarshe ya aro kalmar daga Larabcin Masar {{IPA|ar|ħalˈluːm|}} . <ref name="Heritage" /> <ref name="Comparative" /> Kalmar Larabci ta Masar kanta kalma ce da aka aro daga Coptic {{Transl|cop|halōm}} ( Sahidic ) da {{Transl|cop|alōm}} ( Bohairic ), kuma ana amfani da shi don cuku da ake ci a zamanin da na Masar . Sunan cuku mai yiwuwa ya koma ga kalmar Demotic ''ḥlm'' ' wanda aka tabbatar a cikin rubuce-rubuce da ostraca daga Masar ta Romawa ta ƙarni na 2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Janet |title=Chicago Demotic Dictionary - Ḥ |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/CDD_H2.pdf#246 |page=246}}</ref> Sunan Turkiyya na Cyprus {{Lang|tr|hellim}} ya samo asali ne daga wannan tushe, kamar yadda sunan cukuwar Masar ta zamani daban-daban {{Transl|ar|hâlûmi}} . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Grilled_Halloumi.jpg|left|thumb|Cukuwar halloumi da aka soya]] Ana tsammanin cewa Bedouin ne ya fara yin Halloumi, domin halayensa da aka kiyaye sun dace da salon rayuwa na makiyaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=halloumi |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Halloumi |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> A cewar tatsuniyoyi, wani lokaci tsakanin 395 da 867 AD wani makiyayi a Cyprus ya haɗa madara daga tumaki da awaki. Daga nan makiyayin ya dumama cakuda a kan wuta, ya tace kitsen yayin da suka rabu da whey, sannan ya samar da kitsen ya zama kumfa ya bar su su huce. Ana samun girke-girke na haɓaka {{Transl|ar|ḥalūm}} ( ' ) ta hanyar brining a cikin littafin girke-girke na Masar na ƙarni na 14 {{Lang|ar|كنز الفوائد في تنويع الموائد}} ( {{Transl|ar|Kanz al-Fawāʾid fī Tanwīʿ al-Mawāʾid}} ). An rubuta bayanin halloumi da aka fi sani da ya wanzu a Cyprus a shekara ta 1554 ta Florios Voustroniou, shugaban sakatariya a gwamnatin Venetian ta Cyprus, inda aka kira shi "calumi". [1] Leonardo Donato, wanda daga baya ya zama Doge na Venice, ne ya rubuta rubutun. [1] [2] A shekara ta 1788, Archimandrite Kyprianos ya ambaci cukuwar a cikin littafinsa na Tarihin Tsibirin Cyprus, inda ya kuma lura cewa an fitar da cukuwar zuwa ƙasashen waje. [1] A al'adance, ana yin halloumi na Cyprus daga madarar akuya da/ko tumaki, domin akwai shanu kaɗan a tsibirin har sai da Turawan Birtaniya suka gabatar da su a ƙarni na 20. Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da aka kafa a ƙauyuka, waɗanda galibi suka ƙunshi mata 10-15; matar da ta fi yawan awaki ita ce ta jagoranci ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=History of Halloumi |url=https://halloumi.cy/history-of-halloumi |website=Cyprus}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1940, hukumomi sun fara bayar da lasisi don samar da cuku. <ref name="history" /> == Manazarta == 68svnovc7miu9bzkqs8d5h3soo4ck0m 0 148939 859107 829063 2026-06-16T21:25:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hamam mahshi''' ( Arabic ) abinci ne na gargajiya [[Misra|na Masar]] wanda ya ƙunshi tattabaru cike da cakuda hatsi, ganye, da kayan ƙanshi. Wannan abincin ya kasance babban abincin Masar tsawon ƙarni kuma galibi ana danganta shi da lokatai na musamman da taruka. <ref name="atlasobscura">{{Cite web |title=Hamam Mahshi - Gastro Obscura |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/hamam-mahshi-pigeon-egypt |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> A al'adun Masar, yin hidima ga hamam mahshi wata alama ce ta karimci da girmamawa, wacce galibi aka keɓe ga baƙi masu daraja da kuma bukukuwan biki, saboda shirye-shiryenta na tsanaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stuffed Pigeon Recipe |url=https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.eg/en/recipe/stuffed-pigeon-R0077810.html |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Unilever Food Solutions Egypt |archive-date=April 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170255/https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.eg/en/recipe/stuffed-pigeon-R0077810.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shiri == Shiri yana farawa ne ta hanyar tsaftace tattabaru sosai, cire duk wani gashin fuka-fukan da ya rage da kuma gabobin ciki. Jiƙa tsuntsayen a cikin ruwa da gishiri da vinegar na kimanin mintuna 10 yana taimakawa wajen kawar da duk wani wari mai kama da na wasa. <ref name="kensington">{{Cite web |title=Hamam Mahshi Recipe (Egyptian style stuffed pigeon) |url=https://www.kensingtonmums.co.uk/hamam-mahshi-recipe-egyptian-style-stuffed-pigeon/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Kensington Mums}}</ref> Cikakken abincin yawanci ya ƙunshi shinkafa da aka dafa kaɗan ko freekeh (wanda aka gasa, aka fashe, ƙaramin alkama kore) wanda aka gauraya da albasa da aka soya, yankakken kaza ko hantan tattabara, da kuma cakuda kayan ƙanshi kamar kirfa, gishiri, da barkono. Wasu bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da ƙarin sinadarai kamar goro ko ganye don ƙara ɗanɗano. [1] Ana cika ramin kowace tattabara da kayan da aka shirya a hankali, don tabbatar da cewa ba ta cika da yawa ba don hana yage fata. Sannan ana ɗaure ramukan ta amfani da igiyar kicin ko kuma ɗan goge baki. <ref name="kensington"/> Ana sanya tattabaru da aka cika a cikin tukunya da kayan ƙanshi kamar ganyen bay, barkonon barkono, da albasa da aka yanka rabi. Ana ƙara ruwa don rufe tsuntsayen, kuma ana dafa su har sai sun yi laushi. Bayan tafasa, ana iya gasa tattabaru na ɗan lokaci ko gasa su don samun fata mai ƙyalli da launin ruwan zinari. <ref name="kensington"/> A al'ada ana yin Hamam mahshi da zafi, sau da yawa ana yin sa da burodi, salati, da tahini . <ref name="kensington"/> == Duba kuma == * Abincin Masar * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya * Jerin abincin Afirka == Manazarta == ixlic0wjban4eel1h5kmeyftdzuypu8 0 149603 858940 852617 2026-06-16T14:09:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Godwin Olorunfemi Ebenmosi Abadaki''' (an haife shi 12 ga Oktoba 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba. Ya taka leda a gasar kwallon kafa ta Rochdale kuma an ba da rancensa ga Hyde a lokacin kakar 2011-12 yayin da suka lashe kambin Kungiyar Arewa. == Ayyuka == === Rochdale === Abadaki ya zo ne ta hanyar tsarin matasa na Rochdale. Ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa a kan Tranmere Rovers a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2012 a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi. Ya kuma zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a wasan da Rochdale ya biyo baya da Wycombe . ==== Rashin rance ==== Ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Huddersfield Town a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2012 a kan rancen matasa har zuwa Janairu 2013. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Abadaki ya yi aiki tare da Babban Kocin Ci Gaban Kwararru Steve Eyre da Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kasa da 21 yayin zamansa a kulob din, tare da zaɓi na yarjejeniya ta dindindin a ƙarshen rancen matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Striker joins on youth loan |url=http://www.htafc.com/news/article/first-team-news-godwin-abadaki-377185.aspx |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=Huddersfield Town FC}}</ref> Abadaki ya shiga Hyde United a kan rancen wata daya tare da dan wasan Rochdale Reece Gray a watan Fabrairun 2012. An tsawaita rancensa kuma a ƙarshen lokacinsa tare da kulob din ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni goma. Ƙarin lokutan aro ya biyo baya tare da Southport a cikin 2013, da kuma Stalybridge Celtic a farkon 2014. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Abadaki ya shiga Workington kan aro. === Arewacin Victoria === A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014 ya shiga Northwich Victoria . Ya fara buga wasan farko a kulob din a wasan da ya yi da Kendal Town a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta. Goal dinsa na farko na kulob din ya zo ne a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, yayin da suka doke Warrington Town 2-0. Daga nan sai ya buga hat-tick na farko ga kulob din yayin da suka doke AFC Emley 4-0 a wasan farko na FA Cup. Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye yayin da ya zira kwallayen sau biyu a kulob din a ranar 9 ga Satumba yayin da suka doke Burscough 5-0. === Ashton United === Matakinsa na gaba shi ne zuwa Ashton United . === Mossley === Daga nan sai ya shiga Mossley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godwin Abadaki |url=http://www.mossleyweb.com/PlayerProfiles201516/GodwinAbadakiProfile.html |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=mossleyweb.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godwin Abadaki signing |url=http://www.mossleyweb.com/News201516/GodwinAbadakiSigning.html |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=mossleyweb.com}}</ref> === Birnin Nantwich === Bayan ya kwashe wani lokaci a gwaji tare da Stockport County sannan kuma tare da Nantwich Town, a watan Agustan 2016 ya shiga Nantwich City. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2016 |title=Latest Signings..... |url=http://nonleague.pitchero.com/news/latest-signings-49239/ |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=pitchero.com}}</ref> === Shaw Lane === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017 ya shiga Shaw Lane . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2017 |title=Official : Nigerian-Born Striker Godwin Abadaki Joins Shaw Lane AFC |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=22351 |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=All Soccer Nigeria}}</ref> === Lokaci na biyu a Mossley === Daga nan sai ya sake shiga Mossley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godwin is the latest to return |url=http://www.mossleyweb.com/News201819/GodwinAbadakiSigning.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=Mossley FC}}</ref> === Buxton === A watan Yulin 2020 ya shiga Buxton . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thirkill |first=Stephen |date=7 July 2020 |title=Buxton boss says there's more to come as squad takes shape |url=https://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/sport/football/buxton-boss-says-theres-more-come-squad-takes-shape-2906188 |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Buxton Advertiser}}</ref> === Ramsbottom United === A watan Agustan 2021 ya sanya hannu a Ramsbottom United . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=James |date=18 August 2021 |title=Five More Sign With Ramsbottom United |url=https://www.thenpl.co.uk/five-more-sign-with-ramsbottom-united-67072 |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=Northern Premier League}}</ref> === Stalybridge Celtic === A watan Yunin 2022, Abadaki ya koma Stalybridge Celtic bayan ya shafe lokaci tare da kulob din a aro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2022 |title=Club News - Godwin Abadaki joins the club |url=http://www.stalybridgeceltic.co.uk/news.php?id=3383 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=stalybridgeceltic.co.uk}}</ref> === Runcorn Linnets === A watan Yulin 2023, Abadaki ya sanya hannu ga Runcorn Linnets . Ya tafi aro zuwa Lower Breck, sannan aka sake shi daga Runcorn Linnets a ƙarshen kwangilarsa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Runcorn Linnets FC |date=12 June 2023 |title=ABADAKI JOINS THE RANKS |url=https://x.com/RuncornLinnets/status/1668332345554763788 |website=x.com}}</ref> === Ƙananan Rarraba === A watan Satumbar 2025, Abadaki ya shiga Lower Breck kan aro. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Babban ɗan'uwansa, Osebi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya fara aikinsa a makarantar Blackburn Rovers kafin ya yi wasa sosai a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila a arewacin Ingila. A cikin 2017, 'yan uwan biyu sun buga wasa a lokaci guda don kulob din, Shaw Lane <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Osebi Abadaki Joins Brother At Shaw Lane |url=https://nonleague.pitchero.com/transfers/osebi-abadaki-joins-brother-shaw-lane/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |publisher=Non League News}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2020 dukansu sun kasance a Buxton a lokaci guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Three More Added |url=https://www.buxtonfc.co.uk/post/three-more-added |access-date=7 March 2022 |publisher=Buxton FC}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lkdj3e1iaz3afr29zgcc6d3tghq72e1 0 149854 858916 834300 2026-06-16T13:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858916 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Gladys Ganda''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Malawian wacce aka nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa. Ta kasance memba na majalisa na Nsanje Lalanje a Malawi da Jam'iyyar Democratic Progressive Party . An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi da Kudi na majalisa a shekarar 2020. Ta rasa kujerarta a zaben 2025. == Rayuwa == Ganda ta halarci Kwalejin Chancellor na [[Jami'ar Malawi]] wanda ke Zomba kuma ta kammala karatu tare da BSc. Daga baya ta tafi Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu don karatun MBA. Tana da aiki a cikin Bankin Malawi wanda ya dauki shekaru ashirin.<ref name="biog"/> Ganda ta kasance dan takarar 'yan majalisa wanda bai yi nasara ba a shekarar 2017. Ta kasance mataimakiyar Shugaba na NOCMA (Kamfanin Man Fetur na Malawi). <ref name="biog"/> Ta sake tsayawa kuma a cikin 2019 ta zama memba na majalisa na mazabar Nsanje Lalanje . <ref name="biog">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=MP Ganda elected chair of Malawi Budget and Finance Committee of Parliament - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/mp-ganda-elected-chair-of-malawi-budget-and-finance-committee-of-parliament/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka hau kujerun majalisa a Gundumar Nsanje wanda shine yankin kudu a Malawi. Ta dauki mazabar Nsanje Lalanje yayin da Eurita Valeta ta lashe mazabar Kudu maso Yamma kuma Esther Mcheka Chilenje ta zama 'yar majalisa ta Nsanje Arewa.<ref name="3mps">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=Coalition beats 50:50 agenda target in Nsanje |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/coalition-beats-5050-agenda-target-in-nsanje/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ga wannan a matsayin nasara saboda burin kasa da kasa don cimma wakilci 50:50 ga mata a majalisa. An cimma wannan a Gundumar Nsanje saboda akwai mazabu biyar kuma kashi 60% daga cikinsu mata ne suka wakilce su.<ref name="3mps" /> A cikin 2020, Sosten Gwengwe ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi da kudi na majalisa saboda an yi niyyar wannan kwamitin ne ya jagoranci mutumin da jam'iyyarsa ba ta cikin gwamnati ba.<ref name="biog"/> Kwamitin ya zabi Ganda a matsayin shugaban. Ita ce mace ta biyu kawai da ta jagoranci wannan kwamitin wanda kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira. Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi da Kudi yana da kulawa mai yawa game da kasafin kudin kasar, kashewa da rance na gwamnati kuma yana ba da shawara ga ma'aikatar da ta dace.<ref name="biog" /> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 ta zama zababben Darakta na Zabe na DPP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=DPP national executive committee complete |url=https://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/2024/08/19/dpp-national-executive-committee-complete/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Capital Radio Malawi |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024 jam'iyyarta ta goyi bayan ta bayan ta nemi gafara saboda maganganun da ta yi. An sauke ta ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa bayan wani taron da ya faru a Sorjin inda ta yaba wa mutumin da bai dace ba. An kore ta bayan kasa da makonni hudu a matsayin Darakta na Zabe. Kashe wani zababben dan siyasa ya haifar da wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=DPP fires Gladys Ganda after 23 days |url=https://times.mw/dpp-fires-gladys-ganda-after-23-days/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi cikakken gafara ga DPP, Shugaban kasa da masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="fom">{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2024-09-14 |title=MP Gladys Ganda apologies to Mutharika for dying with Chakwera |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2024/09/14/mp-gladys-ganda-apologies-to-mutharika-for-dying-with-chakwera/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=DPP 'forgives' Gladys Ganda, but insists she remains demoted from her elected position |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dpp-forgives-gladys-ganda-but-insists-she-remains-demoted-from-her-elected-position/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ita memba ce a kungiyar mata ta Malawi wacce ke da ƙungiyar mata a majalisa. A cikin 2019 kawai kashi 20% na majalisa mata ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PWC Home – PWC Malawi |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231001239/https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rasa kujerarta a zaben 2025 ga [[Karim Bilah Abdu]] wanda ya kasance mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mvona |first=Ralph |date=2025-09-19 |title=Rise, fall of giants in MPs' race |url=https://mwnation.com/rise-fall-of-giants-in-mps-race/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8iyl5yz1ekookp88tj58a4hgk31knq6 0 149900 859136 832378 2026-06-16T22:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juscemar Braulio Borilli''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Janairu 1990) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a Tapejara a jihar Rio Grande do Sul ta Brazil, Borilli ya fara sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, yana buga ƙwallon futsal a Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia . <ref name="at">{{Cite web |last=Esteves |first=Lucas |date=6 May 2006 |title=Garoto baiano participa de reality show esportivo |trans-title=Boy from Bahia participates in sports reality show |url=https://atarde.com.br/esportes/garoto-baiano-participa-de-reality-show-esportivo-40505 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=atarde.com.br |language=pt}}</ref> Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha uku, ya ƙaura zuwa Vitória, Espírito Santo don zama tare da 'yar'uwarsa, kuma ya yi gwajin da bai yi nasara ba tare da ƙungiyar Brazil ta rukuni na farko. <ref name="at" /> == Sana'a == === ''Joga Bonito'' da farkon aikinsa === Bayan dawowarsa Bahia, Borilli ya ji labarin wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Joga Bonito|pt}}'', inda wasu matasan 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa za su fafata don lashe kwangilar horo na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Corinthians, tare da yuwuwar yin gwaji tare da ƙungiyoyin Italiya Juventus da Inter Milan . <ref name="jp">{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Cléberson |date=30 December 2017 |title=Do "Joga 10" ao "Menino de Ouro": por onde andam os vencedores dos reality shows de futebol? |trans-title=From “Joga 10” to “Menino de Ouro”: where are the winners of football reality shows? |url=https://jovempan.com.br/esportes/futebol/do-joga-10-ao-menino-de-ouro-por-onde-andam-os-vencedores-dos-reality-shows-de-futebol.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=jovempan.com.br |language=pt}}</ref> Borilli yana ɗaya daga cikin matasa 4,340 da suka shiga gasar, kuma ya ci gaba da kammalawa a matsayi na farko. Duk da haka, maimakon halartar gwajinsa tare da Corinthians, Borilli ya tafi kai tsaye zuwa Italiya, wani ɓangare saboda asalinsa na Italiya, kuma ya fara horo da Inter Milan. <ref name="at"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2006 |title=Vencedor do Joga Bonito diz estar realizando um sonho |trans-title=Joga Bonito winner says he is making a dream come true |url=https://www.nsctotal.com.br/noticias/vencedor-do-joga-bonito-diz-estar-realizando-um-sonho |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=nsctotal.com.br |language=pt |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228003338/https://www.nsctotal.com.br/noticias/vencedor-do-joga-bonito-diz-estar-realizando-um-sonho |url-status=dead }}</ref> Da farko ana sa ran zai yi kwana goma sha biyar a Milan, an nemi Borilli ya tsawaita yarjejeniyar, kuma ya ƙare da zama kusan shekara guda tare da ƙungiyar Serie A. <ref name="jp"/> Bayan wannan gogewa, an ba shi kwangila da ƙungiyar AFC Ajax ta Holland, amma bai sami damar sanya hannu a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa ba saboda matsalolin da suka shafi zama ɗan ƙasar Italiya, kuma zai yi watanni biyar kacal tare da ƙungiyar. <ref name="jp" /> === Sana'ar ƙwararru === A watan Yunin 2007, bayan da ya fara yin gwaji, Borilli ya koma ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta PEC Zwolle . [1] Lokacin da yake Zwolle ya fuskanci raunuka, kuma zai zira kwallo ɗaya a jimillar wasanni huɗu kafin a sallame shi a watan Maris na 2008. [2] Ya koma Italiya, inda ya koma ƙungiyar Lega Pro Prima Divisione ta Cremonese, amma bai buga wasa a ƙungiyar ba. Ya shafe sauran aikinsa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya, kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2016 ya koma Brazil, inda ya zama babban kocin wata makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa. [3] == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | [[PEC Zwolle]] | 2007–08 | Eerste Division | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |- | Cremonese | 2008–09 | Sashen Lega Pro Prima | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | '''Jimillar aiki''' ! 4 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 4 ! 1 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] mqv13s7d154kvrbrsm5z0eblfrjwhoz 0 149926 858941 832442 2026-06-16T14:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Gonçalo Ramos USMNT v Portugal Mar 31 2026-32.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Gonçalo Ramos | hoto = Goncalo Ramos 2024.jpg | cikakken_suna = Gonçalo Matias Ramos | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2001|6|20}} | wurin_haihuwa = Olhão, Portugal | tsawo = 1.85 m | matsayi = Mai kai hari | kungiyar_yanzu = Paris Saint-Germain | lambar_riga = 9 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2009–2011 | matasa_kungiya1 = Olhanense | matasa_shekaru2 = 2011–2013 | matasa_kungiya2 = Loulé | matasa_shekaru3 = 2013–2019 | matasa_kungiya3 = Benfica | shekaru1 = 2019–2021 | kungiyoyi1 = Benfica B | wasa1 = 37 | kwallaye1 = 16 | shekaru2 = 2020–2023 | kungiyoyi2 = Benfica | wasa2 = 64 | kwallaye2 = 30 | shekaru3 = 2023 | kungiyoyi3 = → Paris Saint-Germain (aro) | wasa3 = 11 | kwallaye3 = 2 | shekaru4 = 2023– | kungiyoyi4 = Paris Saint-Germain | wasa4 = 67 | kwallaye4 = 25 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2017–2018 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Portugal U17 | wasa_kasa1 = 9 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 1 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2018 | kungiyar_kasa2 = Portugal U18 | wasa_kasa2 = 2 | kwallaye_kasa2 = 0 | shekarun_kasa3 = 2019 | kungiyar_kasa3 = Portugal U19 | wasa_kasa3 = 15 | kwallaye_kasa3 = 9 | shekarun_kasa4 = 2020 | kungiyar_kasa4 = Portugal U20 | wasa_kasa4 = 2 | kwallaye_kasa4 = 0 | shekarun_kasa5 = 2020–2022 | kungiyar_kasa5 = Portugal U21 | wasa_kasa5 = 18 | kwallaye_kasa5 = 14 | shekarun_kasa6 = 2022– | kungiyar_kasa6 = Portugal | wasa_kasa6 = 24 | kwallaye_kasa6 = 10 | sabunta_kungiya = 2026 | sabunta_kasa = 2026 }} '''Gonçalo Matias Ramos''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2001 a garin Olhão na yankin Algarve. Yana taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Portugal. Ramos ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen zura ƙwallaye, motsi a cikin akwatin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, da kuma yadda yake taimakawa abokan wasansa wajen gina hari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Ramos|title=Gonçalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Ramos|title=Gonçalo) Ramos|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gonçalo Ramos a garin Olhão da ke kudancin Portugal. Mahaifinsa Manuel Ramos tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a wasu ƙungiyoyi na Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami Ramos ya nuna sha’awa sosai ga wasan ƙwallo, kuma ya fara koyon wasan ne a makarantar yara ta Olhanense kafin daga bisani ya koma Loulé sannan ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Benfica a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.psg.fr/en/players/goncalo-ramos|title=Gonçalo](https://www.psg.fr/en/players/goncalo-ramos|title=Gonçalo) Ramos Profile|website=Paris Saint-Germain}}</ref> A lokacin yana makarantar matasa ta Benfica, Ramos ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka fi zura ƙwallaye. Tun farko yana taka leda ne a matsayin ɗan tsakiya mai kai hari amma daga baya aka mayar da shi cikakken mai kai hari saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen cin ƙwallaye da motsinsa a gaba. A wasu lokuta yana iya zura fiye da kwallaye 30 a kakar wasa ta matasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/goncalo-ramos|title=Gonçalo](https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/squad/goncalo-ramos|title=Gonçalo) Ramos Biography|website=PSG}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Benfica B === Ramos ya fara buga wasan ƙwararru tare da Benfica B a shekarar 2019 a gasar Segunda Liga ta Portugal. A lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa mafiya jan hankali a ƙasar saboda iya zura ƙwallaye da kuma saurin fahimtar wasa. A cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi tare da Benfica B ya buga wasanni 37 inda ya ci ƙwallaye 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Ramos|title=Gonçalo](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Ramos|title=Gonçalo) Ramos|website=Wikipedia en Español}}</ref> === Benfica === A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2020 Ramos ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar Benfica wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Portugal. Ya shiga wasa ne a ƙarshen mintuna amma cikin kankanin lokaci ya zura ƙwallaye biyu a ragar Desportivo Aves, abin da ya sa ya fara daukar hankalin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.news.psg.fr/press-releases/first-team/goncalo-ramos-is-a-parisian|title=Gonçalo](https://en.news.psg.fr/press-releases/first-team/goncalo-ramos-is-a-parisian|title=Gonçalo) Ramos is a Parisian!|website=PSG News}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2021–22 Ramos ya fara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Benfica. Ya buga gasar UEFA Champions League kuma ya ci muhimmiyar ƙwallo a wasan da Benfica ta yi da Liverpool a matakin kwata fainal. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da iya matsawa baya domin haɗa wasa da kuma matsa lamba ga masu tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=3010|title=Gonçalo](https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=3010|title=Gonçalo) Ramos Profile|website=SportsLib}}</ref> Kakar wasa ta 2022–23 ita ce ta fi ɗaukaka a Benfica. Ramos ya zura ƙwallaye 27 a dukkanin gasa kuma ya taimaka wa Benfica ta lashe gasar lig ta Portugal. Wannan bajinta tasa manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai suka fara bibiyar sa, ciki har da Manchester United da Paris Saint-Germain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.news.psg.fr/press-releases/first-team/goncalo-ramos-is-a-parisian|title=Gonçalo](https://en.news.psg.fr/press-releases/first-team/goncalo-ramos-is-a-parisian|title=Gonçalo) Ramos is a Parisian!|website=PSG News}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A watan Agustan shekarar 2023 Ramos ya koma Paris Saint-Germain a matsayin aro tare da damar saye na dindindin. Shugabannin PSG sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai matuƙar ƙwazo wanda zai taimaka wajen gina sabuwar ƙungiyar nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://en.news.psg.fr/press-releases/first-team/goncalo-ramos-is-a-parisian|title=Official](https://en.news.psg.fr/press-releases/first-team/goncalo-ramos-is-a-parisian|title=Official): Gonçalo Ramos joins PSG|website=PSG}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan fara taka leda a PSG, Ramos ya fuskanci gasa mai ƙarfi wajen samun gurbi saboda kasancewar manyan ‘yan wasa a gaba. Duk da haka ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a wasanni da dama, musamman a matsayin ɗan wasan da ke shiga daga benci ya kawo sauyi. Masu sharhi da magoya bayan PSG sun yaba masa saboda ƙoƙari da ƙarfin zuciya a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.reddit.com/r/psg/comments/1iyywhs|title=Is](https://www.reddit.com/r/psg/comments/1iyywhs|title=Is) Gonçalo Ramos really a supersub?|website=Reddit}}</ref> A wasu lokuta Ramos ya fuskanci matsalolin rashin lafiya da raunuka wanda hakan ya rage yawan lokutan da yake fara wasa. Rahotanni daga Faransa sun bayyana cewa ya taɓa fama da wata cuta mai tsanani da ta sa ya rasa nauyi sosai a shekarar 2024, amma daga baya ya murmure ya koma cikin tawagar PSG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.reddit.com/r/psg/comments/1987m0f|title=Record](https://www.reddit.com/r/psg/comments/1987m0f|title=Record) confirms Gonçalo Ramos health issue|website=Reddit}}</ref> A kakar wasannin baya-bayan nan Ramos ya ci gaba da zama muhimmiyar ɓangare a tsarin kocin PSG Luis Enrique. Ana yabonsa saboda iya cin ƙwallaye a ƙarshen wasa da kuma kasan bhljw22xcyitk7847gh7cj83bj59lf7 0 149979 859231 832584 2026-06-17T09:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 18 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bayer-04 - Zenit (14).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Hulk | hoto = Hulk 2021.jpg | cikakken_suna = Givanildo Vieira de Sousa | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1986|7|25}} | wurin_haihuwa = Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil | tsawo = 1.80 m | matsayi = Dan wasan gaba | kungiyar_yanzu = Atlético Mineiro | lamba = 7 | shekaru1 = 2004 | kulob1 = Vitória | wasa1 = 2 | kwallo1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2005–2008 | kulob2 = Kawasaki Frontale | wasa2 = 18 | kwallo2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2005 | kulob3 = → Consadole Sapporo (aro) | wasa3 = 41 | kwallo3 = 26 | shekaru4 = 2006 | kulob4 = → Tokyo Verdy (aro) | wasa4 = 42 | kwallo4 = 37 | shekaru5 = 2007 | kulob5 = → Tokyo Verdy (aro) | wasa5 = 42 | kwallo5 = 37 | shekaru6 = 2008–2012 | kulob6 = Porto | wasa6 = 99 | kwallo6 = 54 | shekaru7 = 2012–2016 | kulob7 = Zenit Saint Petersburg | wasa7 = 97 | kwallo7 = 56 | shekaru8 = 2016–2020 | kulob8 = Shanghai SIPG | wasa8 = 100 | kwallo8 = 51 | shekaru9 = 2021– | kulob9 = Atlético Mineiro | wasa9 = 150+ | kwallo9 = 80+ | tawagar_kasa1 = Brazil | shekarun_kasa1 = 2009–2021 | wasannin_kasa1 = 49 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 11 }} '''Givanildo Vieira de Sousa''' (an haife shi ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1986), wanda aka fi sani da '''Hulk''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Brazil]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Ya shahara saboda ƙarfin jikinsa, saurin gudu, da kuma bugun ƙwallo masu ƙarfi daga nesa. Hulk ya taka leda a manyan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a nahiyoyin Turai, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka, kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Brazil na ƙarni na 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.fifa.com|title=Hulk](https://www.fifa.com|title=Hulk) Profile|publisher=FIFA|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hulk a birnin Campina Grande da ke jihar Paraíba a ƙasar Brazil. Ya taso ne cikin iyali mai ƙaramin ƙarfi ta fuskar tattalin arziki, inda tun yana ƙarami yake taimakawa iyayensa wajen gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci. Tun daga yarintarsa ya nuna sha’awa sosai ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma mutane da dama sun fara lura da ƙwarewarsa tun yana ƙaramin yaro.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hulk-Brazilian-football-player|title=Hulk](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hulk-Brazilian-football-player|title=Hulk) Biography|publisher=Britannica|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An samo laƙabin “Hulk” ne daga jarumin fina-finai na Amurka mai suna ''The Incredible Hulk'', saboda mahaifinsa yana ganin jikinsa da ƙarfinsa sun yi kama da na wannan jarumi. Wannan suna daga baya ya zama sananne a duniya baki ɗaya yayin da ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.goal.com|title=Why](https://www.goal.com|title=Why) Givanildo Vieira de Sousa is called Hulk|publisher=Goal|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Vitória === Hulk ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a ƙungiyar Vitória ta Brazil. Duk da cewa bai samu damar buga wasanni da yawa ba a ƙungiyar farko, amma ƙwarewarsa ta jawo hankalin masu neman ‘yan wasa daga ƙasashen waje. Wannan ne ya ba shi damar komawa nahiyar Asiya domin ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.transfermarkt.com/hulk/profil/spieler/8057|title=Hulk](https://www.transfermarkt.com/hulk/profil/spieler/8057|title=Hulk) Career Statistics|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Kawasaki Frontale da aro a Japan === A shekarar 2005 Hulk ya koma ƙungiyar Kawasaki Frontale ta Japan. Sai dai saboda rashin samun damar buga wasa akai-akai, an ba shi aro zuwa ƙungiyoyi kamar Consadole Sapporo da Tokyo Verdy. A waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ne ya fara nuna bajintarsa sosai ta fuskar cin ƙwallaye da ƙwarewar kai hari.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.jleague.co|title=Hulk](https://www.jleague.co|title=Hulk) in Japan|publisher=J.League|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin da yake Tokyo Verdy, Hulk ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan lig ɗin Japan. Ya ci ƙwallaye da dama, lamarin da ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori masu yawa. Salon wasansa mai amfani da ƙarfi da gudu ya sanya masu sharhi da dama suka fara kallonsa a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.espn.com|title=Hulk](https://www.espn.com|title=Hulk) shines in Japanese football|publisher=ESPN|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Porto === A shekarar 2008 Hulk ya koma ƙungiyar Porto ta ƙasar Portugal. Wannan mataki ne da ya canza rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya, domin a Porto ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ‘yan wasan gaba a Turai. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar lashe kofuna da dama ciki har da gasar Firimiya ta Portugal da kuma UEFA Europa League.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.fcporto.pt|title=Hulk](https://www.fcporto.pt|title=Hulk) at Porto|publisher=FC Porto|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hulk ya yi fice sosai a Porto saboda ƙarfinsa, dribbling, da kuma bugun ƙwallo masu ƙarfi. A kakar wasa ta 2010–11, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Porto lashe UEFA Europa League ba tare da shan kaye ba a mafi yawan wasanninsu. A wannan lokaci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da manyan kulob ɗin Turai suke nema.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.uefa.com|title=Porto](https://www.uefa.com|title=Porto) Europa League Triumph|publisher=UEFA|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Zenit Saint Petersburg === A shekarar 2012 Hulk ya koma Zenit Saint Petersburg ta ƙasar Rasha a kan kuɗi masu yawa. Wannan ciniki ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsada a tarihin ƙungiyar a lokacin. Ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a lig ɗin Rasha, inda ya lashe gasar lig tare da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=Zenit](https://www.bbc.com/sport/football|title=Zenit) sign Hulk|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk da samun wasu matsaloli da suka shafi daidaitawa da wasu ‘yan wasa a farkon zuwansa, Hulk daga baya ya zama jagora a ƙungiyar Zenit. Ya ci ƙwallaye masu yawa kuma ya taimaka wajen ɗaga martabar ƙungiyar a gasannin Turai da cikin gida.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.skysports.com|title=Hulk](https://www.skysports.com|title=Hulk) excels at Zenit|publisher=Sky Sports|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Shanghai SIPG === A shekarar 2016 Hulk ya koma Shanghai SIPG ta ƙasar Sin bayan ƙungiyar ta biya kuɗi masu yawa domin sayensa. Wannan canji ya kasance wani bangare na yunƙurin ƙwallon ƙafar Sin wajen jawo manyan taurari daga Turai zuwa lig ɗin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.reuters.com|title=Hulk](https://www.reuters.com|title=Hulk) joins Shanghai SIPG|publisher=Reuters|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A Shanghai SIPG, Hulk ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar Chinese Super League. Ya haɗa kai da manyan ‘yan wasa kamar Oscar wajen samar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi hare-hare a lig ɗin Sin. Salon wasansa ya ci gaba da jan hankalin masoya ƙwallon ƙafa a Asiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.the-afc.com|title=Hulk](https://www.the-afc.com|title=Hulk) wins Chinese title|publisher=AFC|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Atlético Mineiro === Bayan shekaru a Asiya, Hulk ya dawo Brazil a shekarar 2021 inda ya koma Atlético Mineiro. Komawarsa gida ta kasance abin farin ciki ga magoya bayan Brazil, kuma cikin sauri ya fara nuna bajinta ta hanyar cin ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://atletico.com.br|title=Hulk](https://atletico.com.br|title=Hulk) returns to Brazil|publisher=Atlético Mineiro|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hulk ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Atlético Mineiro lashe gasar Série A ta Brazil da Copa do Brasil. Ya zama jagora a ƙungiyar saboda gogewarsa da ƙwarewarsa wajen taimaka wa matasan ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.fourfourtwo.com|title=Hulk](https://www.fourfourtwo.com|title=Hulk) inspires Atletico Mineiro|publisher=FourFourTwo|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Hulk ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Brazil wasa a shekarar 2009. Ya wakilci ƙasar a manyan gasa kamar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma Copa América. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Brazil da ta lashe FIFA Confederations Cup a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/confederationscup|title=Brazil](https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/confederationscup|title=Brazil) wins Confederations Cup|publisher=FIFA|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Hulk ya taka rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014 da aka gudanar a Brazil. Duk da cewa Brazil ba ta samu nasarar lashe kofin ba, Hulk ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi jan hankali saboda ƙarfinsa da kuzarin da yake nunawa a filin wasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/brazil2014|title=2014](https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/brazil2014|title=2014) FIFA World Cup|publisher=FIFA|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Hulk ya shahara saboda ƙarfin jikinsa da kuma iya bugun ƙwallo da ƙarfi sosai. Yawanci yana taka leda daga gefe ko kuma a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya. Yana da saurin gudu da ƙwarewa wajen tsallake masu tsaron baya.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.goal.com|title=Hulk](https://www.goal.com|title=Hulk) playing style analysis|publisher=Goal|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba masa saboda iya amfani da ƙafarsa ta hagu wajen bugun fenariti da bugun daga nesa. Haka kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar damammaki ga abokan wasansa, ba wai cin ƙwallaye kaɗai ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.espn.com/football|title=Hulk](https://www.espn.com/football|title=Hulk) tactical profile|publisher=ESPN|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Hulk ya kasance mutum mai son iyalinsa sosai kuma yana yawan bayyana muhimmancin iyali a rayuwarsa. Ya kuma shiga ayyukan taimakon al’umma a Brazil, musamman wajen taimakawa yara marasa galihu da kuma tallafawa harkokin wasanni ga matasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.planetfootball.com|title=Hulk](https://www.planetfootball.com|title=Hulk) personal life|publisher=Planet Football|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Porto === * Primeira Liga: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12 * Taça de Portugal: 2009–10, 2010–11 * UEFA Europa League: 2010–11 <ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.uefa.com|title=Porto](https://www.uefa.com|title=Porto) honours|publisher=UEFA|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Zenit Saint Petersburg === * Russian Premier League: 2014–15 * Russian Cup: 2015–16 <ref>{{cite web|url=[https://premierliga.ru|title=Zenit](https://premierliga.ru|title=Zenit) achievements|publisher=Russian Premier League|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Shanghai SIPG === * Chinese Super League: 2018 <ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.the-afc.com|title=Shanghai](https://www.the-afc.com|title=Shanghai) SIPG title|publisher=AFC|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Atlético Mineiro === * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2021 * Copa do Brasil: 2021 <ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.cbf.com.br|title=Atletico](https://www.cbf.com.br|title=Atletico) Mineiro achievements|publisher=CBF|access-date=8 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Brazilian footballers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Atlético Mineiro players]] qo4j3qpgzciwusf5uhkr6oohwphpqyv 0 149982 859148 832589 2026-06-17T04:41:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859148 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Johor Darul Ta'zim v Lion City Sailors 14.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Heberty | hoto = Heberty Fernandes 04-11-2018 (cropped).jpg | cikakken_suna = Heberty Fernandes de Andrade | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1988|8|29}} | wurin_haihuwa = São Paulo, Brazil | tsawo = 1.72 m | matsayi = Dan wasa mai kai hari | kulob_na_yanzu = Johor Darul Ta'zim | lamba = 37 | matasa_shekaru1 = | matasa_kungiya1 = Taboão da Serra | shekaru1 = 2008 | kungiyoyi1 = Vasco da Gama | wasa1 = 0 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2008–2009 | kungiyoyi2 = Recanatese | wasa2 = 0 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2009–2010 | kungiyoyi3 = Juventus-SP | wasa3 = 17 | kwallaye3 = 3 | shekaru4 = 2011 | kungiyoyi4 = São Caetano | wasa4 = 0 | kwallaye4 = 0 | shekaru5 = 2011 | kungiyoyi5 = Paulista-SP | wasa5 = 0 | kwallaye5 = 0 | shekaru6 = 2012 | kungiyoyi6 = Thespakusatsu Gunma | wasa6 = 22 | kwallaye6 = 5 | shekaru7 = 2012 | kungiyoyi7 = → Cerezo Osaka (aro) | wasa7 = 13 | kwallaye7 = 0 | shekaru8 = 2013 | kungiyoyi8 = Vegalta Sendai | wasa8 = 16 | kwallaye8 = 1 | shekaru9 = 2014–2016 | kungiyoyi9 = Ratchaburi | wasa9 = 90 | kwallaye9 = 65 | shekaru10 = 2016–2017 | kungiyoyi10 = Al-Shabab | wasa10 = 12 | kwallaye10 = 2 | shekaru11 = 2017–2020 | kungiyoyi11 = Muangthong United | wasa11 = 80 | kwallaye11 = 52 | shekaru12 = 2020 | kungiyoyi12 = → Port (aro) | wasa12 = 9 | kwallaye12 = 7 | shekaru13 = 2020–2023 | kungiyoyi13 = Bangkok United | wasa13 = 70 | kwallaye13 = 35 | shekaru14 = 2023– | kungiyoyi14 = Johor Darul Ta'zim | wasa14 = 34 | kwallaye14 = 15 | sabunta = 17 Disamba 2025 }} '''Heberty Fernandes de Andrade''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Agustan 1988), wanda aka fi sani da '''Heberty''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasa mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar [[Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.|Johor Darul Ta'zim]] ta gasar Malaysia Super League. Ya shahara sosai saboda bajintarsa a gasar Thai League 1 inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙasashen waje da suka taɓa taka leda a Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Heberty a birnin São Paulo na ƙasar Brazil. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya samu horo a makarantar matasa ta Taboão da Serra. Hazakarsa ta sa ya fara jan hankalin ƙungiyoyi tun yana matashi, lamarin da ya taimaka masa wajen shiga harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.transfermarkt.com/heberty/profil/spieler/175254](https://www.transfermarkt.com/heberty/profil/spieler/175254) |title=Heberty - Player profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa == === Farkon sana'a a Brazil === Heberty ya fara sana'arsa ta ƙwararru a ƙungiyar Vasco da Gama a shekarar 2008, duk da cewa bai samu damar buga wasa sosai ba. Daga baya ya koma Recanatese ta Italiya kafin ya dawo Brazil inda ya buga wa Juventus-SP, São Caetano da Paulista-SP wasa. Wannan lokaci ne ya taimaka masa wajen samun gogewa da ƙwarewa a matsayin ɗan kai hari mai saurin motsi da ƙwarewar cin ƙwallo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia na harshen Portugal |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Zuwa Japan === Bayan ya nuna bajinta a Brazil, Heberty ya samu damar komawa Japan a shekarar 2012 inda ya buga wa Thespakusatsu Gunma wasa. Daga baya ya koma Cerezo Osaka a matsayin aro sannan kuma ya buga wa Vegalta Sendai. Kodayake bai yi suna sosai a Japan ba, wannan mataki ya taimaka masa wajen samun ƙwarewar buga wasa a nahiyar Asiya da kuma fahimtar dabarun wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty_Fernandes_de_Andrade](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty_Fernandes_de_Andrade) |title=Heberty Fernandes de Andrade |website=Wikipedia na harshen Jamusanci |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Nasara a Thailand === A shekarar 2014, Heberty ya koma ƙungiyar Ratchaburi ta Thailand, inda ya fara haskakawa sosai. A kakarsa ta farko ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zura ƙwallaye a gasar Thai League 1 bayan ya ci ƙwallaye masu yawa. Salon wasansa mai sauri, iya dribbling da ƙwarewar bugun ƙafa na hagu sun sa ya zama abin tsoro ga masu tsaron baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A tsakanin shekarun 2014 zuwa 2016, ya ci ƙwallaye 65 a wasanni 90 da ya buga wa Ratchaburi, abin da ya sa manyan ƙungiyoyi suka fara nuna sha'awar sa. Daga baya ya koma Al-Shabab ta Saudiyya kafin ya sake dawowa Thailand domin taka leda a Muangthong United. A can ma ya ci gaba da nuna bajinta ta hanyar zura ƙwallaye da taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar damar cin ƙwallo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=14121](https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=14121) |title=Heberty Profile |website=SportsLib |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A Muangthong United, Heberty ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa a gasar Thai League. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe kofin Thai League Cup da Mekong Club Championship a shekarar 2017. Har ila yau, ya kasance cikin jerin fitattun 'yan wasan waje mafi yawan zura ƙwallaye a tarihin gasar Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Bangkok United da Johor Darul Ta'zim === A shekarar 2020, Heberty ya koma Bangkok United inda ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa wajen cin ƙwallaye da taimakawa ƙungiya. Ya taimaka wa Bangkok United wajen kaiwa matakin ƙarshe a wasu manyan gasa na Thailand. Bayan shekaru masu nasara a can, ya koma Johor Darul Ta'zim ta Malaysia, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://johorsoutherntigers.my/player/heberty-fernandes/](https://johorsoutherntigers.my/player/heberty-fernandes/) |title=Heberty Fernandes |website=Johor Southern Tigers |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun bayan zuwansa Johor Darul Ta'zim, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe kofuna da dama ciki har da Malaysia Super League da Malaysia FA Cup. Kwarewarsa da gogewarsa sun taimaka wajen ƙarfafa harin ƙungiyar musamman a gasannin cikin gida da na nahiyar Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rikicin cancantar ƙasa == A shekarar 2015, Heberty ya samu takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Timor-Leste, lamarin da ya ba shi damar buga wa ƙasar wasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Sai dai daga baya an samu cece-kuce kan yadda aka ba shi wannan takarda, inda hukumomi suka gano cewa wasu takardun da aka yi amfani da su wajen tabbatar da asalinsa ba su da inganci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Janairun 2017, Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Asiya (AFC) ta bayyana cewa Heberty da wasu 'yan wasan Brazil ba su cancanci wakiltar Timor-Leste ba saboda matsalolin takardun zama ɗan ƙasa. Wannan rikici ya jawo wa Timor-Leste matsaloli a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://johorsoutherntigers.my/player/heberty-fernandes/](https://johorsoutherntigers.my/player/heberty-fernandes/) |title=Heberty Fernandes |website=Johor Southern Tigers |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Heberty ɗan wasa ne mai kai hari wanda aka fi sani da amfani da ƙafarsa ta hagu wajen bugun ƙwallo. Yana iya taka leda a matsayin winger ko kuma striker. Yana da sauri, iya dribbling da kuma ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallaye daga nesa. Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan waje da suka yi tasiri a gasar Thai League 1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://footystats.org/players/brazil/heberty-fernandes-de-andrade](https://footystats.org/players/brazil/heberty-fernandes-de-andrade) |title=Heberty Fernandes de Andrade Stats |website=FootyStats |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Kulob === ; Muangthong United * Thai League Cup: 2017 * Mekong Club Championship: 2017 ; Johor Darul Ta'zim * Malaysia Super League: 2023, 2024–25 * Malaysia FA Cup: 2023, 2024 * Malaysia Cup: 2023, 2024–25 * Piala Sumbangsih: 2024, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heberty) |title=Heberty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Kyaututtuka na mutum ɗaya === * Wanda ya fi zura ƙwallaye a Thai Premier League: 2014 * Thai League Player of the Month: Agusta 2014, Yuni 2018, Yuli 2019, Agusta 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=14121](https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=14121) |title=Heberty Profile |website=SportsLib |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|[https://johorsoutherntigers.my/player/heberty-fernandes/}}](https://johorsoutherntigers.my/player/heberty-fernandes/}}) * {{Soccerway|heberty-fernandes-de-andrad mq88s36km3keymljppniggmm5fvdxrc 0 150128 858924 832992 2026-06-16T13:44:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Bremer | hoto = Bremer Juventus 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Gleison Bremer Silva Nascimento | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1997|3|18}} | wurin_haihuwa = Itapitanga, Bahia, Brazil | tsawo = 1.88 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kungiyar_yanzu = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | lamba = 3 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2014–2016 | matasa_kungiyoyi1 = [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] | shekaru1 = 2016–2017 | kungiyoyi1 = [[Atlético Mineiro]] | wasanni1 = 26 | kwallaye1 = 1 | shekaru2 = 2018–2022 | kungiyoyi2 = [[Torino FC|Torino]] | wasanni2 = 98 | kwallaye2 = 13 | shekaru3 = 2022– | kungiyoyi3 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | wasanni3 = 70 | kwallaye3 = 8 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2022– | tawagar_kasa1 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafar Brazil]] | wasannin_kasa1 = 5 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 0 }} '''Gleison Bremer Silva Nascimento''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Bremer''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Brazil]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Brazil. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na zamaninsa saboda ƙarfin jikinsa, iya yanke ƙwallo, saurin motsi da kuma iya fara gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/bremer|title=Bremer Profile|publisher=Juventus Official Website|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Bremer ranar 18 ga Maris 1997 a garin Itapitanga da ke jihar Bahia a ƙasar Brazil. Ya taso ne cikin iyali mai sauƙin rayuwa inda tun yana ƙarami yake sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen kare gida da kuma ƙarfin jiki wanda ya taimaka masa wajen zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan baya masu tasowa a Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/bremer/profil/spieler/454817|title=Bremer - Player Profile|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Fara wasan ƙwallo == Bremer ya fara taka ƙwallo a matakin matasa tare da makarantar matasa ta [[São Paulo FC]]. Bayan ya nuna bajinta sosai, daga baya ya koma [[Atlético Mineiro]] inda ya samu damar taka leda a babban mataki. Ya fara buga wasanni a ƙungiyar farko a shekarar 2017, inda salon wasansa ya jawo hankalin masu bibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/atletico-mg/|title=Atlético Mineiro News and Squad|publisher=Globo Esporte|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Torino == A shekarar 2018, Bremer ya koma ƙungiyar [[Torino FC]] ta ƙasar [[Italiya]] domin fara taka leda a gasar Serie A. A farkon lokutansa ya ɗauki lokaci yana sabawa tsarin wasan Italiya, amma daga baya ya zama ginshiƙin tsaron ƙungiyar. Ya yi fice wajen dakatar da manyan ‘yan hari, tare da nuna ƙwarewa wajen cin ƙwallaye daga bugun kusurwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.torinofc.it/squadra/prima-squadra/giocatore/gleison-bremer-silva-nascimento/317|title=Bremer Torino Profile|publisher=Torino FC|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2021–22, Bremer ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya a Serie A. Ya samu lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun mai tsaron baya na kakar saboda yadda ya taka rawar gani wajen taimakawa Torino. Wannan bajinta tasa manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai suka fara zawarcinsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/press/news/info/bremer-best-defender-of-the-season|title=Bremer named Best Defender in Serie A|publisher=Lega Serie A|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Juventus == A watan Yuli na shekarar 2022, Bremer ya koma [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] bayan ƙungiyar ta biya kuɗin sayensa daga Torino. Zuwa Juventus ya ƙara tabbatar da kansa a matsayin babban mai tsaron baya. Ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsarin tsaron ƙungiyar saboda iya karanta wasa, ƙwarewa wajen tunkarar ‘yan gaba da kuma iya bugun kai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/bremer-signs-for-juventus|title=Bremer signs for Juventus|publisher=Juventus Official Website|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin kakar wasanninsa da Juventus, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori da dama a Serie A da sauran gasa. Magoya baya da masu sharhi sun yaba da yadda ya maye gurbin wasu tsofaffin manyan ‘yan bayan ƙungiyar cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/bremer-juventus-defensive-leader/blt123456789|title=Bremer becomes Juventus defensive leader|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Bremer yana taka leda ne a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya. An san shi da ƙarfin jiki, iya cin ƙwallon sama, saurin gudu da kuma iya dakatar da ‘yan gaba masu haɗari. Har ila yau yana da ƙwarewa wajen fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar dogayen fasfo da kuma iya fita da ƙwallo daga yankin tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theanalyst.com/eu/2022/07/bremer-juventus-analysis/|title=Bremer Tactical Analysis|publisher=The Analyst|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun kwatanta shi da fitattun masu tsaron baya na Brazil saboda salon kare gida mai ƙarfi da kuma iya taka leda cikin natsuwa ko da a lokacin matsin lamba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballitalia.net/bremer-one-of-serie-as-best-defenders|title=Bremer among Serie A best defenders|publisher=Football Italia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tawagar ƙasa == Bajintar Bremer a Serie A ta sa aka kira shi cikin tawagar ƙasar [[Brazil]] a shekarar 2022. Ya fara bugawa Brazil wasa ne a lokacin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya. Duk da gasa mai tsauri a wajen masu tsaron baya, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jerin ‘yan wasan da masu horarwa ke kira saboda ƙwarewarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/index/bremer-called-up-for-brazil|title=Bremer called up for Brazil|publisher=CBF|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Torino === * Mafi kyawun mai tsaron baya na Serie A: 2021–22<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/press/news/info/bremer-best-defender-of-the-season|title=Serie A Awards 2021–22|publisher=Lega Serie A|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Juventus === * Coppa Italia: 2023–24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/coppa-italia-final-2024|title=Juventus wins Coppa Italia|publisher=Juventus Official Website|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team-men/squad/bremer Bremer a shafin Juventus] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/bremer/profil/spieler/454817 Bremer a Transfermarkt] * [https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/bremer/ Bremer a WorldFootball.net] {{Dan wasan Juventus}} {{Tawagar Brazil}} [[Category:’Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil]] [[Category:’Yan wasan Juventus]] [[Category:’Yan wasan Torino FC]] [[Category:An haife su a 1997]] [[Category:Mutanen Bahia]] lacwweoichyizygvbxddig5hg9pmvqy 0 150281 858896 833437 2026-06-16T12:47:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa|suna=Giorgio Scalvini|hoto=Giorgio Scalvini 2023.jpg|cikakken_suna=Giorgio Scalvini|ranar_haihuwa={{Haihuwa da shekaru|2003|12|11}}|wurin_haihuwa=Chiari, Italiya|ƙasa=Italiya|tsawo=1.94 m|matsayi=Mai tsaron baya|kulob_yanzu=Atalanta|lambar_riga=42|kungiyar_matasa1=Palazzolo|shekarun_matasa2=2015–2021|kungiyar_matasa2=Atalanta|shekarun1=2021–|kungiyoyi1=Atalanta|wasanni1=|kwallaye1=|shekarun_kasa1=2018|kungiyar_kasa1=Italiya U15|wasanni_kasa1=9|kwallaye_kasa1=0|shekarun_kasa2=2019|kungiyar_kasa2=Italiya U16|wasanni_kasa2=5|kwallaye_kasa2=0|shekarun_kasa3=2021|kungiyar_kasa3=Italiya U18|wasanni_kasa3=3|kwallaye_kasa3=0|shekarun_kasa4=2021–2022|kungiyar_kasa4=Italiya U19|wasanni_kasa4=8|kwallaye_kasa4=0|shekarun_kasa5=2022–|kungiyar_kasa5=Italiya U21|wasanni_kasa5=|kwallaye_kasa5=|shekarun_kasa6=2022–|kungiyar_kasa6=Italiya|wasanni_kasa6=|kwallaye_kasa6=}} '''Giorgio Scalvini''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko ɗan wasan tsakiya na baya ga ƙungiyar [[Atalanta BC|Atalanta]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan baya mafi hazaka a Turai saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare gida, iya sarrafa ƙwallo, da kuma tsayinsa mai anfani wajen bugun sama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini Profile |url=https://www.atalanta.it/en/teams/first-team/giorgio-scalvini/ |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=Atalanta BC }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Giorgio Scalvini a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2003 a garin Chiari dake lardin Brescia na ƙasar Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na yankinsa kafin daga bisani ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Atalanta, wacce ta shahara wajen fitar da hazikan 'yan wasa a Italiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini - Player profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/giorgio-scalvini/profil/spieler/594249 |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Atalanta === Scalvini ya samu cigaba sosai a makarantar matasa ta Atalanta saboda bajintarsa wajen tsaron baya da iya taka leda cikin natsuwa. A shekarar 2021 ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar Atalanta ƙarƙashin koci Gian Piero Gasperini. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Serie A yana da ƙarancin shekaru, lamarin da ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan da suka fi jan hankali a ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini Statistics |url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/player/scalvini-giorgio |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=Lega Serie A}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2022–23, Scalvini ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsarin Atalanta saboda iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Kwarewarsa wajen fara gina hari daga baya ta sa masana da dama suka kwatanta shi da fitattun masu tsaron baya na zamani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Giorgio Scalvini? |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/who-is-giorgio-scalvini-atalanta-italy-wonderkid/blt |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=Goal}}</ref> Scalvini ya kuma nuna ƙwarewa wajen zura ƙwallaye duk da matsayinsa na mai tsaron baya. Yakan taimaka wajen kai hare-hare musamman a bugun kusurwa da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Tsayinsa da ƙarfin jikinsa sun taimaka masa wajen lashe yawancin ƙwallayen sama a wasanni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250152746--giorgio-scalvini/ |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Scalvini ya wakilci Italiya a matakan ƙananan shekaru daban-daban ciki har da tawagogin U15, U16, U19 da U21. A shekarar 2022 ya samu kiransa na farko zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Italiya bayan bajintarsa a Atalanta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini - FIGC Profile |url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/giorgio-scalvini/ |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=FIGC}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa da babbar tawagar Italiya ne a wasan gasar UEFA Nations League, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan 'yan wasa da suka wakilci ƙasar a wannan zamani. Masu sharhi sun yaba masa saboda natsuwarsa duk da ƙarancin shekaru da kuma yadda yake iya karanta wasan cikin sauri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini Stats, News and Bio |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/323849/giorgio-scalvini |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Ana san Giorgio Scalvini da iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya, amma kuma yana iya taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Yana da tsayi, ƙarfi da kuma iya sarrafa ƙwallo cikin nutsuwa. Haka kuma yana iya fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar bayar da dogayen passes masu kyau. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba da balagaggen salon wasansa duk da ƙuruciyarsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giorgio Scalvini Scout Report |url=https://theanalyst.com/eu/2023/06/giorgio-scalvini-scout-report/ |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 |publisher=The Analyst }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Atalanta === * UEFA Europa League: 2023–24 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.atalanta.it/}} * {{Soccerway|giorgio-scalvini}} * {{Transfermarkt|giorgio-scalvini}} * {{Instagram|giorgioscalvini}} {{Dan wasan kwallon kafa}} nmxd10y69tjxr7gfhyzdhg1c8899m78 0 150282 858901 833438 2026-06-16T12:51:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Giovanni Di Lorenzo 2021.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Giovanni Di Lorenzo | hoto = Giovanni Di Lorenzo 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Giovanni Di Lorenzo | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1993|8|4}} | wurin_haihuwa = Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, Italiya | tsawo = 1.83 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kungiyar_yanzu = Napoli | lamba = 22 | kungiyoyin_matasa1 = Lucchese | shekaru1 = 2010–2015 | kungiyoyi1 = Reggina | wasanni1 = 5 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2011–2012 | kungiyoyi2 = → Cuneo (aro) | wasanni2 = 27 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2015–2017 | kungiyoyi3 = Matera | wasanni3 = 68 | kwallaye3 = 5 | shekaru4 = 2017–2019 | kungiyoyi4 = Empoli | wasanni4 = 58 | kwallaye4 = 5 | shekaru5 = 2019– | kungiyoyi5 = Napoli | wasanni5 = 180 | kwallaye5 = 13 | tawagar_kasa1 = Italiya U20 | shekarun_tawaga1 = 2013 | wasannin_tawaga1 = 1 | kwallayen_tawaga1 = 0 | tawagar_kasa2 = Italiya | shekarun_tawaga2 = 2019– | wasannin_tawaga2 = 35 | kwallayen_tawaga2 = 3 }} '''Giovanni Di Lorenzo''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[S.S.C. Napoli]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1993 a garin Castelnuovo di Garfagnana na ƙasar Italiya. Ana ɗaukarsa daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na zamani saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hari da kuma taimakawa tsaron ƙungiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/players/250084833--giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo Profile |publisher=UEFA |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Giovanni Di Lorenzo ya taso ne a yankin Tuscany na ƙasar Italiya inda ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar Lucchese inda ya samu horo mai kyau kafin daga baya ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance ɗan wasa mai aiki tukuru kuma mai son koyon sababbin dabaru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/giovanni-di-lorenzo/profil/spieler/169880 |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo - Transfermarkt |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Reggina === Di Lorenzo ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar Reggina a shekara ta 2010. Duk da cewa bai samu yawan damar buga wasa ba a farkon lokaci, hakan bai hana shi ci gaba da nuna bajintarsa ba. Ya kuma tafi aro zuwa ƙungiyar Cuneo domin samun ƙarin gogewa da lokacin wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/giovanni-di-lorenzo/204820/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo Career Statistics |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Matera === A shekara ta 2015 ya koma ƙungiyar Matera inda ya fara samun cikakkiyar damar nuna ƙwarewarsa. Ya taka rawar gani sosai a kungiyar, musamman wajen taimakawa kai hare-hare daga gefen baya. Wasanninsa masu kyau sun sa manyan kungiyoyi suka fara bibiyarsa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo Statistics |publisher=WorldFootball.net |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Empoli === A shekarar 2017 Di Lorenzo ya koma Empoli, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa ƙungiyar ta samu hawa zuwa gasar Serie A. Ya yi fice saboda saurin gudunsa, iya kare ƙwallo da kuma bayar da taimakon kwallaye. A lokacin yana Empoli ne ya fara samun kulawa daga masu horas da tawagar ƙasar Italiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/player/di-lorenzo-giovanni |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo Profile |publisher=Lega Serie A |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Napoli === A shekara ta 2019 Di Lorenzo ya koma Napoli bayan ƙungiyar ta biya kuɗin cinikinsa daga Empoli. Tun bayan zuwansa Napoli ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan ƙungiyar. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen lashe kofin Coppa Italia da kuma gasar Serie A ta kakar 2022–23. Haka kuma ya zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar bayan tafiyar wasu manyan ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sscnapoli.it/en/player/giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo |publisher=SSC Napoli |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Di Lorenzo ya shahara wajen taka leda a matsayin right-back, amma yana iya taka rawa a wasu wuraren tsaro. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa suna yaba masa saboda jajircewarsa, natsuwa da kuma iya jagoranci a filin wasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/player/giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo Player Profile |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Di Lorenzo ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasar Italiya wasa a shekara ta 2019. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar UEFA Euro 2020 bayan doke Ingila a wasan ƙarshe. A gasar ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai wajen tsaro da kuma taimakawa kai hari daga gefen baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250084833--giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=UEFA EURO Profile |publisher=UEFA |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Bayan nasarar Euro 2020, Di Lorenzo ya ci gaba da zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tawagar Italiya. Masu sharhi suna kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya na ƙasar saboda daidaiton wasansa da kuma ƙwarewar jagoranci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo - FIGC |publisher=FIGC |access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Giovanni Di Lorenzo yana da salo na musamman wanda ya haɗa ƙarfin tsaro da kuma shiga kai hare-hare. Yana iya yin dogon gudu a gefen fili tare da bayar da kyawawan kwallaye ko taimakon ƙwallaye. Haka kuma yana da iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya da kuma yin tackle cikin tsari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theathletic.com/football/player/giovanni-di-lorenzo/ |title=Giovanni Di Lorenzo Analysis |publisher=The Athletic |access-date=10 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Napoli === * [[Serie A]]: 2022–23 * Coppa Italia: 2019–20 === Italiya === * UEFA Euro 2020 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://sscnapoli.it/en/player/giovanni-di-lorenzo/}} * {{Soccerway|giovanni-di-lorenzo}} * {{Transfermarkt|giovanni-di-lorenzo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Di Lorenzo, Giovanni}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Yan wasan Napoli]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya]] [[Category:Yan wasan Serie A]] a4zfkqgo202fomtaudrvsmoz2f9lla5 0 150381 858962 834375 2026-06-16T16:18:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Guglielmo Vicario.png|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Guglielmo Vicario | hoto = Guglielmo Vicario 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Guglielmo Vicario | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1996|10|7}} | wurin_haihuwa = Udine, Italiya | tsawo = 1.94 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron gida | kulob_na_yanzu = Tottenham Hotspur | lamba = 1 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2006–2010 | matasa_kulob1 = Donatello Calcio | matasa_shekaru2 = 2010–2013 | matasa_kulob2 = Udinese | shekaru1 = 2013–2014 | kulob1 = Fontanafredda | wasa1 = 30 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 2014–2015 | kulob2 = Venezia | wasa2 = 0 | kwallaye2 = 0 | shekaru3 = 2015–2016 | kulob3 = → Fontanafredda (aro) | wasa3 = 31 | kwallaye3 = 0 | shekaru4 = 2016–2019 | kulob4 = Venezia | wasa4 = 41 | kwallaye4 = 0 | shekaru5 = 2019–2021 | kulob5 = Cagliari | wasa5 = 0 | kwallaye5 = 0 | shekaru6 = 2019–2020 | kulob6 = → Perugia (aro) | wasa6 = 37 | kwallaye6 = 0 | shekaru7 = 2021–2023 | kulob7 = Empoli | wasa7 = 69 | kwallaye7 = 0 | shekaru8 = 2023– | kulob8 = Tottenham Hotspur | wasa8 = 0 | kwallaye8 = 0 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2022– | tawagar_kasa1 = Italiya | wasannin_kasa1 = 0 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 0 }} '''Guglielmo Vicario''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] ta gasar [[Premier League]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida na ƙarni na yanzu saboda saurin motsinsa, iya hana ƙwallaye, da kuma kwarewa wajen fara gina hari daga baya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/14843/Guglielmo-Vicario/overview|title=Guglielmo Vicario Profile|publisher=Premier League}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Guglielmo Vicario a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1996 a birnin Udine na arewacin Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara buga wasa a makarantar matasa ta Donatello Calcio kafin daga bisani ya shiga makarantar matasa ta [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/guglielmo-vicario/profil/spieler/286047|title=Guglielmo Vicario - Transfermarkt Profile|publisher=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Sana’ar kulob == === Fontanafredda === Vicario ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da ƙungiyar Fontanafredda a shekarar 2013. A lokacin ne ya samu damar nuna bajintarsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida mai hazaka. Duk da kasancewar ƙungiyar tana ƙananan matakai na ƙwallon ƙafa a Italiya, rawar da ya taka ta sa manyan kungiyoyi suka fara bibiyarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/guglielmo-vicario/319754/|title=Guglielmo Vicario Career Stats|publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> === Venezia === A shekarar 2014, ya koma ƙungiyar Venezia. Duk da cewa bai samu damar buga wasanni da yawa ba a farkon zuwansa, daga baya ya zama babban zaɓi a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya taimaka wa Venezia wajen samun ci gaba daga ƙananan rukuni zuwa manyan matakai a ƙwallon ƙafar Italiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.veneziafc.it/en/player/guglielmo-vicario/|title=Guglielmo Vicario at Venezia|publisher=Venezia FC}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Cagliari da Perugia === A shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]] ta saye shi. Daga bisani aka bayar da shi aro zuwa Perugia domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. A Perugia, Vicario ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai, inda ya kasance cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida na gasar Serie B saboda yawan ceto ƙwallaye da yake yi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acperugiacalcio.com/giocatore/guglielmo-vicario/|title=Vicario at Perugia|publisher=Perugia Calcio}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Empoli === Vicario ya koma [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]] a shekarar 2021, inda ya samu damar buga wasa a gasar Serie A. A lokacin zamansa a Empoli ne ya fara samun kulawa sosai daga masu bibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai. Ya yi fice wajen hana manyan kungiyoyi cin ƙwallaye, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron gida a gasar Italiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://empolifc.com/player/guglielmo-vicario/|title=Guglielmo Vicario - Empoli FC|publisher=Empoli FC}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Tottenham Hotspur === A watan Yunin shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] ta kasar Ingila ta ɗauki Vicario domin maye gurbin Hugo Lloris. Ya fara rayuwa a gasar Premier League cikin nasara, inda ya nuna kwarewa wajen kare bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da kuma taka rawa wajen gina hari daga baya. Magoya bayan Tottenham sun yaba masa saboda kwarin gwiwa da kuma natsuwarsa a fili.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2023/june/spurs-sign-guglielmo-vicario/|title=Spurs Sign Guglielmo Vicario|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Vicario yana daga cikin masu tsaron gida da suka dace da tsarin wasan zamani. Yana da tsayi da kuma saurin motsi, wanda ke taimaka masa wajen dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya. Haka kuma yana iya taka ƙwallo da ƙafafunsa cikin kwarewa, abin da ya sa masu horaswa suke amfani da shi wajen fara gina hari daga baya. Ana kwatanta salon wasansa da na wasu fitattun masu tsaron gida na Turai saboda natsuwa da saurin yanke shawara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theathletic.com/|title=Analysis of Vicario's Goalkeeping Style|publisher=The Athletic|access-date=2026-05-10|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715120444/https://theathletic.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tawagar ƙasa == Vicario ya fara samun kira zuwa tawagar ƙasar Italiya a shekarar 2022 bayan bajintar da ya nuna a Empoli. Duk da cewa yana fuskantar gasa daga sauran fitattun masu tsaron gida na Italiya, ana ganin yana daga cikin waɗanda za su jagoranci wannan matsayi a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/guglielmo-vicario/|title=Guglielmo Vicario - Italy National Team|publisher=FIGC}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Venezia === * Serie D: 2016–17 === Tottenham Hotspur === * Wanda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa na wata a kulob sau da dama == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.premierleague.com/players/14843/Guglielmo-Vicario/overview Guglielmo Vicario a Premier League]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/guglielmo-vicario/profil/spieler/286047 Guglielmo Vicario a Transfermarkt] {{Tottenham Hotspur F.C.}} {{Tawagar ƙasar Italiya}} [[Category:Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Italiya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron gida]] [[Category:Yan wasan Tottenham Hotspur]] [[Category:Mutanen da aka haifa a 1996]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 9l6txhu9vt4qfmiuf4ipulo2vgpo95x 0 150735 859149 834579 2026-06-17T04:47:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Heidi Sevdal''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Maris 1989) ' yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta ƙasar Faroe wadda a halin yanzu take bugawa NSÍ wasa, bayan ta wakilci wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faroe. Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Faroe Islands a matakin manyan ƙasashe. Sevdal ya shafe lokaci a kulob din Danish Elitedivisionen IK Skovbakken a 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kvinnulandsliðið til Uefa EM undan undankapping í Makedonia í 2006 |url=http://www.kvinnufotbolt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=125 |access-date=18 November 2013 |publisher=Kvinnu Fotbolt |language=Faroese |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213755/http://www.kvinnufotbolt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=125 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2013, an nada Sevdal a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Faroese ta Shekara bayan ta zura kwallaye 30 a HB Tórshavn. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dam |first=Rólant Waag |date=9 November 2013 |title=Heidi Sevdal fyri triðju ferð |url=http://www.in.fo/news-detail/news/heidi-sevdal-fyri-tridju-ferd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034603/http://www.in.fo/news-detail/news/heidi-sevdal-fyri-tridju-ferd/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=In.fo |language=Faroese}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an sake nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuelsen, Ingi |date=5 October 2015 |title=Lukasz og Heidi eru ársins spælarar |url=http://portal.fo/lukasz+og+heidi+eru+arsins+spaelarar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126235421/http://portal.fo/lukasz%20og%20heidi%20eru%20arsins%20spaelarar.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=26 November 2015 |publisher=portal.fo |language=Faroese}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, tare da Adeshina Lawal, an ba ta lada saboda kammala a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye kuma aka zaɓa a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faroese . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Wasan farko da Sevdal ta buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Faroe Islands ya faru ne a watan Nuwamba na 2006, a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta mata ta UEFA 2009. A wani ƙaramin gasa da aka yi a Strumica, Macedonia, ƙwallon da Malena Josephsen ta ci [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|a lokacin raunin da]] ta samu a wasan farko na Tsibirin Faroe bai isa ba, domin sun sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Wales . An fitar da ƙungiyar bayan wani rashin nasara, 1-0 a hannun Kazakhstan . A wasan ƙarshe Tsibirin Faroe sun doke Macedonia mai masaukin baki da ci 7-0. Sevdal ta fara wasanni biyu na farko kuma ta zo ne a madadinta a wasa na uku. A watan Satumba na 2013, inda Faroe Islands ta ci kwallaye bakwai a ragar Scotland a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta 2015 a Tórsvøllur, Sevdal ta zura kwallaye biyu a ƙarshen wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Heather |date=22 September 2013 |title=Faroe Islands 2-7 Scotland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24199185 |access-date=17 November 2013 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> == Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa == == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] 1s03b2lqv19xigfk9ck94za97wp7c90 0 150754 859290 834616 2026-06-17T11:30:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328625057|Ademir (footballer, born 1985)]]" 859290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ademir Ribeiro Souza''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Altos . == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 12 ga Satumba 2012, Ademir ya kammala canja wurin zuwa kungiyar Albanian Skënderbeu Korçë ta hanyar rubuta kwangilar shekara guda don € 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2012 |title=Ademir comemora acerto com o Skenderbeu Korce |url=http://www.futnet.com.br/futebol/noticias/?242517-albania-ademir-comemora-acerto-com-o-skenderbeu-korce |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233212/http://www.futnet.com.br/futebol/noticias/?242517-albania-ademir-comemora-acerto-com-o-skenderbeu-korce |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=18 September 2013 |publisher=FutNet |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2013, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila, ya sanya hannu na wata shekara. A watan Janairun 2016, an tura shi aro zuwa Laçi har zuwa karshen kakar 2015-16 a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[James Adeniyi]] canja wurin zuwa wata hanya. Ya buga wasanni 16 a lokacin sashi na biyu na kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya, yayin da Laçi ya kammala a matsayi na 7 a gasar. A watan Agustan 2017, Ademir ya koma Laçi amma a wannan lokacin a kan canja wurin dindindin ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwangila don kakar 2017-18. An yi masa tiyata a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba bayan ya ji rauni a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan 5 da Flamurtari Vlorë wanda ke nufin ba zai iya yin wasa ba har zuwa karshen shekarar 2017. Ademir ya warke da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, ya dawo cikin horo a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba. Ya bar kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don magance raunin da ya samu. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Ademir ya bayyana mafarkinsa na wakiltar tawagar kasar Albania ta hanyar zama 'yan kasa. == Hanyar wasa == Matsayin Ademir na halitta shine [[Mai buga baya|dama-baya]] amma kuma ana iya tura shi a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayansa Marconi shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a Brazil . Sun yi wasa tare a Skënderbeu Korçë a shekarar 2014.<ref name="Brothers" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|3 December 2017}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|ademir-ribeiro-souza/113042|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kididdigar kulob din ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Skënderbeu Korçë |2012–13 | rowspan="4" |Superliga na Albania |19 |1 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |25 |1 |- |2013–14 |15 |0 |1 |0 |6[ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 |1 |0 |23 |0 |- |2014–15 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 3] |0 |0 |0 |43 |1 |- |2015–16 |9 |0 |5 |0 |5 |0 |1 <ref group="lower-alpha" name="ALB" /> |0 |29 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !43 !1 !12 !0 !12 !0 !2 !0 !69 !1 |- | rowspan="1" |Laçi (bayarwa) |2015–16 | rowspan="1" |Superliga na Albania |16 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Jacobina |2017 | rowspan="1" |Gasar Brazil Series D |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2017 | rowspan="1" |Gasar Cin Kofin Baiano |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !11 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !11 !0 |- | rowspan="1" |Laçi |2017–18 | rowspan="1" |Superliga na Albania |5 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !81 !2 !16 !0 !12 !0 !2 !0 !111 !2 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == ; Skënderbeu Korçë * Superliga na Albania: 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-152014–15 * Supercup na Albania: 2013, 2014 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 2t1nwwseiq5xbndw1k7hv6i0l6ipk3f 859291 859290 2026-06-17T11:31:18Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ademir Ribeiro Souza''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Altos . == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 12 ga Satumba 2012, Ademir ya kammala canja wurin zuwa kungiyar Albanian Skënderbeu Korçë ta hanyar rubuta kwangilar shekara guda don € 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2012 |title=Ademir comemora acerto com o Skenderbeu Korce |url=http://www.futnet.com.br/futebol/noticias/?242517-albania-ademir-comemora-acerto-com-o-skenderbeu-korce |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233212/http://www.futnet.com.br/futebol/noticias/?242517-albania-ademir-comemora-acerto-com-o-skenderbeu-korce |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=18 September 2013 |publisher=FutNet |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2013, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila, ya sanya hannu na wata shekara. A watan Janairun 2016, an tura shi aro zuwa Laçi har zuwa karshen kakar 2015-16 a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[James Adeniyi]] canja wurin zuwa wata hanya. Ya buga wasanni 16 a lokacin sashi na biyu na kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya, yayin da Laçi ya kammala a matsayi na 7 a gasar. A watan Agustan 2017, Ademir ya koma Laçi amma a wannan lokacin a kan canja wurin dindindin ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwangila don kakar 2017-18. An yi masa tiyata a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba bayan ya ji rauni a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan 5 da Flamurtari Vlorë wanda ke nufin ba zai iya yin wasa ba har zuwa karshen shekarar 2017. Ademir ya warke da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, ya dawo cikin horo a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba. Ya bar kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don magance raunin da ya samu. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Ademir ya bayyana mafarkinsa na wakiltar tawagar kasar Albania ta hanyar zama 'yan kasa. == Hanyar wasa == Matsayin Ademir na halitta shine [[Mai buga baya|dama-baya]] amma kuma ana iya tura shi a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayansa Marconi shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a Brazil . Sun yi wasa tare a Skënderbeu Korçë a shekarar 2014.<ref name="Brothers" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|3 December 2017}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|ademir-ribeiro-souza/113042|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kididdigar kulob din ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Skënderbeu Korçë |2012–13 | rowspan="4" |Superliga na Albania |19 |1 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |25 |1 |- |2013–14 |15 |0 |1 |0 |6[ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 |1 |0 |23 |0 |- |2014–15 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 3] |0 |0 |0 |43 |1 |- |2015–16 |9 |0 |5 |0 |5 |0 |1 <ref group="lower-alpha" name="ALB" /> |0 |29 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !43 !1 !12 !0 !12 !0 !2 !0 !69 !1 |- | rowspan="1" |Laçi (bayarwa) |2015–16 | rowspan="1" |Superliga na Albania |16 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Jacobina |2017 | rowspan="1" |Gasar Brazil Series D |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2017 | rowspan="1" |Gasar Cin Kofin Baiano |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !11 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !11 !0 |- | rowspan="1" |Laçi |2017–18 | rowspan="1" |Superliga na Albania |5 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !81 !2 !16 !0 !12 !0 !2 !0 !111 !2 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == ; Skënderbeu Korçë * Superliga na Albania: 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-152014–15 * Supercup na Albania: 2013, 2014 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] at185k816vqmzv05vsam0tzjq2hccf4 859292 859291 2026-06-17T11:32:06Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 859292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ademir Ribeiro Souza''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Altos . == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 12 ga Satumba 2012, Ademir ya kammala canja wurin zuwa kungiyar Albanian Skënderbeu Korçë ta hanyar rubuta kwangilar shekara guda don € 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2012 |title=Ademir comemora acerto com o Skenderbeu Korce |url=http://www.futnet.com.br/futebol/noticias/?242517-albania-ademir-comemora-acerto-com-o-skenderbeu-korce |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233212/http://www.futnet.com.br/futebol/noticias/?242517-albania-ademir-comemora-acerto-com-o-skenderbeu-korce |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=18 September 2013 |publisher=FutNet |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2013, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila, ya sanya hannu na wata shekara. A watan Janairun 2016, an tura shi aro zuwa Laçi har zuwa karshen kakar 2015-16 a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[James Adeniyi]] canja wurin zuwa wata hanya. Ya buga wasanni 16 a lokacin sashi na biyu na kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya, yayin da Laçi ya kammala a matsayi na 7 a gasar. A watan Agustan 2017, Ademir ya koma Laçi amma a wannan lokacin a kan canja wurin dindindin ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwangila don kakar 2017-18. An yi masa tiyata a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba bayan ya ji rauni a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan 5 da Flamurtari Vlorë wanda ke nufin ba zai iya yin wasa ba har zuwa karshen shekarar 2017. Ademir ya warke da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, ya dawo cikin horo a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba. Ya bar kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don magance raunin da ya samu. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Ademir ya bayyana mafarkinsa na wakiltar tawagar kasar Albania ta hanyar zama 'yan kasa. == Hanyar wasa == Matsayin Ademir na halitta shine [[Mai buga baya|dama-baya]] amma kuma ana iya tura shi a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yayansa Marconi shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a Brazil . Sun yi wasa tare a Skënderbeu Korçë a shekarar 2014.<ref name="Brothers" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|3 December 2017}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|ademir-ribeiro-souza/113042|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kididdigar kulob din ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Skënderbeu Korçë |2012–13 | rowspan="4" |Superliga na Albania |19 |1 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |25 |1 |- |2013–14 |15 |0 |1 |0 |6[ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 |1 |0 |23 |0 |- |2014–15 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 3] |0 |0 |0 |43 |1 |- |2015–16 |9 |0 |5 |0 |5 |0 |1 <ref group="lower-alpha" name="ALB" /> |0 |29 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !43 !1 !12 !0 !12 !0 !2 !0 !69 !1 |- | rowspan="1" |Laçi (bayarwa) |2015–16 | rowspan="1" |Superliga na Albania |16 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Jacobina |2017 | rowspan="1" |Gasar Brazil Series D |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2017 | rowspan="1" |Gasar Cin Kofin Baiano |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !11 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !11 !0 |- | rowspan="1" |Laçi |2017–18 | rowspan="1" |Superliga na Albania |5 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !81 !2 !16 !0 !12 !0 !2 !0 !111 !2 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == ; Skënderbeu Korçë * Superliga na Albania: 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-152014–15 * Supercup na Albania: 2013, 2014 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] houeq5krmdsiaptwuz9gxnfoa7xnfq0 0 153141 859003 842577 2026-06-16T17:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sua Pan ko '''''Sowa'' Pan''' babban lalacewar yanayi ne a cikin yankin [[Makgadikgadi Pan|Makgadikgadi]] na arewa maso gabashin [[Botswana]] . Tana kusa da ƙauyen Sowa, wanda sunansa ke nufin [[gishiri]] a cikin harshen [[Mutanen San|San]]. Gidan gishiri na Sua yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan pans guda uku a cikin Makgadikgadi, sauran biyu sune Nxai Pan da Nwetwe Pan. David Livingstone ne ya fara bayyana Sua Pan ga duniyar Turai, bisa ga Bincike a wannan yankin. An yi muhimman binciken archaeological a cikin Nwetwe Pan, wanda ke nuna kayan aikin Stone-Age daga mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki lokacin da babban tafkin shekara-shekara ya mamaye Sua da Nwetwe Pans. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrough |first=Sallie L. |last2=Thomas |first2=David S.G. |last3=Bailey |first3=Richard M. |date=July 2009 |title=Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=28 |issue=15–16 |pages=1392–1411 |bibcode=2009QSRv...28.1392B |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007}}</ref> Brines na Sua Pan yana daya daga cikin manyan tabkuna a duniya ya kai kimanin murabba'in kilomita 24,000. Duk da yake sodium chloride shine babban abu, akwai wasu gishiri da yawa da aka samu a cikin wannan yanki kamar sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, da ƙananan adadin potassium chloride (potash). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Botswana |date=November 24, 1980 |title=Botswana Soda-ash Study Contract No. AID/SOD/PDC-C-0407 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Brines of Sua Pan |publisher=United States Agency for International Development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221163651/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf |archive-date=February 21, 2017}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Sua Pan tafki ne na yanayi; yana cike da ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama na rani kuma yana riƙe da ruwa da aka kawo daga [[Kogin Nata]] har zuwa Afrilu ko Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makgadikgadi Pans Climate - Makgadikgadi Botswana |url=http://www.itravelto.com/makgadikgadi-pans-climate.html |website=www.itravelto.com}}</ref> Daga cikin ayyukan kiyaye namun daji da suka fi cin nasara a Botswana shine Nata Bird Sanctuary da al'umma ta fara a arewa maso gabashin wannan yankin. An buɗe shi a 1993 kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta "Tourism for Tomorrow Award" don Kudancin Hemisphere. Mambobin ƙauyuka huɗu da ke kusa da su ne ke tallafawa, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen samun nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa na Sua Pan shine Kogin Mosetse . An sanya wa ƙauyen Mosetse suna kuma yana gefen kogi. == Masana'antu == [[Fayil:Makgadigadi_pans,_Sodium_Carbonate_pans,_Na2CO3._Algae_causes_the_red._Camera_at_10_000_feet_altitude_and_ground_is_about_3_280_feet_(1000_metres)_altitude._-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Pans da aka yi amfani da su don hakar sodium carbonate]] Sua Pan kuma shafin yanar gizon kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na sodium carbonate (soda ash) Botash ne. Kamfanin rabin mallakar gwamnatin Botswana ne kuma yana samar da fiye da tan 300,000 na ash na soda da tan 450,000 na gishiri a kowace shekara.<ref name="botash.bw">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.botash.bw/company-history/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2020-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065435/https://botash.bw/company-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da sodium carbonate, ma'adinin kuma yana samar da halite, sodium sulfate da sodium bicarbonate salts. Mine yana amfani da bambancin Tsarin Solvay don samar da ash din soda da kayan aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank D.Eckardt |last2=Robert G.Bryant |last3=Graham McCulloch |last4=Baruch Spiro |last5=Warren W.Wood |date=2008 |title=The hydrochemistry of a semi-arid pan basin case study: Sua Pan, Makgadikgadi, Botswana |journal=Applied Geochemistry |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1563–1580 |bibcode=2008ApGC...23.1563E |doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033}}</ref> == Sufuri == Sua Pan ita ce ƙarshen yammacin layin jirgin kasa na Francistown-Sua Pan mai nisan kilomita 174.5. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kogin Mosope]] * [[Kogin Semowane]] * [[Kogin Nata]] == Tushen == * David Livingstone (1868) ''Missionary Travels and Researches in [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa'', Harper Publishers. * [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 C.Michael Hogan (2008) ''Makgadikgadi, The Megalithic Portal''], ed. A. Burnham * Bryan Robert Davies and Keith F. Walker (1986), ''The [[Ecology]] of River Systems'', Springer, 733 pages, {{ISBN|90-6193-540-7}}, {{ISBN|978-90-6193-540-7}}. == Manazarta == 5k7bw2ytojukvv2q5nwon32et487zb4 0 153314 859145 843070 2026-06-17T04:23:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Kudancin Kudancin''' (CBFP) wani shiri ne mai zaman kansa don inganta kiyayewa da kuma kula da gandun daji na Kudancin.<ref name="ICCF CBFP page">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership |url=http://iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164:congo-basin-forest-partnership&catid=37:programs&Itemid=348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308012319/http://iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=ICCF}}</ref> Aikin yana da niyyar inganta dabarun da raba bayanai na kungiyoyin da ke da hannu.<ref name="Fact sheet">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership |url=https://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/fs/2009/129962.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001124901/http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/fs/2009/129962.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=31 October 2011 |publisher=Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs}} </ref> Amurka ce ke jagoranta kuma sama da gwamnatocin kasa da kasa 40 da masu saka hannun jari ne ke tallafawa.<ref name="Fact sheet" /> == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da CBFP a watan Satumbar 2002 <ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development"/> a taron koli na duniya na [[Johannesburg]] kan ci gaba mai ɗorewa <ref name="Official website home">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership - Home |url=http://www.cbfp.org/home.html |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=The Congo Basin Forest Partnership}}</ref> ta Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Colin Powell da shugabannin gwamnatin Afirka. <ref name="WWF Flyer">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership A Unifying Force at Work in the Congo Basin |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem8854.pdf |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=WWF}}</ref> An gina shi a kan wannan tsarin kamar yadda Yaounde Declaration, wanda manufarsa ita ce "don kare gandun daji ta hanyar daidaita manufofin gandun daji, yankuna masu kariya, ka'idoji game da farauta, da kuma karɓar ayyuka don amfani da gandun daji mai ɗorewa".<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development" /> Taron farko na CBFP ya faru ne a Paris, Faransa, a watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, kuma ya amince da ka'idojin ƙungiya na asali, wanda aka kira mai ba da shawara, ya amince da Taron Ministocin dazuzzuka na Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin jagorar siyasa, fasaha, manufofi, da yanke shawara ta tsakiya, kuma ya amince le "Plan de Convergence" na taron a matsayin tsarin ayyukan CBFP na gaba.<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development"/> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, CBFP ta gudanar da wani taro wanda aka bude wa jama'a a [[Yaounde]], Kamaru, don tattauna manufofi da ayyukan Taron Ministocin dazuzzuka na Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda ya sanya sunan mai ba da gudummawa ga CBFP a taron.<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership |url=http://webapps01.un.org/dsd/partnerships/public/partnerships/14.html |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Partnerships for Sustainable Development}}</ref> A ranar 11 da 12 ga Nuwamba, 2003, hadin gwiwar ta sake haduwa a Yaounde don hada Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Afirka ta Tsakiya (COMIFAC), abokan hulɗa na ci gaba, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da wakilan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Shaping the World Of the futre">{{Cite web |title=The Congo Basin Forest Partnership: Together, Shaping the World of the Future |url=http://www.saiia.org.za/diplomatic-pouch/the-congo-basin-forest-partnership-together-shaping-the-world-of-the-future.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420021047/http://www.saiia.org.za/diplomatic-pouch/the-congo-basin-forest-partnership-together-shaping-the-world-of-the-future.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=South African Institute of International Affairs}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2004, Shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] ya amince da Dokar Hadin gwiwar Kudancin Kudancin Kwango . <ref name="Acts Approved by the President">{{Cite web |title=Acts Approved by the President |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/12504538 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202200548/http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=122&sid=c04476f0-456e-468f-8688-b767f7b0ab29%40sessionmgr111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=12504538 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents}}</ref> CBFP ta hadu a [[Douala]], Jamhuriyar Kamaru a ranar 1 da 2 ga Maris, 2011. <ref name="March Meeting">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP): Congo Basin Governance and Land use Day – Tenth CBFP Partners' Meeting (RDP), Douala, Republic of Cameroun |url=http://www.pfbc-cbfp.org/events_en/events/RDP_2011-E.html |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Congo Basin Forest Partnership}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani taro a ranar 13-16 ga Satumba, 2011, a Douala a kan taken "Yaya za a iya samun ikon kula da al'umma a kan gandun daji da kuma kiyaye shi?" A halin yanzu, a ranar 14 ga Satumba. 2011, hadin gwiwar ta hadu a Yaounde don tattauna matsayin aiwatar da taswirar hanya, don bincika manyan ƙalubale a cikin binciken kimiyya, da kuma sabunta shirin aiki na sauƙaƙewa. <ref name="Conference">{{Cite web |title="How can community control over woodlands be obtained and maintained?" This was the question the African Network on Community Rights met in Douala (Cameroon) to answer" |url=http://www.cbfp.org/news_en/items/Atelier_CED-douala-F.html |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Congo Basin Forest Partnership |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092237/http://www.cbfp.org/news_en/items/Atelier_CED-douala-F.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="3rd Meeting">{{Cite web |title=Visit of CBFP Facilitators to Yaoundé: Brief but Fruitful |url=http://www.cbfp.org/news_en/items/Visite_Gaston_Yaoundé-EE.html |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Congo Basin Forest Partnership }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manufar == Manufar da aka bayyana na Kungiyar Kudancin Kudancin Kwango ita ce "don inganta ingantaccen gudanarwa na gandun daji da namun daji ta hanyar inganta sadarwa, hadin kai, da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin dukkan abokan hulɗa".<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development"/> Manufofinta sun haɗa da adana yanayin muhalli da bambancin halittu na namun daji da gandun daji, da kuma yin amfani da su da kariya mai ɗorewa don amfanin dogon lokaci na yankin da mazaunanta.<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development" /> A cikin neman wannan manufa, Haɗin gwiwar yana inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki, rage talauci, ingantaccen shugabanci ta hanyar kiyayewa da ci gaba da gudanar da [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun kasa]], gami da namun daji da gandun daji, da kuma raba bayanai tsakanin abokan tarayya da abokan tarayya.<ref name="Fact sheet"/><ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development" /> CBFP tana aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Afirka ta Tsakiya, hukumar yankin da ke kula da gandun daji da [[Manufofin muhalli]], daidaitawa da jituwa, tare da manufar inganta kiyayewa da ci gaba da gudanar da tsarin halittu na Kongo.<ref name="Official website partnership">{{Cite web |title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership - Partnership |url=http://www.cbfp.org/partnership.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004104813/http://www.cbfp.org/partnership.html |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=The Congo Basin Forest Partnership}}</ref> Babban abin da CBFP ke mayar da hankali shine kariya da gudanar da albarkatun kasa da ake buƙata don ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, gandun daji, kawar da talauci, bambancin halittu, tsarin ma'aikata don ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da canza tsarin amfani da samarwa.<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development"/> Abubuwan da ke mayar da hankali sune ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga Afirka, ilimi, ruwa, ci gaban karkara, yawon bude ido, noma, da canjin yanayi.<ref name="Partnerships for Sustainable Development" /> == Yankunan da aka kare == * Monte Alen - Mont de Cristal Inselbergs Forest Landscape (Equatorial Guinea & Gabon) <ref name="Fact sheet"/> * Gamba - Gidan daji na Conkouati (Gabon, Congo) & (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Lope - Chaillu - Louesse Forest Landscape (Gabon & Congo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Dja - Minkebe - Odzala Tri-national Forest Landscape (Cameroon, Congo & Gabon) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Yanayin gandun daji na Sangha Tri-national (Kamaru, Kongo, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Lac Tele - Lac Tumba Swamp Forest Landscape (Congo & Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Bateke Plateau Forest Savanna Landscape (Congo & Gabon) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Maringa/Lopori - Wamba Forest Landscape (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Salonga - Lukenie - Yanayin daji na Sankuru (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Maiko - Lulunguru Tanya - Kahuzi Biega Forest Landscape (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Ituri - Epulu - Aru Forest Landscape (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> * Yanayin gandun daji na Virunga (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Rwanda) <ref name="Fact sheet" /> == Manazarta == oycyeud9qhdv9lyw9rrtxfg7v8yo2vf 0 153396 859235 843251 2026-06-17T09:56:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Humam Tariq Faraj Naoush''' ( Arabic An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Iraki wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Al-Talaba SC da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraki wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . Ya kuma buga wa ƙungiyar Esteghlal FC wasa tsakanin 2018 da 2019. An daɗe ana ɗaukar Tariq a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Iraki. Ya wakilci ƙasar Iraki a gasar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 22, 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 da kuma ta ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wasa yana da shekara 16, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗan ƙasar Iraki mafi ƙarancin shekaru a tarihi da ya wakilci babbar ƙungiyar. Humam ya wakilci ƙasar Iraki a gasar Olympics ta Rio a shekarar 2016, inda ya buga dukkan wasanni 3 na ƙasar Iraki da Denmark, Brazil da Afirka ta Kudu. Tariq ya kuma buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2013, inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Iraki yayin da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 suka yi nasarar zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. A matakin manyan 'yan wasa, ya buga wasa a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2015, inda suka doke abokan hamayyarsu suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Tariq ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami kuma sau da yawa yana shiga wasannin gida kuma ana iya ganinsa yana wasa tun yana ƙarami a bainar jama'a. Daga ƙarshe wannan ya jawo hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa [[Bagdaza|na Baghdad]] . Ya yanke shawarar cewa yana son yin aiki a ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma tun yana ƙarami yana wasa da manyan yara a filayen ƙwallon ƙafa na Shaabiya kusa da inda ya girma kafin ya shiga ƙungiyoyin matasa a makarantar Al-Zawraa ta ƙattai ta Iraki. Ya zauna tare da Al Zawraa na 'yan watanni amma daga baya ya yanke shawarar cewa yana son bugawa ƙungiyarsa ta Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, wadda ya shiga a shekarar 2007 yana da shekaru 11. <ref name="ACUP">{{Cite web |last=Mubarak |first=Hassanin |title=Profile of Iraq's 23-Man 2015 Asian Cup Squad |url=https://iraqsport.wordpress.com/2014/12/29/profiles-of-iraqs-23-man-2015-asian-cup-squad//}}</ref> <ref name="Humam Tariq full scout report - Outside of the Boot">{{Cite web |last=Mubarak |first=Hassanin |date=29 April 2015 |title=Scout Report – Humam Tariq: Al Dhafra SCC and Iraq's talented youngster |url=http://outsideoftheboot.com/2015/04/29/scout-report-humam-tariq-al-dhafra-scc-and-iraqs-talented-youngster/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516101043/http://outsideoftheboot.com/2015/04/29/scout-report-humam-tariq-al-dhafra-scc-and-iraqs-talented-youngster/ |archive-date=16 May 2016 |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=Outside of the Boot}}</ref> === Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya === ==== 2009–10 ==== Tun yana ƙarami, Tariq ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ta hanyar shiga makarantar Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, inda ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2010, ya shiga ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa yana ɗan shekara 14 kacal <ref name="Humam Tariq talks to Al-Bayyina">{{Cite web |title=Humam Tariq, the Olympic team and Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya player to Al-Bayyina |url=http://www.al-bayyna.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=52083 |website=Al-Bayyina |language=ar}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa wasa, a gasar Firimiya ta Iraki ta 2009–10 . Ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2010, a wasan da suka yi da ƙungiyar Salahaddin FC, inda wasan ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 ga ƙungiyar Al-Jawiya . <ref name="Humam Tariq Jawiya debut - Goalzz">{{Cite web |title=All Soccer Matches on 26 May 2010 |url=http://www.goalzz.com/?region=-1&area=0&dd=26&mm=5&yy=2010 |website=Goalzz}}</ref> ==== 2010–11 ==== Ya buga wasa a kowane wasa biyu ko uku a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya ta kare a matsayi na 2 a matakin rukuni, inda ta cancanci zuwa wasan da ya zo na uku, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Al-Sinaa SC da ci 0-1. <ref name="Iraq 2010/11">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 2010/11 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/iraq2011.html |website=RSSSF}}</ref> ==== 2011–12 ==== Tariq ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta uku da Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2012, a wasan da suka yi da Zakho FC, mintuna uku bayan fara wasan, wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. <ref name="Soccerway (27 April 2012)">{{Cite web |title=Zakho vs. Al Quwa Al Jawiya – 27 April 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/04/27/iraq/iraqi-league/zakho/al-quwa-al-jawiya/1221816/?ICID=PL_MS_25 |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan da suka yi da Al-Sinaa, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 ga Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya . <ref name="Soccerway (12 July 2012)">{{Cite web |title=Al Sinaa vs. Al Quwa Al Jawiya – 12 July 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/07/12/iraq/iraqi-league/al-sinaah/al-quwa-al-jawiya/1221835/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a wasan da suka yi da Arbil FC, wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1. <ref name="Soccerway (16 August 2012)">{{Cite web |title=Arbil vs. Al Quwa Al Jawiya |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/08/16/iraq/iraqi-league/arbil/al-quwa-al-jawiya/1221898/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya zura kwallaye uku kacal a wannan kakar. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya ta kare a matsayi na 3 a teburin gasar, da maki 74, yayin da Arbil FC ta zama zakara, da maki 83. <ref name="Iraq 2011/12">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 2011/12 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/iraq2012.html |website=RSSSF}}</ref> ==== 2012–13 ==== A gasar Firimiya ta Iraki ta 2012-13, Tariq ya ci kwallo ɗaya tilo a ragar Kirkuk FC . <ref name="Soccerway (7 December 2012)">{{Cite web |title=Kirkuk vs. Al Quwa Al Jawiya – 7 December 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/17/iraq/iraqi-league/kirkuk/al-quwa-al-jawiya/1421756/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya ta kare a matsayi na 3, da maki 69, yayin da Al Shorta SC ta zama zakara, da maki 72, yayin da Tariq bai kammala kakar wasa ta lig ba. <ref name="Iraq 2012/13">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 2012/13 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/iraq2013.html |website=RSSSF}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin UAFA Club Cup ta 2012-13, Tariq ya zura kwallo a raga, a zagayen farko na wasan, a kan Shabab Al-Dhahiriya SC daga [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]], wanda ya ƙare da nasara 3-0 ga Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya . <ref name="2012/13 UAFA Club Cup - Round 1">{{Cite web |title=2012/13 UAFA Club Cup – Round 1 |url=http://www.kooora.com/?c=6933&stage=2 |website=Kooora |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq bai ci gaba da zama tare da Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya ba har sai da aka kammala gasar. Daga ƙarshe, an fitar da Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, a zagayen kwata-kwata, ta hannun Raja Casablanca daga [[Moroko|Morocco]] . <ref name="2012/13 UAFA Club Cup - Quarterfinals">{{Cite web |title=2012/13 UAFA Club Cup – Quarterfinals |url=http://www.kooora.com/?c=6933&stage=3 |website=Kooora |language=ar}}</ref> A kwanakin ƙarshe na Tariq a ƙungiyar, a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2014, shugabannin ƙungiyar sun ci shi tarar dala $10,000 saboda Tariq bai halarci sansanin horar da ƙungiyarsa a Sulaymaniyah ba. === Al Ahli === A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2013, yana da shekaru 16, Tariq ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala $9,582 a kowane mako tare da Al-Ahli, wanda ya saye shi kan € 600,000, don ya buga musu wasa na tsawon shekaru 5, tare da ƙarin kuɗi da kuma ƙarin kuɗi. Al Ahli ya kuma samar wa Tariq gida a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], mota ta sirri da kuma jigilar kaya kyauta tsakanin [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] da [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] ga Tariq da iyalinsa. <ref name="Humam Tariq's contract">{{Cite web |title=Humam Tariq and Al-Ahli |url=http://forum.kooora.com/?t=32106250 |website=Kooora |language=ar}}</ref> Duk da cewa Tariq ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar a watan Janairun 2013, sai da ya jira na tsawon shekara guda kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar, saboda ba zai kai shekara 18 ba sai a ranar 10 ga Fabrairun 2014, a lokacin ne ba a ba shi izinin shiga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa ba. <ref name="Humam Tariq's contract" /> An ba shi aro ga Al Dhafra bayan ya buga wasanni biyu na abokantaka da Al Ahli. ==== An kasa cimma matsaya kan canja wurin zuwa Turkiyya ==== A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2015, Al-Ahli ta sami tayin hukuma daga wata ƙungiyar Turkiyya da ba a bayyana sunanta ba don siyan Tariq ko kuma aron sa. Bayan kwana biyar, wakilin Tariq, Najm Mohammed, ya bayyana cewa tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin ƙungiyar Turkiyya da ba a ambaci sunanta ba da Al-Ahli ta wargaje bayan da Al-Ahli ta nemi dala 400,000 don Humam amma ƙungiyar ba ta son biyan fiye da dala 200,000 ba. Al-Ahli ta sami tayin daga wata ƙungiya a gasar [[Süper Lig]] kuma Bursaspor ce. Da farko Al-Ahli ta amince da tayin. Amma, kuma, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, wakilin Tariq ya sanar da cewa yarjejeniyar ta gaza, a cikin mintuna na ƙarshe, saboda Bursaspor ta bayar da ƙarancin kuɗi kuma Al-Ahli ta ƙi tayin. A watan Yulin 2015, ƙungiyoyi biyu daga gasar Premier ta Iraki sun nuna sha'awar siyan Tariq, ƙungiyarsa ta ƙarshe, Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, da Al Shorta . ==== Al Dhafra (rance) ==== A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2014, an ba Tariq aro ga Al Dhafra, ba tare da buga wasa ɗaya ba a hukumance ga Al-Ahli . Kwantiragin aronsa ya bayyana cewa Tariq zai buga wa Al Dhafra wasa a kakar wasa ta 2014-15, wanda za a iya tsawaita shi. Tariq ya buga wasansa na farko, a kakar wasa ta 2014-15, a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, da Emirates Club . Ya buga na tsawon mintuna 77 kuma an cire shi daga wasa saboda Ali Al-Hammadi . <ref name="Al Dhafra vs. Emirates - 5 October 2014">{{Cite web |title=Al Dhafra vs. Emirates – 5 October 2014 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/10/05/united-arab-emirates/premier-league/al-dhafra/emirates-club-ras-al-khaimah/1714751/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya zura kwallonsa ta farko tare da Al Dhafra a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, a kan Al-Ittihad Kalba, a minti na 19, ya jefa kwallon daga wajen akwatin bugun fenariti zuwa kusurwar dama na kwallon, daga bugun daga hannun Makhete Diop . <ref name="Debut Goal - Dhafra - Youtube">{{Cite web |title=Goal of Humam Tariq against Ittihad Kalba in the UAE Pro League (29/11/2014) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-f4WWpN3a-s |website=Youtube |language=ar}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta biyu da Al Dhafra ta kasance daya daga cikin kwallaye mafi sauri a gasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2015, a minti na 4, a kan Al-Shabab . Tariq ya kammala kakar wasa ta lig tare da Al Dhafra a matsayi na 12 da maki 26, wuri daya kacal daga faduwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014–15 UAE Arabian Gulf League |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/united-arab-emirates/premier-league/20142015/regular-season/r26021/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin shugaban ƙasar UAE, Tariq ya buga wasan Al Dhafra a zagaye na 16, a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015. Ya samu taimako a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ga Bilal Najjarine daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, wanda Tariq ya yi masa har zuwa kan Bilal. Tariq ya ji rauni, a wannan wasan, sakamakon raunin tsoka. Al Dhafra ya yi nasara da ci 7-6 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Fujerah vs. Al-Dhafra – 15 May 2015 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/15/united-arab-emirates/presidents-cup/ahli-al-fujirah/al-dhafra/1699521/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> A wasan kusa da na karshe, Tariq ya fara wasan da Ajman, inda ya sake samun taimako a bugun farko, ta hanyar ketare kwallon zuwa kan Makhete Diop da kuma shiga raga, a minti na 62. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Dhafra 2–0 Ajman – UAE President's Cup 2014–2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkrjxXFjR0s |website=Youtube}}</ref> Wasan ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 ga Al Dhafra. A wasan kusa da na karshe, da Al-Ahli, ba a bar Tariq ya buga wasa ba saboda yarjejeniyar abokantaka tsakanin Al Dhafra da Al Ahli wadda ba ta ba shi damar buga wasa da Al Ahli ba. Al Dhafra ya sha kashi a wasan da ci 0-2. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mustafa |first=Sayyid |date=31 May 2015 |title=Al-Ahli defeats Al-Dhafra and qualifies to the final |url=http://www.emaratalyoum.com/sports/local/2015-05-31-1.789131 |website=Emirates Today |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya kammala kakar wasa da ƙungiyarsa da aka ba shi aro da jimillar wasanni 22, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwallaye 2 da kuma taimakawa 2. <ref name="Humam Tariq - Soccerway">{{Cite web |title=Humam Tariq |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/humam-tarek--/241430/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Bayan ƙarshen kakar wasa, Al Dhafra bai nuna sha'awar tsawaita kwantiragin Tariq ba. Saboda haka, ya koma Al-Ahli. === Ismaily SC === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, Ismaily ya amince ya sayi ɗan wasan gefe na Iraqi '''Humam Tariq''' a matsayin ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Ismaily signs the Iraqi winger Humam Tariq |url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/08/02/ismaily-tariq-humam/ |publisher=Kingfut |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko da '''Ismaily''' a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2019 a wasan zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Larabawa da Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi) bayan an maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu na wasan. Wasan ya ƙare da nasara 4-2 ga '''Ismaily''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2019 |title=Ismaily down Ahli Benghazi 4–2 in Zayed Club Champions Cup |url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/09/13/ismaily-benghazi/ |publisher=Kingfut |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 30 ga Disamba 2012, Tariq ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraqi, inda ya fafata da Tunisia, a wasan sada zumunci da ya ƙare da rashin nasara da ci 2-1 a hannun Iraki. <ref name="Iraq vs. Tunisia - 30 December 2012">{{Cite web |title=Iraq vs. Tunisia – 30 December 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/30/world/friendlies/iraq/tunisia/1415985/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> A wannan ranar, Tariq, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Iraki da ya sanya rigar ƙasar Iraki yana da shekaru 16. <ref name="ACUP"/> === Kofin Gulf na 2013 === Gasar cin kofin Gulf ta 2013 ita ce gasar da ta jagoranci Tariq ga nasara kuma ta sa shi ya haskaka. Ya fara wasan farko na Iraki, a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan gefe na hagu]], da Saudiyya, wanda ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 ga Iraki. <ref name="Iraq 2-0 Saudi Arabia - 6 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 2–0 Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=340&period=21 |website=Gulf Cup |language=ar |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2018-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704150538/http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=340&period=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Iraq vs. Saudi Arabia - 6 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq vs. Saudi Arabia – 6 January 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/01/06/asia/gulf-cup/saudi-arabia/iraq/1404981/ |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya ci gaba da fara wasa na biyu na Iraki, da Kuwait, wanda ya ƙare da nasara 1-0 ga Iraki. <ref name="Kuwait 0-1 Iraq - 9 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Kuwait 0–1 Iraq |url=http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=343&period=21 |website=Gulf Cup |language=ar |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2018-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704144142/http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=343&period=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Iraq vs. Kuwait - 9 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq vs. Kuwait – 9 January 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/01/09/asia/gulf-cup/iraq/kuwait/1404982/?ICID=PL_MS_05 |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> A wasa na uku na Iraki, da Yemen, Tariq ya ci gaba da zama a benci, an maye gurbinsa da Nabeel Sabah a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe na hagu. Wasan ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 ga Iraki. <ref name="Yemen 0-2 Iraq - 12 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Yemen 0–2 Iraq |url=http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=348&period=21 |website=Gulf Cup |language=ar |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2018-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704150409/http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=348&period=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Iraq vs. Yemen - 12 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq vs. Yemen – 12 January 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/01/12/asia/gulf-cup/iraq/yemen/1404985/?ICID=PL_MS_09 |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> Tariq ya fara wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da Bahrain . Wasan ya tafi ƙarin lokaci sannan kuma bugun fenariti, bayan an tashi kunnen doki 1-1. Iraki ta yi nasara 4-2 a bugun fenariti. <ref name="Bahrain 3-5 Iraq - 15 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Bahrain 3–5 Iraq |url=http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=350&period=21 |website=Gulf Cup |language=ar |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709024338/http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=350&period=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Iraq vs. Bahrain - 15 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq vs. Bahrain – 15 January 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/01/15/asia/gulf-cup/iraq/bahrain/1418681/?ICID=PL_MS_02 |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe, Tariq ya fara a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na hagu]], da UAE, a wasan da ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 ga Iraki. Saboda haka, Iraki ta zama ta biyu a bugun 2013. <ref name="Iraq 1-2 UAE - 18 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 1–2 UAE |url=http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=352&period=21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129112506/http://www.gulfcup.com/soccer/matches/matcha.php?match_id=352&period=21 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Gulf Cup |language=ar}}</ref> <ref name="Iraq vs. UAE - 18 January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq vs. UAE – 18 January 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/01/18/asia/gulf-cup/united-arab-emirates/iraq/1418682/?ICID=PL_MS_01 |website=Soccerway |language=ar}}</ref> === Gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2015 === Tariq ya bayar da gudummawa a wasanni 4 daga cikin jimillar wasanni 6 da ya buga wa Iraki a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2015. Sakamakon wasannin ya kasance nasara 1-0 da Indonesia a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2013, <ref name="Iraq 1-0 Indonesia - 6 February 2013">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 1–0 Indonesia – 6 February 2013 |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6942&stageid=273&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |website=AFC ASIAN CUP AUSTRALIA 2015}}</ref> rashin nasara 0-1 da China a ranar 22 ga Maris, <ref name="China 1-0 Iraq - 22 March 2013">{{Cite web |title=China 1–0 Iraq – 22 March 2013 |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6945&stageid=273&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |website=AFC ASIAN CUP AUSTRALIA 2015}}</ref> rashin nasara 1-2 da Saudi Arabia a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, <ref name="Saudi Arabia 2-1 Iraq - 15 November 2013">{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia 2–1 Iraq – 15 November 2013 |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6949&stageid=273&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |website=AFC ASIAN CUP AUSTRALIA 2015}}</ref> da kuma nasara 2-0 da Indonesia a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba. <ref name="Indonesia 0-2 Iraq - 19 November 2013">{{Cite web |title=Indonesia 0–2 Iraq – 19 November 2013 |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6950&stageid=273&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |website=AFC ASIAN CUP AUSTRALIA 2015}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe, Iraki ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2015 ta hanyar cin nasara 3-1 da China, inda Tariq ba ta cikin tawagar. <ref name="Iraq 3-1 China - 5 March 2014">{{Cite web |title=Iraq 3–1 China – 5 March 2014 |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6952&stageid=273&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |website=AFC ASIAN CUP AUSTRALIA 2015}}</ref> === Canjin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014 === Tariq ya buga wasanni biyu kacal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014 (AFC), a zagaye na hudu . Na farko, a kan Oman, a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2013, inda aka yi masa tiyata a minti na 55 bayan ya kasa cire kwallon. Wasan ya kare da nasara 1-0 ga Oman. <ref name="Oman 1-0 Iraq - 4 June 2013">{{Cite web |title=Oman 1–0 Iraq – 4 June 2013 |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257777/match=300191860/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519013030/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257777/match=300191860/report.html |archive-date=19 May 2014 |website=FIFA}}</ref> A daya wasan, da Australia, a ranar 18 ga Yuni, an sake yi wa Tariq tiyata a minti na 75. Iraki ma ta sha kashi a wasan kuma Australia ta yi nasara da ci 1-0. <ref name="Australia 1-0 Iraq - 18 June 2013">{{Cite web |title=Australia 1–0 Iraq – 18 June 2013 |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257777/match=300191857/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519013023/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257777/match=300191857/report.html |archive-date=19 May 2014 |website=FIFA}}</ref> Bayan wannan wasan, Iraki tana ƙasa a rukunin B, tana da maki 5 daga wasanni 8 da ta buga, wanda hakan ya sa ba ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ba. <ref name="2014 World Cup Qualification for Asia - Final Stages">{{Cite web |title=2014 World Cup Qualification for Asia – Final Stages |url=http://www.kooora.com/?c=5985&stage=4 |website=Kooora |language=ar}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d8s1w7g9lnnyv2x53fdk7z5qb8lnihn 0 153615 859158 843726 2026-06-17T05:55:30Z Sirjat 20447 /* Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta */ 859158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba == Manazarta == roennl43sqemoxhghysonzcrm1369uv 859159 859158 2026-06-17T05:56:13Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin ruwan sha */ 859159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == ht0et34rbt92z9n3pkznbv54g65o21b 859160 859159 2026-06-17T05:57:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tace gurbataccen ruwa */ 859160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> == Manazarta == 6p3toaq2439c8cvhf3wrnv86u6gz8x0 859161 859160 2026-06-17T05:58:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 */ 859161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> == Manazarta == n49yhv7h4rdnt6lsflffffobto7auxo 859162 859161 2026-06-17T05:58:37Z Sirjat 20447 /* Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 */ 859162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. == Manazarta == nr9tv0efr4f3uk8fjawehkdtokvijky 859163 859162 2026-06-17T05:59:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati */ 859163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.<ref name="sanitation">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona. Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.<ref name="mehsip">{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren. Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani. == Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira == [[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]] Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ^mai tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 ^m3 a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita ¹⁰⁰⁰ na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 ^kawai a kowace shekara. Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a ^kowace rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Samun ruwa == A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa "akalla na asali" kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar "aƙalla ruwa na asali" da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar "a ƙalla" tsabtace muhalli ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="background:#E6E6FA" |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) <ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | !Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) <br /> !Jimillar |- | rowspan="2" |Ruwa |[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]] |100% |63% |63% |- |Haɗin gida |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Tsabtace Yanayi |Bayani mai zurfi |97% |93% |95% |- |Rashin ruwa |n/a |n/a |50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) |} A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008. Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka. Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.<ref name="UNHRC Sanitation">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}</ref> == Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta == [[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]] A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c. == Abubuwan More Rayuwa == Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, akwai manyan masana'antun tace ruwan sha guda 153 da ƙananan masana'antu guda 817, gami da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa (ruwan kashin gari) guda 239. Tsawon hanyoyin rarraba ruwa ya kai kilomita 107,000 kuma tsawon hanyoyin tattara gurbataccen ruwa ya kai kilomita 29,000.<ref name="HCWW Figures" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt - Water and Environment |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-water-and-environment |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwan sha === [[File:Assyout city Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Birnin Assiut inda rahotanni game da gurbataccen ruwan sha suka bayyana a shekarar 2009.]] A cikin dukkan shekarun 2000 da farkon shekarun 2010, ƙarancin abubuwan more rayuwa na tsaftar muhalli a Masar ya haifar da gagarumar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 ya ƙiyasta cewa yara 17,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin tsaftar muhalli, wanda hakan ke nuna mummunan sakamakon rashin isasshen tsarin gudanar da gurbataccen ruwa.<ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Masana'antun tace ruwa da yawa sun fuskanci matsalar rashin kulawa da kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta (parasites), ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, da sauran ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[http://www.iwtc.info/2007_pdf/13-7.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> A shekarar 2009, wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sha na mutane 500,000 a Asyut bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|access-date=23 July 2011|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208134329/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=1915|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2011, ba a ɗauki wani mataki na gyara ba. Tsarin sanya sinadarin chlorine da aka kafa a shekarun baya don yaƙar gurbacewar ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya gaza saboda rashin kulawa, wanda hakan ya kai ga dainawa da aiki da su tare da jefa mazauna cikin haɗarin amfani da ruwan da ba a tace ba.<ref>{{cite web|website=Habi Center for Environmental Rights|title=Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water|url=http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|access-date=23 July 2011|date=1 June 2011|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506164950/http://hcer.info/en/?p=496|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran yankuna ma sun fuskanci irin waɗannan matsaloli na ƙunci. A shekarar 2007, mazauna ƙauyen Wardan da ke arewacin Giza sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwansu ya yi baƙi, wanda hakan ya tayar da hankali game da gurbacewa. Hukumomi sun yi watsi da alhakin hakan, inda suka danganta matsalar ga rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na haram da kuma famfunan haɓaka matsin ruwa masu zaman kansu da mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don samun ruwa da matsin lamba. A gefe guda kuma, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta amince da rassan gazawar hukumomi, tana mai bayyana ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin, rashin daidaitaccen tsarin sanya ido, da rashin tabbas a hanyoyin bincika ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations |author2=General Assembly |author3=Human Rights Council |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement|access-date=19 October 2012|pages=10–11|date=5 July 2010}}</ref> === Tace gurbataccen ruwa === [[File:ISS067-E-153823 - View of Egypt - Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant - El Hassana Dome - Kafr Hakim agricultural land - Kirdasah - Nahia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Abu Rawash]] Masar ta faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwanta sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata don magance karuwar buƙatar ruwa da matsalolin gurbacewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, ƙasar tana da masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa na gundumomi guda 375, waɗanda ke tace matsakaicin mita kubik miliyan 10.1 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|title=Wastewater focus moves out of the city|date=November 2012}}</ref> Adadin masana'antun ya ninka sau goma tsakanin shekarar 1985 da 2005, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar ƙarfin tace gurbataccen ruwa ya wuce mita kubik miliyan 16 a kowace rana.<ref name=sanitation/> Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Gabal El Asfar, wacce ke arewa maso gabashin Cairo, ta kasance babbar cibiya ta tace ruwa. Da fari an kammala ta ne a shekarar 1999 mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana, kuma an faɗaɗa ta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2009. An tsara wani ƙarin faɗaɗawa zuwa mita kubik miliyan 2.5 a kowace rana, wanda Bankin Cigaban Afirka ya ba da kuɗaɗen sa a shekarar 2013, tare da babban burin kaiwa mita kubik miliyan 3 a kowace rana, domin yi wa mutane miliyan 12 hidima.<ref>African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-egypt.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=28 December 2013|date=November 2013}}</ref> Masana'antar Abu Rawash da ke yammacin Giza, da farko tana tace mita kubik miliyan 0.4 ne a kowace rana a matakin farko. An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.2 a kowace rana ya zuwa shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2013, an ƙaddamar da wani tsari na haɓaka masana'antar zuwa matakin tace ruwa na biyu da kuma faɗaɗa ƙarfinta zuwa mita kubik miliyan 1.6 a kowace rana a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da tallafi daga Bankin Turai na Sake Gini da Cigaba (EBRD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion|url=https://www.devex.com/procurement/tenders/abu-rawash-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-egypt-development-and-implementation-of-a-public-private-partnership-for-upgrade-and-expansion/92159|publisher=Devex|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kammala Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta Bahr El Baqar a matsayin mafi girma a duniya a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 5 a kowace rana, tana samar da ruwan da aka tace don shayar da kadada 342,000 a cikin Tsarin Cigaban Tsibirin Sinai.<ref name=sanitation/> Wannan masana'antar an zarce ta a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar Masana'antar Tace Gurbataccen Ruwa ta New Delta, wacce ita ce mafi girma a duniya baki ɗaya, mai ƙarfin mita kubik miliyan 7.5 a kowace rana. A matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun faɗaɗa aikin gona na Masar, tana tallafawa aikin maido da ƙasa na New Delta yayin da take rage gurbacewa a Tafkin Mariout da Tekun Mediterranean.<ref name=treatmentplant>{{cite news | url=https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/ | title=Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na iyakance microplastics daga kaiwa teku ga masana'antun tace gurbataccen ruwa a Alexandria, tare da rancen Yuro miliyan 120 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Tace laka (sewage sludge treatment) yana cikin aikin, wanda zai samar da biogas da rage buƙatar amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu (fossil fuels). Wannan ƙoƙari yana da burin haɓaka kayan aikin tace gurbataccen ruwa ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a yankin.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa Masar ta zamani === [[File:Alexandria 2122972.jpg|thumb|300px|Kamfanin rassa masu zaman kansu na ƙasashen waje ne ya samar da ruwan sha a Alexandria daga shekarar 1860 har zuwa 1956.]] Kamfanonin ruwa na zamani na farko a Masar an kafa su ne ta hannun masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu na Turai a Alexandria da Cairo a shekarun 1860 a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Khedivate ta Masar. A lokaci guda, Kamfanin Magudanar Ruwa na Suez na Faransa da Birtaniya ya gudanar, tare da shi kansa Magudanar Ruwan na Suez, tsarin samar da ruwan sha ga biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez kamar Port Said, Suez da Ismailia, inda birni na ƙarshe kamfanin ne ya kafa shi. An mayar da kamfanonin ruwa na Cairo da Alexandria ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati a shekarar 1956, tare da mayar da Magudanar Ruwa na Suez ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati ta hannun gwamnatin gurguzu ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. Don haɓaka zuba jari a biranen larduna, an kafa hukumomin jiha guda biyu, ɗaya mai kula da samar da ruwa kuma ɗaya mai kula da tsaftar muhalli. === Buɗe tattalin arziki da zuwan tallafin ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1970 === Sakamakon buɗe tattalin arzikin Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Anwar Sadat a shekarun 1970 (Infitah), gagarumin tallafin ƙasashen waje ya fito. Musamman ma, USAID ta ba da taimako don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Babban Cairo, Alexandria da biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez. Sayi dai, an yi watsi da biranen larduna da yankunan karkara da farko.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Kusan rabin jarin da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin an yi shi ne a Cairo da Alexandria, kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na aliyara ne kawai ke zaune a can.<ref name="Sharabas"/> '''Nasorori'''. Sakamakon manyan zuba jari da aka samu ta hanyar kuɗaɗen waje, samun damar amfani da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya ƙaru sosai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Misali, ƙarfin samar da ruwa ya ƙaru daga mita kubik miliyan 5.5 a kowace rana a shekarar 1982 zuwa miliyan 21 a shekarar 2004 kuma amfani da ruwa na kowane mutum ya ƙaru daga lita 130 zuwa 275 a kowace rana a daidai wannan lokacin.<ref name="HCWW 2006">EU Water Initiative: COUNTRY DIALOGUES PROCESS ON WATER IN MEDITERRANEAN PARTNER COUNTRIES, Inaugural Meeting of the Country Dialogue in Egypt (Cairo 22/11/06) [http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20&%20Wastewater.pdf Holding Company of Water & Wastewater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122213/http://www.minenv.gr/medeuwi/dialogues/Country.Dialogue.on.Water.in.Egypt/00/Holding%20Company%20of%20Water%20%26%20Wastewater.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }}, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> '''Kalubale'''. Sai dai kuma, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da gudanarwa da adana abubuwan more rayuwa sun kasance masu rauni ta fuskar kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam, musamman a lardunan Masar, yadda ingancin sabis ɗin ya kasance matsi. Wani binciken fanni na Bankin Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lura da "mummunan yanayi", kamar: {{blockquote | "(i) rarrabuwar alhakin gudanarwa;<br /> (ii) rashin kulawa da gudanarwa da kyau;<br /> (iii) yawan asarar ruwa;<br /> (iv) rashin isasshen matakin zuba jari;<br /> (v) ƙarancin ma'aikata ƙwararru; da<br /> (vi) ƙananan haraji da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe."<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> }} Game da rashin isasshen dawo da kuɗaɗen, a lardunan Masar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin gudanarwa ne kawai ake dawo da shi. Samar da ruwa a karkara mafi yawancinsa ta hanyar famfunan tsaye ne waɗanda ke ba da ruwa kyauta. Ana tura dukkan ƙananan kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tsakiya, wacce ita kuma ke ba da tallafin kuɗi da bai isa ba don ingantaccen gudanarwa da kulawa. Ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin matsaloli guda shida da aka gano a shekarun 1970 aka iya warwarewa: matakan zuba jari sun ƙaru sosai kuma sun kasance a babban mataki. Sayi dai, sauran matsalolin har yanzu suna nan da gaske bayan fiye da shekaru talatin duk da gyare-gyaren fanni guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1981 da 2004. '''Rarrabuwar fanni da sakamakonsa'''. Tsarin fannin samar da ruwan sha a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yana nuna matsalar rarrabuwa: * A Cairo da Alexandria abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa mallakar hukumomin ruwa na gida ne kuma sune ke gudanar da su - Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA) da Babban Ƙungiyar Samar da Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCWS); * a biranen Magudanar Ruwa na Suez, duka abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa da magudanar ruwa mallakar Hukumar Magudanar Ruwa ta Suez (SCA) ne kuma ita ce ke gudanar da su; * Babban Ƙungiyar Ruwan Sha (GOPW) ta gina kuma ta gudanar da tsarin ruwa na yanki guda bakwai, musamman a lardunan yankin Nilu; * gundumomi 115 ne suka mallaki kuma suka gudanar da tsarin ruwa a manyan garuruwan larduna; da * daraktocin gidaje na gwamnati sun gudanar da kusan tsarin samar da ruwa na karkara guda 1250 da ke dogaro da rijiyoyin burtsatse ko rijiyoyin da ke hidima ga waɗancan yankunan da gundumomi ko GOPW ba su kai gare su ba.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, p. 1-3, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Alhakin tattarawa da zubar da gurbataccen ruwa ya kasance kusan a rarrabe yake ta wannan salon. Ya ƙunshi: * Tsarin gundumomi guda 17 inda na Cairo da Alexandria sune mafi girma nesa ba kusa ba. Sun kasance mallakar Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Babban Cairo (GOGCSD) da Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AGOSD) bi da bi, kuma sune ke gudanar da su. * A lardunan Masar, zuba jari a tsarin magudanar ruwa ya kasance alhakin Babban Ƙungiyar Magudanar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (GOSSD) ne. * Sayi dai, gudanar da irin waɗannan tsarin ya kasance alhakin gundumomi ne.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Tsara abubuwan more rayuwa don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kasance rarrabe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu, GOPW da GOSSD. Sakamakon haka, wasu garuruwa ko unguwanni sun sami damar yin amfani da ruwan famfo, amma ba su da magudanar ruwa, wanda hakan ya kai ga tabarbarewar yanayin tsafta. === Gyare-gyaren 1981: Rage rarrabuwa da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati === Don gyara wannan yanayi, masu ba da tallafi sun matsa lamba don yin gyaran fanni. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gyaran a shekarar 1981 tare da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda biyu: Na farko, ta haɗe hukumar zuba jarin ruwa ta GOPW da hukumar zuba jarin tsaftar muhalli ta GOSSD a cikin wata sabuwar hukuma guda ɗaya mai suna NOPWASD. Na biyu, ta haɓaka kafa kamfanonin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa masu zaman kansu a kowane lardi, bin misalin kamfanonin da ke akwai a Cairo da Alexandria. Sayi dai, gwamnatin tsakiya ba ta matsa lamba sosai don kafa su ba. Bayan shekaru ashirin, kamfanoni uku kacal na irin wannan aka kafa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> [[File:Damanhur1.jpg|thumb|250px|Wani gini a Damanhur, babban birnin lardin Beheira inda aka kafa kamfanin ruwa na gwamnati na farko mai zaman kansa a Masar a wajen Cairo da Alexandria a shekarar 1861.]] '''Kamfanonin Ruwa a Yankin Nilu'''. Gwamnan lardin Beheira, da ke kusa da Alexandria, ya kafa kamfani na farko na irin wannan, Kamfanin Ruwa na Beheira, ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1981. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Duniya da Faransa, an sabunta tare da faɗaɗa wuraren aiki a lardin. Wannan ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu kyau: samar da ruwa ya kasance mai dorewa kuma an sami dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Sayi dai, aikin ya ɗauki shekaru 13 kafin a kammala shi, wato shekaru 7 fiye da yadda ake tsamani, kuma an sami ƙarin kuɗaɗen kashewa da kashi 67 cikin ɗari.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/06/30/000009265_3961029215029/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Beheira Provincial Potable Water Supply Project], June 30, 1995, Cover Memorandum, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> An sake kafa ƙarin kamfanonin ruwa guda biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, duka biyun a lardunan yankin Nilu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin masu ba da kuɗi na waje: kamfanin ruwa na Damietta tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da kuma kamfanin ruwa da gurbataccen ruwa na Kafr el-Sheikh tare da tallafi daga Jamus. A sauran lardunan kuma, kamar a Daqahliya, juriya daga gwamnoni da kuma daga NOPWASD ta hana kafa kamfanin ruwa duk da matsin lamba daga masu ba da tallafi na waje.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1988/11/30/000009265_3960925191112/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Project Completion Report, Arab Republic of Egypt, Water Supply and Sewerage Engineering Project], November 30, 1988, p. 4 and 6, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> Kamfanonin ruwa guda uku sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba kamar yadda ake tsamani. Wani rahoto na USAID na shekarar 1991 ya kammala da cewa: {{blockquote | "Wadannan kamfanonin ruwa an yi niyyar su kasance masu zaman kansu, don samar da kudaden shiga da suka isa su biya kudaden gudanarwa da kulawa da kuma samun sauyi a ayyukan ma'aikata. Kamfanonin guda uku ba su kai ga burin da aka yi niyya ba. (...) Kamfanonin ruwan ba su da yanci ko raba madafun iko kamar yadda aka tsara, kuma ba su da inganci ta fuskar kudi."<ref>NOPWASD, Boyle Engineering Corporation and National Education Corporation:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053503/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABG411.pdf Water and Wastewater Institutional Support Project (WWISP), Basic Contract Completion Report], August 1991, retrieved on July 23, 2011</ref> }} '''Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati a sauran larduna'''. Wasu lardunan guda bakwai (Lardin Aswan, Lardin Minya, Lardin Beni Suef, Lardin Faiyum, Lardin Dakahlia, Lardin Gharbia da Lardin Sharqia) sun kafa Hukumomin Tattalin Arziki na Gwamnati don samar da ruwa waɗanda suka karɓi alhakin gudanar da tsarin samar da ruwa daga tsoffin tsarin yanki da GOPW ta gudanar. Waɗannan rassan suna da ƙarancin kafar ikon gudanarwa da na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin ruwa. '''Manufofin Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa'''. A shekarar 1985 gwamani ta ɗauki Manufar Farashin Ruwa na Ƙasa da nufin cimma cikakken dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da kulawa don ruwa a hankali zuwa shekarar 1991. Manufar ta kuma gabatar da ƙarin harajin magudanar ruwa da aka saita a kashi 10% kacal na lissafin kuɗin ruwa. Manufar ta kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa (kashi 10 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗin shiga) a matsayin kyauta ga ma'aikata a fannin masana'antar ruwa.<ref name="WB Beheira PCR"/> Sayi dai, harajin bai ƙaru ba kamar yadda manufar ta hango. '''Kalubalen da suka rage'''. A shekarar 2000, kusan shekaru 10 bayan haka, abubuwa ba su canza sosai ba. Wani rahoto na NOPWASD ya bayyana cewa ƙarfin hukumomi da dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a fannin sun kasance ƙasa. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun ci gaba da lalacewa, yayin da hukumomin da ke kula da tsarin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suka fuskanci babban gibi na kuɗi wanda aka cike shi ta hanyar tallafin kuɗi kaɗan kawai. A wancan lokacin, Kamfanin Ruwa na == Manazarta == l33u2yedh7tzr4qqnzwa2x90pc8zjwc 0 153632 859049 843767 2026-06-16T19:56:20Z Sirjat 20447 /* Zuba jari */ 859049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kasuwancin Zuwa a Maroko''' ya koma zamanin [[Kariyar Faransa a Maroko|Tsaro na Faransa]] lokacin da yawancin Tsarin samar da ruwa ke gudana a ƙarƙashin izini mai zaman kansa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an ba da sabis na masu zaman kansu, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s Gwamnatin Maroko ta sake mallakar ruwa da sabis na shara, tare da rarraba wutar lantarki, a cikin birane huɗu. Shirin mallakar ya fara ne tare da bayar da izinin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] ga Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ) a cikin 1997, sannan aka ba da izinin babban birnin [[Rabat]] a cikin 1998 da kuma bayar da wata izini ga [[Tanja|Tangiers]] da Tetouan ga Veolia Environnement. A cikin 2009 kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun ba da sabis na ruwa da tsabta ga 38% na yawan mutanen birane na ƙasar. == Tarihi == A lokacin da Faransa ta kare Maroko ta fara a shekarar 1912 kamfanin mai zaman kansa na Faransa Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'électricité (SMD), wani reshe na Lyonnaise des Eaux, a karkashin kwangilar izini ne ya samar da ruwa na [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Rabat]], Salé, [[Tanja|Tangiers]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]]. An dakatar da waɗannan kwangila lokacin da Maroko ta sami 'yanci a 1956, a wannan lokacin ne hukumomin jama'a suka zama masu alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wutar lantarki a manyan biranen Masarautar. '''Casablanca'''. A farkon shekarun 1990s kamfanin Régie Autonome Intercommunale de Distribution d'Eau et d'Electricité de Casablanca (RAD) yana da rikodin sabis mara kyau. Saboda haka, "bayan sa hannun Sarki Hassan kai tsaye" gwamnati ta yanke shawarar a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 don kawo kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na birnin. Lyonnaise des Eaux a karkashin Shugaba [[:fr:Jérôme Monod|Jerome Monod]], mai ba da shawara na [[Jacques Chirac]], ya tattauna kwangilar tare da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a karkashin Driss Basri. Tsarin tattaunawa mai tsawo don kwangilar ya kasance tare da zargi mai tsanani daga manema labarai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Morocco Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc, da kuma 'yan majalisa. A ƙarshe, an ba da izinin shekaru 30 ba tare da takarar gasa ba. Lyonnaise des Eaux ta koma wani birni inda ta riga ta samar da ayyuka kusan rabin karni. An kira ƙungiyar Lydec kuma da farko sun haɗa da Lyonnaise des Eaux (35%), Elyo (24%), Agbar (5%), EdF (18%) da Endesa (Spain) (18%). An sanya hannu kan kwangilar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1997, tsakanin Jérôme Monod, Shugaba na Lyonnaise des Eaux, da [[Abdelmoughit Slimani]], Shugaban Majalisar Babban Casablanca (Communauté Urbaine de Casablanca). <ref name="Miras2">{{In lang|fr}} Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://mediterranee.revues.org/index438.html Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 113-124</ref> A shekara ta 2008 an sake tattauna kwangilar izini don samar da daidaituwa mafi kyau tsakanin abokan hulɗa biyu, yana iyakance yawan dawowar mai ba da izini daga 14.6% zuwa 11.7% kuma yana buƙatar shi ya kara saka hannun jari ta Dirham 1bn. Har ila yau, karuwar farashi ta atomatik yanzu za a iyakance shi ga takamaiman yanayi kamar karuwar ruwa mai yawa ko farashi na lantarki. '''Rabat''' Bayan tattaunawar kai tsaye a shekarar 1998, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ga [[Rabat]] a watan Janairun 1999 tare da REDAL, kamfani wanda ya kunshi abokin tarayya na Portugal (Electrocidade), kamfanin Mutanen Espanya (Urbaser) da kamfanin Maroko (Alborada). Yarjejeniyar ta gamu da matsaloli tun daga farko. A cewar wani gabatarwa daga jami'an gwamnatin Maroko, "kamfanin bai shirya ba" abokan hulɗa guda huɗu ba a daidaita su ba, farawa ya kasance mai jinkirin wajibai na kwangila ba a cika su ba wanda ya haifar da tarurruka masu rikitarwa, takaddama da takardun shaida da zanga-zangar. A sakamakon haka, masu hannun jari da suka kafa sun canja wurin dukiyarsu a REDAL zuwa Vivendi Environnement . == Tsarin mulki == Abokan hulɗa na jama'a (masu wakiltar hukumomi) na lasisi a Maroko sune kananan hukumomi. Kowace hukuma mai wakilci ta kafa kwamitin fasaha don tsara kwangila, wanda ya ƙunshi wakilan gari, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da mai ba da izini. Kwamitin yana nazarin shirye-shiryen aiki da rahotanni. Bugu da kari, kimanin shekara guda bayan an sanya hannu kan kwangila a Casablanca da Rabat an kafa kwamitocin kulawa na gida. Har ila yau, an kirkiro kwamiti mai kulawa a matakin kasa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2002, gwamnati ta kammala cewa mambobin da ke wakiltar ikon wakilci a kwamitin fasaha a Casablanca sun ji an hana su da rashin ƙwarewa idan aka kwatanta da kwararru daga masu zaman kansu. A gefe guda, mai ba da izini ya ji cewa akwai tsangwama a cikin gudanar da ayyukan. Wannan ya inganta kadan bayan an kafa hukumar kula da gida a Casablanca. Wannan gogewa ta rinjayi ƙirar kwangilar izini a Tangiers da Tetouan inda aka kara sassan don kare masu amfani kuma an haɗa kwamitocin kulawa na gida a cikin ƙirar kwangila tun daga farko. == Zuba jari == Shirin saka hannun jari na shekaru 30 na Lydec ya kai Dirham na Maroko biliyan 30. A cewar wani tushe biliyan 21 na wannan adadin zai fito ne daga kudaden haɗin da sabbin abokan ciniki suka biya a cikin asusun, biliyan 8.2 za su fito ne daga rance na Bankin da samar da tsabar kudi na ciki, kuma biliyan 0.8 zai kasance a cikin nau'in daidaito da za a tara ta hanyar reshe da ke gudanar da izinin. A cewar wani tushe mai ba da izini ba zai samar da wani muhimmin kuɗi ba, kuma ba zai ranta bashi mai yawa ba. Maimakon haka zai samar da kashi 87.8% na gudummawar Dirham biliyan 6.3 ta hanyar amfani da fasaha da fasaha don tattara kudade daga abokan cinikinsa. Sauran za a tattara su ta hanyar kudaden haɗin kai. A cewar Lydec, kamfanin ya saka hannun jari Dirham biliyan 7.7 tsakanin 1997 da 2008, wanda kamfanin ya ba da kuɗi biliyan 4.4. 33% na saka hannun jari ya kasance don tsabtace muhalli, 23% don samar da ruwa, 34% don wutar lantarki kuma 10% saka hannun jari ne wanda ya amfana da dukkan bangarorin uku. Wani bangare mai yawa na saka hannun jari a cikin tsaftacewa an sadaukar da shi ga kula da ruwan guguwa.<ref>{{In lang|fr}} Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/investissements.htm Investissements], accessed on October 10, 2009</ref> == Sakamako == '''Casablanca'''. Bisa ga Lydec, bincike ya nuna fiye da kashi 90% na abokan cinikinsa sun lura da ci gaba: rage lokacin jira a cibiyoyin abokan ciniki, sauƙaƙan hanyoyin gudanarwa, gyare-gyare cikin sauri, biyan kuɗi mai inganci da rage ambaliya. Musamman, Lydec ta gina mai tarawa na Yamma, magudanar ruwa a ƙasa mai tsawon 4.7 km da ƙarfin 40 m3/s. Haka kuma, kamfanin ya ce ya ceci miliyan 25 na cubic na ruwan sha a shekarar 2002 idan aka kwatanta da yanayin kafin kwangilar.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Lydec: Carte de visite, accessed on October 10, 2009</ref> '''Sauran birane'''. Bisa ga Amendis, a cikin shekaru biyar na farko na kwangilarsa a Tangiers da Tetouan ya faɗaɗa tsarin tattara da kula da ruwan sharar gida a biranen biyu kuma ya samar da haɗin ruwa da ruwan sharar gida 40,000 da aka tallafawa.<ref>Veolia Water: Tangier and Tetouan – Morocco. Water, wastewater and electricity services {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160148/http://www.veoliawater.com/press/case-studies/collectivites/2252,tangier-tetouan.htm |date=2009-08-22 }}, accessed on October 10, 2009</ref> Matakin [[ruwan da ba ya kawo kuɗi]] ya ragu daga kashi 32% a 2002 zuwa kashi 19% a 2008 a Rabat, da kuma daga kashi 41% zuwa 21% a Tangiers, bisa ga Veolia.<ref name="GWI Veolia">Global Water Intelligence: Debtors impact Veolia Maroc's cashflow, February 2010, p.8</ref> == Farashi == '''Casablanca'''. Bisa ga kwangilar Casablanca, ana daidaita farashin kowace shekara bisa ga ma'aunin farashi da aka ayyana a cikin kwangilar. Idan ƙarin farashin da aka samu ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 3% ana aiwatar da shi kai tsaye. Idan ya fi kashi 3% kamfanin mai zaman kansa da gwamnati suna yanke shawara kan matakan da za a ɗauka. Idan ba a yanke shawara cikin watanni biyu ba, kamfanin na iya aiwatar da ƙarin kashi 3% yayin da ɓangarorin kwangila ke yanke shawara kan yadda za a magance sauran ƙarin farashin. Ƙarin farashin [[ruwan bulki]] da kuma farashin samar da wutar lantarki ana wucewa kai tsaye ga masu amfani, bisa ga ka'idar "babu asara, babu riba".<ref name=Hajji>{{cite book|last=Hajji|first=Mohammad|title=Droit et pratique des services publics au Maroc. De la concesion à la gestion déléguée.|year=2007|publisher=Editions Zaouia|isbn=978-9954-438-37-4|pages=236}}</ref> Tsakanin 1997 da 2001 matsakaicin farashin ruwa a Casablanca ya ƙaru da kashi 35% kuma matsakaicin farashin ruwan sharar gida ya ƙaru da kashi 34%. Duk da haka, farashin wutar lantarki ya ragu da kashi 6%. A lokacin gudanarwar jama'a ta RAD farashin ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 60% tsakanin 1990 da 1995. Duk da haka, wannan ƙaruwa ta fi yawa saboda ƙarin farashin ruwan bulki da ONEP ta caje RAD.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Dominique Lorrain: Multiutilité à Casablanca, CEMS, CNRS/EHESS, Juin 2002, p. 14-15</ref> '''Sauran birane'''. Dangane da kwangilolin Veolia, ƙarin farashin a lokacin 2007–10 sun kasance ƙasa da abin da kwangila ta tanada, bisa ga Veolia. Kamfanin ya ce gwamnati tana bin sa Dirham miliyan 93 (US$11.5 miliyan) saboda ƙarin farashin da ba a aiwatar ba. Ƙarin farashin ruwan bulki da kamfanin gwamnati ONEP ke samarwa ga kamfanonin masu zaman kansu, da kuma ƙarin farashin wutar lantarki, ba za a iya wucewa kai tsaye ga masu amfani ba.<ref name="GWI Veolia"/> == Manazarta == cgsz3hsseyujvwllzhpunkv4c0v32jh 0 154399 858920 845791 2026-06-16T13:41:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<gallery> Fayil:Glarus.jpg|Town center of Glarus Fayil:Glarus_rathaus_2005-07-22.jpg|Kantonsparlement Fayil:Picswiss_GL-13-05.jpg|Landsgemeindeplatz Fayil:Glarus-Glärnisch.jpg|Glärnisch Fayil:Bahnhof_Glarus.JPG|Glarus railway station </gallery> Glarus (de-CHde-CHde-CH; Jamusanci Alemannic: Glaris; Faransanci: Glaris fr; Italiyanci: Glarona; Romansh: Glaruna) babban birnin Glarus ne a Switzerland.  Tun daga 1 ga Janairu, 2011, gundumar Glarus ta ƙunshi tsoffin gundumomin Ennenda, Netstal da Riedrn. .<ref name="Fusion">[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.html Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz] published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office {{In lang|de}} accessed 18 February 2011</ref> Glarus yana kan kogin Linth tsakanin ƙafar Glärnisch (ɓangaren Schwyzer Alps) zuwa yamma da Schilt (Glarus Alps) zuwa gabas. Gine-gine kaɗan da aka gina kafin wutar 1861 suka rage. Itace, masaku, da robobi, da kuma bugu, sune kan gaba a masana'antu. Alamar birnin ita ce cocin birnin Neo-Romanesque. [[Fayil:Glarus_Stadtkirche_Friedhof.jpg|right|thumb|Cocin Glarus, wanda aka gina a 1861 bayan gobara ta lalata tsohuwar cocin da yawancin garin Glarus]] [[Fayil:Glarus_Stadtkirche_Langhaus.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin cocin]] An fara ambaton ''Glarus'' a farkon karni na 9 a cikin [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] a matsayin ''Clarona'' . A cikin 1178 an fara ambata shi a cikin Jamusanci a matsayin Glarus . A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 878, Sarkin sarakuna Charles the Fat ya ba matarsa Richgard ko Richardis gidajen ibada na Säckingen, na St. Felix da na Regula a Zürich a matsayin gidan sarauta. Wannan tallafin ƙasa ya haɗa da haƙƙin siyasa masu yawa da kuma babban ƙasa. Wannan ƙasa ta rufe ƙasa a cikin kwarin Rhine da Frick, Kudancin Hotzenwald, ƙasa a Zürich, tare da tafkin Walen da kwarin Glarus. Glarus ya kasance a ƙarƙashin Säckingen Abbey har zuwa 1395 (na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar ko dai Counts na Lenzburg da Kyburg da / ko Raetia Curiensis), lokacin da kwarin Glarus ya rabu da abbey kuma ya zama mai zaman kansa.. Ya zama babban birnin kwarin Linth a cikin 1419. A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, kwarin ya fara haɓaka masana'antu. Huldrych Zwingli shugaban Ɗaukakawa a Switzerland ya yi hidima a matsayinsa na farko, na Roman Katolika, na coci a Glarus, tun daga shekara ta 1506. Ya yi hidima a can na tsawon shekaru goma. A Glarus ne, wanda ake amfani da sojojinsa a matsayin 'yan haya a Turai, Zwingli ya shiga harkokin siyasa. Ƙungiyar Swiss Confederation ta shiga cikin kamfen daban-daban tare da maƙwabta: Faransanci, Habsburgs, da Jihohin Papal. Zwingli ya sanya kansa da ƙarfi a gefen wurin Mai Tsarki. A sakamakon haka, Paparoma Julius II ya girmama Zwingli ta hanyar ba shi fansho na shekara-shekara. Ya ɗauki matsayin limamin coci a yaƙi da dama a Italiya, ciki har da Yaƙin Novara a shekara ta 1513. Duk da haka, ƙaƙƙarfan shan kashi da Swiss suka yi a Yaƙin Marignano ya haifar da canjin yanayi a Glarus don goyon bayan Faransawa maimakon Paparoma. Zwingli, ɗan jam'iyyar Paparoma, ya sami kansa a cikin tsaka mai wuya kuma ya yanke shawarar komawa Einsiedeln a yankin Schwyz. Duk da yake shi ba mai gyara ba ne a Glarus, a can ya fara haɓaka ra'ayoyin da za su kai ga hutu da Cocin Katolika a Zürich.. A cikin 1528 gyare-gyaren ya sami gindin zama a Glarus, wanda Zwingli ya jagoranta a Zürich. Ko da yake ya yi wa’azi na shekara 10 a Glarus, garin ya ci gaba da kasancewa da ɗariƙar Katolika. Duk da haka, bayan yakin Kappel na biyu a shekara ta 1531 an bai wa mazauna Katolika da na Furotesta 'yancin yin ibada a garin. Wannan ya sa ƙungiyoyin addinai biyu suka yi amfani da cocin garin lokaci guda, tsarin da ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa. A karni na 18 duka kungiyoyin sun yi tarayya da coci amma suna da gabobin daban-daban. A cikin 1697 an yi taro biyu na kuɗi da na tauhidi masu zaman kansu a cikin cocin birni Bayan mamayar Faransa a 1798, Glarus ya zama babban birnin Canton na Linth a cikin Jamhuriyar Helvetic. Gudanar da Canton ya koma Glarus. Koyaya, sabbin masu gudanarwa sun sami matsala wajen kafawa da aiwatar da kowace sabuwar ƙa'ida. A cikin Agusta 1802 masu gudanar da sabon Canton sun bar Glarus zuwa Rapperswil saboda matsalolin da suka fuskanta a Glarus. A cikin 1803, tare da Dokar Sasanci, Canton na Linth ya rushe kuma Glarus ya zama babban birnin karamar hukumar Glarus. A shekara ta 1859, hanyar jirgin kasa ta kai Glarus daga Weesen. An buɗe faɗaɗa zuwa Schwanden da Linthal a shekara ta 1879. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Güterschuppen 8750 Glarus |url=http://www.heimatschutz.ch/index.php?id=779&tx_wfqbe_pi1%5Buid%5D=54 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234151/http://www.heimatschutz.ch/index.php?id=779&tx_wfqbe_pi1%5Buid%5D=54 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=22 May 2013 |publisher=Schweizer Heimatschutz.ch |language=de}}</ref> Garin ya kirkiro kungiyar Emigration Society kuma ya aika da Alkalin Niklaus Dürst da masanin ƙarfe Fridolin Streif don neman ƙasa don su zauna a Arewacin Amurka a 1845. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, masu mulkin mallaka 131 daga Glarus sun zauna a New Glarus, Wisconsin, wani gari wanda har yanzu yana riƙe da tushen Switzerland kuma yana jin daɗin dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Glarus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Glarus History/Timeline |url=https://www.swisshistoricalvillage.org/new-glarus-history-timeline |access-date=28 July 2021 |publisher=New Glarus Historical Society |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728153230/https://www.swisshistoricalvillage.org/new-glarus-history-timeline |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10/11 ga Mayu 1861, garin ya yi barna sakamakon wata gobara da wata iska mai tsananin tashin hankali ta Föhn ko kuma ta kuda ta ta rutsa da ita, tana gangarowa daga manyan tsaunuka ta hanyar ramin yanayi da kwarin Linth ya kafa. An yi kiyasin jimillar asarar da aka yi ta kai kusan fam miliyan 100, wanda kusan fam 100,000 ne aka yi ta hanyar biyan kuɗin da aka samu daga kowane bangare. Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na Glarus (gina-gine 593) sun lalace a babbar gobara. Bayan wannan lamarin, an sake gina Glarus a cikin salon toshe bisa ga tsare-tsaren gine-gine na Bernhard Simon da Johann Caspar Wolff.. In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting workers from working more than 12 hours a day.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Glarus_Panorama.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Birnin Glarus]] [[Fayil:ETH-BIB-Glarus_v._S._aus_1000_m-Inlandflüge-LBS_MH01-003490.tif|right|thumb|Bayyanar sama daga 1000 m ta Walter Mittelholzer (1923) &nbsp;]] Garin yana cikin ''Glarner Mittelland'' a kan wani kwari mai zurfi tsakanin Glärnisch da Linth. The municipality Glarus before 2011 had an area of {{Convert|69.2|km2}}. Of this area, 23% was used for agricultural purposes, while 31.4% was forested; of the rest of the land, 2.7% was settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (42.9%) was non-productive (2006 figures). Tare da haɗa Ennenda, Netstal da Riedrn a cikin 2011, gundumar Glarus yanzu tana da yanki na 103.67 km2 (40.03 sq mi).[13] Dangane da binciken 2004/09, kusan kashi 26.3% na jimillar yanki ana amfani da su ne don ayyukan noma, yayin da kashi 34.3% na gandun daji ne. Daga cikin sauran ƙasar, 4.1% yana zaune (ginai ko hanyoyi) kuma 35.2% ƙasa ce mara amfani. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata (1979/85-2004/09) adadin ƙasar da aka zaunar da shi ya ƙaru da hekta 42 (kadada 100) kuma ƙasar noma ta ragu da ƙasa. == Yawan jama'a == Glarus yana da yawan jama'a (har daga Disamba 2020[sabunta]) na 12,539. Tun daga 2013 [sabunta], 24.9% na yawan jama'a mazauna kasashen waje ne. A cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata (2010-2013) yawan jama'a ya canza a cikin adadin 2.07%. Yawan haihuwa a cikin gundumar, a cikin 2013, ya kasance 9.8 yayin da adadin mutuwar ya kasance 8.4 a cikin dubun mazaunan.. Ya zuwa 2013, yara da matasa (shekaru 0-19) sun kai kashi 20.6% na yawan jama'a, yayin da manya (shekara 20-64) suna da kashi 61.1% kuma tsofaffi (sama da shekaru 64) sun kai kashi 18.3%. Yawancin jama'a (kamar yadda na 2000) suna magana da Jamusanci (86.0%), tare da Italiyanci na biyu mafi yawan (4.8%) kuma Albanian na uku (2.6%). == Yawan jama'a na tarihi == An ba da yawan jama'a na tarihi a cikin tebur mai zuwa: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" !shekara !yawan jama'a !'Yan ƙasar Switzerland !% Magana da Jamusanci !% [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] !% Roman Katolika |- |1554 | align="center" |ca. 1,550 | | | | |- |1682 | align="center" |ca. 1,200 | | | | |- |1777 | align="center" |ca. 2,400 | | | | |- |1837 | align="center" |4,094 | | | | |- |1850 | align="center" |4,082 | align="center" |3,960 | align="center" | | align="center" |86.0% | align="center" |14.0% |- |1870 | align="center" |5,485 | align="center" |5,204 | align="center" | | align="center" |77.7% | align="center" |22.6% |- |1888 | align="center" |5,357 | align="center" |4,968 | align="center" |98.1% | align="center" |71.6% | align="center" |28.0% |- |1900 | align="center" |4,877 | align="center" |4,424 | align="center" |97.5% | align="center" |74.2% | align="center" |25.6% |- |1910 | align="center" |5,123 | align="center" |4,471 | align="center" |94.8% | align="center" |70.8% | align="center" |28.7% |- |1930 | align="center" |5,269 | align="center" |4,858 | align="center" |97.7% | align="center" |70.5% | align="center" |29.2% |- |1950 | align="center" |5,724 | align="center" |5,376 | align="center" |96.2% | align="center" |68.0% | align="center" |31.4% |- |1970 | align="center" |6,189 | align="center" |5,215 | align="center" |86.9% | align="center" |60.5% | align="center" |38.9% |- |1990 | align="center" |5,728 | align="center" |4,723 | align="center" |86.1% | align="center" |51.9% | align="center" |42.4% |- |2000 | align="center" |5,556 | align="center" |4,379 | align="center" |86.0% | align="center" |45.4% | align="center" |37.7% |- |} == Tattalin Arziki == == Siyasa == A zaben tarayya na 2015 jam'iyyar da ta fi farin jini ita ce jam'iyyar BDP da ta samu kashi 49.7% na kuri'un da aka kada, sai kuma SP da kaso 47.7. Ragowar kashi 2.6 cikin 100 na ‘yan takarar jam’iyyar da ba su da alaka da su. A zaben na tarayya, an kada kuri'u 3,250, kuma yawan masu kada kuri'a ya kai kashi 41.1%. Zaben 2015 ya samu gagarumin sauyi a zaben idan aka kwatanta da na 2011. Kaso na kuri'un da jam'iyyar SP ta samu ya karu sosai daga kashi 28.9% a 2011 zuwa kashi 47.7% a 2015, yayin da yawan da BDP ya ragu daga 57.7% zuwa 49.7%. == Laifi == A cikin 2014 yawan laifuffuka, na laifuka sama da 200 da aka jera a cikin Tsarin Laifukan Swiss (wanda ke gudana daga kisan kai, fashi da makami zuwa karbar cin hanci da zamba da zamba), a Glarus ya kasance 48.2 a cikin dubunnan mazauna. Wannan adadin shine kawai kashi 74.6% na matsakaicin adadin a duk ƙasar. A daidai wannan lokacin, adadin laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kasance 10.2 ga mazauna dubu ɗaya, wanda yayi kama da ƙimar Glarus Süd, amma kusan sau biyu ya ninka na Glarus Nord.. == Ilimi == A Glarus kimanin kashi 71.3% na yawan jama'a (tsakanin shekaru 25-64) sun kammala ko dai karatun sakandare na sama ko ƙarin ilimi mafi girma (ko dai jami'a ko Fachhochschule). == Sufuri == Tashar jirgin kasa ta Glarus tana kan layin dogo na Ziegelbrücke zuwa Linthal. Sabis na Zürich S-Bahn S25 ke yi tsakanin Zürich da Linthal, da sabis na St. Gallen S-Bahn S6 tsakanin Rapperswil da Schwanden. Tun daga canjin jadawalin watan Disamba na 2023, [sabuntawa] duka ayyukan biyu suna aiki sau ɗaya a cikin awa ɗaya, suna haɗawa don samar da jiragen ƙasa biyu a cikin awa ɗaya tsakanin Ziegelbrücke da Schwanden. Tashoshin Ennenda da Netstal suma suna cikin gundumomi, kuma jiragen kasa iri ɗaya suke yi<ref name="zvv">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=S-Bahn trains, buses and boats |url=https://www.zvv.ch/zvv-assets/fahrplan/pdf/sbahn.pdf |access-date=16 December 2023 |publisher=ZVV}}</ref><ref name="sgsbmap">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Zürcher S-Bahn /S-Bahn St.Gallen /S-Bahn Schaffhausen /S-Bahn Bodensee |url=https://www.thurbo.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/2024_Liniennetzplan_Zuerich_Ostschweiz_Bodensee.pdf |access-date=16 December 2023 |publisher=[[THURBO]] |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216083155/https://www.thurbo.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/2024_Liniennetzplan_Zuerich_Ostschweiz_Bodensee.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="fpf736">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Ziegelbrücke - Linthal |url=https://www.öv-info.ch/sites/default/files/fap/2024/pdf/736.pdf |access-date=16 December 2023 |publisher=Bundesamt für Verkehr}}</ref> == Yanayi == Tsakanin 1991 da 2020 Glarus yana da matsakaita na kwanaki 142.2 na ruwan sama a shekara kuma a matsakaicin ya sami 1,494 mm (58.8 in) na hazo. Watan da ya fi dauri shine Yuli a lokacin Glarus ya sami matsakaicin 193 mm (7.6 in) na hazo. A cikin wannan watan an sami hazo na matsakaita na kwanaki 14.8. Watanni tare da mafi yawan kwanakin hazo sune Yuni zuwa Agusta. Watan mafi bushewa na shekara shine Fabrairu tare da matsakaicin 80 mm (3.1 in) na hazo sama da kwanaki 9.5. == Dangantaka ta kasa da kasa == === Garin Twin - biranen 'yar'uwa === [[Fayil:Hossli_Heinrich_(1784-1864).jpg|thumb|201x201px|Heinrich Hossli]] [[Fayil:NR_Werner_Marti.jpg|thumb|197x197px|Werner Marti]] [[Fayil:Fritz_Kunzli.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Fritz Kunzli, 2004]] nyclqwwj7ugape8hpzxyzbi1nsrdt5v 0 154435 858993 845915 2026-06-16T17:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Wide image|Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png|800px|Osaka city skyline at dusk viewed from the [[Umeda Sky Building]]}}[[Japan]]" Japan">gundumar Osaka (大阪府, Ōsaka-fu; mai suna [oː.sa.ka, oː.sa·ka.] [1]) wani yanki ne na Japan wanda ke cikin Yankin Kansai na [[Honshu]] . Gundumar Osaka tana da yawan mutane 8,778,035 (kamar 1 ga ), kuma tana da yanki na {{Convert|1905|km2|sqmi}} sq mi). Gundumar Osaka tana da iyaka da Gundumar Hyōgo zuwa arewa maso yamma, Gundumar Kyoto zuwa arewa, Gunduma ta Nara zuwa kudu maso gabas, da Gunduma na Wakayama zuwa kudu. [[Osaka]] ita ce babban birni''da kuma'' birni mafi girma a yankin Osaka, kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Japan, tare da wasu manyan biranen da suka hada da Sakai, Higashiōsaka, da Hirakata . <ref>Nussbaum, "Osaka" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 759}}</ref> Gundumar Osaka tana kan iyakar yammacin Tsibirin Kii, ta samar da yammacin budewa zuwa Osaka Bay. Gundumar Osaka ita ce ta uku mafi yawan jama'a, amma ta yankin ƙasa ita ce ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta; a mazauna 4,600 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (12,000 / sq ita ce ta bobedi mafi yawan jamaʼa, a ƙasa da [[Tokyo]] kawai. Gundumar Osaka tana ɗaya daga cikin "[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= fu_(administrative_division)" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fu (administrative division)">Gundumar birane]" guda biyu na Japan ta amfani da sunan fu (府) maimakon daidaitattun ken don prefectures, tare da Kyoto Prefecture . Gundumar Osaka ta zama cibiyar babban birnin Keihanshin, yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Japan bayan Babban yankin Tokyo kuma ɗayan yankuna masu samar da kayayyaki a duniya ta GDP. == Tarihi == {{Wide image|Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png|800px|Osaka city skyline at dusk viewed from the [[Umeda Sky Building]]}}  Kafin Maidowar Meiji, yankin zamani na Osaka Prefecture ya rabu tsakanin lardunan Kawachi, Izumi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=大阪府教育委員会 |date=2002-03-29 |title=岸和田城跡 |url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/5073 |access-date=2016-09-02 |website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=泉南市教育委員会 |date=1987-09-21 |title=海会寺 |url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/5094 |access-date=2016-09-02 |website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Settsu. <ref>Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 780}}</ref> An kirkiro yankin Osaka ne a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1868, a farkon zamanin Meiji.. A lokacin kaddamar da Fuhanken Sanchisei a cikin 1868, lardin ya sami karin karin fu, yana ayyana shi a matsayin lardin. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1956, an mayar da birnin Osaka zuwa wani birni da dokar gwamnati ta ayyana kuma ta haka aka raba shi zuwa unguwanni 24.   Sakai ya zama birni na biyu a cikin lardin da aka ɗaukaka zuwa birni da dokar gwamnati ta ayyana a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2006, kuma an raba shi zuwa gundumomi bakwai..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our City 堺市 |url=https://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/foreign-language/english/visitors/about/ourcity/index.html |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Fusae Ota ta zama gwamna mace ta farko a Japan lokacin da ta maye gurbin Knock Yokoyama, wanda ya yi murabus bayan an tuhume shi da laifin cin zarafi.  Tōru Hashimoto, wanda a baya ya shahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a talabijin, an zabe shi a shekara ta 2008 yana da shekaru 38, ya zama gwamna mafi karancin shekaru a Japan.. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2018, girgizar kasa ta afku a yankin arewacin lardin. Ya kashe mutane 4 tare da yin barna a fadin Greater Osaka . === Sake tsarawa da aka tsara ===   A shekara ta 2010, an kirkiro kungiyar Maido da Osaka tare da goyon bayan Gwamna Tōru Hashimoto, tare da fatan sake fasalin Osaka Prefecture a cikin Osaka Metropolis da haɗuwa da Birnin Osaka. A cikin zaɓen gida na 2011, ƙungiyar ta sami damar lashe mafi yawan kujerun gundumar kuma an zabi Hashimoto a matsayin magajin garin Osaka. An gudanar da raba gardama kan batun a shekarar 2015 kuma an ci nasara da kashi 50.38% na masu jefa kuri'a da ke adawa da shirin. Zaben raba gardama na biyu a shekarar 2020 ya ki amincewa da kashi 50.6% na masu jefa kuri'a. == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar Osaka tana makwabtaka da prefectures na Hyōgo da Kyoto a arewa, Nara a gabas da Wakayama a kudu. Kogin Yodo da Yamato suna gudana ta cikin gundumar. Kafin gina Filin jirgin saman Kansai, Osaka ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Japan. Tsibirin wucin gadi wanda aka gina filin jirgin sama ya kara isasshen yanki don sanya shi dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da yankin Kagawa. Ya zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2012, 11% na jimlar yankin ƙasar da aka sanya shi a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na halitta, wato Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen da Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Parks da Hokusetsu da Hannan-Misaki Prefectural Natural Parks . <ref>{{Cite web |title=General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture |url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of the Environment]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Map_of_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumar Osaka Dokar Gwamnati da aka zaba Garin Birni<br />{{Legend0|#BFE|Village}}]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Prefectural_Government_Main_Building_view_from_Osaka_Castle.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Gundumar Osaka]] [[Fayil:Daisenryo_Kofun_zenkei-2.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Sakai da Daisenryo Kofun MozuDaisenryo Kofun Mozu Kabarin]] [[Fayil:View_of_Takatsuki_city_2.jpg|thumb|Takatsuki]] Tun daga shekara ta 2005, Osaka ta kunshi kananan hukumomi 43, birane 33, garuruwa tara da ƙauyen ɗaya. Ya zuwa 2021, biranen 33 sun haɗa da manyan birane biyu da aka tsara, manyan birane bakwai da birane biyu (na wucin gadi) na musamman (bayan soke doka a cikin 2015, don maye gurbin su da tsarin birni a cikin 2020s). {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Flag, sunan w/o suffix<small>w/o ma'anar</small> ! colspan="3" |Cikakken suna ! rowspan="2" |Gundumar<br />'' (-gun) '' ! rowspan="2" |Yankin (km²) ! rowspan="2" |Yawan jama'a ! rowspan="2" |Taswirar ! rowspan="2" |LPE code <small> (w/o pref. [27...],checksum [-x]) <br /></small> <br /> |- !<small>Jafananci</small> !<small>fassarar</small> !<small>[[Turanci|fassarar]]</small> |- |Daitō[[Fayil:Flag_of_Daito,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Gabas |Daitō-shi |Birnin Daitō | - |18.27 |119,329 |[[Fayil:Daito_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |218 |- |Fujidera[[Fayil:Flag_of_Fujiidera,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Garin藤井 |Fujidera-shi |Birnin Fujidera | - |8.89 |65,075 |[[Fayil:Fujiidera_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |226 |- |Habikino[[Fayil:Flag_of_Habikino,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Fetur |Habikino-shi |Birnin Habikino | - |26.44 |113,256 |[[Fayil:Habikino_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |222 |- |Hannan[[Fayil:Flag_of_Hannan,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin阪南 |Hannan-shi |Birnin Hannan | - |36.1 |55,798 |[[Fayil:Hannan_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |232 |- |Higashiōsaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Higashiosaka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Gabas ta Tsakiya |Higashi-Ōsaka-shi |Birnin Higashi-Osaka (Gabas ta Osaka) <br /> | - |61.78 |495,011 |[[Fayil:Higashiosaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |227 |- |Hirakata[[Fayil:Flag_of_Hirakata,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Mekace |Hirakata-shi |Birnin Hirakata | - |65.08 |401,449 |[[Fayil:Hirakata_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |210 |- |Ibaraki[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ibaraki,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Tsm |Ibaraki-shi |Birnin Ibaraki | - |76.52 |280,562 |[[Fayil:Ibaraki_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |211 |- |Ikeda[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ikeda,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin池田 |Ikeda-shi |Birnin Ikeda | - |22.09 |103,028 |[[Fayil:Ikeda_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |204 |- |Izumi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Izumi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Da kuma garin泉 |Izumi-shi |Birnin Izumi | - |84.98 |186,370 |[[Fayil:Izumi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |219 |- |Izumiōtsu[[Fayil:Flag_of_Izumiōtsu,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin泉大津 |Izumi-Ōtsu-shi |Birnin Izumi-Ōtsu (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Ōtsu a Lardin Ōmi) <br /><small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Ōtsu City a lardin Ōmi) </small> | - |13.36 |75,398 |[[Fayil:Izumiotsu_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |206 |- |Izumisano[[Fayil:Flag_of_Izumisano,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin泉佐野 |Izumi-Sano-shi |Birnin Izumi-Sano (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Sano a Lardin Shimotsuke) <br /><small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Sano City a Lardin Shimotsuke) </small> | - |55.03 |100,649 |[[Fayil:Izumisano_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |213 |- |Kadoma[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kadoma,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin門真 |Kadoma-shi |Birnin Kadoma | - |12.28 |124,516 |[[Fayil:Kadoma_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |223 |- |Kaizuka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kaizuka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Be塚 |Kaizuka-shi |Birnin Kaizuka | - |43.99 |88,345 |[[Fayil:Kaizuka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |208 |- |Kashiwara[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kashiwara_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin柏原 |Kashiwara-shi |Birnin Kashiwara | - |25.39 |76,383 |[[Fayil:Kashiwara_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |221 |- |Katano[[Fayil:Flag_of_Katano,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin交野 |Katano-shi |Birnin Katano | - |25.55 |76,383 |[[Fayil:Katano_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |230 |- |Kawachinagano[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kawachinagano,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Ruwa mai tsawo |Kawachi-Nagano-shi |Birnin Kawachi-Nagano <small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Nagano a Lardin Shinano) </small> <br /> | - |109.61 |105,872 |[[Fayil:Kawachinagano_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |216 |- |Kishiwada[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kishiwada,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Kogin da kuma garin田 |Kishiwada-shi |Birnin Kishiwada | - |72.68 |197,629 |[[Fayil:Kishiwada_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |202 |- |Matsubara[[Fayil:Flag_of_Matsubara,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Garin松原 |Matsubarashi |Birnin Matsubara | - |16.66 |121,125 |[[Fayil:Matsubara_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |217 |- |Minoh[[Fayil:Flag_of_Minoo,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Siffar birni |Minoo-shi |Birnin Minoo | - |47.84 |134,435 |[[Fayil:Minoh_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |220 |- |Moriguchi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Moriguchi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Gidan gari |Moriguchi-shi |Birnin Moriguchi | - |12.73 |143,877 |[[Fayil:Moriguchi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |209 |- |Neyagawa[[Fayil:Flag_of_Neyagawa,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Gidan kwana na Gidan Gidan Gida |Neyagawa-shi |Birnin Neyagawa | - |24.73 |236,758 |[[Fayil:Neyagawa_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |215 |- |[[Osaka]] (babban birni) [[Fayil:Flag_of_Osaka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin 大阪 |Ōsaka-shi |Birnin Osaka | - |225.21 |2,668,586 |[[Fayil:Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |100 |- |Ōsakasayama[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ōsakasayama,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Tsuntsu na Babban阪 |Ōsaka-Sayama-shi |Birnin Osaka-Sayama (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Sayama a Saitama) <br /><small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Sayama City a Saitama) </small> | - |11.86 |57,993 |[[Fayil:Osakasayama_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |231 |- |Sakai[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sakai,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Wannan birni |Sakai-shi |Birnin Sakai | - |149.82 |828,741 |[[Fayil:Sakai_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |140 |- |Sennan[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sennan,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin泉南 |Sennan-shi |Birnin Sennan (Sen[shū] Birnin Kudu) <small> (bayan Gundumar Sennan) </small> <br /><br /> | - |48.48 |62,076 |[[Fayil:Sennan_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |228 |- |Settsu[[Fayil:Flag_of_Settsu,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |"Matsayi na津" |Settsu-shi |Birnin Settsu | - |14.88 |85,290 |[[Fayil:Settsu_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |224 |- |Shijōnawate[[Fayil:Flag_of_Shijōnawate,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Taƙaitaccen birni |Shijōnawate-shi |Birnin Shijōnawate | - |18.74 |55,832 |[[Fayil:Shijonawate_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |229 |- |Suita[[Fayil:Flag_of_Suita,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin吹田 |Suita-shi |Birnin Suita | - |36.11 |378,322 |[[Fayil:Suita_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |205 |- |Takaishi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Takaishi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin 高石 |Takaishi-shi |Birnin Takaishi | - |11.35 |56,583 |[[Fayil:Takaishi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |225 |- |Takatsuki[[Fayil:Flag_of_Takatsuki,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Haji |Takatsuki-shi |Birnin Takatsuki | - |105.31 |350,914 |[[Fayil:Takatsuki_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |207 |- |Tondabayashi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tondabayashi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin富田林 |Tondabayashi-shi |Birnin Tondabayashi | - |39.66 |112,993 |[[Fayil:Tondabayashi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |214 |- |Toyonaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Toyonaka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |豊 中 gari |Toyonaka-shi |Birnin Toyonaka | - |36.38 |396,014 |[[Fayil:Toyonaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |203 |- |Yao[[Fayil:Flag_of_Yao,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin takwas |Yaoshi |Birnin Yao | - |41.71 |268,013 |[[Fayil:Yao_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |212 |- |Chihayaakasaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Chihaya-Akasaka,_Ōsaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Garin tsakar tsakar |Chihaya-Akasaka-mura |Garin Chihaya-Akasaka | rowspan="3" |Minamikawachi |37.38 |5,467 |[[Fayil:Chihayaakasaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |383 |- |Kanan[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kanan,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |河南町 |Kanan-chō |Garin Kanan |25.26 |16,027 |[[Fayil:Kanan_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |382 |- |Taishi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Taishi_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Yarima |Taishi-chō |Garin Taishi |14.17 |13,634 |[[Fayil:Taishi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |381 |- |Kumatori[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kumatori,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |熊取町 |Kumatori-chō |Garin Kumatori | rowspan="3" |Sennan |17.23 |43,988 |[[Fayil:Kumatori_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |361 |- |Misaki[[Fayil:Flag_of_Misaki,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Sanya gari |Misakichō |Birnin Misaki |49.08 |16,267 |[[Fayil:Misaki_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |366 |- |Tajiri[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tajiri_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Shishai |Tajiri-chō |Garin Tajiri |4.96 |8,377 |[[Fayil:Tajiri_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |362 |- |Hanci[[Fayil:Flag_of_Nose,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Ƙarshen gari |Hanci-chō |Garin hanci | rowspan="2" |Toyono |98.68 |9,971 |[[Fayil:Nose_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |322 |- |Toyono[[Fayil:Flag_of_Toyono,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |豊能町 |Toyono-chō |Garin Toyono |34.37 |19,519 |[[Fayil:Toyono_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |321 |- |Shimamoto[[Fayil:Flag_of_Shimamoto,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |島本町 |Shimamoto-chō |Garin Shimamoto |Mishima |16.78 |29,970 |[[Fayil:Shimamoto_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |301 |- |Tadaoka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tadaoka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |忠岡町 |Tadaoka-chō |Garin Tadaoka |Senboku |4.03 |17,187 |[[Fayil:Tadaoka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |341 |- !Osaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg|frameless|25x25px]] !Babban Birnin Osaka !Ōsaka-fu !Gundumar Osaka !- !1,905.14 !8,823,358 |[[Fayil:Map_of_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|87x87px]] !000ISO: JP-27<br /> |} === Haɗuwa ===   Bayan sake kunnawar gundumomi na zamani a cikin 1878/79, Osaka, ciki har da Sakai wanda kawai aka haɗa shi cikin Osaka a cikin 1881, ya ƙunshi gundumomi 5 na birni (-ku) da gundumomi 27 na karkara (-gun), ban da gundumomi 15 na lardin Yamato waɗanda daga baya aka raba su da Osaka a cikin lardin Naravid8. na zamani municipalities a 1889, biyar birane gundumomi aka mayar da su biyu gundumomi masu zaman kansu birane: Osaka City da Sakai City, da kuma Osaka ta [karuyuka] gundumomi aka raba zuwa 12 garuruwa da 310 kauyuka. Bayan birnin Osaka ya mamaye yawancin gundumomin da ke kewaye da su a cikin tsaka-tsakin lokaci/Taishō, adadin gundumomi a Osaka sun riga sun ragu zuwa 149 zuwa 1953. Babban haɗin gwiwar Shōwa na 1950s ya rage jimlar zuwa 47 zuwa 1961, gami da birane 26 a lokacin. An kai jimillar 43 na yanzu yayin haɗewar Babban Heisei a cikin 2005. == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg|right|thumb|Gundumar lu'u-lu'u a Umeda]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Garden_City_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg|right|thumb|Birnin Gidan Gida na Osaka]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Castle.jpg|thumb|Gidan sarauta na Osaka]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Business_Park,_Southwest_view_from_Osaka_Castle_20250111.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na kasuwanci na Osaka]] [[Fayil:USJ_5years.JPG|thumb|Universal Studios Japan]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Kansai_Int'l_Airport_Terminal1_(17567741930).jpg|right|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Kansai]] [[Fayil:2018_Umeda_Sky_Building.jpg|thumb|Ginin Sama na Umeda]] [[Fayil:Osaka_neon.jpg|thumb|Shahararren talla na mutumin Glico a Dōtonbori (tsakiyar hagu) ]] Babban samfurin lardin Osaka na shekarar kasafin kuɗi na 2004 shine ¥ 38.7 trillion, na biyu bayan Tokyo tare da haɓaka 0.9% daga shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan yana wakiltar kusan kashi 48% na yankin Kinki. Kudaden shiga kowane mutum shine ¥3.0 million, na bakwai a cikin al'umma. Tallace-tallacen kasuwanci a wannan shekarar shine tiriliyan 60.1.<ref name="osakastat">{{Cite web |title=大阪府民経済計算 (Osaka Prefectural Economy based on 93SNA) ''Osaka Prefectural Government'' |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/aid/naniwa/naniwa2007/n2007-2-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614232402/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/aid/naniwa/naniwa2007/n2007-2-5.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-06-14 |access-date=2007-03-13 |language=ja}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shahararrun ƙwararrun masanan lantarki na duniya kamar Panasonic da Sharp suka rufe su, ɗayan ɓangaren tattalin arzikin Osaka na iya kasancewa da ayyukansa na Kananan da Matsakaici (SMEs). Adadin SMEs da ke Osaka a cikin 2006 ya kasance 330,737, wanda ya kai kashi 99.6% na adadin kasuwancin da ke lardin. Yayin da wannan rabo ya yi kama da sauran larduna (matsakaicin a duk faɗin ƙasar ya kasance kashi 99.7%), abin da aka ƙera na SMEs ya kai kashi 65.4% na jimlar a cikin lardin, ƙimar da ta fi na Tokyo 55.5%, ko na Kanagawa 38.4%. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurin Osaka na hidimar jama'a da ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin yanki, tare da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar masana'antu da ilimi, shine SOHLA na Astro-Technology, tare da aikin tauraron dan adam. Tun da farko an fara ne daga taron Higashiosaka na SMEs, Astro-Technology SOHLA ba wai kawai ya girma a cikin yankin Kansai ba amma kuma ya sami goyon baya daga gwamnati, ta hanyar fasaha da tallafin kayan aiki daga Hukumar Binciken Jirgin Sama ta Japan (JAXA), [5] da tallafin kudi daga NEDO.. <ref name="JAXA">{{Cite web |title="Smaller firms build a satellite" ''City of Osaka, Chicago Office'' |url=http://www.osakacity.org/news/newsItem.aspx?news=244 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124433/http://www.osakacity.org/news/newsItem.aspx?news=244 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-03-14}}</ref><ref name="NEDO">{{Cite web |title="Study of PETSAT" ''NEDO, 2005'' |url=http://www.nedo.go.jp/kibanbu/saitaku/15h/houkokusho/16higasiosaka.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614232331/http://www.nedo.go.jp/kibanbu/saitaku/15h/houkokusho/16higasiosaka.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 |access-date=2007-03-14 |language=ja, en}}</ref> Kasuwancin Tsaro na Osaka, wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin abubuwan da aka samo asali kamar Nikkei 225 Futures, yana zaune ne a Osaka. Akwai kamfanonin lantarki, sunadarai, magunguna, masana'antu masu nauyi, abinci, da gidaje da yawa a cikin Osaka Prefecture. === Manyan kamfanoni === === Manyan masana'antu da cibiyoyin bincike === == Yawan jama'a == [[Fayil:Osaka_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg|thumb|279x279px|Birnin Osaka yawan jama'a a cikin 2020]] Dangane da Ƙididdigar Jama'a ta 2005 ta Japan, gundumar Osaka tana da yawan mutane 8,817,166, ƙaruwa da 12,085, ko 0.14%, tun daga Ƙididdigat na shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 1: 大阪府の人口の推移 ( Population Change of Osaka Prefecture) |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/kokucho/gaiyou1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105142219/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/kokucho/gaiyou1.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-01-05 |access-date=2007-03-13 |publisher=Osaka Prefectural Government |language=ja}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 wannan lardin yana da kusan mutane 93,000 na Koriya ta Kudu, mafi girma irin wannan lardi a Japan. Birnin Osaka. Ya zuwa 2013 yawancin yaran Koriya ta Arewa suna zuwa makarantun jama'a na Jafananci na yau da kullun, kodayake an buɗe wasu makarantun Koriya ta Chongryon da azuzuwan na 'yan kabilar Koriya a cikin lardin. A lokacin mulkin Japan na Koriya 'yan kabilar Koriya da dama sun zo yankin Osaka don neman aiki. Mutane da yawa daga Jeju sun zo yankin Osaka bayan an buɗe layin jirgin ruwa na 1922 tsakanin Osaka da Jeju. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Hukumomin Japan sun tilasta wa wasu 'yan kabilar Koriya su ƙaura zuwa yankin Osaka. == Haikali da wuraren ibada == * Shitennō-ji * Kanshin-ji * Sumiyoshi Taisha == Gidajen tarihi == * Gidan Tarihi na Ethnology na Kasa, Japan [http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/english/] * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Tsohon Gidan Gidajen Gidajen Jafananci (Hattori Ryokuchi Park) * [[OSTEC (Osaka Science and Technology Center) Exhibition Hall|OSTEC (Osaka Science and Technology Center) Gidan baje kolin]] * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Japan, Osaka 大阪 Japan民芸館[http://www.mingeikan-osaka.or.jp/ Babban gidan sarauta na Japan] == Ilimi == Makarantun firamare da ƙananan makarantun sakandare na jama'a a cikin gundumar suna gudanar da su ta hanyar kananan hukumomi. Makarantun sakandare na jama'a suna aiki ne daga Hukumar Ilimi ta Osaka. * Jami'ar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Hagoromo (Sakai) * Jami'ar Hannan (Matsubara) * Jami'ar Kansai Gaidai (Hirakata) (Jami'ar Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta Kansai) * Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kansai (Hirakata, Osaka) * Jami'ar Kansai (Suita, Takatsuki, birnin Osaka) * Jami'ar Kindai (Higashiosaka) * Jami'ar Osaka (Toyonaka da Suita) * Jami'ar Fasaha ta Osaka (Kanan) * Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki ta Osaka (Osaka) * tsohuwar Jami'ar Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta Osaka (Minoh) * Jami'ar Osaka Kyoiku (Kashiwara) * Jami'ar [[Osaka|Birnin Osaka]] (Birnin Osaka) * Jami'ar Osaka Prefecture (Sakai) * [[Osaka International Educational University|Jami'ar Ilimi ta Duniya ta Osaka]] (Moriguchi) * Jami'ar Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Wasanni ta Osaka (Kumatori) * Jami'ar Kasuwanci ta Osaka (Higashiosaka) * Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki da Shari'a ta Osaka (Yao) * Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Osaka (Toyonaka) * Jami'ar Sadarwar Lantarki ta Osaka (Neyagawa) * Jami'ar Osaka Gakuin (Suita) * Jami'ar Otemon Gakuin (Ibaraki) * Jami'ar Setsunan (Neyagawa) * Jami'ar St Andrews (Jami'ar Momoyama Gakuin) (Izumi) * Jami'ar Taisei Gakuin (Mihara, Sakai) * Jami'ar Tezukayama Gakuin (Ōsakasayama, Sakai) == Gidajen shakatawa == * The Expo Commemoration Park (Suita) held the Expo '70. It is about 260 ha and includes a Japanese garden, National Museum of Art, Osaka, and the amusement park "Expoland". * Hattori Ryokuchi Park (Toyonaka), about 150 ha. * [[Tsurumi Ryokuchi Park]] (Osaka), about 100 ha. The horticulture exposition of Expo '90 was held here. * Nagai Park (Osaka), about 66 ha. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics were held in 2007 at Nagai Stadium in this park. * Osaka Castle Park (Osaka), about 106 ha. * Nakanoshima Park (Osaka), housing the Museum of Oriental Ceramics, public hall, Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library, and the city hall of Osaka. * [[Yamadaike Park]] (Osaka), about 73.7 ha. * Osaka Prefectural Park (Hirakata), operated by Osaka Prefecture.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Jirgin ƙasa === * JR ta Tsakiya ** Tokaido Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka Station) * JR Yamma ** Sanyo Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka Station) ** Layin Loop na Osaka ** Layin Osaka Higashi ** Babban Layin Tokaido *** JR Kyoto Line *** JR Kobe Line ** Layin Gakkentoshi ** Layin Yamatoji ** Layin Hanwa ** JR Tozai Line ** JR Yumesaki Line ** Layin Filin jirgin saman Kansai * Metro na Osaka ** Layin Midosuji ** Layin Tanimachi ** Layin Yotsubashi ** Layin Chuo ** Layin Sennichimae ** Layin Sakaisuji ** Layin Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi ** Layin Imazatosuji * [[Keihan Electric Railway|Jirgin Ruwa na Keihan]] ** Babban Layin Keihan ** Layin Keihan Nakanoshima ** Layin Keihan Katano * [[Kintetsu Corporation|Kintetsu]] ** Layin Osaka ** Layin Nara ** Layin Shigi ** Layin Keihanna ** Layin Minami Osaka ** Layin Domyoji ** Layin Nagano * [[Hankyu Corporation|Hankyu]] ** Layin Hankyu Kyoto ** Layin Hankyu Senri ** Layin Hankyu Takarazuka ** Layin Hankyu Minoo ** Layin Hankyu Kobe * Jirgin Ruwa na Lantarki * Hanshin Electric Railway ** Hanshin Main Line ** Hanshin Namba Line * Jirgin Ruwa na Nankai ** Babban Layin Nankai ** Layin Takashinohama ** Layin Tanagawa ** Jirgin saman ** Layin Koya ** Layin Semboku * Jirgin kasa na Mizuma * Jirgin kasa na Kita-Osaka Kyuko * Jirgin Sama na Osaka * Layin Birnin Nanko Port [[Fayil:Map_of_license_plates_in_Osaka_Japan.svg|thumb|lambobin lasisi guda huɗu a Osaka: 大阪 (Ōsaka) a Arewacin Osaka Tianにわ (Naniwa) a Birnin Osaka, mai suna Naniwa a matsayin babban birnin Imperial a zamanin d ̄ a 和泉 (Izumi) a Kudancin Osaka≈Izumi Lardin + Kudancin Kawachi Ō (Sakai) a Birni Sakai<br />{{Color box|aec7e8}}<br />{{Color box|ffbb78}}<br />{{Color box|98df8a}}<br />{{Color box|ff9896}}]] * Filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa na Osaka - Jiragen cikin gida * Filin jirgin saman Kansai - Jiragen sama na kasa da na cikin gida * [[Shanghai]], China (1980) {{Flagicon|CHN}} * [[East Java|Gabashin Java]], Indonesia (1984) {{Flagicon|IDN}} * [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands (1984) {{Flagicon|NED}} * [[Val-d'Oise]], Faransa (1987) {{Flagicon|FRA}} * [[Queensland]], Ostiraliya (1988) {{Flagicon|AUS}} * Primorsky Krai, Rasha (1992) {{Flagicon|RUS}} * [[California]], Amurka (1994) {{Flagicon|USA}} * [[Lombardy]], Italiya (2002) {{Flagicon|ITA}} * [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (2002) {{Flagicon|UAE}} * [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]], Vietnam (2007) {{Flagicon|VIE}} iy4boyojit57f7ogiwczd1n955eu1qj 0 154478 859241 846070 2026-06-17T10:15:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Excerpt|Civic Holiday}}Bukukuwan jama'a a ko Hutu a Kanada (Faransa: Jours fériés au Kanada), waɗanda aka sani da biki na doka, hutun ƙididdiga, ko kawai ƙididdiga (Faransanci: jours fériés), sun ƙunshi bukukuwan al'adu, kishin ƙasa, da na addini iri-iri waɗanda aka doka a Kanada a matakin tarayya ko na larduna da yanki.  Yayin da yawancin waɗannan bukukuwan ana girmama su kuma ana amincewa da su a duk faɗin ƙasar, dokokin lardi da na yanki sun bambanta dangane da waɗanda aka amince da su a hukumance. Akwai bukukuwan doka guda biyar a duk fadin kasar <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/employment_standards/federal/holidays.shtml |access-date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> da kuma karin bukukuwan shida ga ma'aikatan tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2016 |title=Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/remuneration-compensation/paye-centre-pay/feries-holidays-eng.html |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=Government of Canada }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kowace daga cikin larduna da yankuna 13 suna kiyaye bukukuwan hutu da yawa ban da kwanakin ƙasa, amma kowannensu ya bambanta dangane da abin da aka tsara a matsayin doka, zaɓi, ko a'a. Yawancin ma'aikata na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kuma tsarin makaranta, suna ba da ƙarin kwanaki a ƙarshen Disamba, sau da yawa sun haɗa da akalla cikakken ko rabin rana a ranar 24 ga Disamba (Kirsimeti Kirsimeti) ko Disamba 31 (Kirisimeti Kirsimati) ko a wasu lokuta, duk mako tsakanin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Year Calendar |url=http://www.tdsb.on.ca/aboutus/calendar.aspx |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=Toronto District School Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Students & Schools {{!}} Vancouver School Board |url=https://www.vsb.bc.ca/events-page-view/students-%2526-schools/programs |access-date=October 6, 2016 |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009123637/https://www.vsb.bc.ca/events-page-view/students-%2526-schools/programs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da yake ba a tsara shi a hukumance a kowane hali ba, sanannun bukukuwan al'adu na duniya kamar Ranar soyayya, Ranar Saint Patrick, Halloween, Ranar Uwa, da Ranar Uba ana kiyaye su ne a Al'adun Kanada a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Holidays |url=http://www.thecanadaguide.com/holidays |access-date=October 6, 2016 |publisher=JJ's Complete Guide to Canada |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019221937/http://www.thecanadaguide.com/holidays |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Excerpt|Civic Holiday}} == Hutun da aka kafa == Hutu na doka (wanda kuma aka sani da "stats" ko "jama'a" ko "hutu" na jama'a) a Kanada ana yin doka ta hanyar gwamnatin tarayya ko lardin ko yanki.] Yawancin ma'aikata, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, suna da damar yin hutu tare da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullum.  Duk da haka, wasu ma'aikata na iya buƙatar ma'aikata su yi aiki a irin wannan hutu, amma ma'aikaci dole ne ko dai ya sami hutu a madadin hutu ko kuma dole ne a biya shi a farashi mai ƙima - yawanci  1+1⁄2 (wanda aka sani da "lokaci da rabi") ko sau biyu (wanda aka sani da "lokaci biyu") na yau da kullun na lokacin da suka yi aiki a wannan rana, ban da kuɗin hutu.[2]  A yawancin larduna, lokacin da hutun doka ya faɗo a ranar hutu na al'ada (gaba ɗaya ƙarshen mako), ana ɗaukar ranar aiki mai zuwa a matsayin hutun doka.  Kididdigar Kanada ta nuna matsakaita na hutun doka 11 da aka biya a kowace shekara dangane da duk kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke aiki a cikin lardin..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian statutory holiday rules |url=https://www.statutoryholidays.com/rules.php |website=Statutoryholidays.com}}</ref>  === Hutun doka na kasa a Kanada === {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! style="width:12%;" |Ranar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal statutory holidays in Canada |url=https://www.statutoryholidays.com/national.php |website=Statutoryholidays.com}}</ref> ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Ingilishi ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Faransanci !Magana |- valign="top" |Janairu 1 |Ranar Sabuwar Shekara |{{Lang|fr|Jour de l'An}} |Yana bikin ranar farko ta kowace shekara a cikin Kalandar Gregorian |- valign="top" |Ranar canji tsakanin Maris 20 da Afrilu 23 |Jumma'a Mai Kyau |{{Lang|fr|Vendredi saint}} |Yana tunawa da gicciye Yesu, a ranar Jumma'a kafin Ista. A [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], masu daukar ma'aikata da ba a tsara su ba dole ne su ba da Jumma'a mai kyau ko Litinin Easter a matsayin hutu na doka, kodayake wasu suna ba da kwanakin biyu. |- valign="top" |Yuli 1 |Ranar Kanada |{{Lang|fr|Fête du Canada}} |Yana murna da Tarayyar Kanada ta 1867 da kuma kafa matsayin mulkin mallaka. A Newfoundland da Labrador, ana kiyaye su a lokaci guda tare da Ranar Tunawa. |- valign="top" |Litinin na farko a watan Satumba |Ranar Aiki |{{Lang|fr|Fête du travail}} |Yana murna da nasarorin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na ma'aikata |- valign="top" |Disamba 25 |[[Kirsimeti|Ranar Kirsimeti]] |{{Lang|fr|Noël}} |Yana bikin haihuwar Yesu |} === Ranar bukukuwan doka ta Tarayya, wanda aka kiyaye a wasu larduna === Baya ga bukukuwan da aka lissafa a sama, dokokin tarayya sun ba da izini ga ma'aikatan da aka tsara a tarayya. Dukkanin bankunan da ofisoshin gidan waya suna tunawa da waɗannan bukukuwan, kuma suna da doka a wasu larduna da yankuna. {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! style="width:12%;" |Date ! style="width:15%;" |English name ! style="width:15%;" |French name !Remarks |- valign="top" |In lieu of Good Friday (Stat Holiday), Monday after Easter Day |Easter Monday |{{Lang|fr|Lundi de Pâques}} |Variable date between March 23 and April 26. Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus. Not a statutory holiday in any province or territory; however, in Quebec employers must give either Good Friday or Easter Monday as a statutory holiday, though most give both days. Banks remain open (legally they cannot close for more than three consecutive days except in emergencies{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2013}}), but employees often receive a "floating" paid day off to be taken on or near the holiday. This is not one of the nine "General Holidays" as defined by the Canada Labour Code – Part III. As such, there is no legal requirement for private sector employers in federally regulated industries to provide Easter Monday as a paid holiday to employees. However, many federal government offices will be closed on this day. |- valign="top" |Monday preceding May 25 |Victoria Day |Officially {{Lang|fr|la Fête de Victoria}} (more commonly called {{Lang|fr|la Fête de la Reine}}) or {{Lang|fr|Journée nationale des Patriotes}} |Celebrates the birthday of the reigning Canadian monarch; however, the date does not change with the change of monarch, being instead fixed on the birthday of [[Sarauniya Victoria|Queen Victoria]], the sovereign at the time of Canadian Confederation and establishment of dominion status in 1867. Some French-Canadians celebrate instead Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, a French-Canadian hero from the New France times on this day; officially National Patriots' Day in Quebec. Statutory holiday in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec (coincides with National Patriots' Day), Saskatchewan, and Yukon. A holiday in New Brunswick under the Days of Rest Act. Not a statutory holiday in the eastern provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, or Newfoundland and Labrador. |- valign="top" |First Monday in August |Civic Holiday |{{Lang|fr|Congé civique}} |Statutory holiday in British Columbia (British Columbia Day), New Brunswick (New Brunswick Day), Northwest Territories (Civic Holiday), Nunavut (Civic Holiday), and Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Day). Civic holiday (may be a paid vacation day depending on employer) in Alberta (Heritage Day), Manitoba (Terry Fox Day), Ontario (Colonel By Day, John Galt Day, Simcoe Day, and others), and Nova Scotia (Natal Day). Not an official statutory holiday in Ontario, but it is widely observed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Employment Standards Act, 2000 |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_00e41_e.htm |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=[[Government of Ontario]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=Retail Business Holidays Act |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90r30_e.htm |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=Government of Ontario}}</ref> Not observed in Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, or Yukon. Not observed in Prince Edward Island, though many businesses instead observe a holiday for the Gold Cup Parade, held on the third Friday in August.<ref name="goldcup">{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gold Cup Day: What's open and closed on P.E.I. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-open-closed-gold-cup-day-1.6553544 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |- valign="top" |September 30 |National Day for Truth and Reconciliation |{{Lang|fr|Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation}} |Commemorates the victims of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Unofficial observance of this date began in 2013 as ''Orange Shirt Day'', a local educational event in Williams Lake, British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Orange Shirt Day? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidscbc2/the-feed/what-is-orange-shirt-day |access-date=June 4, 2021 |website=CBC Kids}}</ref> The day has been a holiday for employees of the federal government and federally-regulated industries since 2021. {{As of|2023}}, the day is observed as a statutory holiday for all workers in British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories,<ref name="TRCNT">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2022 |title=National Day for Truth and Reconciliation declared statutory holiday in Northwest Territories |url=https://www.gov.nt.ca/en/newsroom/national-day-truth-and-reconciliation-declared-statutory-holiday-northwest-territories |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Government of Northwest Territories}}</ref> Nunavut,<ref name="TRCPE-NU" /> and Yukon. Schools and some public services close for the day in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name="TRCBC" /> |- valign="top" |Second Monday in October |Thanksgiving Day |{{Lang|fr|Action de grâce}} |A day to give thanks for the things one has at the close of the harvest season. Statutory holiday in most jurisdictions of Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon.<ref name="StatHolidays" /> An optional holiday in the Atlantic provinces of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.<ref name="StatHolidays">{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays in Canada |url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110358/http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref> In New Brunswick, included under the Days of Rest Act. |- valign="top" |November 11 |Remembrance Day |{{Lang|fr|Jour du Souvenir}} |Commemorates Canada's war dead. Anniversary of the armistice ending [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] in 1918. Statutory holiday in Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. In Manitoba, an "Official day of Observance", not a statutory holiday. In Nova Scotia, addressed in the ''Remembrance Day Act'', which prohibits employers from allowing employees to work and prohibits employees from working with exceptions for required services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day Act |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/remembrc.htm |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Nslegislature.ca}}</ref> Employers have the option of giving Remembrance Day or an alternate day off. Not a statutory holiday in Quebec and Ontario. |- valign="top" |December 26 |Boxing Day |{{Lang|fr|Lendemain de Noël}} |A holiday with mixed and uncertain origins and definitions. Provincially, a statutory holiday in Ontario. A holiday in New Brunswick under the Days of Rest Act. Many employers across the country observe Boxing Day as a paid day off. |} === Sauran bukukuwan da aka saba === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! style="width:12%;" |Ranar ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Ingilishi ! style="width:15%;" |Sunan Faransanci !Magana |- valign="top" |Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu |{{Plainlist|* [[Family Day (Canada)|Family Day]] * ''Louis Riel Day'' (Manitoba) * ''Islander Day'' (Prince Edward Island) * ''Heritage Day'' (Nova Scotia)}} |{{Plainlist|* {{lang|fr|Fête de la famille}} * {{lang|fr|Journée Louis Riel}} (MB) * {{lang|fr|Fête des Insulaires}} (PE) * {{lang|fr|Fête du Patrimoine}} (NS)}} |Hutun doka a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban a Alberta, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, da Nova Scotia. British Columbia a baya ta yi bikin Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta biyu a watan Fabrairu tsakanin 2013 da 2018. Koyaya, British Columbia tana murna da Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu daga 2019 zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2018 |title=B.C. Family Day moving one week later starting in 2019 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-family-day-moving-one-week-later-starting-in-2019-1.4528735 |website=CBC News}}</ref> New Brunswick ta fara kiyaye Ranar Iyali a ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2018 |title=New Brunswick's first Family Day |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/news/news_release.2018.01.0108.html |publisher=GNB.ca}}</ref> Ba a lura da shi a wani wuri ba. |- valign="top" |Cikakken mako guda a cikin watan Maris (lokaci ya bambanta) |{{Plainlist|* March break * [[Spring break]]}} |{{Plainlist|* {{lang|fr|Congé de mars}} * {{lang|fr|Congé du printemps}} * {{lang|fr|Semaine de relâche}}}} |Rufe makarantu na gwamnati na mako-mako a duk larduna da yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2017 |title=March Break is an annual holiday from school in Canada |url=http://gocanada.about.com/od/publicholidaysincanada/a/March_break_canada.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=June 3, 2026 |archive-date=April 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021027/http://gocanada.about.com/od/publicholidaysincanada/a/March_break_canada.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi azaman dama ga iyalai tare da yara a makaranta don zuwa hutu. Kodayake hutun Maris ba ya dace da karshen mako na Easter, a cikin 2018 makarantun Prince Edward Island sun yi la'akari da haɗuwa da shi tare da hutun Easter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2017 |title=P.E.I. school calendar change getting thumbs down from some parents |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-march-break-calendar-change-1.4050200 |website=CBC News}}</ref> |} === Ranar hutu guda ɗaya === Gwamnatoci a Kanada sun ayyana hutu guda ɗaya a wasu lokuta, kamar mutuwar masarautar Kanada. An ayyana hutu guda ɗaya bayan mutuwar George VI a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1952, kuma bayan mutuwar Elizabeth II a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jim |date=7 February 2023 |title=No holiday pay for workers on day of Queen Elizabeth II's funeral |url=https://www.hcamag.com/ca/specialization/employment-law/no-holiday-pay-for-workers-on-day-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-funeral/435478 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=www.hcamag.com |publisher=KM Business Information Canada}}</ref> An kira Satumba 19 a matsayin Ranar makoki ta kasa (Faransa: Jour de deuil national) don tunawa da Elizabeth II a matsayin shugaban kasar Kanada. Ranar hutu ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stober |first=Eric |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Canada announces a holiday to mark Queen Elizabeth's death |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9122726/canada-national-holiday-sept-19-queens-funeral/ |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=Global News}}</ref> Gundumomin British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland da Labrador, Nova Scotia, da Prince Edward Island suma sun kafa kwatankwacin lardin don hutun tarayya. Lardin Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, da Quebec ba su kafa wani hutu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |access-date=September 13, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> == Hutun lardin da na yanki == Gundumomi da yankuna gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bukukuwan iri ɗaya kamar gwamnatin tarayya tare da wasu bambance-bambance. {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left;&quot;" ! width="7.14%" |Ranar ! width="7.14%" |AB ! width="7.14%" |[[British Columbia|BC]] ! width="7.14%" |MB ! width="7.14%" |NB ! width="7.14%" |NL ! width="7.14%" |NT ! width="7.14%" |NS ! width="7.14%" |NU ! width="7.14%" |ON ! width="7.14%" |PE ! width="7.14%" |[[Kebek (lardi)|QC]] ! width="7.14%" |SK ! width="7.14%" |YT |- |Janairu 1|| colspan="13" {{Yes|New Year's Day}} |- |Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu|| colspan="2" {{Yes|Family Day}} || {{Yes|Louis Riel Day}} || {{Yes|Family Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Heritage Day}} ||| {{Yes|Family Day}} || {{Yes|Islander Day}} ||| {{Yes|Family Day}} | |- |Jumma'a kafin Ranar Ista{{Efn|Variable date between March 20 and April 23}}|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Good Friday}}{{efn|name=quebec-easter|In Quebec, employers must choose between Good Friday and Easter Monday for their statutory holiday.}} |- |Litinin bayan Ranar Ista{{Efn|Variable date between March 23 and April 26}} | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|Easter Monday}} | colspan="4" ||| {{Yes|Easter Monday}}{{efn|name=quebec-easter}} | colspan="2" | |- |Litinin da ya gabata Mayu 25|| colspan="3" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Victoria Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} ||| {{Yes|National Patriots' Day}} || colspan="2" {{Yes|Victoria Day}} |- |21 ga Yuni | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|National Indigenous Peoples Day}} | colspan="6" ||| {{Yes|National Indigenous Peoples Day}} |- |Yuni 24 | colspan="10" ||| {{Yes|Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day}} | colspan="2" | |- |Yuli 1|| colspan="4" {{Yes|Canada Day}} || {{Yes|Memorial Day}} || colspan="8" {{Yes|Canada Day}} |- |Yuli 9 | colspan="7" ||| {{Yes|Nunavut Day}} | colspan="2" | |- |Litinin na farko a watan Agusta ||| {{Yes|British Columbia Day}} ||| {{Yes|New Brunswick Day}} ||| {{Yes|Civic Holiday}} ||| {{Yes|Civic Holiday}} | colspan="3" ||| {{Yes|Saskatchewan Day}} | |- |Litinin na uku a watan Agusta | colspan="12" ||| {{Yes|Discovery Day}} |- |Litinin na farko a watan Satumba|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Labour Day}} |- |Satumba 30 ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} || {{Yes|Orange Shirt Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|National Day for Truth and Reconciliation}} |- |Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba|| colspan="3" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} ||| colspan="3" {{Yes|Thanksgiving Day}} |- |Nuwamba 11|| colspan="2" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| colspan="5" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} ||| colspan="2" {{Yes|Remembrance Day}} |- |Disamba 25|| colspan="13" {{Yes|Christmas Day}} |- |26 ga Disamba | colspan="5" ||| {{Yes|Boxing Day}} | colspan="2" ||| {{Yes|Boxing Day}} | colspan="4" | |- |Jimillar jama'a. hutun |9<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Employment standards – Alberta general holidays |url=https://www.alberta.ca/alberta-general-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref name="gov.bc">{{Cite web |title=Statutory holidays in British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/employment-standards-advice/employment-standards/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the general holidays in Manitoba? |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,gen-holidays-after-april-30-07,factsheet.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the paid public holidays in New Brunswick? |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/FactSheets/PublicHolidaysVacation.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Public Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/ecc/files/Publications_Labour_Relations_At_Work_Updates_October-2022.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205052603/https://www.gov.nl.ca/ecc/files/Publications_Labour_Relations_At_Work_Updates_October-2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>/15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Government Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2024-paid-holidays-2/ |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays Northwest Territories |url=https://my.hr.gov.nt.ca/employees/leave-time/statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paid holidays in Nova Scotia |url=https://novascotia.ca/lae/employmentrights/holidaychart.asp |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia Remembrance Day Act |url=https://novascotia.ca/lae/employmentrights/remembrance.asp |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunavut Labour Standards Act |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-1/latest/rsnwt-nu-1988-c-l-1.html |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref>/13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nunavut Public Service Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nu.ca/en/staff-resources/public-service-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Public holidays |url=https://www.ontario.ca/document/your-guide-employment-standards-act-0/public-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Prince Edward Island Paid Holidays |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/workforce-advanced-learning-and-population/paid-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quebec CNESST List of paid statutory holidays |url=https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/leave/statutory-holidays/list-paid-statutory-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |10<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Saskatchewan Public Holidays |url=https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/employment-standards/public-statutory-holidays/list-of-saskatchewan-public-holidays |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |11<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Find a Yukon statutory holiday |url=https://yukon.ca/en/find-yukon-statutory-holiday |access-date=February 4, 2024}}</ref> |} === Alberta === Kwanaki biyar na doka a duk faɗin ƙasar, bukukuwan lardin huɗu da kuma "bakwai na zaɓi" guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Holidays and General Holiday Pay in Alberta |url=http://work.alberta.ca/employment-standards/general-holidays.html |access-date=February 20, 2011 |publisher=Employment.alberta.ca}}</ref> '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Iyali ta Alberta - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da na lardin guda uku, da kuma bukukuwan zaɓaɓɓu guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manitoba Retail Businesses Holiday Closing Act |url=http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/r120e.php |access-date=February 20, 2011 |website=Web2.gov.mb.ca |archive-date=January 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127224507/http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/r120e.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Boxing ba bukukuwan doka ba ne. * Easter Litinin - hutu na zaɓi, kwanan wata mai canzawa tsakanin Maris 23 da Afrilu 26 * Ranar Tarihi - hutu na zaɓi, Litinin na farko na watan Agusta * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa - hutu na zaɓi, Satumba 30 * Ranar Boxing - hutu na zaɓi, Disamba 26 === British Columbia === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da shida na lardin.<ref name="gov.bc"/> Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da kuma bukukuwan doka guda biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2011 |title=Prescribed Days of Rest in New Brunswick 2011–2014 |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/local_government/content/governance/content/days_of_rest_act.html |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> Kodayake an tsara su a matsayin bukukuwan jama'a, Ranar Victoria, godiya, da Ranar Boxing ba a biya su bukukuwan gwamnati ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-Secondary Education, Training, and Labour: Paid Public Holidays and Vacation/ Vacation Pay |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/PublicHolidays.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302150359/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/petl-epft/PDF/es/PublicHolidays.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick}}</ref> * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku na Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar British Columbia - Litinin na farko na watan Agusta * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa - Satumba 30 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 === Manitoba === '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Louis Riel - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin na ƙarshe kafin Mayu 25 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Terry Fox (Ranar hutu ta Jama'a) - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu ba ne na doka. * Ranar Tunawa - "ranar hukuma ce ta kiyayewa", ba hutu ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2010 |title=Paid Statutory Holidays in Employment Standards Legislation |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/27statutory_holidays_synoptic_table.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013124205/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/lp/spila/clli/eslc/27statutory_holidays_synoptic_table.shtml |archive-date=October 13, 2008 |access-date=February 20, 2011 |publisher=Hrsdc.gc.ca}}</ref> === New Brunswick === '''Dokar lardin''' Biyar a duk fadin kasar da kuma hutun doka guda daya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shops' Closing Regulations, C.N.L.R. 1115/96 |url=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/regulations/rc961115.htm |website=Assembly.nl.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Holidays for 2013 &#124; Human Resource Secretariat |url=http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/hrs/working_with_us/holidays2014.html |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Exec.gov.nl.ca}}</ref> Godiya ba hutu ne na doka ba. Ranar Kanada ba hutu ba ne na doka kamar yadda 1 ga Yuli shine Ranar Tunawa. * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu (tun 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Brunswick announces new stat holiday: Family Day coming next February |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/premier-holiday-new-brunswick-1.4086141 |access-date=April 26, 2017 |website=CBC News}}</ref> * Ranar New Brunswick - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Victoria * Godiya gaisuwa * Ranar Kwallon Kwando === Newfoundland da Labrador === '''Dokar lardin''' Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na lardin. An amince da Ranar Martin Luther King Jr. a hukumance a [[Toronto]] a cikin 2018 kuma ta kasance a [[Ottawa]], kodayake ba a matsayin hutu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King Jr. Day In Toronto |url=https://www.chfi.com/2018/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-day-toronto/ |access-date=January 15, 2022 |website=Chfi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Luther King, Jr Day: A day "on", not a day "off"! |url=http://blackhistoryottawa.weebly.com/2019-martin-luther-king-day.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114171716/http://blackhistoryottawa.weebly.com/2019-martin-luther-king-day.html |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2020 |website=Black History Ottawa}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa (Yuli 1) * Ranar Armistice (Ranar Tunawa) (Nuwamba 11) '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' Wadannan sune jerin bukukuwan da aka tsara don ma'aikatan gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newfoundland Government Holidays |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/exec/tbs/2024-paid-holidays-2/ |access-date=February 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revised Statutes of Newfoundland 1990 |url=https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/RSN1990/S15.c90.htm}}</ref> * Ranar Saint Patrick (17 ga Maris) * Ranar Saint George (23 ga Afrilu) * Ranar Victoria (Litinin da ta gabata ga Mayu 25) * Yuni Holiday (sunan wucin gadi - wanda aka fi sani da Discovery Day har zuwa 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier Ball Announces Changes Related to 'Discovery Day' Holiday |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2020/exec/0618n08/ |access-date=June 18, 2020}}</ref>) (Litinin da ya fi kusa da Yuni 24) * Ranar Orangemen (Litinin da ya fi kusa da 12 ga Yuli) * Ranar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kasa (Satumba 30) * Godiya (Minin na biyu a watan Oktoba) * Ranar Boxing (26 ga Disamba) * Ɗaya (1) ƙarin rana a kowace shekara wanda, a ra'ayin Shugaban Dindindin, an san shi da hutu na jama'a a yankin da ma'aikacin ke aiki. Idan ba a ba da hutu na jama'a ba, za a ba ma'aikaci ƙarin rana a lokacin da Shugaban Dindindin zai ƙayyade. Wadannan ba a kiyaye su a matsayin bukukuwan doka ba tun 1992. Duk da haka, gwamnatin lardin tana kiyaye su. Ba kamar sauran larduna ba, babu hutu a lardin a ranar Litinin ta farko a watan Agusta. Ana iya ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani saboda Royal St. John's Regatta, wanda ake kiyaye shi a matsayin hutu na jama'a a St. John a ranar Laraba ta farko a watan Agusta (ko, idan yanayin yanayi bai yi kyau ba, rana mai zuwa da ta dace bayan haka). Harbour Grace da Labrador City suna da irin wannan hutu don regatta a ƙarshen Yuli. Duk sauran kananan hukumomi suna da damar sanya rana ɗaya a shekara a matsayin hutun jama'a; duk da haka, da yawa ba sa amfani da wannan. === Yankin Arewa maso Yamma === Kwanaki biyar na kasa da kuma hutun doka guda biyar. Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Ranar Boxing ba hutu ba ne na doka. * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa - 21 ga Yuni * Bikin hutu na jama'a - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba === Nova Scotia === Hutu biyar na kasa baki daya da hutun lardi biyu.  Ranar Victoria, Thanksgiving, da Ranar Dambe ba bukukuwan doka bane amma yawancin kasuwanci da dillalai suna rufe Ranar Dambe.  Yawancin hutu na doka za a iya musanya su zuwa wata ranar hutu mai jituwa tare da juna a madadin ko kuma masu daukar ma'aikata na iya buƙatar ma'aikata su yi aiki akan ƙimar kuɗi mai ƙima.  Nau'o'in ayyuka da yawa, gami da wuraren aiki da yarjejeniyar gamayya ta ƙunshi, ba a keɓance su daga dokokin lardi da ke gudanar da bukukuwan doka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour Standards Code |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/labour%20standards%20code.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2015 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act to Establish a Holiday in February |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc//PDFs/annual%20statutes/2013%20Fall/c035.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2015 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Labour Standards Code Regulations |url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/JUST/REGULATIONS/regs/lscgenls.htm |access-date=April 6, 2009 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Council, Nova Scotia House of Assembly}}</ref> '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Tarihi - Ana gudanar da wannan hutu a ranar Litinin ta uku ta Fabrairu tun 2015, kuma tana murna da sanannun mutane, abubuwan da suka faru da wuraren daga tarihin lardin. A cikin 2015, Ranar Tarihi ta yi bikin mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ta [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]] da kuma 'yar kasuwa Viola Desmond . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Pat |date=December 5, 2013 |title=New bill would create N.S. February holiday starting in 2015 |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1012251/new-bill-would-create-n-s-february-holiday-starting-in-2015/ |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=The Canadian Press/AP}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11; an gudanar da wannan hutu daban daga duk sauran bukukuwan jama'a a Nova Scotia tun 1981: ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga kowane mutum ya ba da kowane kaya ko dukiya don siyarwa a wannan ranar, ko karɓar ko bayar da aiki don musayar riba ko lada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1981 |title=Statutes of Nova Scotia Passed in the Thirtieth Year of the Reign of Her Majesty QUEEN ELIZABETH II Being the Third Session of the Fifty-Second General Assembly |url=http://0-nsleg-edeposit.gov.ns.ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/Statutes/1981.pdf |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=Queen's Printer, Nova Scotia |page=51 |archive-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714150657/http://0-nsleg-edeposit.gov.ns.ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/Statutes/1981.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akwai keɓancewa na musamman ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a wasu nau'o'i amma dole ne a ba da madadin rana tare da albashi a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day Act (As currently revised) |url=http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/remembrc.htm |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=Office of the Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly}}</ref> '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Natal - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu ba ne amma rana ce ta yau da kullun a cikin Gundumar Yankin Halifax. === Nunavut === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Ranar Boxing ba hutu ba ne na doka. Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Bugu da kari, Litinin Easter, Ranar Boxing, da Ranar Tarihi doka ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba ma'aikatansu kwanakin hutu wanda bazai zama hutu na doka ba a cikin wani lardin, musamman Ranar Boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Government Services – Holidays |url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083151/http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of Yukon}}</ref> * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Bikin hutu na jama'a - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta * Gaskiya da Sulhu - Satumba 30 * Godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Ranar Nunavut - 9 ga Yuli, ta samo asali ne a matsayin hutun da aka biya ga ƙungiyoyin Inuit na Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated da na yanki. Ya zama hutun rabin rana ga ma'aikatan gwamnati a 1999 da kuma cikakken rana a 2001. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba da rana tare da sanannun ban da gwamnatin tarayya da Kamfanin Arewa maso Yamma. Ba hutu ba ne na doka. === Ontario === '''Dokar lardin''' Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da kuma bukukuwan doka guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Paid Holidays |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/economic-growth-tourism-and-culture/paid-holidays |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=Economic Growth, Tourism and Culture Prince Edward Island |publisher=Government of Prince Edward Island}}</ref> * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu na Oktoba * Ranar Boxing - 26 ga Disamba '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Hutun Civic - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta; ba hutu na doka ba.<ref name="OntarioHolidays">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2013 |title=Public Holidays |url=http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/es/pubs/guide/publicholidays.php |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Labour}}</ref> * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11; ba hutu ba ne.<ref name="OntarioHolidays" /> === Tsibirin Prince Edward === Ranar bukukuwan kasa da na lardin guda biyar. '''Dokar lardin'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2014 |title=Labour: Paid Holidays |url=http://www.gov.pe.ca/labour/index.php3?number=1022265&lang=E |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Gov.pe.ca}}</ref> * Ranar Islander - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu (asalin na biyu) * Gaskiya da Ranar sulhu - Satumba 30 * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' * Ranar Gasar Cin Kofin Zinariya - Jumma'a ta Uku a watan Agusta. An yi bikin ne a babban birnin Charlottetown wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Nunin Lardin da Gold Cup da tseren Saucer a filin motsa jiki na Charlottetown . Ana kiyaye ranar a matsayin hutu ta wasu kamfanoni a yankunan tsakiya da gabashin lardin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gold Cup Day: What's open and closed on P.E.I. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-open-closed-gold-cup-day-1.6553544 |access-date=September 14, 2022 |website=CBC News}}</ref> A Quebec, akwai bukukuwan bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da na lardin guda uku. Ranar Tunawa da Ranar Boxing ba bukukuwan doka ba ne, kuma babu hutun jama'a a watan Agusta. Bayani da yawa na dokar aiki sun bambanta a Quebec. Kwanakin bukukuwan hukuma sune: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays |url=https://www.educaloi.qc.ca/en/capsules/public-holidays |website=Educaloi.qc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Holidays – CNESST |url=https://www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca/en/leaves-and-absences/statutory-holidays/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604033843/https://www.cnt.gouv.qc.ca/en/leaves-and-absences/statutory-holidays/index.html |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=January 7, 2020 |publisher=CNESST}}</ref> * Janairu 1 (Ranar Sabuwar Shekara) * Jumma'a mai kyau ko Litinin na Easter a zaɓin ma'aikaci * Litinin da ya gabata Mayu 25 (Ranar Patriots ta Kasa) * Yuni 24 (Ranar Saint-Jean-Baptiste) * Yuli 1. Idan wannan kwanan wata ya fadi a ranar Lahadi: Yuli 2 (Ranar Kanada) * Litinin na farko a watan Satumba (Ranar Ma'aikata) * Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba (Ranar godiya) * Disamba 25 (Ranar Kirsimeti). '''Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka''' Sanya Sakin layi Bikin Gina (Faransa: Vacances de la Construction) yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Yuli da kuma makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Disamba don bukukuwan Kirsimeti.  Yayin da ya shafi masana'antar gine-gine kawai a hukumance, yawancin mutanen Quebec sun shirya yin hutu a cikin waɗannan makonni biyu. === Saskatchewan === Ranar bukukuwan kasa da na lardin guda biyar. '''Dokar lardin''' * Ranar Iyali - Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Saskatchewan - Litinin na farko a watan Agusta. Bikin tarihin Saskatchewan da al'adu kamar Ranar Kanada. * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 === Yukon === Ranar bukukuwan kasa guda biyar da hudu na yanki. Bugu da kari, Litinin Easter, Ranar Boxing, da Ranar Tarihi doka ce ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ma'aikata suna ba ma'aikatansu kwanakin hutu wanda bazai zama hutu na doka ba a cikin wani lardin, musamman Ranar Boxing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Government Services – Holidays |url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083151/http://www.gov.yk.ca/services/433.html |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Government of Yukon}}</ref> * Ranar Victoria - Litinin kafin Mayu 25 * Ranar Bincike - Litinin na uku a watan Agusta * Ranar godiya - Litinin na biyu a watan Oktoba * Ranar Tunawa - Nuwamba 11 * Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa - 21 ga Yuni tun 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Find employee information for statutory holidays |url=https://yukon.ca/en/doing-business/employer-responsibilities/find-employee-information-statutory-holidays |website=yukon.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2018 |title=News |url=https://yukon.ca/news |website=yukon.ca}}</ref> Kwanaki masu zuwa ba bukukuwan doka na Yukon ba ne: <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Find a Yukon statutory holiday |url=https://yukon.ca/en/find-yukon-statutory-holiday}}</ref> * Ranar Tarihi - Jumma'a kafin Lahadi ta ƙarshe a watan Fabrairu <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Heritage Day |url=https://www.heritageyukon.ca/programs/heritage-day/}}</ref> - zaɓi ga ma'aikatan da ba na jama'a ba * Litinin na Easter * Ranar Kwallon Kwando === Hutun hutu na gari === Wasu kananan hukumomi kuma suna da bukukuwan bukukuwan doka na gida. Misali, ana ba da safiya na Stampede Parade a matsayin hutun rabin rana a birnin [[Calgary]]. A Ontario, ba a bayyana hutun jama'a na watan Agusta a matsayin lardin ba, amma ta kowace karamar hukuma. == Hutun jama'a == == Ranar hutun da aka tsara == Wani babban dan takara don sabon biki shine karshen mako a watan Fabrairu don bikin ranar tunawa da tutar Kanada, ko kuma mafi kusantar "Ranar Heritage".  An riga an ayyana ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a matsayin ranar tuta, amma wannan rana ce kawai ta tunawa, ba ranar hutu ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa don yin Ranar Tunawa hutu ne na doka kuma ya ba ta matsayi iri ɗaya da Ranar Kanada ga House of Commons. Bill C-597 ya wuce karatu na biyu a cikin House of Commons da gefen 258 zuwa 2; duk da haka, bai zama doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEGISinfo - Private Member's Bill C-597 (41-2) |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=6396144 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=Parl.ca}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, mambobin Majalisar Dokoki ta 14 ta Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun zartar da ''Dokar Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa'', wanda ya sa ta zama iko na farko a Kanada don amincewa da wannan rana a matsayin hutu na doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Aboriginal Day |url=http://www.daair.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/National_Aboriginal_Day.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623071755/http://www.daair.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/National_Aboriginal_Day.aspx |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |access-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories}}</ref> == Hutun da ke faruwa a ranakun da ba na aiki ba == Ga ma'aikatan da aka tsara ta tarayya, idan hutu ya faru a ranar da ba a yi aiki ba, to "za a ba da wata rana tare da albashi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2011 |title=General Overview – Statutory Holidays |url=http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/overviews/employment_standards/holidays.shtml |access-date=July 6, 2013 |publisher=Human Resources and Social Development Canada}}</ref> Lokacin Sabuwar Shekara, Ranar Kanada, Ranar Tunawa, Ranar Kirsimeti ko Ranar Dambe ta faɗo a ranar Asabar ko Lahadi wanda ma'aikacin gwamnatin tarayya ba zai yi aiki ba, suna da damar yin hutu tare da biya a ranar aiki nan da nan kafin ko bayan hutun.  Idan ɗaya daga cikin sauran bukukuwan ya faɗi a ƙarshen mako, to dole ne ma'aikaci ya ƙara hutu tare da biyan kuɗi zuwa hutun shekara-shekara na ma'aikatansu ko kuma ba su ranar hutu a wani lokacin da ya dace da juna. == Sauran bukukuwan == * Ranar Raoul Wallenberg, Janairu 17 * Ranar Groundhog, Fabrairu 2 * Ranar soyayya, Fabrairu 14 * Ranar tutar kasa ta Kanada, Fabrairu 15 * [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]], Maris 8 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day in Canada – Women's Day Celebration in Canada |url=https://www.womensdaycelebration.com/womens-day-in-canada.html#:~:text=It%20got%20its%20name%20as%20International%20women%E2%80%99s%20day,up%20with%20so%20much%20success%20in%20various%20fields. |access-date=September 13, 2020 |website=Womensdaycelebration.com}}</ref> * Ranar Commonwealth, Litinin na biyu a watan Maris. An kiyaye wannan a matsayin hutu a wasu ƙasashen Commonwealth. * Ranar Saint Patrick, Maris 17 * Ranar Wawaye ta Afrilu, Afrilu 1 * Ranar Tartan, Afrilu 6 * Ranar Duniya, Afrilu 22 * Nasara a Turai Ranar, Mayu 8 * Ranar Uwa, Lahadi na biyu na Mayu * Ranar Uba, Lahadi na uku na Yuni * Ranar Loyalist, Yuni 19, bikin al'adun Loyalist na Kanada, musamman a Ontario da New Brunswick (kuma ranar da aka kirkiro Upper Canada, yanzu Ontario) * Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar, 21 ga Yuni a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Celebrate Canada * Ranar Al'adu da yawa ta Kanada, Yuni 27 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Celebrate Canada * Ranar Masu Zaman Lafiya ta Kasa, 9 ga Agusta da aka kiyaye a ranar Lahadi mafi kusa * Ranar Kakannin Kasa, Lahadi ta biyu a watan Satumba * Makon Iyali na Kasa, mako kafin godiya * Halloween, Oktoba 31 * Ranar Tunawa da Aiki na Kasa kan Cin zarafin Mata, 6 ga Disamba n2bbbtdy7nsck4hh701zlh84jb4z6ua 0 154583 859212 846340 2026-06-17T09:04:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti''' (DPFZA) ita ce hukumar gwamnati ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] wadda ke kula da kuma kula da Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] da wasu wurare da dama a kasar. Hukumar DPFZA kuma tana kula da [[Djibouti International Free Trade Zone|harkokin Yankin Ciniki na 'Yanci na Duniya na Djibouti]], tana aiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kamfanonin da ke can da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Hukumar DPFZA tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ofishin Shugaban Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Ports & Free Zones Authority |url=http://dpfza.gov.dj |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=DPFZA}}</ref> == Bayani == Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti ita ce hukumar da ke tsara dokoki, umarni da ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya ga tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yankunan 'yanci a Djibouti. Umarnin DPFZA shine: * Tallafawa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti da yankunan 'yanci * Kafa yanayi mai kyau ga kasuwanci tare da tsarin doka mai dacewa da kasuwanci * Kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti ta hanyar hukumar gudanarwa. * Gina sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yankuna masu 'yanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=103/AN/05/5eme L ON FREE ZONE COMPANIES L'Assem |url=http://www.djibouti-portsfz.dj/sites/default/files/FZ.Law_.103.English.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=DPFZA |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123436/http://www.djibouti-portsfz.dj/sites/default/files/FZ.Law_.103.English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction begins on Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ) |url=http://www.zawya.com/story/Construction_begins_on_Djibouti_International_Free_Trade_Zone_DIFTZ-ZAWYA20170118131616/ |access-date=January 19, 2017 |publisher=Thomson Reuters Zawya}}</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaba == Wurin da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] take, wanda ya haɗa [[Suez canal|mahadar Suez]], [[Tekun Aden]] da kuma ƙasashen da ke cikin yankin Afirka, ya haifar da ƙaruwar ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa da jigilar kaya a yankin. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] za ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba da kashi 7% a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Economic Outlook- April 2017 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/djibouti/publication/economic-outlook-april-2017 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Wannan hasashen tattalin arziki ya ƙarfafa ta hanyar saka hannun jari mai yawa a fannin gine-gine da kayayyakin more rayuwa a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da kuma yankin [[Gabashin Afirka]] baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti – unlocking Africa's economic potential |url=http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/western-africa/2016/06/08/djibouti-economic-growth-africa/ |publisher=CNBC Africa |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2016-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111444/http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/western-africa/2016/06/08/djibouti-economic-growth-africa |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Map_Of_Djibouti_City_and_Balbala.png|left|thumb|Gundumar taswirar birnin Djibouti da Balbala.]] Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana ba da gudummawa ga kuma jagorantar da dama daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Ma'aikatan da aka horar sosai na DPFZA suna haɗa kai da hukumomin gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na ƙasashen duniya don mai da hankali kan ci gaban dabarun [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], tallafawa kwararar jarin jari, da kuma kula da layin dogo na gine-gine, filayen jirgin sama da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Ci gaban da ya yi cikin sauri ya haifar da ƙaruwar gasa da kuma bambancin kasuwannin masu amfani, wanda ke canza tattalin arziki a cikin dogon lokaci. A gefe guda kuma, cibiyoyin kuɗi, kamar Babban Bankin Djibouti (Banque Centrale de Djibouti, BCD) suna aiki tare da abokan hulɗarsa don haɓaka sabbin ƙa'idoji, tsare-tsare da hanyoyin magance fasaha don tallafawa ci gaba, sarrafa haɗari da haɓaka haɓaka ayyukan kamfanoni da na kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=China-built rail network in African heartland inaugurated |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-built-rail-network-african-heartland-inaugurated-1600444 |access-date=January 11, 2017 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=Djibouti, a safe harbour in the troubled Horn of Africa |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/djibouti-a-safe-harbour-in-the-troubled-horn-of-africa-1.96706/ |publisher=TheNational World}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Report: Djibouti 2016 |url=https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/djibouti-2016/banking-0 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Shugaban jam'iyyar DPFZA == Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) tun daga ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2011. Aikinsa ya shafe sama da shekaru 30, tun daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti inda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa kuma yana da alhakin rubuta takardu a tashoshin jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1978. A tsawon aikinsa, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Manaja a sashen kididdiga, Babban Manajan Kaya, Manajan Tashar Kwantena da Daraktan Kasuwanci na tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Appoints New Chair to Port, Freezone Authorities |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107141309.html |access-date=July 12, 2011 |publisher=allAfrica}}</ref> Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin Djibouti da Habasha, har zuwa lokacin da kasar makwabciyarta ke amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti sama da kashi 90% na cinikinta na kasashen waje. Kwanan nan ya jagoranci fadada tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Djibouti da yankunan 'yanci yayin da kasar ke kokarin zama cibiyar cinikayyar kasuwanci ta Gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboubaker Hadi |url=http://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/aboubaker-hadi/ |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Business For Africa Forum}}</ref> Aboubaker Omar Hadi ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Sufuri na Multimodal daga Le Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Metiers, a Faransa, kuma yana da digiri na biyu a Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Gudanar da Sufuri daga Jami'ar Duniya ta Maritime ta Sweden. == Ayyuka == Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) tana gudanar da ayyuka tare da shahararrun abokan hulɗa na duniya don ƙarfafa rawar da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ke takawa a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Matsayinta na dabarun yana ba jiragen ruwa da kaya damar shiga hanyoyin dabaru kai tsaye, kamar [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] . Kusantarta ga ci gaban tattalin arziki mai tasowa kamar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] yana ba da dama ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu da na ɓangarori daban-daban. A zahiri, an yaba da dangantakar Djibouti da Habasha a matsayin abin koyi na haɗin gwiwar yanki. [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ta ƙaddamar da shirin faɗaɗawa na dala biliyan 15, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka filayen jirgin sama, manyan hanyoyi, da sauran manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙasa. Don tallafawa wannan ci gaban, an kafa cibiyoyin kasuwanci kamar [[Djibouti International Free Trade Zone|Yankin Ciniki na Duniya na 'Yanci na Djibouti]] da [[Silk Road International Bank|Bankin Duniya na Silk Road]] don sabunta ayyukan da ake da su, da kuma sauƙaƙe haɓaka waɗannan ayyukan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Djibouti takes delivery of first aircraft for new commercial operations |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/968076/economy |publisher=Arab News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silk Road International Bank opens first Africa office in Djibouti |url=http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/09/silk-road-international-bank-opens-first-africa-office-djibouti/#.WJx-dm-LS70 |publisher=Capital Ethiopia |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2018-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208104820/http://capitalethiopia.com/2017/01/09/silk-road-international-bank-opens-first-africa-office-djibouti/#.WJx-dm-LS70 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese-funded Silkroad Int'l Bank opens in Djibouti |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-01/18/c_135994459.htm |publisher=New China}}</ref> === Layin Jirgin Kasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti === [[Fayil:Map_of_Addis_Ababa-Djibouti_Railway.png|right|thumb|Taswirar layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti]] Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti layin dogo ne na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke haɗa Addis Ababa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti a Tekun Aden, wanda ke ba wa Habasha da ke da iyaka damar shiga teku. A shekarar 2016, sama da kashi 95% na cinikin Habasha sun ratsa ta [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-10-05 |title=Ethiopia's new coastal rail link runs through restive region |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/541fbd8c7bd041ecafeff0058ea25b97/ethiopias-new-coastal-rail-link-runs-through-restive-region |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009204153/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/541fbd8c7bd041ecafeff0058ea25b97/ethiopias-new-coastal-rail-link-runs-through-restive-region |archive-date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> Kamfanin China Railway Group da [[CCECC|Kamfanin Gine-gine na Injiniyan Jama'a na China]] sun fara gina layin dogo a shekarar 2011, kuma Bankin Exim na China, Bankin Ci Gaban China, da Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China ne suka ba su kuɗin aikin. An kammala aikin a shekarar 2016, tare da jimlar jarin dala biliyan 4, wanda hakan ya sa jirgin ƙasa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na Shirin Belt and Road . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti-Ethiopia railway carries hope for pan-African trade |url=https://www.ft.com/content/42d7af2e-d95a-11e6-944b-e7eb37a6aa8e |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> == Yankin Ciniki 'Yanci na Duniya == Yankin Kasuwanci Mai 'Yanci na Duniya na Djibouti (DIFTZ) zai sauya harkokin kasuwanci a yankin tare da samar da tushe mai mahimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa na duniya don samun damar shiga kasuwar Afirka da ke ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri. An fara gina DIFTZ mako guda bayan kammala layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti, sabon layin dogo 752.&nbsp;hanyar kilomita da ta haɗa babban birnin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti breaks ground on massive Chinese-backed free trade zone |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-djibouti-idUSL4N1F649H |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta China, [[Dalian Port Authority|Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Dalian]] da IZP don kafa Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan DIFTZ. Tare, sun fara gina yankin ciniki mai 'yanci na dala biliyan 3.5, wanda ya faɗaɗa sama da kadada 4,800. Ana sa ran wannan shiri zai ƙirƙiri sabbin ayyukan yi 200,000, da kuma ƙarfafa rawar da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ke takawa a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin cinikin teku na duniya a cikin Shirin Belt and Road . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's Massive Port Expansion |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/mustwatch_djiboutis_massiveport_expansion |publisher=Port Technology}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti profits as superpowers make strategic inroads |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/djibouti-profits-as-superpowers-make-strategic-inroads-1.2599351 |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> == Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kayan aiki == Tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnatin Djibouti, DPFZA tana kula da gine-gine, gudanarwa da kuma gudanar da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da wurare da dama. === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti === Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] - wacce aka fi sani da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Red Sea - tana sauƙaƙa jigilar jiragen ruwa kusan 30,000 kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti faces new kid on the block |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36537044 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana tallafawa ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar haɗa ta da [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Doraleh Multipurpose]], Iskar Gas ta Ruwa (LNG) da tashar mai, da kuma ƙarin tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da aka keɓe don Gishiri da Potash. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port de Djibouti |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti-based Red Sea Bunkering (RSB) acquires new vessel to provide offshore services |url=http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-based-red-sea-bunkering-rsb-acquires-new-vessel-to-provide-offshore-services/ |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828032046/https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-based-red-sea-bunkering-rsb-acquires-new-vessel-to-provide-offshore-services/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tashar Horizon (HDTL) === Tashar Horizon Djibouti an tanadar matattarar don biyan buƙatun cinikin mai da jigilar kaya, tare da ƙarfin ajiya na mita cubic 371,000, wuraren ɗaukar kaya da kayan aiki waɗanda za su iya biyan buƙatun gida, yanki da na contango (Crading). An gina Tashar Horizon Djibouti ne saboda saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki a Gabashin Afirka - kamar yaɗuwar kamfanonin mai masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar ayyukan sufuri. Ana sa ran kayayyakin HDTL za su bunƙasa tare da sauyin yanayin jigilar mai a teku, kuma su daidaita don bayar da ayyuka waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun gargajiya da na rashin tabbas na ɓangaren albarkatun ƙasa na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horizon Terminals |url=http://www.horizon-terminals.com/index.html}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar tashar jiragen ruwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Suna ! Zuba Jari ! Ƙarfin aiki ! Aiki ! Kammalawa ! aiki |- | Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tadjourah <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of Tadjourah |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/Pages/NewProjects.php?ProjectID=1}}</ref> | dala miliyan 78 | Tan miliyan 4 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 300 Aiki: 200 | 2017 | Fitar da Potassium |- | Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Goubet <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goubet Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/Pages/NewProjects.php?ProjectID=3}}</ref> | Dala miliyan 64 | Tan miliyan 5 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 600 Aiki: 200 | 2017 | Fitar da Gishiri da Gypsum |- | Tashar Doraleh mai Manufofi da Yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/doraleh-multi-purpose-port/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Doraleh Container Terminal |url=http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512023625/http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/ |archive-date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> | dala miliyan 590 | Tan 8,779,000 a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 300 Aiki: 800 | 2017 | Kwantena da Tashar Girma |- | Tashoshin Jiragen Sama na Horizon Djibouti <ref>{{Cite web |title=Horizon Djibouti Terminals Ltd |url=http://www.horizon-terminals.com/services_existing_terminals_h-djibouti.html}}</ref> | dala miliyan 200 | mita cubic 371,000 | Gina: 400 Aiki: 200 | 2005 | Ajiyar Mai, Tacewa da Fitar da Danyen Mai |- | Tashar Dabbobin Damerjog <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damerjog Livestock Port |url=http://www.portdedjibouti.com/damerjog-livestock-port/}}</ref> | dala miliyan 70 | Kansu miliyan 10 na dabbobi a kowace shekara | Ginawa: 400 Aiki: 400 | 2017 | Ajiye Dabbobi da Sufuri |- | Gyaran Jiragen Ruwa & Tashoshin Busassun Jiragen Ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Business Hub |url=https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/ICA_sponsored_events/IGAD_HoA_Conf_2012/DJIBOUTI_IGAD_Conf_March2012.pdf}}</ref> | dala miliyan 200 | | Ginawa: 1000 Aiki: 200 | 2018 | Kula da Sufuri |- | Tashar LNG <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Plans LNG, Oil Terminals to Develop Regional Trade |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-06/djibouti-plans-lng-oil-terminals-to-develop-regional-trade-ties |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> | dala biliyan 2.8 | mita cubic miliyan 10 | Ginawa: 600 Aiki: 200 | 2019 | Ajiye da Fitar da Iskar Gas ta Halitta |} == Ayyuka == Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana bayar da gaurayen ayyukan kasuwanci da na kasuwanci, tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin gwamnati masu dacewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridgehead to Africa |url=http://chinainvestin.com/index.php/en/invest-in/special-editions/djibouti-en/3095 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207122937/http://chinainvestin.com/index.php/en/invest-in/special-editions/djibouti-en/3095 |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |publisher=China Invest In}}</ref> === Kafa kamfani === Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti tana tsara hanyoyin kafa kamfani a Djibouti. Masu neman aiki za su iya samun lasisin aiki ta hanyar hukumar. DPFZA kuma tana sarrafa izinin aiki ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje kuma tana sauƙaƙe aikace-aikacen tare da kamfanoni. === Lasisin sufuri da dabaru === Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankunan Kyauta ta Djibouti tana gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, kamar bin ƙa'idodi da binciken aiki, tana tsara tsarin farashi don jigilar kaya ta ruwa da ta kaya, kuma tana ba da lasisin da ake buƙata ga kamfanonin da ke aiki a cikin [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ko tashoshin jiragen ruwanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] js9xc9jxnthcpbmruxwdqtd885v8jkx 0 154615 859252 846409 2026-06-17T10:36:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} IPS Supported Employment wata hanya ce ta tushen shaida don tallafawa aiki ga mutanen da ke da rashin lafiya. IPS yana tsaye ne don '''Matsayi da Taimako na Mutum'''. IPS na tallafawa mutane a kokarin su na samun aiki mai mahimmanci, mai ma'ana a cikin ayyukan gasa na yau da kullun, ko dai na ɗan lokaci ko na cikakken lokaci. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran hanyoyin farfadowa na sana'a waɗanda ke daukar mutane a cikin bita da aka tsare da sauran ayyukan da aka saita. An yi bincike sosai game da IPS kuma an tabbatar da cewa yana da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun ayyukan aiki. == Ka'idoji == IPS ya dogara ne akan ka'idoji takwas. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiwatar da IPS suna da niyyar bin waɗannan ka'idoji wajen isar da ayyukan sana'a. {| class="wikitable" ! !Ka'idodin IPS |- | 1 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Kowane mutum da ke fama da mummunar rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa wanda yake so ya yi aiki ya cancanci aikin IPS. |- | 2 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana haɗa ayyukan aiki tare da ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. |- | 3 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Aikin gasa shine burin. |- | 4 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana ba da shawarwari na fa'idodi na mutum. |- | 5 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Binciken aiki yana farawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutum ya nuna sha'awar aiki. |- | 6 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Masana aikin yi suna haɓaka dangantaka da masu aiki bisa ga abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so. |- | 7 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Taimako na aiki yana ci gaba. |- | 8 &nbsp;&nbsp; |Ana girmama abubuwan da abokin ciniki suka fi so. |} Ana iya kimanta aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji ta hanyar amfani da [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page21/files/se-fidelity-scale002c-2008.pdf sikelin aminci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218120938/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page21/files/se-fidelity-scale002c-2008.pdf |date=2015-02-18 }} An adana 2015-02-18 a da kuma [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~ips/page19/page49/page49.html jagora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918231659/http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Eips/page19/page49/page49.html |date=2015-09-18 }} da aka adana 2015/09-18 a Way Back Machine wanda aka haɓaka musamman don IPS. == Bincike == An fara nazarin IPS a cikin gwajin sarrafawa a cikin shekara ta 1996. Tsakanin 1996 da 2011, an kimanta IPS a cikin gwaje-gwaje 15 masu sarrafawa. A matsakaici, kashi 60% na mahalarta bincike suna samun aiki na gasa a lokacin bin diddigin lokacin da suka karɓi IPS, yayin da kashi 24% na mahalartar ke samun aiki na gasar yayin karɓar wasu ayyukan sana'a. Wadannan sakamakon, tare da bayanai daga aiwatar da IPS ba tare da bincike ba, sun haifar da kafa ma'auni na ma'aikata don shirye-shiryen IPS. Wannan binciken ya kafa IPS a matsayin aikin da aka yi da shaida a cikin ilimin halayyar al'umma. Baya ga gwada tasirin kwatankwacin IPS, masu bincike sun gudanar da bincike kan aiwatarwa akan IPS, bincike kan masu tsinkaya na sakamako (wanda ke samun aiki da dalilin da ya sa), shingen aiki ga mutanen da ke da mummunar rashin lafiya na hankali, [4] da sauran [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~charky1/page40/page23/files/voc-pubs.11-11.pdf yankuna masu alaƙa.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913025317/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~charky1/page40/page23/files/voc-pubs.11-11.pdf |date=2015-09-13 }} An adana shi 2015-09-13 a == Abin da ke faruwa a cikin IPS == Ayyukan IPS yawanci ana ba da su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata masu tallafi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan asibiti na hukumar su don daidaita ayyukan. Lokacin da abokin ciniki a hukumar ya nuna sha'awar aiki, ana tura wannan abokin ciniki ga ƙwararren ma'aikata a kan ƙungiyar IPS don taron farko. Masanin aikin yi yana aiki tare da abokin ciniki don koyo game da burinsa da abubuwan da ya fi so kuma yana ba da bayani game da yadda IPS ke aiki. Lokacin da wani ya zaɓi ya yi rajista a cikin IPS, wannan mutumin da kwararren ma'aikata suna yin shiri tare kuma suna fara neman ayyuka na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma da zaran abokin ciniki ya nuna sha'awar yin hakan. Ana horar da kwararru na aiki don samar da mutane da tallafi, horarwa, ci gaba da ci gaba, horar da hira, da tallafi a kan aiki. Ana kuma horar da kwararru na aiki don yin ci gaban aiki; tsari wanda kwararru ke gina dangantaka da masu daukar ma'aikata a cikin kasuwancin da ke da ayyukan da suka dace da abubuwan da abokan ciniki suka fi so. A cikin IPS, abubuwan da abokin ciniki ke so sune tsakiya. Abokin ciniki ya yanke shawarar ko masu daukar ma'aikata da masu daukar malamai sun san game da cutar ta / ta kwakwalwa da kuma ko kwararren ma'aikaci zai yi magana da ma'aikacin a madadinsa. Abokin ciniki kuma yana yanke shawarar waɗanne ayyuka da zai nemi da kuma yawan abin da yake so ya yi aiki. Shawarwarin game da yawan aiki sau da yawa yana rinjayar sha'awar sauyawa zuwa rayuwar aiki yayin rage haɗarin kasancewa ba tare da aiki ba kuma ba tare da fa'idodin nakasassu ba. Wani bangare na aikin kwararren ma'aikata shine haɗa mutane tare da ba da shawara ga fa'idodi don su iya yin yanke shawara mai kyau a wannan yanki. Mutanen da ke gwada IPS sau da yawa suna samun ayyuka da yawa kafin su sami wanda ya dace. A cikin IPS akwai daidaitawa zuwa motsawa tsakanin ayyuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari na al'ada. Wannan tsari yana da niyyar haɗuwa zuwa ga aiki mai ɗorewa da kuma ga burin farfadowa na abokin ciniki. == Samun damar zuwa Ayyukan IPS == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009 kawai 2.1% na abokan cinikin lafiyar kwakwalwa na Amurka suna da damar yin amfani da ayyukan sana'a na tushen shaida. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa galibi suna fuskantar ƙalubalen kuɗi wajen aiwatar da IPS saboda rashin manufofin biyan kuɗi don ayyukan sana'a a cikin ilimin hauka. Duk da haka, tun daga shekara ta 2011, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa sun ba da IPS a akalla jihohi 13. Saboda babu wani kundin tsarin kasa na masu samar da IPS, mutanen da ke sha'awar samun damar waɗannan ayyukan dole ne su tambayi masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na gida game da ayyukansu na sana'a don gano ko ana samun sabis na sana'o'i na tushen shaida. == Yaduwa == An kirkiro Johnson & Johnson - Dartmouth Community Mental Health Program wanda aka adana 2012-03-08 a don ci gaba da yada IPS ta hanyar samar da tsari don tallafawa aiwatarwa na IPS a matakin jiha. A shekara ta 2001, Cibiyar Binciken Kwararrun Kwararrun Dartmouth ta ƙaddamar da wannan shirin tare da tallafin taimakon jama'a daga Johnson & Johnson Corporate Contributions. Wannan shirin ya haifar da kafa hadin gwiwar ilmantarwa na kasa wanda ke tallafawa aiwatar da ayyukan IPS a cikin saitunan yau da kullun (watau, wadanda ba bincike ba). Kasancewa memba a cikin wannan hadin gwiwa ya yadu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, jihohi 13 da ke dauke da hukumomin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa 130 sun kasance wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwa. Jihohin da suka shiga hadin gwiwar ilmantarwa suna karɓar shekaru huɗu na kudade don tallafawa ƙoƙarin aiwatarwa na farko. Bayan wannan matakin na farko, jihohi da hukumomin da suka halarta sun kasance suna da hannu ta hanyar raba sakamakon da bayanan sabis, shiga cikin ayyukan bincike, da kuma ci gaba da kokarin aiwatarwa a duk fadin jihar. == IPS a waje da Amurka == Kodayake an haɓaka IPS a Amurka, wallafe-wallafen bincike suna nuna sha'awar IPS kuma suna nuna cewa shiga tsakani yana da tasiri a cikin al'adu da yanayin manufofi. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na IPS a [[Kanada]], a duk faɗin EU, ciki har da [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], da [[Hong Kong]]. A Burtaniya, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta haɓaka aikin Cibiyoyin Kyau bisa ga tsarin Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dartmouth. Cibiyoyin za su yi aiki a matsayin misalai na yadda za'a iya aiwatar da Matsayi da Taimako na Mutum (IPS) a yankuna a duk faɗin Ingila. Cibiyar Tasirin Rashin Gida tana gudanar da gwaji na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin gida. Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Karamar Hukumar (MHCLG) ce ta ba da kuɗin, gwajin zai kwatanta sakamakon ga mutane 460 da aka tura zuwa sabis ɗin a cikin watanni 18 tare da sakamakon da ake sa ran a cikin 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Test and Learn: Individual Placement and Support |url=https://www.homelessnessimpact.org/projects/individual-placement-and-support |url-status=live |website=Centre for Homelessness Impact}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1sbhp4xnoxtqhg6ysy5hx04nh4f6c4d 0 154747 859144 846830 2026-06-17T04:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Clean Cooking Alliance, tsohon Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, <ref name="GmbH 2018">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=finanzen.net |date=2018-10-30 |title=Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves is Now the Clean Cooking Alliance |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/global-alliance-for-clean-cookstoves-is-now-the-clean-cooking-alliance-1027670889 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=markets.businessinsider.com |archive-date=2021-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505221357/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/global-alliance-for-clean-cookstoves-is-now-the-clean-cooking-alliance-1027670889 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki tare da goyon bayan [[United Nations Foundation|Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clean Cooking Alliance : Our Work |url=http://www.cleancookingalliance.org/our-work/ |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=Clean Cooking Alliance }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don inganta fasahar [[Makamashi Talauci da Girki|dafa abinci mai tsabta]] a ƙasashe masu karami da matsakaicin kuɗi. Mutane miliyan huɗu a shekara suna mutuwa daga matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da gurɓataccen iska na gida daga amfani da gurɓatar wuta da man fetur mara inganci don dafa abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Household air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705052821/http://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/en/ |archive-date=July 5, 2011 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> An sanar da Alliance a cikin 2010 ta U ta lokacin. [[United States Secretary of State|S. Sakataren Gwamnati]] [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary Clinton Announces the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves at the Clinton Global Initiative |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/09/147488.htm |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Dymphna a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na kungiyar Clinton Climate Initiative. Har ila yau, suna ba da tallafi don bincike da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa manufofin Alliance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clean Cooking Alliance : Resource Mobilization |url=http://www.cleancookingalliance.org/our-work/priorities/resource-mobilization.html |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=Clean Cooking Alliance }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> masu ba da shawara ga ka'idojin kasa da kasa ga masana'antun murhu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves : Promote International Standards |url=http://www.cleancookingalliance.org/our-work/priorities/promote-standards.html |publisher=Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da kuma daidaita bincike da ilimin batutuwan da ke kewaye da amfani da murhu mai tsabta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clean Cooking Alliance |url=http://cleancookingalliance.org/about/how-we-are-funded/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |archive-date=2019-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305184157/http://cleancookingalliance.org/about/how-we-are-funded/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙarfafawa == Shahararrun mashahurai da masu fasahar kiɗa sun ba da shawara game da batun. Sun hada da [[Julia Roberts]], shugaba Jose Andres, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jose Andres Named Culinary Ambassador Of The Global Clean Cookstove Alliance - Blog - View - News - Jose Andres |url=http://www.joseandres.com/en_us/news/news/view/10/blog/jose-andres-named-culinary-ambassador-of-the-global-clean-cookstove-alliance |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=www.joseandres.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327213043/http://www.joseandres.com/en_us/news/news/view/10/blog/jose-andres-named-culinary-ambassador-of-the-global-clean-cookstove-alliance |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uwargida ta biyu ta Jamhuriyar Ghana [[Samira Bawumia]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2017 |title=Samira Bawumia named ambassador of Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Samira-Bawumia-named-ambassador-of-Global-Alliance-for-Clean-Cookstoves-589941 |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> shugabar Indiya Sanjeev Kapoor, na China Zhao Wei, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2014 |title=China's Zhao Wei Joins Alliance as Newest Ambassador |url=http://cleancookingalliance.org/about/news/12-18-2014-china-s-zhao-wei-joins-alliance-as-newest-ambassador.html |publisher=Clean Cooking Alliance |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626155712/https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/about/news/12-18-2014-china-s-zhao-wei-joins-alliance-as-newest-ambassador.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma [[Rocky Dawuni]] na Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Names Rocky Dawuni as Ambassador! |url=http://cleancookingalliance.org/about/news/09-26-2012-global-alliance-for-clean-cookstoves-names-rocky-dawuni-as-ambassador.html |publisher=Clean Cooking Alliance |access-date=June 4, 2026 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221612/https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/about/news/09-26-2012-global-alliance-for-clean-cookstoves-names-rocky-dawuni-as-ambassador.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 24pm94i4koz8taw0z687ltmmruz5r35 0 154774 858981 846954 2026-06-16T16:56:21Z Nnamadee 31123 858981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kraai''' (wanda a zahiri yake "Kogin Crow") wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Orange]] (wanda kuma mazauna yankin ke kira ''da Kogin Gariep'' ) wanda ke gudana kusa da Barkly East a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar Loch a Kogin Kraai]] Kogin Kraai ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudu da [[Lesotho]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma daga mahaɗar Kogin Bell da Sterk Spruit a Moshesh's Ford a Kogin yana gudana kusan gaba ɗaya a kan duwatsun yashi na Clarens Formation.<ref>Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Ana iya kama Kraai, yana ɗauke da kifi irin na bakan gizo, kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifi mai launin rawaya . A shekarar 1881 an kammala gadar dutse mai tsayi mai suna gadar JW Sauer a kan kogin. Gadar ta haɗa al'ummomin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Kraai da Aliwal North . Gadar Sauer da gadar Loch da ke gonar Tyger Krantz, yanzu sune wuraren tarihi na lardin. == Manyan magudanan ruwa == * Kogin Bell da kuma wani magudanar ruwa ta Bell, Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, rassansa sune Bok Spruit da Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit da magudanar ruwansa, Ruwa Uku na Drifts * Carlisleshoek Spruit da Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * Saalboom Spruit da ƙungiyar sa, Vaalhoek Spruit * Karnmelk Spruit == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == ljuujqopwcjt4vlkwciscw69vt4mjmc 858982 858981 2026-06-16T16:57:01Z Nnamadee 31123 858982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kraai''' (wanda a zahiri yake "Kogin Crow") wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Orange]] (wanda kuma mazauna yankin ke kira ''da Kogin Gariep'' ) wanda ke gudana kusa da Barkly East a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar Loch a Kogin Kraai]] Kogin Kraai ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudu da [[Lesotho]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma daga mahaɗar Kogin Bell da Sterk Spruit a Moshesh's Ford a Kogin yana gudana kusan gaba ɗaya a kan duwatsun yashi na Clarens Formation.<ref>Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Ana iya kama Kraai, yana ɗauke da kifi irin na bakan gizo, kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifi mai launin rawaya.<ref>"Fly Fishing" Archived 2015-06-18 at the Wayback Machine wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> A shekarar 1881 an kammala gadar dutse mai tsayi mai suna gadar JW Sauer a kan kogin. Gadar ta haɗa al'ummomin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Kraai da Aliwal North . Gadar Sauer da gadar Loch da ke gonar Tyger Krantz, yanzu sune wuraren tarihi na lardin. == Manyan magudanan ruwa == * Kogin Bell da kuma wani magudanar ruwa ta Bell, Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, rassansa sune Bok Spruit da Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit da magudanar ruwansa, Ruwa Uku na Drifts * Carlisleshoek Spruit da Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * Saalboom Spruit da ƙungiyar sa, Vaalhoek Spruit * Karnmelk Spruit == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == rt154l3gsw9fvt1gxawob5jpolt3tom 858983 858982 2026-06-16T16:59:34Z Nnamadee 31123 858983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kraai''' (wanda a zahiri yake "Kogin Crow") wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Orange]] (wanda kuma mazauna yankin ke kira ''da Kogin Gariep'' ) wanda ke gudana kusa da Barkly East a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar Loch a Kogin Kraai]] Kogin Kraai ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudu da [[Lesotho]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma daga mahaɗar Kogin Bell da Sterk Spruit a Moshesh's Ford a Kogin yana gudana kusan gaba ɗaya a kan duwatsun yashi na Clarens Formation.<ref>Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Ana iya kama Kraai, yana ɗauke da kifi irin na bakan gizo, kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifi mai launin rawaya.<ref>"Fly Fishing" Archived 2015-06-18 at the Wayback Machine wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> A shekarar 1881<ref>"Stone Arch Bridges Of The Northeast Cape" maclear.co.za</ref> an kammala gadar dutse mai tsayi mai suna gadar JW Sauer a kan kogin. Gadar ta haɗa al'ummomin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Kraai da Aliwal North . Gadar Sauer da gadar Loch da ke gonar Tyger Krantz, yanzu sune wuraren tarihi na lardin. == Manyan magudanan ruwa == * Kogin Bell da kuma wani magudanar ruwa ta Bell, Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, rassansa sune Bok Spruit da Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit da magudanar ruwansa, Ruwa Uku na Drifts * Carlisleshoek Spruit da Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * Saalboom Spruit da ƙungiyar sa, Vaalhoek Spruit * Karnmelk Spruit == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == iwbvnippcrz467up7d7t1uumrzfcwrt 858985 858983 2026-06-16T17:00:12Z Nnamadee 31123 858985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kraai''' (wanda a zahiri yake "Kogin Crow") wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Orange]] (wanda kuma mazauna yankin ke kira ''da Kogin Gariep'' ) wanda ke gudana kusa da Barkly East a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar Loch a Kogin Kraai]] Kogin Kraai ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudu da [[Lesotho]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma daga mahaɗar Kogin Bell da Sterk Spruit a Moshesh's Ford a Kogin yana gudana kusan gaba ɗaya a kan duwatsun yashi na Clarens Formation.<ref>Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Ana iya kama Kraai, yana ɗauke da kifi irin na bakan gizo, kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifi mai launin rawaya.<ref>"Fly Fishing" Archived 2015-06-18 at the Wayback Machine wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> A shekarar 1881<ref>"Stone Arch Bridges Of The Northeast Cape" maclear.co.za</ref> an kammala gadar dutse mai tsayi<ref>"Exploring the Eastern Cape’s bridging legacy" farmersweekly.co.za</ref> mai suna gadar JW Sauer a kan kogin. Gadar ta haɗa al'ummomin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Kraai da Aliwal North . Gadar Sauer da gadar Loch da ke gonar Tyger Krantz, yanzu sune wuraren tarihi na lardin. == Manyan magudanan ruwa == * Kogin Bell da kuma wani magudanar ruwa ta Bell, Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, rassansa sune Bok Spruit da Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit da magudanar ruwansa, Ruwa Uku na Drifts * Carlisleshoek Spruit da Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * Saalboom Spruit da ƙungiyar sa, Vaalhoek Spruit * Karnmelk Spruit == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == f7j1ih8qii9fp5h3od9ps7u89uwmgn3 858986 858985 2026-06-16T17:00:56Z Nnamadee 31123 858986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kraai''' (wanda a zahiri yake "Kogin Crow") wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Orange]] (wanda kuma mazauna yankin ke kira ''da Kogin Gariep'' ) wanda ke gudana kusa da Barkly East a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar Loch a Kogin Kraai]] Kogin Kraai ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudu da [[Lesotho]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma daga mahaɗar Kogin Bell da Sterk Spruit a Moshesh's Ford a Kogin yana gudana kusan gaba ɗaya a kan duwatsun yashi na Clarens Formation.<ref>Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Ana iya kama Kraai, yana ɗauke da kifi irin na bakan gizo, kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifi mai launin rawaya.<ref>"Fly Fishing" Archived 2015-06-18 at the Wayback Machine wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> A shekarar 1881<ref>"Stone Arch Bridges Of The Northeast Cape" maclear.co.za</ref> an kammala gadar dutse mai tsayi<ref>"Exploring the Eastern Cape’s bridging legacy" farmersweekly.co.za</ref> mai suna gadar JW Sauer a kan kogin. Gadar ta haɗa al'ummomin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Kraai da Aliwal North . Gadar Sauer da gadar Loch da ke gonar Tyger Krantz, yanzu sune wuraren tarihi na lardin.<ref>"J W Sauer Bridge, Kraai River, Aliwal North District" sahra.org.za</ref> == Manyan magudanan ruwa == * Kogin Bell da kuma wani magudanar ruwa ta Bell, Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, rassansa sune Bok Spruit da Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit da magudanar ruwansa, Ruwa Uku na Drifts * Carlisleshoek Spruit da Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * Saalboom Spruit da ƙungiyar sa, Vaalhoek Spruit * Karnmelk Spruit == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == a2y6ndo8895qd76wikouesnkwzilyfe 858987 858986 2026-06-16T17:01:29Z Nnamadee 31123 858987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kraai''' (wanda a zahiri yake "Kogin Crow") wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Orange]] (wanda kuma mazauna yankin ke kira ''da Kogin Gariep'' ) wanda ke gudana kusa da Barkly East a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . == Bayani == [[Fayil:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar Loch a Kogin Kraai]] Kogin Kraai ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudu da [[Lesotho]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa yamma daga mahaɗar Kogin Bell da Sterk Spruit a Moshesh's Ford a Kogin yana gudana kusan gaba ɗaya a kan duwatsun yashi na Clarens Formation.<ref>Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Ana iya kama Kraai, yana ɗauke da kifi irin na bakan gizo, kifi mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kifi mai launin rawaya.<ref>"Fly Fishing" Archived 2015-06-18 at the Wayback Machine wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> A shekarar 1881<ref>"Stone Arch Bridges Of The Northeast Cape" maclear.co.za</ref> an kammala gadar dutse mai tsayi<ref>"Exploring the Eastern Cape’s bridging legacy" farmersweekly.co.za</ref> mai suna gadar JW Sauer a kan kogin. Gadar ta haɗa al'ummomin da ke cikin kwarin Kogin Kraai da Aliwal North . Gadar Sauer da gadar Loch da ke gonar Tyger Krantz, yanzu sune wuraren tarihi na lardin.<ref>"J W Sauer Bridge, Kraai River, Aliwal North District" sahra.org.za</ref><ref>"Loch Bridge, Kraai River, Barkly East District" sahra.org.za</ref> == Manyan magudanan ruwa == * Kogin Bell da kuma wani magudanar ruwa ta Bell, Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, rassansa sune Bok Spruit da Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit da magudanar ruwansa, Ruwa Uku na Drifts * Carlisleshoek Spruit da Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * Saalboom Spruit da ƙungiyar sa, Vaalhoek Spruit * Karnmelk Spruit == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 1s6h8q3n1i3f0ovy9hgbkrtji8kfjnc 0 154804 859256 847166 2026-06-17T10:38:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darren Jason Watkins Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005), wanda aka fi sani da '''IShowSpeed''' ko kuma kawai Speed, ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mawaƙi kuma mai raɗa kan layi. An dauke shi daya daga cikin shahararrun masu rabawa na kan layi da kuma mutanen Intanet a duniya.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Dmytro |first=Murko |date=September 20, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed has become Top 1 English-speaking streamer of all time |url=https://streamscharts.com/news/ishowspeed-most-popular-english-language-streamer |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Streams Charts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 30, 2024 |title=Mobbed in Norway, A Guest on Club Shay Shay, How Is IShowSpeed, 19, One Of the World's Biggest Streaming Stars? |url=https://www.theroot.com/mobbed-in-norway-a-guest-on-club-shay-shay-19-year-ol-1851729868 |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=The Root |language=en}}</ref> Watkins an san shi da halayensa masu ban mamaki da kuzari da yake nunawa a lokacin raƙuman ruwa iri-iri, gami da raƙuman rayuwa na ainihi da aka gudanar a wurare daban-daban a duniya. An kalli shi a matsayin jakadan al'adu yayin da yake ziyartar ƙasashe sau da yawa don nuna al'adunsu da abubuwan kirkirarsu ga masu sauraro na cikin gida da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=IShowSpeed: YouTube star touches hearts in Africa during first tour |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y5le7yl7po |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> An haifi Watkins a Cincinnati, Ohio . Da yake yin rajistar tashar [[YouTube]] a cikin 2016, ya fara buga abubuwan caca. Watkins ya fara samun kulawa a cikin 2021 saboda tashin hankali da halayen jiki yayin caca.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Winslow |first=Jeremy |date=April 7, 2022 |title=YouTube Streamer With 6.9M Followers Banned After Valorant Tirade Clip Surfaces |url=https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407222306/https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya fara mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da suka shafi [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]], ya zama mai goyon bayan [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], yawanci yana juyawa abubuwan da yake ciki game da goyon bayansa ga dan wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gil |first=Mario Blázquez |date=March 30, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed buys its first supercar featuring CR7 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/technology/gaming/2024/03/30/66086804268e3e40328b4573.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816041631/https://www.marca.com/en/technology/gaming/2024/03/30/66086804268e3e40328b4573.html |archive-date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=MARCA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayliss |first=Jake |date=June 15, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed's wild life – fireworks in house, e-dating scandal, Ronaldo obsession |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ishowspeed-life-cristiano-ronaldo-youtube-32997828 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134051/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ishowspeed-life-cristiano-ronaldo-youtube-32997828 |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2024 |website=The Mirror}}</ref> Watkins ya kuma bi aikin rap. Ya sanya hannu tare da Warner Records don fitar da "Kofin Duniya" na 2022 wanda aka tsara a kasashe da yawa. An ba shi suna Breakout Streamer of the Year a 12th Streamy Awards a 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Here are your 2022 Streamy Award winners |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2022/12/05/2022-streamy-award-winners/ |access-date=January 17, 2026 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sau biyu ya lashe Streamer of The Year a 2024 Streamer Awards da 2025 Streamer Awards. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Truder |first=Morgan |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Kai Cenat and IShowSpeed Take Home Major Awards at Youtube Streamys |url=https://www.videogamer.com/news/2022-streamys-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207194400/https://www.videogamer.com/news/2022-streamys-winners/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=VideoGamer.com}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Brigstock |first=Jake |date=December 8, 2024 |title=Streamer Awards 2024: IShowSpeed named streamer of the year |url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/streamer-awards-2024-ishowspeed-kai-cenat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120160845/https://www.indy100.com/viral/streamer-awards-2024-ishowspeed-kai-cenat |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Connellan |first=Shannon |date=December 8, 2025 |title=The Streamer Awards 2025 winners list: IShowSpeed wins Streamer of the Year |url=https://mashable.com/article/the-streamer-awards-2025-winners-list-streamer-of-year |access-date=January 17, 2026 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Darren Jason Watkins Jr. a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2005, a Cincinnati, Ohio . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brigstock |first=Jake |date=June 3, 2024 |title=Who is IShowSpeed and how did he get so popular? |url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115030720/https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube |archive-date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]] |publisher=[[The Independent]] |language=en |issn=1741-9743}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, Darren Watkins Sr. da kuma 'yan uwansa biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwa mai suna Dian (wanda aka fi sani da Jamal), wanda kuma aka watsa shi a YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=IShowSpeed's Brother Says He's Taking a Break From Streams So He Can 'Just Be Myself' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-brother-says-taking-break-213824603.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta hanyar zuriyar mahaifinsa, shi ne jikan Harold Watkins, wanda ya zama shugaban kashe gobara na farko na Afirka na Sashen Wutar Lantarki na Detroit a shekarar 1988. Mahaifiyarsa, Tiffany Elizabeth Graves, ita ce mai kula da Watkins a farkon shekarunsa, bayan ta saki mahaifinsa lokacin da Watkins yake matashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=Profile of IShowSpeed: The Unpredictable Streamer |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/culture/ishowspeed-profile-the-unpredictable-streamer-breaking-records-in-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=The Kenya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Watkins ta girma ne a unguwar Bond Hill ta Cincinnati . Ya halarci Kwalejin Shirye-shiryen Kwalejin Cincinnati don makarantar firamare kuma daga baya ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Purcell Marian. A lokacin yarinta, Watkins ya sami laƙabi "Speedy" saboda ƙwarewarsa da kuma al'adar gudu daga karnuka. A cikin 2020, a lokacin annobar COVID-19, wani shirin bidiyo na Watkins yana amsawa da karfi ga wasan bidiyo ya sake fitowa daga kafofin watsa labarai na WorldStarHipHop; sakamakon maganganun da ba su dace ba ya haifar da rikici tsakanin Watkins da mahaifiyarsa.[4] Sakamakon haka, Watkins ya koma Detroit, Michigan, don ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa.[4] A can, ya raba ɗaki tare da kawunsa kuma ya fara watsa shirye-shirye na cikakken lokaci ta amfani da kyamarar PlayStation 4. == Ayyukan Yanar Gizo == === 2016-2021: Asalin, abubuwan da ke cikin farko, da haramtacciyar dandamali === [[Fayil:IShowSpeed_November_2021_(52502829419).jpg|alt=A young Black man looking at the camera smirking in a public place.|left|thumb|241x241px|Watkins yana hulɗa da magoya baya a cikin 2021]] Watkins ya yi rajistar tashar [[YouTube]] "IShowSpeed" a cikin 2016, kodayake da farko ya ɗora shirye-shiryen bidiyo kawai a wasu lokuta.<ref name="KotakuBan">{{Cite web |last=Winslow |first=Levi |date=April 7, 2022 |title=YouTube Streamer With 6.9M Followers Banned After Valorant Tirade Clip Surfaces |url=https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407222306/https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref> Ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, yana watsa shirye-'shiryen wasanni kamar ''NBA 2K'' da ''Fortnite''.<ref name="DotEsports2022">{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=August 2, 2022 |title=No slowing down: IShowSpeed is fastest growing streamer on YouTube right now |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144818/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Dot Esports]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]]}}</ref> Ruwa na farko ya kai matsakaicin masu kallo; a shekarar 2020, ya kai matsakaici kusan masu kallo goma a kowane watsa shirye-shirye.<ref name="DotEsports2022" /> Yawan masu kallonsa ya ƙaru sosai a shekarar 2021; tasharsa ta karu daga masu biyan kuɗi 100,000 a watan Afrilun 2021 zuwa 1&nbsp;miliyan a watan Yunin 2021. <ref name="DotEsports2022"/> Wannan ci gaban ya samu goyon bayan bidiyon halayensa a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye - galibi ana siffanta shi da tashin hankali da aka yi wa wasanni, 'yan wasa, da kyamararsa - wanda ke yawo a [[TikTok]] a matsayin memes . <ref name="KotakuBan"/> ''Kotaku'' ya bayyana Watkins a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu yaɗa shirye-shirye mafi sauri" a YouTube a wannan lokacin. <ref name="KotakuBan" /> Halin Watkins ya haifar da haramtacciyar doka daga dandamali da yawa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, ya shiga cikin shirin Twitch "e-dating" wanda Adin Ross ya shirya. A lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen, Watkins ya yi tsokaci ga mai halarta Ash Kash cewa matsakaici na Twitch ya fassara shi azaman barazanar tashin hankali na jima'i.[1] Ross ya cire Watkins daga kiran; duk da haka, Watkins ya sake komawa kuma ya ba da umarnin karin maganganu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga Kash. Twitch daga baya ya haramta Watkins daga dandalin don "tilasta jima'i ko tsoratarwa".[1] Dandalin ya sake dawo da asusun sa kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2023. [[Fayil:My_globe_is_kinda_homeless.png|thumb|Baby Globe yana yin "mahaifiyata ba ta da gida"]] A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2021, a lokacin wani shiri kai tsaye na tsawon awanni huɗu da mintuna 23 mai taken "ZAGAYEN FARKO!", Watkins ya shiga wasan ''Fortnite'' wanda ya haifar da wani wasan kwaikwayo na intanet mai yaɗuwa. A lokacin wasan, wani abokin wasa mai suna "Acey Daddy" ya nemi Watkins ya taimaka masa ya yi nasara, yana cewa, "Don Allah, Speed, ina buƙatar wannan! Mahaifiyata ba ta da gida." <ref name="MashableReunion">{{Cite web |last=Mashable News Staff |date=October 27, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed's Reunion With 2021 'Kinda Homeless' Teens Leaves The Internet In Stitches |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/101636/ishowspeeds-reunion-with-2021-kinda-homeless-teens-leaves-the-internet-in-stitches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103190027/https://in.mashable.com/culture/101636/ishowspeeds-reunion-with-2021-kinda-homeless-teens-leaves-the-internet-in-stitches |archive-date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Watkins ya amsa da ƙarfi yana danne dariya yayin da wani ɗan wasa na uku, "Pew is baba", ya yi masa tsawa saboda martanin da ya mayar. <ref name="NME_IMDb" /> Bidiyon ya zama abin dariya mai yaɗuwa a dandamali kamar TikTok da X. Daga baya rafin ya sami ƙimar 10/10 akan [[IMDb]], wanda ya wuce ''shirin'' " Ozymandias " na ɗan lokaci a cikin ƙimar masu amfani. <ref name="News18_IMDb" /> <ref name="NME_IMDb" /> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2025, Watkins ya shirya wani taro tare da 'yan wasan biyu.<ref name="MashableReunion"/> A lokacin rafin, "Acey Daddy" ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin gidaje na mahaifiyarsa ya inganta.<ref name="MashableReunion" /> Mahaifiyar mai kunnawa ta bayyana a kan liveestream kuma ta tsawata wa Watkins saboda dariya game da yanayinta a shekarar 2021.<ref name="MashableReunion" /> === 2022-2023: Shahararren farko === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, wani shirin Watkins yana wasa da Valorant a kan rafi na kai tsaye ya fito a kan layi. A cikin bidiyon, ya gaya wa wata 'yar wasan mata: "Ku fita daga wasan ka yi jita-jita na mijinka". Wannan ya haifar da daya daga cikin masu samar da wasan, Sara Dadafshar, ta haramta Watkins daga Valorant da duk sauran sunayen Riot Games. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shutler |first=Ali |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Streamer IShowSpeed banned from every Riot Games title after sexist tirade |url=https://www.nme.com/news/gaming-news/streamer-ishowspeed-banned-from-every-riot-games-title-after-sexist-tirade-3201237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409055727/https://www.nme.com/news/gaming-news/streamer-ishowspeed-banned-from-every-riot-games-title-after-sexist-tirade-3201237 |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref><ref name="DotEsportsValorant">{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Christian |date=April 7, 2022 |title=YouTuber IShowSpeed banned from VALORANT, all Riot games following viral sexist rant |url=https://dotesports.com/news/youtuber-ishowspeed-banned-from-valorant-all-riot-games-viral-rant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409055726/https://dotesports.com/news/youtuber-ishowspeed-banned-from-valorant-all-riot-games-viral-rant |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Dot Esports]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]]}}</ref> Shugaban duniya na masu kirkirar caca na YouTube, Lester Chen, ya amsa ga shirin, yana mai cewa yana "a ciki". <ref name="BusinessInsiderValorant" /> Watkins daga baya ya nemi gafara saboda halinsa, ya yarda cewa "ba daidai ba ne", kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami maganganun wariyar launin fata daga wasu 'yan wasa a wannan rana.<ref name="KotakuBan"/> A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2022, a lokacin Ranar Independence, Watkins ya kashe wuta ta Pikachu a cikin ɗakinsa, wanda ya cika dakin da hayaki kuma ya haifar da martani daga sashen kashe gobara. Ya kai masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 10 a YouTube daga baya a wannan watan.<ref name="DotEsportsStats">{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=August 2, 2022 |title=No slowing down: IShowSpeed is fastest growing streamer on YouTube right now |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144818/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dot Esports |publisher=Gamurs}}</ref> A ƙarshen Yulin 2022, Watkins ya sami yajin aikin jagororin al'umma da kuma haramtacciyar mako guda a YouTube bayan ya watsa shirye-shiryen jima'i na <nowiki><i id="mwAVc">Minecraft</i></nowiki> mod suna "Jenny's Mod" ga masu kallo 96,000. Shirin ya nuna ayyukan jima'i na bayyane wanda ya shafi halinsa a cikin wasan. Watkins da farko ya tantance allon amma daga baya ya bayyana abubuwan da ke ciki ba zato ba tsammani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=July 22, 2022 |title='I'm banned': IShowSpeed says goodbye after controversial YouTube stream |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/im-banned-ishowspeed-says-goodbye-after-controversial-youtube-stream |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165607/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/im-banned-ishowspeed-says-goodbye-after-controversial-youtube-stream |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2022, an kashe Watkins yayin da waje watsa shirye-shirye a YouTube. Jami'ai sun ɗaure shi, kuma an tilasta wa mai daukar hoto ya kawo karshen watsa shirye-shiryen. Daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa an daure shi kuma Adin Ross ya sanya belinsa, ya ba shi damar komawa yawo a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=August 12, 2022 |title=IShowSpeed claims police put him in jail after YouTube swatting and Adin Ross had to bail him out |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-claims-police-jail-youtube-swatting-adin-ross-bail-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007084920/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-claims-police-jail-youtube-swatting-adin-ross-bail-out |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2022, Watkins ta shiga cikin Sidemen Charity Match . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutelle |first=Sam |date=September 26, 2022 |title=The latest Sidemen soccer match raised over £1 million for charity and drew 2.6 million concurrent viewers |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2022/09/26/sidemen-charity-soccer-football-match-ksi-miniminter-i-show-speed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801071650/https://www.tubefilter.com/2022/09/26/sidemen-charity-soccer-football-match-ksi-miniminter-i-show-speed/ |archive-date=August 1, 2025 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Tubefilter]]}}</ref> A lokacin wasan, ya yi takaici a alƙalin Mark Clattenburg saboda hana kwallo saboda rashin amincewa da shi; Watkins ya yi wa Clattenbourg bulala da rigar da ya cire yayin bikinsa, yana karɓar katin rawaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Harry |date=September 26, 2022 |title=8 of best moments from the Sidemen Charity football match |url=https://www.indy100.com/sport/sidemen-charity-football-match-highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117103416/https://www.indy100.com/sport/sidemen-charity-football-match-highlights |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]] |publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Sky Sports ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su daina nuna Watkins a dandamali bayan da suka gabata suka sake fitowa. Mai watsa shirye-shiryen ya cire duk abubuwan da ke nuna shi daga tashoshin kafofin sada zumunta da gidan yanar gizon su. A ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, Watkins ya fuskanci zargi saboda zargin inganta zamba na cryptocurrency da aka sani da "tsarin famfo da zubar da kaya" yayin da ake watsa shirye-shiryen The Paradox Metaverse, wasan bude duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=November 17, 2022 |title=What is the iShowSpeed crypto controversy about? |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-paradox-metaverse-crypto-scam-controversy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110045937/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-paradox-metaverse-crypto-scam-controversy |archive-date=November 10, 2024 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=November 17, 2022 |title=iShowSpeed's fans are calling him out for promoting an alleged crypto 'scam' and he's not happy |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeeds-fans-calling-him-out-promoting-alleged-crypto-scam-not-happy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120012859/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeeds-fans-calling-him-out-promoting-alleged-crypto-scam-not-happy |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> Kashegari, ya nemi gafara, yana mai cewa: "Na yi kuskuren da na so ban taɓa yi ba amma ni ba mai zamba ba ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geddes |first=George |date=November 17, 2022 |title='I made a mistake': iShowSpeed responds following crypto promotion drama |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/i-made-a-mistake-ishowspeed-responds-following-crypto-promotion-drama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109231316/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/i-made-a-mistake-ishowspeed-responds-following-crypto-promotion-drama |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, Watkins ya lashe kyautar "Breakout Streamer" a 12th Streamy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=December 4, 2022 |title=Mark Rober, MrBeast Win Big at 2022 YouTube Streamy Awards (Full Winners List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-youtube-streamy-awards-full-winners-list-mark-rober-mrbeast-1235180954/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224030409/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-youtube-streamy-awards-full-winners-list-mark-rober-mrbeast-1235180954/ |archive-date=December 24, 2025 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, a lokacin [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]], ya haifar da gardama saboda halinsa ga mai kallo na kasar Sin a [[Qatar]]. A lokacin da yake raye-raye, ya kusanci wani mutum da ke sanye da rigar Argentina; lokacin da mutumin ya nuna cewa bai yi Turanci ba, Watkins ya ce "Konnichiwa" kuma ya furta sauti kamar Cantonese da Mandarin Chinese. Bayan mayar da martani, ya ɗora bidiyon neman gafara zuwa Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=December 7, 2022 |title=IShowSpeed responds to racism allegations after star's World Cup fan video goes viral |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-responds-to-racism-allegations-after-viral-world-cup-clip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210180410/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-responds-to-racism-allegations-after-viral-world-cup-clip |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Dot Esports]]}}</ref> Watkins ya fadada dandalinsa a watan Mayu 2023 ta hanyar sanar da yarjejeniyar yawo ta musamman tare da dandalin Rumble, tare da haɗin gwiwar Kai Cenat . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuttleworth |first=Catherine |date=May 17, 2023 |title=What is Rumble? The alternative streaming site that has signed Kai Cenat and iShowSpeed |url=https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/what-is-rumble-kai-cenat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111232343/https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/what-is-rumble-kai-cenat |archive-date=January 11, 2026 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]] |publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2023, ya sadu da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Portugal, [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], a Lisbon bayan wasan Portugal da Bosnia da Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: YouTuber IShowSpeed Goes Berserk After Meeting Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/youtuber-ishowspeed-goes-berserk-after-meeting-cristiano-ronaldo-watch-4130741 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525164303/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/youtuber-ishowspeed-goes-berserk-after-meeting-cristiano-ronaldo-watch-4130741 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |access-date=May 25, 2024 |website=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2023, Watkins ya wuce masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 20 a YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Harry |date=August 27, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed dives into camera and crashes stream to mark 20 million subscribers |url=https://www.indy100.com/tiktok/ishowspeed-dives-camera-subscribers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041533/https://www.indy100.com/tiktok/ishowspeed-dives-camera-subscribers |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, ya [[Al'aurar Namiji|fallasa]] kansa ba zato ba tsammani ga masu sauraro 25,000 yayin da yake wasa Five Nights a Freddy's: Security Breach bayan da tsoratar da tsalle ya firgita shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Trisha |date=August 17, 2023 |title=American YouTuber IShowSpeed accidently flashes his privates on live stream |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/american-youtuber-ishowspeed-accidently-flashes-himself-on-live-stream-626361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817211039/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/american-youtuber-ishowspeed-accidently-flashes-himself-on-live-stream-626361 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=[[WION]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pabriga |first=Cedric |date=August 17, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed accidentally flashes viewers during bizarre Five Nights at Freddy's freakout |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-accidentally-flashes-viewers-bizarre-five-nights-at-freddys-freakout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220103129/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-accidentally-flashes-viewers-bizarre-five-nights-at-freddys-freakout |archive-date=December 20, 2025 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> Lamarin ya zama batun da ya fi dacewa a dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Jose |date=August 16, 2023 |title='IShowMeat' Trending After IShowSpeed Accidentally Exposes Himself on YouTube Stream |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jose-martinez/ishowspeed-exposes-himself-youtube-stream-ishowmeat-trending |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817000540/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jose-martinez/ishowspeed-exposes-himself-youtube-stream-ishowmeat-trending |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> YouTube bai haramta Watkins ba saboda lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocho |first=Alex |date=August 17, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed Avoids YouTube Ban After Accidentally Exposing Himself During Stream |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-avoids-youtube-ban-after-accidentally-exposing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817220023/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-avoids-youtube-ban-after-accidentally-exposing |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=Complex}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Watkins ya shiga cikin wani taron dambe na sadaka tare da KSI, yana tara kudade ga Gidauniyar Anthony Walker. === 2024-yanzu: Abubuwan tafiye-tafiye, mai gudana na shekara da ci gaba da girma === [[Fayil:IShowSpeed_in_Chinatown,_Singapore.webm|thumb|356x356px|Watkins yana tafiya a kan titunan Chinatown, Singapore, yayin yawon shakatawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya a watan Satumbar 2024]] A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Watkins ya shiga cikin "Match for Hope 2024", wasan sadaka na ƙwallon ƙafa da aka shirya a Filin wasa na Ahmad bin Ali, [[Qatar]], inda ya buga wa Team Chunkz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2024 |title=VIDEO {{!}} Match For Hope 2024 Highlights: Team Chunx vs Team AboFlah |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles-video/video-match-for-hope-2024-highlights-team-chunx-vs-team-aboflah-2024-02-23 |access-date=December 21, 2024 |website=[[BeIN Sports]]}}</ref> Wani shirinsa ya bazu inda ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Brazil Kaká.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2024 |title=Kaka obliterated by tackle from streamer in charity match |url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2024/02/23/kaka-ishowspeed-tackle-match-for-hope-charity-game/ |access-date=December 21, 2024 |website=Pro Soccer Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2024, Watkins ya halarci Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling da Wake na shekara-shekara a Gloucestershire, Ingila, a lokacin da ya ji rauni a kafa, wanda ya yi iƙirarin yana buƙatar asibiti. A watan Yuni da Yuli 2024, a lokacin UEFA Euro 2024, Watkins ya zagaya [[Turai]], ya kai masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 25 a ranar 2 ga Yuni. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, Watkins ya ziyarci Norway, inda ya gudana a cikin kantin sayar da kayan tunawa. Yayinda yake hulɗa tare da babban taron magoya baya daga taga na biyu, ya ji rauni a idonsa. Bayan wani mai tsaron rai ya fitar da shi, taron jama'a sun kai wa Watkins hari, kuma za a kwantar da shi a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed attacked by Norwegian crowd as he vows never to return |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-attacked-by-norwegian-crowd-as-he-vows-never-to-return-2807592/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703230849/https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-attacked-by-norwegian-crowd-as-he-vows-never-to-return-2807592/ |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na Watkins na Turai ya sami ra'ayoyi sama da biliyan 2.5 a duk faɗin dandamali na [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed concludes European stream tour with over 2.5 billion views |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/us/en/20240723/695767/ishowspeed-concludes-european-stream-tour-with-over-2-5-billion-views.html |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=Mundo Deportivo USA}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2024, Watkins ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye inda ya tsallake kan manyan motoci biyu a [[Miami]]. An share rafin ne a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta saboda keta ka'idojin sabis na YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed stuns viewers by jumping over speeding Lamborghini and McLaren back-to-back |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-stuns-viewers-by-jumping-over-speeding-lamborghini-and-mclaren-back-to-back-2849722/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043810/https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-stuns-viewers-by-jumping-over-speeding-lamborghini-and-mclaren-back-to-back-2849722/ |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed takes streaming to new heights with daring car jumps |url=https://rollingout.com/2024/08/05/ishowspeed-takes-streaming-to-new-height/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043810/https://rollingout.com/2024/08/05/ishowspeed-takes-streaming-to-new-height/ |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=rollingout.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2024 |title=US Youtuber IShowSpeed Leaps Over Two Speeding Luxury Cars In Viral Video— Is It Real? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/us-youtuber-ishowspeed-leaps-over-two-speeding-luxury-cars-in-viral-video-is-it-real-article-112261635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043810/https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/us-youtuber-ishowspeed-leaps-over-two-speeding-luxury-cars-in-viral-video-is-it-real-article-112261635 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref> Yayinda yake yawon shakatawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ya wuce masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 kuma ya tara jimlar ra'ayoyi miliyan 110 a tsawon lokacin tafiyar. Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen Watkins, mai taken "IRL Stream in Indonesia", ya nuna karo na farko da mai magana da Ingilishi ya sami masu kallo miliyan ɗaya a cikin shirye-aikacen rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed finishes Southeast Asia tour with absurd viewership stats |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-finishes-southeast-asia-tour-with-absurd-viewership-stats-2912706/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112234313/https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-finishes-southeast-asia-tour-with-absurd-viewership-stats-2912706/ |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dexerto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutelle |first=Sam |date=September 19, 2024 |title=iShowSpeed got one million concurrent viewers in one of Asia's most creator-obsessed countries |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2024/09/19/i-show-speed-asia-tour-youtube-streaming-views-indonesia/ |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Tubefilter}}</ref><ref name=":16"/> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Watkins ya rasa tseren mita 50 a kan mai lashe lambar zinare ta mita 100 na maza Noah Lyles. [[Mr Beast|MrBeast]] ne ya yanke hukunci kuma ya shirya gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendoza |first=Jordan |title=Gold medalist Noah Lyles beats popular streamer IShowSpeed in 50m race |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/11/07/noah-lyles-streamer-ishowspeed-50m-race-100k/76111569007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212210035/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/11/07/noah-lyles-streamer-ishowspeed-50m-race-100k/76111569007/ |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=November 8, 2024 |website=USA Today}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, Watkins ya fara rangadinsa na Australia da New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Chloe |date=November 22, 2024 |title='Excuse me': Famous American Youtuber IShowSpeed brutally rejected by Bondi beauty in live-streamed moment |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity-life/excuse-me-famous-american-youtuber-ishowspeed-brutally-rejected-by-bondi-beauty-in-livestreamed-moment/news-story/e165011c0017f36cf088ac9672463872 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=SkyNews Australia}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, an ba da sanarwar cewa Watkins zai zama shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Amurka ta Baller League, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Baller League: KSI, Gary Lineker, Luis Figo & John Terry among names involved in new football league |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3rx5ll9y3zo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090338/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3rx5ll9y3zo |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, Complex Networks ta sanya shi na farko a cikin jerin sunayen "The 25 Best Streamers Right Now".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=The 25 Best Streamers on the Internet Right Now, Ranked |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/levi-winslow/best-internet-streamers-kick-rumble-twitch-youtube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204180018/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/levi-winslow/best-internet-streamers-kick-rumble-twitch-youtube |archive-date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=[[Complex Networks]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, an zabi Watkins kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta "Get Off Your A** Award (Best IRL Streamer) ", "Best International Streamer", da kuma "Streamer of the Year" na 2024 Streamer Awards. <ref name=":10"/> Daga baya a wannan watan ya lashe kyautar "Mafi Girma Mai Girma" na Goal Champions Awards .<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Most Influential Soccer Creator |url=https://www.goal.com/goalchampions/most-influentia-soccer-creator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221065604/https://www.goal.com/goalchampions/most-influentia-soccer-creator |archive-date=December 21, 2024 |access-date=December 21, 2024 |website=GOAL Champions |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2025, Watkins ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahadevan |first=Tara |date=January 10, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed's South America IRL Tour |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/ishowspeed-announces-irl-streaming-tour-south-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204180012/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/ishowspeed-announces-irl-streaming-tour-south-america |archive-date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=January 12, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, a lokacin yawon shakatawa a Peru, Rafael López Aliaga, magajin garin, ya ayyana shi a matsayin magajin gari na Lima na tsawon sa'a guda, wanda kuma ya ayyana hann a matsayin "ambassador na Lima". Daga baya a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Watkins ya shiga cikin "Match for Hope 2025", wani taron agaji na kwallon kafa da aka shirya a filin wasa na 974, Qatar, a matsayin babban kyaftin din Team Chunkz & IShowSpeed, yana fuskantar tawagar AboFlah & KSI. Wasan ya ƙare tare da nasarar da kungiyar AboFlah & KSI ta samu 6-5 a kan kungiyar Chunkz & IShowSpeed. Wannan taron ya sami nasarar tara sama da dala miliyan 10.7 don sadaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Jacob |date=February 14, 2025 |title=USMNT boss Mauricio Pochettino coaches team Chunkz x IShowSpeed to narrow 6-5 loss vs. team KSI x AboFlah at Match For Hope charity game |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/usmnt-boss-mauricio-pochettino-coaches-team-chunkz-x-ishowspeed-in-thrilling-6-5-loss-vs-team-ksi-x-aboflah-at-match-for-hope-charity-game/blt3fc2dbe393375935 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |website=GOAL |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:IShowSpeed's_first_goal_at_2025_Sidemen_Charity_Match.webm|thumb|300x300px|Watkins ya zira kwallaye na farko na wasan sadaka a Sidemen Charity Match a [[Filin wasa na Wembley]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025]] A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2025, Watkins ya fito ne a CBS Sports Golazo's ta rufe [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] . <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Mcbride |first=Joseph |date=March 5, 2025 |title=iShowSpeed rips pants in crotch during sprint race with Jamie Carragher |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/ishowspeed-rips-pants-crotch-during-235812095.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAACuDvJwa-uuXE7uTsCtzDu0Wz7L5-T4wilgMCbP33exVnnUDhOi8wSHtCzhZm3DQSE4GIHJbR3eXHtsGd-bYtmkpDcQ4TqCE0p8kHl1GiVKuRn0U2Yi3opqkgksEKHTw3VyDwl4eyX2cZ8t5m4jbzI7RcWYEFZUrnj1UoLLYa1Up |access-date=March 5, 2025 |website=Yahoo Sports}}</ref> Daga baya a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2025, Watkins ya shiga cikin wasan sada zumunci na Sidemen na 2025, wanda aka gudanar a [[Filin wasa na Wembley]] a London, Ingila. Da yake aiki a matsayin kyaftin da kuma dan wasa na kungiyar YouTube Allstars, ya zira kwallaye na farko a jerin wasannin sadaka a minti na 56, bayan ya kasa zira kwallayen a wasanni biyu da ya gabata. Watkins daga baya ya sami nasara ga YouTube Allstars ta hanyar canza hukuncin kisa a cikin harbi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=March 8, 2025 |title=Speed scores winning penalty as YouTube Allstars win Sidemen Charity Match |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/sidemen-charity-match-2025-speed-penalty-youtube-allstars-b1215504.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308233734/https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/sidemen-charity-match-2025-speed-penalty-youtube-allstars-b1215504.html |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=March 10, 2025 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2025, Watkins ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi yawon shakatawa a kasar Sin da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alston |first=Trey |date=March 19, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Announces China Streaming Tour: 'Here I Come' |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/treyalston/ishowspeed-china-streaming-tour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401085802/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/treyalston/ishowspeed-china-streaming-tour |archive-date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin yawon shakatawa, kafofin watsa labarai na kasar Sin da masu amfani da yanar gizo na kasar Sin sun yaba wa Watkins don " inganta kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasar Sin da Amurka".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glaze |first=Virginia |date=March 28, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed praised by Chinese government as streams go viral |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-praised-by-chinese-government-as-streams-go-viral-3171467/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401082432/https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-praised-by-chinese-government-as-streams-go-viral-3171467/ |archive-date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Razdan |first=Khushboo |date=March 27, 2025 |title=China hails US YouTube star who gets 10 million views in Beijing, Shanghai |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3304034/china-hails-us-youtube-star-who-racks-10-million-views-beijing-shanghai-streams |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405052802/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3304034/china-hails-us-youtube-star-who-racks-10-million-views-beijing-shanghai-streams |archive-date=April 5, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> Ya bambanta da kogunansa a kasar Sin, kogin Watkins a [[Hong Kong]] ya kasance mai rikici saboda yawan jama'a da cin zarafin magoya bayan gida; tafiyarsa a kan MTR ya haifar da magoya baya da ke haifar da lalacewa ga Tashar Tin Hau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Wynna |last2=Kong |first2=Harvey |last3=Mycroft |first3=Connor |date=April 4, 2025 |title=YouTube superstar IShowSpeed attracts crowds and chaos with his Hong Kong debut |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3305178/ishowspeed-hong-kong-youtube-star-meets-pandas-fans-flock-selfies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404043905/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3305178/ishowspeed-hong-kong-youtube-star-meets-pandas-fans-flock-selfies |archive-date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Countries_visited_by_IShowSpeed.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar da ke nuna ƙasashen da a kan shirye-shiryensa <ref>{{YouTube|title=IShowSpeed}}</ref> IShowSpeid ya ziyarta ---- <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2025, an kori Watkins a wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki na KFC a lokacin Cinco de Mayo IRL livestream . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rossi |first=José V. |date=May 6, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Swatted While IRL Streaming |url=https://gamerant.com/ishowspeed-swatted-while-irl-streaming-kfc/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2025, Watkins ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na biyu zuwa Turai, ya kuma fara yawo a kan Twitch a karo na farko cikin shekaru huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murko |first=Dmytro |date=July 7, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed will return to Twitch during the new Europe tour |url=https://streamscharts.com/news/ishowspeed-will-return-twitch-during-new-europe-tour |access-date=July 7, 2025 |website=Streams Charts |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, Watkins ya ziyarci Serbia kuma a can ya sadu da Baka Prase, wanda ya ba shi € 30,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Najpoznatiji jutjuber na svetu stigao u Srbiju: Histerija u Beogradu VIDEO |url=https://www.b92.net/zivot/aktuelno/144739/ishowspeed-stigao-u-srbiju/vest |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=B92.net |language=sr}}</ref> Rolex a matsayin kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Srpski influencer poklonio IShowSpeedu Rolex u vrijednosti 30.000 eura |url=https://net.hr/hot/zvijezde/nevjerojatno-srpski-influencer-poklonio-ishowspeedu-rolex-u-vrijednosti-30-000-eura-294081b1-5dba-11f0-be08-9600040c8f8e |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=net.hr |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikolić |first=Anja |title=Baka Prase troši kao lud: IShowSpeed-u dao Roleks na poklon, mreže se usijale! (VIDEO) |url=https://24sedam.rs/showbiz/vesti/401828/baka-prase-poklonio-roleks-ishowspeedu/vest |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=24sedam |language=sr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baka Prase poklonio IShowSpeedu Rolex |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2689074 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}</ref> A Latvia, halin Watkins a kan tushen Freedom Monument da biyan Yuro 30,000 daga Hukumar Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban Latvia zuwa ga kudaden tafiye-tafiye na Watkins ya jawo zargi daga jama'ar Latvia. Daga baya a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli, Watkins ya shiga cikin MLS All-Star Skills Challenge, ya shiga tare da USMNT da dan wasan Orlando City Alex Freeman a cikin harbi da ƙalubalen wucewa, kodayake ba a ƙidaya maki ba zuwa ga sakamakon gaba ɗaya. Watkins ya kuma gabatar da mai tsaron gidan Houston Dynamo 2 Pedro Cruz tare da belin mai nasara bayan nasarar da ya samu a taron Goalie Wars. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2025, Watkins ya fara rangadin "Speed Does America", tafiyar kwanaki 35, 24/7 a fadin Amurka, a lokacin da ya ci gaba da gudana a kan YouTube da Twitch yayin da ya ziyarci jihohi 25. A wannan watan, Rolling Stone ta kira shi "Mafi Girma Mahalicci na 2025". An kammala yawon shakatawa a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, inda Watkins ya dauki bakuncin gabatarwa na jerin shirye-shiryen YouTube guda biyar Speed Goes Pro . Mutane da yawa da suka halarci taron, ciki har da Justin Bieber, [[Kim Kardashian]], Suni Lee, [[DDG (rapper)|DDG]], da Randy Orton.<ref name="vibe">{{Cite web |last=Inman |first=DeMicia |date=October 1, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Launches 'Speed Goes Pro!' Series At Sports-Themed Premiere |url=https://www.vibe.com/gallery/ishowspeed-launches-speed-goes-pro-series-at-sports-themed-premiere-1235129377/ |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=VIBE.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An samar da shi a wani bangare ta OBB Pictures kuma Dick's Sporting Goods ne ke tallafawa, wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna Watkins yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kaiwa matakin ƙwarewar 'yan wasa a wasanni daban-daban ta hanyar horo tare da' yan wasan ƙwararru kamar Tom Brady, Suni Lee, Nastia Liukin, Joey Chestnut, da [[Kevin Durant]].<ref name="SPG" /><ref name="vibe" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Announces New "Speed Goes Pro" YouTube Series |url=https://www.complex.com/sports/a/complex/ishowspeed-youtube-series-speed-goes-pro |access-date=November 12, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> An kara kayan sayarwa guda biyu bisa ga kamannin Watkins zuwa Fortnite Battle Royale a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2025 |title=December 25th 2025 Item Shop |url=https://fnbr.co/shop/december-25-2025 |publisher=FNBR.co}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 2025, Watkins ya fara rangadin "Speed Does Africa", inda ya ziyarci kasashe 20 na Afirka a cikin kwanaki 28.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Announces Africa Livestream Tour With New Trailer |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-announces-africa-livestream-tour-with-new-trailer |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin yawon shakatawa na Misira, Watkins ya zama mahaliccin abun ciki na farko da ya gudana a cikin Babban Pyramid na Giza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IShowSpeed Makes History as the First Creator to Stream Inside the Pyramids |url=https://www.bet.com/article/n4jaf0/ishowspeed-makes-history-as-the-first-creator-to-stream-inside-the-pyramids |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BET |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda yake yawon shakatawa a [[Najeriya]], ya yi bikin ranar haihuwarsa ta 21 a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2026, yayin da tashar YouTube ta wuce masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 50 a wannan rana ta zama mai kirkirar baki na farko da ya kai ga wannan muhimmiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=IShowSpeed hits 50 million YouTube subscribers on his 21st birthday during Nigeria stream |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us-streamers/ishowspeed-hits-50-million-youtube-subscribers-on-his-21st-birthday-during-nigeria-stream/articleshow/127044997.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2026 |title=KWS wishes iShowSpeed happy birthday |url=https://the-star.co.ke/news/2026-01-21-kws-wishes-ishowspeed-happy-birthday |website=[[The Star (Kenya)|The Star]]}}</ref> Bayan ziyararsa zuwa [[Ghana]], an sanar da cewa an ba shi 'yancin zama dan kasar Ghana. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Doritos ta fitar da kayan lambu mai iyaka tare da hadin gwiwar Watkins a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "Flavor Swap" na alama. Samfurin ya ƙunshi dandano na "Cheddar & Sour Cream" na Ruffles a kan guntu na gargajiya na Doritos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PepsiCo's first creator-led product launch reimagines chips for Gen Z {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/pepsicos-first-creator-led-product-launch-reimagines-chips-for-gen-z/812502/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2026, Watkins ya taka leda a gasar Fanatics Flag Football Classic a Los Angeles da 'yan wasan NFL na yanzu da na baya. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2026, Watkins ya fara yawon shakatawa na Caribbean, inda ya ziyarci kasashe 15 na Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2026 |title=IShowSpeed Releases Trailer for Caribbean Tour |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/music/articles/ishowspeed-releases-trailer-caribbean-tour-215059674.html |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2026, Watkins ya isa [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], inda masu rawa na Junkanoo suka maraba da shi a Filin jirgin saman Norman Manley. Kafin isa Jamaica, yawon shakatawa ya haɗa da tsayawa a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]], da [[Puerto Rico]]. A watan Yunin 2026, an haɗa waƙarsa "Champion" a cikin FIFA World Cup 2026 Official Album . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-02 |title=FIFA unveils Official FIFA World Cup 2026™ Album squad for the biggest FIFA World Cup in history |url=https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/media-releases/unveils-official-album-biggest-world-cup-2026-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260603163326/https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/media-releases/unveils-official-album-biggest-world-cup-2026-history |archive-date=2026-06-03 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=inside.fifa.com |language=en }}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == === Kiɗa === A watan Agusta 2021, Watkins ya fitar da wakar sa ta farko mai suna "Dooty Booty" a tashar sa ta YouTube. Bayan loda ta, wakar ta yi saurin shahara a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta, kamar TikTok.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Crates |first=Jake |date=August 26, 2021 |title=IShowSpeed - "Dooty Booty" |url=https://allhiphop.com/music/ishowspeed-dooty-booty/ |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=AllHipHop |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313105341/https://allhiphop.com/music/ishowspeed-dooty-booty/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, Watkins ya fitar da waka mai suna "Shake", wadda ta yi amfani da sassa daga wakar "Ready or Not" ta Fugees da kuma "Hit The Road Jack" na Ray Charles. Bidiyon wakar ya samu sama da miliyan 211 na kallo a YouTube.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Is IShowSpeed The New King Of Content? |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-king-content-124500727.html |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007085555/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-king-content-124500727.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed – Shake |url=https://genius.com/Ishowspeed-shake-lyrics |access-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528144643/https://genius.com/Ishowspeed-shake-lyrics |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Yuni 2022, ya fitar da waka mai suna "Ronaldo (Sewey)", bayan sabon sha’awarsa ga Cristiano Ronaldo.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2022 |title=Ronaldo (SEWY) - Single by IShowSpeed on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ronaldo-sewy-single/1631399207 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126191408/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ronaldo-sewy-single/1631399207 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2022, ya fitar da waka mai suna "World Cup" a ƙarƙashin Warner Records domin girmama gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bluetec |first=D. J. |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Cincinnati's IShowSpeed gears up for "World Cup" with new anthem |url=https://hiphopcanada.com/ishowspeed-world-cup-anthem-video/ |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=HipHopCanada.com |language=en-CA |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218184518/https://hiphopcanada.com/ishowspeed-world-cup-anthem-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2023, Watkins ya kasance baƙon mamaki a bikin Rolling Loud na 2023 a Portugal, inda ya yi wasanni da wakokinsa "Shake", "World Cup" da "Portuginies" tare da goyon bayan mawaki Ski Mask the Slump God da furodusa DJ Scheme.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 7, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed shocks crowd with performance at Rolling Loud |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-shocks-crowd-with-performance-at-rolling-loud-2204142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715061242/https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-shocks-crowd-with-performance-at-rolling-loud-2204142/ |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> A watan Maris 2024, Watkins ya fitar da EP na farko mai suna Trip 2 Brazil.<ref>{{Citation |title=Trip 2 Brazil - EP by IShowSpeed on Apple Music |date=March 24, 2024 |url=https://music.apple.com/id/album/trip-2-brazil-ep/1737278818 |access-date=June 27, 2024}}</ref> === Gwagwarmayar nishadi === Watkins ya raka Logan Paul yayin kare kambunsa na United States Championship a WrestleMania XL na WWE. Da farko ya ɓoye kansa a matsayin mascot na Prime, sannan ya cire mask dinsa a gefen ring kafin Randy Orton ya jefa shi cikin teburan watsa shirye-shirye da RKO.<ref name="WM40N2">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WrestleMania XL results: Powell's live review of night two with Roman Reigns vs. Cody Rhodes for the WWE Universal Championship with Bloodline Rules, Seth Rollins vs. Drew McIntyre for the World Heavyweight Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/04/07/wrestlemania-xl-results-powells-live-review-of-night-two-with-roman-reigns-vs-cody-rhodes-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-with-bloodline-rules-seth-rollins-vs-drew-mcintyre-for-the-world-heav/|date=April 7, 2024|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212115/https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/04/07/wrestlemania-xl-results-powells-live-review-of-night-two-with-roman-reigns-vs-cody-rhodes-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-with-bloodline-rules-seth-rollins-vs-drew-mcintyre-for-the-world-heav/|archive-date=May 20, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, Watkins ya sanar da zabin zagaye na biyu na Raw brand a cikin WWE Draft na 2024 a shirin Monday Night Raw.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2024 |title=WWE Monday Night Raw Results: Night 2 of WWE Draft 2024, Will Braun Strowman Return? |url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/wwe-monday-night-raw-results-wwe-draft-2024-night-2-braun-strowman |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Sports Illustrated|last=Quiles Jr.|first=Fernando}}</ref> Ya shiga Royal Rumble na maza na 2025, inda shi da Bron Breakker suka fitar da Otis, amma Breakker ya buge shi da spear ya kore shi daga wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWE Royal Rumble 2025 Live Updates: Braun Strowman Eliminates Jacob Fatu, AJ Styles Returns |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/wwe-royal-rumble-2025-live-updates-road-to-wrestlemania-john-cena-cody-rhodes-lucas-oil-stadium-liveblog-9210956.html |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=February 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202161415/https://www.news18.com/sports/wwe-royal-rumble-2025-live-updates-road-to-wrestlemania-john-cena-cody-rhodes-lucas-oil-stadium-liveblog-9210956.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A wani shirin Nuwamba na jerin shirinsa na yanar gizo Speed Goes Pro, an nuna Watkins yana horo tare da wasu ‘yan WWE a WWE Performance Center.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |date=November 26, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Competes In Full Match At WWE PC |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-competes-in-full-match-at-wwe-pc-randy-orton-thinks-speed-can-be-a-wwe-superstar?xv=20251126191315 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris da Afrilu 2026, ya bayyana sau da dama a shirin Raw,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Skylar |date=March 23, 2026 |title=IShowSpeed Struts With Penta, Gets Cursed By Danhausen |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-struts-with-penta-gets-cursed-by-danhausen-on-wwe-raw?xv=20260324015333 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Skylar |date=March 30, 2026 |title=IShowSpeed Helps The Vision Win Tag Gold On WWE Raw |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe-raw-ishowspeed-the-vision-the-usos-296535?xv=20260331004444 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> inda ya shiga labarin wasan kwaikwayo na cikin shiri da ya haɗa shi da The Vision (Logan Paul da Austin Theory) a kan The Usos da LA Knight, wanda ya kai ga wasan tag team na mutum shida a WrestleMania 42,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Skylar |date=April 6, 2026 |title=LA Knight & IShowSpeed Trios Match Set For WrestleMania 42 |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/la-knight-the-usos-to-face-ishowspeed-logan-paul-austin-theory-at-wwe-wrestlemania-42?xv=20260407005429 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> inda ƙungiyarsa ta sha kashi. Bayan wasan, Paul ya kai masa hari, sannan Watkins ya yi top-rope splash a kan Paul ta kan teburin watsa shirye-shirye tare da taimakon Knight da The Usos.<ref name="WMania42">{{Cite web |last=Mahjouri |first=Shakiel |date=April 18, 2026 |title=WrestleMania 42: IShowSpeed wipes out Logan Paul with wild top rope dive onto commentary desk |url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wrestlemania-42-results-ishowspeed-logan-paul/ |access-date=April 19, 2026 |website=CBS Sports |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai == Watkins mai goyon bayan Falasdinu ne, kuma ya bayyana adawarsa ga Isra'ila. Haka kuma yana yawan yin ihu da kalmar "Free Palestine!" (’Yanta Falasdinu!) a yayin shirye-shiryensa na kai-tsaye (livestreams).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Crowds roar for YouTuber IShowSpeed’s surprise appearance at AFCON|url= https://www.newarab.com/news/ishowspeed-wraps-africa-tour-afcon-final-appearance|website=The New Arab|date=January 19, 2026|last=Grant|first=Kitty|access-date=May 16, 2026}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2024, ya ba da gudummawar dala 50,000 ga Palestine Children's Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite news |title=Youtuber iShowSpeed donates $50,000 to Palestine Relief |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/52040 |work=Roya TV |date=June 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= IShowSpeed donates 50,000 USD to Palestine relief|url= https://www.siasat.com/ishowspeed-donates-50000-usd-to-palestine-relief-3045531/|website=The Siasat Daily|date=June 15, 2024|last=Ahmad|first=Sayima|access-date=January 3, 2026}}</ref> == Fitarwa ta Kiɗa == === EPs (Faifan ƙara tsawo) === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Jerin EPs, da bayanai ! scope="col" scope="col" |Suna ! scope="col" scope="col" |Bayanin EP |- ! scope="row" |''Trip 2 Brazil'' | *An fitar: 24 ga Maris 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=Spotify – IShowSpeed – Trip 2 Brazil|website=[[Spotify]]|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/48o3p2p88HTSaiH8lKpgZ3|date=March 24, 2024|access-date=November 21, 2024|archive-date=November 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121234506/https://open.spotify.com/album/48o3p2p88HTSaiH8lKpgZ3|url-status=live}}</ref> *Alama: [[Warner Records]] * Tsari: Zazzagewa ta dijital, streaming |- ! scope="row" |''Speed Gang'' | *An fitar: 1 ga Agusta 2025<ref>{{cite web|title=Spotify – IShowSpeed – Speed Gang|website=[[Spotify]]|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/33YnFqfVXKRRXLVzsahwaP|date=August 1, 2024|access-date=November 21, 2024|archive-date=November 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121234506/https://open.spotify.com/album/48o3p2p88HTSaiH8lKpgZ3|url-status=live}}</ref> *Alama: Warner Records * Tsari: Zazzagewa ta dijital, streaming |} === Wakoki (Singles) === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Jerin wakoki, da matsayinsu a jadawali ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19em;"| Suna ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Shekara ! colspan="5" | Matsayi mafi girma a jadawali ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album |- ! IRE ! NLD Tip ! NZ Hot ! SWE Heat. ! UK |- ! scope="row" | "Dooty Booty"<ref name=":5" /> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="16" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" | "Shake"<ref name=":6" /> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Bounce That A$$"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Bounce That A$$ (Official Music Video)|date=September 23, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65ZbbS8Xa6w|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "One More Chance"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - One More Chance (Official Audio)|date=October 15, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ib2eJ8AAtwU|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "NFL Freestyle"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - NFL Freestyle (Official Music Video)|date=October 16, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTJZ9cj7w_Q|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "How I Feel"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed & Yahnnis - How I Feel (Official Music Video)|date=November 23, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_GxhbN2Uow|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "God Is Good"<ref name=":6" /> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Shake Pt.2"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Shake Pt.2 (Official Music Video)|date=January 21, 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OyT9SlKaFY|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Ronaldo (Sewey)"<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "F.U.C."<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - F.U.C. (Official Music Video)|date=January 21, 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPhug8z_UUM|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "World Cup"<ref name=":8" /> | 2022 |37 || 1 || 29 || 6 || 52 |- ! scope="row" | "Dogs" (tare da Kai Cenat)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dogs - Single by IShowSpeed & Kai Cenat|date=April 27, 2023|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dogs-single/1683425072}}</ref> | 2023 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Portuginies"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Portuginies|date=July 5, 2023|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIXMhnjbnxU}}</ref> | 2023 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Come My Way"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Come My Way|date=December 28, 2023|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HplYmm089I0}}</ref> | 2023 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Monkey"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Monkey|date=March 21, 2024|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBqqz3hkXNs}}</ref> | 2024 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Amar de" (tare da Kevin O Chris)<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed x MC Kevin O Chris - Amar de|date=March 22, 2024|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r3TkdiMtcw}}</ref> | 2024 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Higher"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Higher|date=June 16, 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsIvMhtPFwA}}</ref> | 2025 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Fight to Win"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Fight to Win|date=June 24, 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UEar0N2epA}}</ref> | 2025 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Bailar"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Bailar|date=July 1, 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZeq_qcvscI}}</ref> | 2025 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Big Girls"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Big Girls|date=July 10, 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtCZNDTucdQ}}</ref> | 2025 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Headshot / Gas in the Truck"<ref>{{Citation |title=IShowSpeed - Headshot / Gas in the Truck|date=July 16, 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvYoohC9kVs}}</ref> | 2025 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" | "Champion"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Song by IShowSpeed|date=2026-06-01|url=https://www.complex.com/music}}</ref> | 2026 | — || — || — || — || — | ''FIFA World Cup 2026 Official Album'' |} == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Fina-finai ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Take ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Bayani ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Manazarta}} |- | scope="row" rowspan=2| 2024 ! scope="row" |''The Sidemen Story'' | Kansa | Shirin gaskiya; Fitowa ta musamman (Cameo) | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |archive-date=February 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206153343/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''K-Pops!'' | Kansa | Fitowa ta musamman (Cameo) | align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurasirikul/2026/01/14/anderson-paaks-directorial-debut-k-pops-drops-its-first-trailer/|title=Anderson .Paak's Directorial Debut, 'K-Pops!,' Drops Its First Trailer|work=Forbes|date=January 14, 2026|accessdate=May 19, 2026|first=Laura|last=Sirikul}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Take ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Bayani ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Manazarta}} |- ! scope="row"| 2024 | scope="row"| ''WrestleMania XL'' | rowspan="6" | Kansa | Ya bayyana a matsayin kwalbar Prime |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Jeremy |title=YouTuber IShowSpeed On How His WrestleMania 40 Appearance Happened |url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-how-wrestlemania-40-appearance-happened/ |website=411mania |access-date=December 30, 2024 |archive-date=December 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230175121/https://411mania.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-how-wrestlemania-40-appearance-happened/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 2024–2026 | scope="row"| ''WWE Monday Night RAW'' | Kashi 5 |style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=":12" /> |- !rowspan="3" scope="row"| 2025 | scope="row"| ''Royal Rumble: Indianapolis'' | Mai shiga na 8 |style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://talksport.com/wrestling/2871819/wwe-ishowspeed-royal-rumble-stream-cristiano-ronaldo/ |title='Instant Karma' – ISHOWSPEED shows Logan Paul his Royal Rumble injury after 11-minute WWE stream earns 1million views|website=talksport.com|date=February 2, 2025}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| ''CBS Sports Golazo'' | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":13" /> |- | scope="row"| ''Speed Goes Pro'' | Jerin bidiyon YouTube mai sassa biyar | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=SPG/> |- ! scope="row"| 2026 | scope="row"| ''WrestleMania 42'' | Ya fafata a wasan ƙungiyoyi na mutum shida |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="WMania42" /> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+ Jerin fitowarsa a bidiyon waƙoƙi ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Take ! scope="col" | Mawaƙi/mawaƙa ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Manazarta}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2022 | "Let's Go" | Tion Wayne feat. Aitch | rowspan="3" | Kansa | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tion Wayne & Aitch Head To The Golf Course For "Let's Go"... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/ezra-olaoyo/tion-wayne-aitch-lets-go |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Complex |date=October 10, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204150634/https://www.complex.com/music/a/ezra-olaoyo/tion-wayne-aitch-lets-go |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | "Don't Lie" | A1 x J1 feat. Nemzzz | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz |date=October 14, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |via=YouTube |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317045900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="row"| 2024 | "Where Do I Go" | Vikkstar, Nicky Romero, Alpharock da Oaks | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video]| date=November 8, 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc|access-date=May 7, 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Kyaututtuka da zaɓe da IShowSpeed ya samu ! Shekara ! Bikin bayar da kyauta ! Rukuni ! Sakamako ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Manazarta}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="4" | Streamy Awards | Streamer na Shekara | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=12th Annual Streamy Nominees |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/12th-annual-nominees/ |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=The Streamy Awards |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828055513/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/12th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Sabon Streamer Mai Tashe | {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2023 | Streamer na Shekara | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Annual Streamy Winners |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/13th-annual-nominees/ |access-date=August 28, 2023 |website=The Streamy Awards|archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233930/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/13th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Streamer na Nishaɗi iri-iri | {{Won}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2024 | rowspan="3" | The Streamer Awards | Kyautar "Get Off Your A**" (Mafi Kyawun IRL Streamer) | {{Won}} | rowspan="3" | <ref name=":9" /> |- | Mafi Kyawun Streamer na Ƙasa da Ƙasa | {{Won}} |- | Streamer na Shekara | {{Won}} |- | GOAL Champions Awards | Mafi Tasiri a Cikin Masu Ƙirƙirar Abubuwan Ƙwallon Ƙafa | {{Won}} | <ref name=":11"/> |- ! rowspan ="5" scope="row"| 2025 | Kids' Choice Awards | Mafi Shaharar Mai Wasa (Favorite Gamer) | {{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Sabrina Carpenter, SZA, Ariana Grande Win Multiple Awards at 2025 Kids' Choice Awards (Full Winners List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1236004651/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> |- |rowspan ="3" | The Streamer Awards | Streamer na Shekara |{{won}} |rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Connellan |first=Shannon |date=December 8, 2025 |title=The Streamer Awards 2025: IShowSpeed wins Streamer of the Year |url=https://mashable.com/article/the-streamer-awards-2025-winners-list-streamer-of-year |access-date=December 8, 2025 |work=Mashable}}</ref> |- |Mafi Kyawun IRL Streamer |{{won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Dogon Shirin Kai-tsaye (Marathon Stream) – "Speed Does America" |{{nominated}} |- |Esports Awards |Streamer na Shekara |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2025 |title=Esports Awards winners 2025 revealed: League of Legends, iShowSpeed, Doran, and more |url=https://esports.gg/news/esports-br/esports-awards-2025-winners/ |access-date=November 20, 2025 |website=esports.gg |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Wins Streamer of the Year at Esports Awards 2025 |url=https://hypebeast.com/2025/11/ishowspeed-wins-streamer-of-the-year-at-esports-awards-2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |website=Hypebeast}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b41p4lg3p57jh3csi4ri6nb5bimrofh 0 154920 859146 847313 2026-06-17T04:24:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Haɗin gwiwar asibiti shine haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru, ko ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararru ɗaya, kowannensu yana da ƙwarewa, kayan aiki ko bayanai waɗanda za su cika abin da abokin aikinsu yake da shi, duk suna neman zama mafi tasiri. Zaɓin abokin tarayya yana da mahimmanci, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "kamar tsarin izini na hadin gwiwa kan izini na kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya". "CHOP Hub For Clinical Collaboration Arrives on the Skyline in University City, West Philadelphia" shi ne jigon 2020 wanda ke kwatanta ginin kiwon lafiya mai hawa 19. [1] [ana buƙatar hujja] Duk da yake hadin gwiwar asibiti, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "al'ada" <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Creating a Culture of Collaboration to Elevate Infection Prevention and Microbial Stewardship |url=https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/expert-insights/creating-a-culture-of-collaboration-to-elevate-infection-prevention-and-antimicrobial-stewardship}}</ref> maimakon a matsayin wani abu da za a saya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. Bruun-Rasmussen |year=2003 |title=Collaboration: a new IT-service |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1386505603000376 |journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics |series=MIE 2002 Special Issue |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=205–214 |doi=10.1016/S1386-5056(03)00037-6 |pmid=12909171 |url-access=subscription |quote=clinical collaboration is associated with the shared clinical context to provide a record of ..}}</ref> ba "cikakken haɗuwa ba ne, " hadin gwiwoyin asibiti yana taimakawa burin kudi na "mafi girman darajar" kyauta. Hakanan yana ba da ƙarin idanu don taimakawa wajen rage haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ascom clinical services collaboration each step of the way |url=http://www.ascomwireless.com/pdf/PL-000154-Datasheet-ClinicalServices.pdf |quote=Our clinical collaboration is essential to risk mitigation during the implementation of }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2020 |title=RefleXion Combination Therapy: Crossing the Divide |url=https://reflexion.com/reflexion-combination-therapy-crossing-the-divide-with-biology-guided-radiotherapy-to-treat-the-untreatable |quote=The goal of RefleXion and Merck & Co's clinical collaboration is to establish whether treating multiple tumors with BgRT is safe}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Haɗin gwiwar asibiti ba "girman daya ya dace da duka ba", [1] kuma yankunan da za su iya tasiri sun haɗa da bincike na likita / magani, kiwon lafiya / likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, kula da dakin gaggawa, da kuma ambulatory da sabis na ambulance. Ɗaya daga cikin cikas da suke fuskanta shine dokar adawa da amincewa, [2] [3] amma Tabbacin ra'ayi ya wanzu: sabuntawar kwangilar haɗin gwiwa. [4] == Binciken kiwon lafiya == Binciken ciwon daji misali ne inda hadin gwiwar asibiti zai iya inganta yanayin fasaha. === Binciken magunguna === Manyan kamfanonin magunguna irin su Pfizer da Bristol-Myers Squibb sun shirya hadin gwiwar asibiti tare da kamfanoni irin su NeoImmuneTech, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals da Kitov don gwaji da kimanta tasirin haɗuwa da magungunan da ke akwai. Idan haɗuwa da aka gwada ta sami amincewar doka, "yana buɗe sabbin masu haƙuri ga kowane magani na kowane kamfani".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2018 |title=How to Tame an Octopus: Managing the Proliferation of Clinical Collaborations |url=https://rhythmofbusiness.com/insights.php?pid=78&p=&cat_id=&search=}}</ref> == Kula da lafiya == Haɗin gwiwar asibiti tsakanin wuraren yana ba da izinin raba wadatar kwararru da kayan aikin fasaha, sau da yawa suna haɗa da hanyoyin sadarwa na musamman don sauƙaƙe raba bayanai.<ref name="CliniCo.jive">{{Cite web |title=Healthcare Industry Trends |url=https://www.jivesoftware.com/resource-library/whitepapers/connecting-clinicians-is-critical-trends-driving-future-healthcare-collaboration}}</ref> Batutuwan da dole ne a riga an shirya su sun haɗa da sirrin bayanan haƙuri da tsaro, gami da bin HIPAA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2020 |title=What Tech is Needed for Effective Clinical Collaboration Systems? |url=https://www.cybernetman.com/blog/tech-for-clinical-collaboration/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin wadannan aikace-aikacen software ne waɗanda suka wuce daidaitattun raba bayanai ta amfani da ƙarin software "mai hankali".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bill Siwicki |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Cancer center taps clinical collaboration tech to connect caregivers - including competitors |url=https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/cancer-center-taps-clinical-collaboration-tech-connect-caregivers-including-competitors}}</ref> Yankunan karkara suna buƙatar shi don samar da sabis, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solving IT Challenges for Rural Healthcare |url=https://www.cdwg.com/content/cdwg/en/industries/healthcare-technology/rural-healthcare.html}}</ref> kuma ƙananan masu ba da kiwon lafiya a manyan yankuna suna buƙatar shi su tsira. A cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da ba su da daidaituwa, akwai yiwuwar gujewa don mamayewa wanda ake buƙatar ƙwazo da shirye-shirye da kuma shirye-shiryon da suka dace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daniel Bonilla |last2=James J. Silk |year=2013 |title=From Empire to Empathy? Clinical Collaborations Between the Global North and the Global South |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/4970 |journal=[[Yale Law School]] |quote=neo-colonialism that shapes interactions between}}</ref> === Likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya === Haɗin gwiwar asibiti, wanda aka aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata, dole ne ya kasance ba tare da wata matsala ba don ya fi tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Texas Burn Rehabilitation Model System |url=https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/education/medical-school/departments/physical-medicine/x-ntbrms |quote=who work together seamlessly}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ma'aikata masu haɗuwa da sauye-sauye na likitoci tare da ƙwarewa daban-daban da mai da hankali, tare da ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci. Manufar ba sabon abu ba ce, kuma halin da ake ciki ya inganta tare da amfani da fasaha wanda ke ba da damar wucewa fiye da bayanan takarda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mousa Mahdizadeh |last2=Abbas Heydari |last3=Hossein Karimi Moonaghi |date=June 25, 2017 |title=Exploration of the process of interprofessional collaboration among nurses and physicians in Iran |journal=Electronic Physician |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=4616–4624 |doi=10.19082/4616 |pmc=5557143 |pmid=28848638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2018 |title=Collaboration Starts with the Executive Team |url=https://halohealth.com/resources/industry-insights/collaboration-starts-with-the-executive-team |quote=to help provide better patient care |access-date=June 4, 2026 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124121223/https://halohealth.com/resources/industry-insights/collaboration-starts-with-the-executive-team/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bambanci da haɗin kai == Kodayake akwai yiwuwar amfanin kuɗi ga shirin, <ref name="CliniCo.jive"/> ya bambanta da Haɗin kuɗi, inda riba shine dalilin motsawa. Misali shine inda aikin bincike ke haifar da manyan kashewa tare da rubuce-rubuce na farashi: "''Haɗin gwiwar asibiti'' na raba farashi" yana ba da damar "darajar gini" wanda ya wuce yin kuɗi zuwa "karfafawa" wanda ke da haɗari sosai amma, idan ya ci nasara a cikin dogon lokaci, zai ceci rayuka. Daraktan kiwon lafiya na Cibiyar Kula da Asibiti ta Mayo ya yi magana game da "daidaitaccen aiki" a cikin wata kasida game da Haɗin gwiwar Asibiti a matsayin madadin haɗuwa da kiwon lafiya da saye. Yarjejeniyar da aka aiwatar da ita "ta kula da 'yancin kowane asibiti a cikin shugabanci, kasafin kuɗi, yarjejeniyar aiki kuma ba za ta motsa ko cire kowane sabis na gida ba".{{Visible anchor|clinical affiliation}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ozvpun89vh0o43cets36tezzwpfiize 3 155452 859119 849393 2026-06-16T21:55:39Z AccountVanishRequests 29868 AccountVanishRequests moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Gabdoulahi]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Renamed user a48ee4cc38ca48a7c3284722177b079a]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Gabdoulahi|Gabdoulahi]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user a48ee4cc38ca48a7c3284722177b079a|Renamed user a48ee4cc38ca48a7c3284722177b079a]]" 849393 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gabdoulahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gabdoulahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) rbc4eahtlg4i0mo2oyp86b3k6zcsll9 0 155539 859193 853056 2026-06-17T08:32:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335236402|Antibiotic prophylaxis]]" 859193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Magungunan [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]]''' suna nufin, ga mutane, rigakafin rikitarwa na kamuwa da cuta ta amfani da maganin rigakafi (yawanci maganin rigakafin rigakafi). An yi amfani da maganin rigakafi a cikin abincin dabbobi na gida a Amurka tun aƙalla shekara ta 1970. == Ga mutane == Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi kafin tiyata ta hakora, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis |url=https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/antibiotic-prophylaxis |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=www.ada.org |language=en}}</ref> amma ana iya amfani da shi a wasu lokuta, kamar tiyata ko kafin jima'i ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan urinary. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Haroon |last2=Davies |first2=Freya |last3=Francis |first3=Nick |last4=Farewell |first4=Daniel |last5=Butler |first5=Christoper |last6=Paranjothy |first6=Shantini |date=May 2017 |title=Long-term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=5 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015233 |pmc=5729980 |pmid=28554926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da lokacin da aka bi dabarun da ba su da kyau, hanyoyin tiyata na iya gabatar da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin [[jini]] (wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyi), wanda zai iya mallakawa da kamuwa da sassa daban-daban na jiki. Don tiyata, maganin rigakafi na rigakafi galibi yana rage kamuwa da cuta a wurin da aka yi wa tiyata; ba shi da tasiri sosai wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka masu zurfi. Misali, idan wani yana yin tiyata ta gaggawa don lalacewar hanji, maganin rigakafi zai sami babban tasiri akan hana kamuwa da cuta a ko kusa da fata maimakon hana kamuwa a cikin ciki ko hana kamuwa na huhu ko hanji.<ref name="Schein" /> Magungunan rigakafi na iya zama masu tasiri wajen rage faruwar wasu cututtuka. Ya kamata a zaɓi marasa lafiya don rigakafi idan yanayin kiwon lafiya ko tsarin tiyata yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ko kuma idan kamuwa da cutar bayan tiyata zai haifar da haɗari mai tsanani ga warkewar mai haƙuri da jin daɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iv. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis |url=http://antimicrobial.entlink.net/aao/Aao882/me.get?web.websections.show&AAO882_630 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018194857/http://antimicrobial.entlink.net/Aao/aao882/me.get?web.websections.show&AAO882_630 |archive-date=2002-10-18 |access-date=2005-10-17}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafi kuma suna haifar da sakamako masu illa, kamar zawo da ke da alaƙa da maganin rigakafi, don haka zabin don dalilai na rigakafi kawai yana buƙatar la'akari da fa'idodi da rashin fa'idori. Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don hana cututtukan numfashi a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grammatikos |first=Alexandros |last2=Albur |first2=Mahableshwar |last3=Gompels |first3=Mark |last4=Barnaby |first4=Catherine Louise |last5=Allan |first5=Susan |last6=Johnston |first6=Sarah |date=October 2020 |title=Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients: A retrospective cohort study |journal=Clinical Infection in Practice |volume=7-8 |doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100048 |s2cid=228965989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da suka danganci === Cututtukan rauni na cikin gida (na sama ko na zurfi), cututtukan urinary tract (wanda aka haifar da catheter na hanji da aka saka don tiyata), da kuma cutar huhu (saboda raunin numfashi / tsoro, wanda ya haifar da sedation da analgesics a cikin 'yan sa'o'i na farko na warkewa) na iya haɗari ga lafiyar marasa lafiya bayan tiyata. Mafi muni shine cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na bayan tiyata a shafin da aka dasa (sutura, kayan osteosynthetic, maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa, pacemaker implants, da dai sauransu) Sau da yawa, ana iya sanya sakamakon aikin cikin tambaya kuma ana iya sanya rayuwar mai haƙuri cikin haɗari. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 59rhprabxezfzlhzh1lmcrl0babrpsp 859194 859193 2026-06-17T08:34:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Magungunan [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafi]]''' suna nufin, ga mutane, rigakafin rikitarwa na kamuwa da cuta ta amfani da maganin rigakafi (yawanci maganin rigakafin rigakafi). An yi amfani da maganin rigakafi a cikin abincin dabbobi na gida a Amurka tun aƙalla shekara ta 1970. == Ga mutane == Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi kafin tiyata ta hakora, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis |url=https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/antibiotic-prophylaxis |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=www.ada.org |language=en}}</ref> amma ana iya amfani da shi a wasu lokuta, kamar tiyata ko kafin jima'i ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan urinary. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Haroon |last2=Davies |first2=Freya |last3=Francis |first3=Nick |last4=Farewell |first4=Daniel |last5=Butler |first5=Christoper |last6=Paranjothy |first6=Shantini |date=May 2017 |title=Long-term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials |journal=BMJ Open |volume=7 |issue=5 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015233 |pmc=5729980 |pmid=28554926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da lokacin da aka bi dabarun da ba su da kyau, hanyoyin tiyata na iya gabatar da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin [[jini]] (wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyi), wanda zai iya mallakawa da kamuwa da sassa daban-daban na jiki. Don tiyata, maganin rigakafi na rigakafi galibi yana rage kamuwa da cuta a wurin da aka yi wa tiyata; ba shi da tasiri sosai wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka masu zurfi. Misali, idan wani yana yin tiyata ta gaggawa don lalacewar hanji, maganin rigakafi zai sami babban tasiri akan hana kamuwa da cuta a ko kusa da fata maimakon hana kamuwa a cikin ciki ko hana kamuwa na huhu ko hanji.<ref name="Schein" /> Magungunan rigakafi na iya zama masu tasiri wajen rage faruwar wasu cututtuka. Ya kamata a zaɓi marasa lafiya don rigakafi idan yanayin kiwon lafiya ko tsarin tiyata yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ko kuma idan kamuwa da cutar bayan tiyata zai haifar da haɗari mai tsanani ga warkewar mai haƙuri da jin daɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iv. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis |url=http://antimicrobial.entlink.net/aao/Aao882/me.get?web.websections.show&AAO882_630 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018194857/http://antimicrobial.entlink.net/Aao/aao882/me.get?web.websections.show&AAO882_630 |archive-date=2002-10-18 |access-date=2005-10-17}}</ref> Magungunan rigakafi kuma suna haifar da sakamako masu illa, kamar zawo da ke da alaƙa da maganin rigakafi, don haka zabin don dalilai na rigakafi kawai yana buƙatar la'akari da fa'idodi da rashin fa'idori. Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don hana cututtukan numfashi a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grammatikos |first=Alexandros |last2=Albur |first2=Mahableshwar |last3=Gompels |first3=Mark |last4=Barnaby |first4=Catherine Louise |last5=Allan |first5=Susan |last6=Johnston |first6=Sarah |date=October 2020 |title=Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients: A retrospective cohort study |journal=Clinical Infection in Practice |volume=7-8 |doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100048 |s2cid=228965989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da suka danganci === Cututtukan rauni na cikin gida (na sama ko na zurfi), cututtukan urinary tract (wanda aka haifar da catheter na hanji da aka saka don tiyata), da kuma cutar huhu (saboda raunin numfashi / tsoro, wanda ya haifar da sedation da analgesics a cikin 'yan sa'o'i na farko na warkewa) na iya haɗari ga lafiyar marasa lafiya bayan tiyata. Mafi muni shine cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na bayan tiyata a shafin da aka dasa (sutura, kayan osteosynthetic, maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa, pacemaker implants, da dai sauransu) Sau da yawa, ana iya sanya sakamakon aikin cikin tambaya kuma ana iya sanya rayuwar mai haƙuri cikin haɗari. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ylibs8le66lx9vjlzawjo99jovv96c 0 155767 858997 851079 2026-06-16T17:19:51Z Nnamadee 31123 858997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Manantali''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Barrage de Manantali'' ) madatsar ruwa ce mai amfani da yawa a [[kogin Bafing]] a cikin kwarin [[kogin Senegal]], {{Convert|90|km}} zuwa kudu maso gabashin Bafoulabé, a yankin Kayes na [[Mali]] . == Tarihi == Shirye-shiryen farko na madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 lokacin da Mali, Mauritania da Senegal suka kafa kungiyar don ci gaban kogin Senegal (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal, ko OMVS) don bunkasa aikin gona da karfin ruwa na kwandon. Bankin Duniya ya ki tallafawa madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1979, yana la'akari da shi saka hannun jari mara ma'ana. Koyaya, an sami kuɗi galibi daga Turai kuma an fara gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1982. An kammala shi a shekarar 1988, amma ba tare da tashar wutar lantarki ba. A cikin 1989 Yakin Yankin Mauritania-Senegal ya dakatar da duk aikin a kan aikin. Wani ɗan jarida na Switzerland wanda ya ziyarci Manantali a cikin 1988 ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "moto mai kayatarwa ba tare da mota ba". A cikin 1993 Carl-Dieter Spranger, ministan Jamus na taimakon ci gaba, ya kira Manantali "aikin wauta na tattalin arziki da muhalli". Lokacin da rikici ya ragu a cikin 1991 OMVS ta nemi sabon kunshin rance don tashar wutar lantarki, wanda a ƙarshe aka haɗa shi a cikin 1997. Dam din ya fara samar da wutar lantarki ga Senegal, Mali da Mauritania a shekara ta 2001.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> A yau madatsar ruwan tana sarrafawa ne ta hanyar ''Kamfanin Gudanar da Makamashi na Manantali'', Société de gestion de l'énergie de Manantali (SOGEM) wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1997. SOGEM kuma ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwangila na shekaru 15 tare da kamfanin EEM mai zaman kansa, wani reshe na kamfanin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu ESKOM, don gudanar da tashar. OMVS tana da wakilci a kan kwamitin SOGEM . <ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Da yake ambaton "matsalar kwangila wajen aiwatar da kwangilar", Eskom ta shiga yarjejeniya tare da SOGEM don dakatar da shi tun daga 1 ga Oktoba 2011, bisa ga rahoton kudi na kamfanin na 2011. == Kudin da kudade == Jimlar kudin madatsar ruwan, tashar wutar lantarki da ke da alaƙa da ita, sare gandun daji na tafkin nan gaba, karatu da "matakan kari" sun kasance Yuro 1.02bn. Kudin ginin madatsar ruwan Diama da ke ƙasa ya kasance ƙarin Yuro 50. Masu ba da gudummawa 16 ne suka ba da guddina ga madatsar ruwan, ciki har da hadin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus (14%) da Faransa (13%) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], Bankin Duniya, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Kanada, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kasashen Afirka guda uku da suka amfana sun ba da gudummawa ga kudade. Kashi 64% na kudaden kasashen waje sun kasance ta hanyar rance mai laushi da kashi 36% ta hanyar tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011 |pages=11}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Turai, Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci, Bankin Raya Yammacin Afirka, da Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa suma sun ba da gudummawa ga kudade. Gwamnatin Norway ta ki tallafawa madatsar ruwan saboda damuwa game da tasirin lafiyarta. == Fa'idodi == [[Fayil:Sénégal_drainage_basin_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar kogin Senegal. An nuna madatsar ruwan Manantali a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin kwandon.]] Fa'idodin da ake tsammani sun haɗa da samar da wutar lantarki, haɓaka samar da aikin gona ta hanyar ban ruwa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa na kogi. '''Samar da wutar lantarki'''. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2008 na madatsar ruwan da masu hada-hadar kudi uku suka gudanar (EIB, Jamusanci KfW da Faransanci AFD) sun kammala cewa babban fa'idar madatsar ruwa shine samar da wutar lantarki, inda samar da 740 GWh a kowace shekara ya wuce tsammanin 540 GWh. Kimanin kashi 55% na wutar lantarki ana amfani da shi a Mali, kashi 30% a Senegal da kashi 15% a Mauritania. A shekara ta 2006 a Mali fiye da 90% na duk wutar lantarki da aka samar ya fito ne daga Manantali, a Mauritania 34% kuma a Senegal 13%. Dam din bai warware matsalar wutar lantarki ta kasashe uku ba, inda katsewar wutar lantarki ke faruwa akai-akai kuma masana'antun da ke akwai dole ne su samar da nasu wutar lantarki. Game da ingancin tattalin arziki na aikin, kimantawar Turai ta lissafa yawan dawowar tattalin arziki na ɓangaren wutar lantarki na 8% . Binciken Bankin Duniya har ma ya lissafa yawan dawowar tattalin arziki na 12 zuwa 24%. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da aka tsara - samar da wutar wutar lantarki da ake tsammani wanda aka raba ta hanyar samar da wutar sadarwa idan aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki har abada a cikakken ƙarfin, shine 42% idan aka kwatanta da 45-60% don sauran masana'antun wutar lantarki. Koyaya, waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki ba su fassara zuwa fa'idodin kuɗi ba saboda dalilai biyu: Na farko, an saita farashin wutar lantarki a kusan rabin farashin samarwa (4.7 Yuro Cents / kWh idan aka kwatanta da 8.8 Cents). Na biyu, masu amfani da wutar lantarki na kasa na kasashe uku da suka sayi wutar lantarki a kai a kai suna biyan kusan rabin kuɗin su.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ke kula da aiki da tashar wutar lantarki, SOGEM, ta haka ne ke tara rashi. Za a sake dawo da Asusun Hadarin Hydrology a hankali don biyan kuɗin aiki na shuka idan akwai karancin kudaden shiga saboda fari. Asusun ya sami iyakantaccen gudummawa ne kawai, tunda an yi amfani da biyan kuɗin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan da ke kusa da layin watsa wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ummomin yankin. Fa'idodin aikin gona da aka samu ta hanyar madatsar ruwan sun kasance "kasa da tsammanin da ya dace". Dam din yana ban ruwa da ƙarin hekta 78,100 (kilomita 781) na ƙasa a Senegal (hectare 54,700), Mauritania (hectara 20,400) da Mali (hectaras 3,000), wanda a zahiri ya wuce tsammanin. Koyaya, '''Amfanin gona''' ya kasance ƙasa kuma ana girbe amfanin gona guda ɗaya ne kawai a kowace shekara, wani bangare saboda a cikin ƙasashe uku masu samar da shinkafa gwamnatoci ne suka saita su a ƙasa da farashin kasuwar duniya, don haka ba da ƙaramin ƙarfafawa ga manoma don ƙara samarwa zuwa cikakkiyar damarsa. Ba a cimma burin aikin da aka bayyana don kara wadatar abinci ba: Kashi na wadatar shinkafa ya ragu a Senegal daga 23% a 1980 zuwa 20% a 2006 kuma samar da shinkafa ta tsaya tun 1990. Kashi na wadatar hatsi a Mauritania ya ragu daga 80% zuwa 30%.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Makasudin haɓaka zirga-zirgar kogin Senegal tsakanin Saint-Louis, Senegal da Ambidédi, Mali an riga an yi watsi da shi a cikin 1980 kafin gina shi saboda ya zama mai yiwuwa.<ref>Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD (2009). "Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project" (PDF). pp. 5–7 and 17–27. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</ref> == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == Dam din ya tabbatar da cece-kuce saboda gudun hijirar da ya yi na mutane 10,000 daga yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, da kuma illar da ya shafi muhalli da lafiya.[7] A yankunan da aka yi ban ruwa, cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa kamar su Bilharzia ya karu sosai, yayin da kamun kifi na gida ya ragu sosai. Ambaliyar kogin Senegal a kowace shekara ya kasance tushen koma bayan tattalin arzikin noma, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Tare da madatsar ruwan Manantali, an rage ambaliya ta shekara-shekara zuwa ambaliya ta wucin gadi na makonni biyu. A al'adance, kogin Senegal ya mamaye kusan hekta 150,000 a matsakaici, kuma har zuwa hectare 350,000 a cikin shekaru masu yawa. A cikin 1999, ana sa ran rage wannan zuwa tsakanin hekta 30,000 zuwa 50,000 a cikin matsakaiciyar shekara, kuma zai ragu sosai a cikin shekara ta bushewa.<ref>Peter Bosshard, International Rivers:A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal), 1 March 1999</ref> An yi kiyasin cewa kimanin mutane 370,000 ne suka rayu daga koma bayan tattalin arziki a cikin kwarin kogin Senegal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa. Tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa a yanzu haka ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Kaso kadan daga cikin manoman da abin ya shafa ne aka biya diyya da filin ban ruwa daga tafki na Manantali.<ref>Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD (2009). "Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2011.</ref> ==manazatta== riufopexhd15flk9e132bjlco8jmgee 0 155886 858889 851444 2026-06-16T12:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858889 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |Ginin Lukut da Gidan Tarihi | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="nickname" lang="[[Malay language|Malay]]">Kota dan Muzium Lukut</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lukut_Museum_and_Fort.JPG|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Gidan kayan gargajiya na Lukut da Fort</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Lukut Fort and Museum","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#525252","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#dbdbdb"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q6433807"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":3,"stroke":"#525252","title":"Lukut Fort and Museum"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q6433807"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[101.822,2.567],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Lukut Fort and Museum","marker-symbol":"museum"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1847 (garkuwa) 9 Afrilu 1999 (gidan kayan gargajiya) <br /> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data locality" |Lukut |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lukut_Fort_and_Museum&params=2.567_N_101.822_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°34′01′′N</span> <span class="longitude">101°49′19′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.567°N 101.822°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.567; 101.822</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |Ragowar sansanin soja da gidan kayan gargajiya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Baƙi | class="infobox-data" |Na cikin gida da na kasashen wajebaƙi |} Gidan Tarihi da Kayayyakin Tarihi na Lukut (Malay: Kota dan Muzium Lukut) wani wuri ne na tarihi a Lukut, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Raja Jumaat ne ya gina sansanin a shekarar 1847 kuma daga baya ɗansa Raja Bot ne ke kula da shi. Yana kan tudu, ya lalace kuma an mayar da yankin wurin shakatawa na tarihi a saman gidan tarihi. Gidan Tarihi yana ɗauke da wasu kayan tarihi na sansanin, baya ga kayan tarihi da hotuna da suka shafi tarihin haƙo ma'adinan da aka yi a yankin Lukut. == Wurin da yake == Ginin yana kan Bukit Mati ko Bukit Gajah Mati ([[Harshen Malay|Malay]]: "Matattu Elephant Hill") sama da garin Lukut; tudun yana da mita ɗari da yawa.<ref name="Society">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2011 |title=Where nature and history abound |url=https://www.mns.my/article.php?aid=1247 |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Malayasia Nature Society |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041704/https://www.mns.my/article.php?aid=1247 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya yana a gindin tudun a Lukut, wanda ke kusa da kilomita 6 (3.7 zuwa arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa na Port Dickson.<ref name="Port">{{Cite web |title=Kota Lukut Museum, Fort |url=https://portdickson.info/kota-lukut.htm |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=portdickson.info}}</ref>{{Sfn|Richmond|Harper|2006}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:CO_1069-484-125_(7886266306).jpg|right|thumb|Rajah Böt na Lukut da 'yan uwansa biyu.]] Jarumin Bugis Raja Jumaat ne ya gina sansanin a shekarar 1847 a matsayin katangar da za ta iya sarrafa cinikinsa a cikin kwano, wanda mallakarsa ne daga garin Lukut. Lokacin da aka samu takaddama kan ikon sansanin da yankin Lukut wanda ke tare da jihar Selangor mai iyaka har zuwa shekarun 1870, sai aka miƙa shi ga Luak na Sungai Ujong - wanda daga baya ya kafa jihar Negeri Sembilan ta yanzu - a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar kan iyaka da aka yi tsakanin masarautun biyu a shekarar 1880. Bayan mutuwar Jumaat, ɗansa Raja Bot (mai mulkin gundumar Lukut) ya mallaki babban sansanin. An sanya gidan tarihin a matsayin abin tarihi a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Gidajen Tarihi ta Malaysia.<ref name="Port"/> {{Sfn|Richmond|Harper|2006}} {{Sfn|Cook|1994}}{{Sfn|Jaaffar|Hussain|Ahmad|1992}}.<ref name="web">{{Cite web |title=Lukut Museum |url=http://www.jmm.gov.my/en/museum/lukut-museum |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Official website of Department of Museums, H Government of Malayasia}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Ginin Lukut yana kan tudu sama da gidan kayan gargajiya.<ref name="Society"/> === Lukut mai ƙarfi === Ginin, wanda aka fi sani da Kota Lukut, yanzu ya zama kango sai dai wasu ganuwar laka da aka yi da laterite da ramuka masu zurfin mita 5.<ref name="Society"/> Yankin sansanin yanzu an haɓaka shi a ƙarƙashin manufofin gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Fasaha da Yawon Bude Ido a cikin wurin shakatawa na tarihi wanda aka gina tare da gazebos da hasumiyoyin sarrafawa.<ref name="Port"/>{{Sfn|Pelancongan|2002}} An ɗora manyan bindigogi a kan sansanin.{{Sfn|Cook|1994}} An cire ƙananan bindigogi waɗanda aka ɗora a kan sansanin Lukut zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya.{{Sfn|Peet|1983}} === Gidan kayan gargajiya na Lukut === Ma'aikatar Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ce ta kafa gidan kayan gargajiya (yanzu Ma'aikatu ta Malaysia) tare da Gwamnatin Negeri Sembilan don samar da bayanan tarihi game da tarihin da al'adun karni na 19 a yankin Lukut. An kaddamar da shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1999. <ref name="Malay">{{Cite web |title=Muzium Lukut |url=http://www.jmm.gov.my/ms/muzium/muzium-lukut |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Museums Department of Government of Malayasia |language=ms}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya, a gindin tudun a garin Lukut, gini ne mai hawa biyu. Yana da sassan nuni guda huɗu waɗanda ke fitar da tarihin Lukut (na kwanakin hakar ma'adinai da suka gabata) musamman, da kuma tarihin Negeri Sembilan . <ref name="Society"/> Abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin Lukut an gano su ne daga farkon karni na sha tara zuwa lokacin da aka ba da shi ga gundumar Sungai Ujong (Negeri Sembilan) a cikin 1880; sarakunan tarihi da aka rufe a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya sune Raja Busu, Raja Jaafar, Raja Jumaat da Raja Bot waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wadatar tattalin arzikin yankin.<ref name="web"/> Al'adun gargajiya na al'umma, da al'adu da al'adun ''Adat Perpatih'' (dokokin rayuwa), na musamman ga jihar, ana nuna su. Abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa da kayan tarihi daga jirgin yaki na Dutch VOC Nassau wanda ya nutse a Yaƙin Cape Rachado, a bakin tekun Port Dickson a cikin 1606. <ref name="Society" /><ref name="tour">{{Cite web |title=Lukut Museum, Port Dickson |url=http://tourism.gov.my/en/cn/places/states-of-malaysia/negeri-sembilan/lukut-museum-port-dickson |access-date=8 November 2015 |publisher=Tourism Department of Government of Malayasia |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222173722/http://tourism.gov.my/en/cn/places/states-of-malaysia/negeri-sembilan/lukut-museum-port-dickson |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin gidajen tarihi a Malaysia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   *   *   *   *   03z9cww1selkdfu5jxp6l38kwxab5js 0 156504 858946 853994 2026-06-16T15:37:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858946 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}'''Gregory Joseph Gillespie''' (29 ga Nuwamba, 1936 - 26 ga Afrilu, 2000) ɗan asalin Amurka ne mai zane-zane. == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Gregory_Gillespie_in_Rome_5.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Gillespie tare da hoton kansa a cikin ɗakinsa na Roma c. 1969]] An haifi Gillespie a Roselle Park, New Jersey. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya zama dalibi mara digiri a Cooper Union a [[New York (birni)|New York]] . A cikin 1959 Gillespie ya auri Frances Cohen (1939-1998), wanda shi ma ɗan wasa ne, kuma a shekara ta gaba sun koma [[San Francisco]] inda Gillespie ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco. A shekara ta 1962, Gillespie ya sami tallafin Fulbright-Hays na farko don tafiya zuwa [[Italiya]] don nazarin aikin Masaccio. Ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki a Florence na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma a [[Rum|Roma]] na tsawon shekaru shida, yana nazarin ayyukan irin waɗannan masanan [[Renaissance]] kamar Carpaccio, Mantegna, da Carlo Crivelli, wanda ya kasance ƙaunataccen Gillespie. A wannan lokacin, an ba Gillespie kyautar Chester Dale Fellowships guda uku da kuma kyautar Louis Comfort Tiffany. A shekara ta 1971, an zabe shi a cikin Kwalejin Zane ta Kasa a matsayin Mataimakin memba kuma ya zama cikakken Masanin kimiyya a shekara ta 1994. Gillespie ya fara nuna kansa a shekarar 1966, a Forum Gallery a New York. A shekara ta 1970 ya koma Amurka, inda ya zauna a Williamsburg, Massachusetts . Ya nuna a cikin Whitney Biennials da yawa, kuma a cikin 1977 Gidan Tarihi na Hirshhorn ya shirya yawon shakatawa na aikinsa. Gillespie ya zama sananne ga zane-zane na zane-zane, shimfidar wurare, da hotunan kansa, sau da yawa tare da wani abu mai ban sha'awa. Yawancin ayyukansa na farko an yi su ne ta hanyar zane a kan hotuna da aka yanke daga jaridu ko mujallu, canza al'amuran ta hanyar hotunan hoto, da kuma ƙara abubuwan tunanin. A cikin aikinsa na baya, Gillespie ya watsar da sha'awarsa ta farko tare da ƙirƙirar hotuna masu mahimmanci, a maimakon haka yana mai da hankali kan salon da ya fi sauƙi da kuma bayyanawa. Sau da yawa yakan haɗu da kafofin watsa labarai a hanyar da ba ta dace ba don ƙirƙirar tarurruka masu kama da masallaci. A shekara ta 1983, Gillespie da matarsa ta farko, Frances, sun sake aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=The Tufts |date=2004-02-06 |title=Painters and the spouses that loved them |url=https://tuftsdaily.com/archives/2004/02/06/painters-and-the-spouses-that-loved-them/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The Tufts Daily |language=en}}</ref> Matarsa ta biyu, Peggy, ta sami Gillespie ya mutu a cikin ɗakinsa a Belchertown, Massachusetts, a bayyane yake ya [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] ta hanyar ratayewa, a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2000. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an sami dan Gillespie, <ref name="berkshire">{{Cite web |last=Steve LeBlanc and Ben Fox |title=The man pictured in a Berkshire Nautilus sweatshirt on Jan. 6 is the son of a famed American artist |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/news/local/the-man-pictured-in-a-berkshire-nautilus-sweatshirt-on-jan-6-is-the-son-of/article_e8e16030-c5be-11ec-9e8e-27a8088e8159.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Berkshire Eagle |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Vincent, mazaunin Athol, Massachusetts, da laifin kai hari kan tilasta bin doka a lokacin harin da aka kai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athol man convicted of attacking cops during failed Capitol coup |url=https://www.universalhub.com/2022/athol-man-convicted-attacking-cops-during-failed |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Universal Hub}}</ref> Kafin a yanke masa hukunci, Vincent Gillespie ya yi dogon gwagwarmaya da mahaifiyarsa don samun iko da zane-zanen mahaifinsa.<ref name="berkshire" /> == Tarin abubuwa == Ayyukan Gillespie suna cikin tarin Whitney Museum, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Arkansas, da Cibiyar Butler ta Fasaha ta Amurka, da sauransu. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Hirshhorn yana da akalla ayyuka goma sha huɗu na Gillespie a cikin tarin sa (duba hanyoyin haɗi na waje). == Bayani == {{Authority control}}{{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * Lerner, Abram (1977). ''Gregory Gillespie'' . Washington: [An buga don Gidan Tarihi na Hirshhorn da Lambun sassaka, Cibiyar Smithsonian, ta Smithsonian Institution Press. [[OCLC (identifier)|Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:3397187|3397187]] == Ƙarin karantawa == * ''Gregory Gillespie: Zane-zane (Italiya 1962-1970)'' . An buga shi a Studio Tipografico, Rome, ta Forum Gallery, New York. 1970. 55 reproductions, babu rubutu sai dai Gillespie ta takaice gabatarwa: "An rubuta kalmomi da yawa game da fasaha da masu fasaha. Na yanke shawarar cewa wannan littafi ya kamata ya ƙunshi reproductions kadai." (Roma. Janairu, 1970) * Keyes, Donald D.; Belz, Karl; Carr, Rani M. (1999). ''Hangen Amurka na Musamman: Zane-zane na Gregory Gillespie'' . Gidan kayan gargajiya na Georgia . . Kataloji na nuni. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.askart.com/askart/artist.aspx?artist=16793 Babban shafin Askart.com akan Gillespie], tare da hoton launi * [http://www.aacwebkiosk.com/Art2503$703 Arkansas Arts Center:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531093444/http://www.aacwebkiosk.com/Art2503$703 |date=2019-05-31 }} shafi tare da bio da bayanai kan ayyuka biyu na Gillespie a cikin tarin Arkansas Arts Center ; tare da damar yin amfani da hotuna masu launi guda biyu * [http://hirshhorn.si.edu/collection/search.asp?Artist=gillespie&Title=&Date=&Nationality=American&School= Hirshhorn Museum]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  : shafi mai bayanin ayyuka goma sha huɗu na Gillespie a cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya, gami da hotuna masu launi da yawa. * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/gillespie_gregory.html Artcyclopedia a kan Gregory Gillespie], tare da haɗin kai zuwa hotuna masu launi na ayyukan Gillespie a cikin gidajen tarihi daban-daban, ciki har da Fine Arts Museums na San Francisco, Hirshhorn Museum da Sculpture Garden, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, da Smithsonian American Art Museum. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150423222805/http://static1.squarespace.com/static/52debe83e4b047cdd88b5c94/52e96dfde4b03bdd9164dc42/52e96e32e4b08236b8efffcc/1391626671480/PortraitOfGregoryGillespie_79_24x30.jpg Hoton Gregory Gillespie] na Barbara Swan, mai akan zane, 1979 [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ghj9kvxqrqei1jjwputg5y7du7dugfu 0 156612 859017 854438 2026-06-16T18:21:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Born_a_Man.webm|right|thumb|Fim na ilimi na 1964 game da farfado da sana'a da daidaitawa da motsi ga sabon makaho, wanda aka yi da taimakon Ma'aikatar Ma'auni ta California]]{{Databox}} '''Vocational rehabilitation''', often abbreviated as '''VR''' or '''voc rehab''', is a process which enables persons with functional, psychological, developmental, cognitive, and emotional disabilities, impairments or health disabilities to overcome barriers to accessing, maintaining, or returning to employment or other useful occupations.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020|reason=The previous citation was incorrect}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The previous citation was incorrect (May 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Duk da yake, a al'ada, mayar da hankali ga farfado da sana'a shine riƙe aiki, karuwar mayar da hankali kan tsarin da ke kewaye da komai ya zama sananne a cikin hanyoyin zamani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Joanna |date=2012 |title=The current state of vocational rehabilitation services |journal=Work, Health and Wellbeing: The Challenges of Managing Health at Work |publisher=Bristol University Press |pages=95–117}}</ref> Hanyoyi sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, duk da haka, saboda bambancin adadin tallafin kuɗi da siyasa da ake karɓar gyaran sana'a.<ref name=":0" /> == Takaitaccen Bayani == Gyara sana'a ya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan inganta zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mutumin da ke karɓar ayyukan.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=What is Vocational Rehabilitation |url=https://clik.dva.gov.au/rehabilitation-policy-library/9-vocational-rehabilitation/91-what-vocational-rehabilitation |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=Australian Government. Department of Veterans’ Affairs |archive-date=2020-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926095341/https://clik.dva.gov.au/rehabilitation-policy-library/9-vocational-rehabilitation/91-what-vocational-rehabilitation |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutanen da suka cancanci farfado da sana'a gabaɗaya sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da cututtukan dogon lokaci, cututtuken lafiyar kwakwalwa, matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun da yanayin kiwon lafiya mai tsanani. Ayyukan da ake bayarwa ga waɗanda suka cancanci sun haɗa da tallafin kuɗi, tallafin tunani da tallafin zamantakewa.<ref name=":0"/> Yawancin lokaci, shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya sun dogara da nasarorin da suka samu don samun tallafi.<ref name=":0"/> Koyaya, farfadowar sana'a ta musamman ce saboda ta dogara da bin ma'aikaci da shirye-shiryen shiga cikin tsari. Daga baya, ana tallata shi sau da yawa ta hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan ribar kasuwanci na shirin.<ref name=":0" /> Akwai bincike mai yawa da aka sadaukar don ci gaba da inganta farfado da sana'a. Mai da hankali na zamani kan farfado da sana'a ya samo asali ne daga karuwar mai da hankali kan tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa a matakin gwamnati.<ref name=":0"/> An yi imanin cewa yana da fa'ida ga mutane su koma aiki kuma su sami cikakken haɗin kai cikin al'umma, wanda yawanci ana taimakawa ta hanyar farfado da sana'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Andrew |date=16 July 2016 |title=Vocational Rehabilitation: Supporting Ill or Disabled Individuals in (to) Work: A UK Perspective |journal=Healthcare |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.3390/healthcare4030046 |pmc=5041047 |pmid=27438864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen farfadowa suna ƙarfafa mutane kaɗan su dogara da tallafin kuɗi na gwamnati ta hanyar sauƙaƙe ƙarin motsi zuwa ayyukan ga mutanen da ke da nakasa waɗanda, yawanci, an cire su daga ma'aikata.<ref name=":46">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-23 |title=jobs for people with disabilities |url=https://apm.net.au/individuals/disability-employment-services/searching-for-work}}</ref> Akwai babban tasirin al'adu a kan hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su ga nakasassu kuma daga baya, ayyukan nakasassu. Kasashe masu tasowa kamar Amurka, Burtaniya da Ostiraliya suna da tsarin da aka tsara don ayyukan farfadowa na shekaru da yawa.<ref name=":0"/> Kasashe masu tasowa, duk da haka, a tarihi sun fi mayar da hankali kan yaki da cututtuka kuma ta haka ne, suna da karancin albarkatu don sadaukar da kansu ga ci gaban shirye-shiryen farfadowa.<ref name=":8" /> Akwai yawan zargi da ke kewaye da nakasassu a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":8" /> A sakamakon haka, akwai rashin shirye-shiryen farfadowa na sana'a a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe wanda hakan ke haifar da sakamako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikinsu.<ref name=":8" /> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, duk da haka, ta aiwatar da shirye-shirye a cikin kasashe masu tasowa don inganta kafa shirye-shiryen farfadowa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.<ref name=":8" /> Duk da yake sanannen hanyar shiga tsakani ne a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, sau da yawa ana sukar farfadowar sana'a saboda rashin inganci da rashin nasara.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Murphy |first=Lesley |last2=Chamberlain |first2=Elaine |last3=Weir |first3=Jim |last4=Berry |first4=Alister |last5=Nathaniel-James |first5=David |last6=Agnew |first6=Robert |date=January 2006 |title=Effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: Preliminary evaluation of a UK specialist rehabilitation programme |journal=Brain Injury |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1119–1129 |doi=10.1080/02699050600664335 |pmid=17123928 |s2cid=26484139}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu masu sukar suna da'awar cewa babu isasshen jaddadawa da aka sanya wa mata masu nakasa da ke buƙatar sabis na farfadowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stace |first=Sheila |date=1987 |title=Vocational rehabilitation for women with disabilities |journal=International Labour Review |volume=126 |pages=301–316 |id={{ProQuest|57813522}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Manazarta == 3p4jw7sw7bgwivsdwwy620gev59ej7e 0 156771 858909 854863 2026-06-16T13:13:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 858909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana bayyana [[kiba]] a matsayin tarin kitse mai yawa kuma galibi yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai rashin daidaiton kuzari tsakanin amfani da kalori da kuma kashe kuzarin kalori . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Obesity and overweight |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=who.int}}</ref> [[Girman ƙiba a ƙuruciya|Kiba a yara]] na ƙara zama abin damuwa a duk duniya, kuma [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] kaɗai ta fahimci cewa 1 cikin yara 4 ko dai suna da kiba ko kuma [[Kiba|suna da kiba]] . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=Childhood overweight and obesity |journal=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare}}</ref> Ga 'yan ƙasar Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 4 zuwa 17, kiba wani yanayi ne mai matuƙar damuwa domin da zarar ta faru, yana da wuya a 'yantar da ita daga gare ta. Tasirin ɗan gajeren lokaci ga yara na iya haifar da raguwar lafiyarsu ta tunani ( ƙiyayya da rashin girman kai ) <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=Obesity Prevention {{!}} Healthy Schools {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/facts.htm |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> da kuma lalacewar jiki kamar [[Bugawar bacci|rashin barci]], rashin numfashi da cututtukan zuciya. <ref name=":14" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Obesity in children – causes – Better Health Channel |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Obesity_in_children?open |access-date=2015-09-01 |archive-date=2015-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919170001/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Obesity_in_children?open |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin [[Kiba|kiba ga manya]] da ke da alaƙa da kiba a lokacin ƙuruciya, akwai illoli da yawa na dogon lokaci waɗanda a ƙarshe za su iya kawo cikas ga [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rayuwar]] mutane, gami da ci gaban cututtuka masu tsanani. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-03 |title=Background Briefing 7 December 2014 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/2014-12-07/5936408 |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=Radio National}}</ref> Domin yaƙi da annobar kiba a duniya baki ɗaya, ya zama dole a magance matsalar a farkon matakanta. Manyan matakan kariya da za a aiwatar sun haɗa da ƙara [[motsa jiki]], ilimin abinci da rage ɗabi'un zama a gida . <ref name=":2"/> == Auna kiba == [[Fayil:Body_mass_index_simplified.svg|thumb|Tebur da ke nuna Ma'aunin Jiki a matsayin ma'aunin tsayi (m) idan aka kwatanta da nauyi (kg)]] Ma'aunin Kitsen Jiki (BMI) wani ma'auni ne na yau da kullun kuma mai amfani na kitsen jiki wanda ke taimaka wa mutane su fahimci bambanci tsakanin kiba da kiba. Ana iya amfani da tsarin don ƙididdige BMI na mutum ta hanyar raba nauyinsa (a cikin kilogiram) da murabba'in tsayinsa (a cikin mita). <ref name=":0" /> A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (2015), BMI ya fi ko daidai da 25&nbsp;kg/m2 a cikin manya yana da kiba kuma ya fi ko daidai yake da 30&nbsp;kg/m2 yana ɗaukar mutane a matsayin masu kiba. <ref name=":0" /> Amma, amfani da hanyar BMI don auna yawan nauyin yaro na iya fuskantar matsaloli na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da BMI don gano yawan nauyin jikin mutum amma ba yawan kitsen jikinsa ba. <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Department of Health and Human Services Centres for Disease Control and Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/bmiforpactitioners.pdf |website=Body Mass Index: Considerations for Practitioners}}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, ma'aunin da aka ɗauka daga yaro wanda ke matakai daban-daban na girmansa na jima'i idan aka kwatanta da wani na iya canza amincin bayanan. Sauran matsalolin da za su iya shafar sakamakon da ke tattare da wannan hanyar ga yara da matasa sun haɗa da shekarunsu, jinsinsu, tsoka da ƙashi na ƙabila, tsayinsu da kuma matakan girmansu na jima'i. <ref name=":15" /> Amfani da matsayin kashi-kashi don tantance ko yaro ko matashi tsakanin shekaru 2-20 yana da kiba ko kuma yana da kiba yana gadar da dabarun iri ɗaya da BMI amma fassarar bayanan da aka tattara ta bambanta. Bayanan da aka tattara ta amfani da matsayin kashi-kashi yana la'akari da shekarun yaron da jinsi, yana gane cewa adadin kitsen jiki yana canzawa akai-akai tare da shekaru da jinsi. BMI-ga-shekaru yana nuna ƙimar tsakanin yara masu jinsi ɗaya da shekaru kuma yana rarraba matasa masu kiba a matsayin tsakanin kashi-kashi 80 da ƙasa da kashi-kashi 95. An rarraba yara masu kiba a matsayin waɗanda suka yi daidai ko sama da kashi-kashi 95. <ref name=":15"/> [[Fayil:Obesity-waist_circumference.svg|thumb|Ana iya tantance kiba ta hanyar auna kewayen kugu.]] Duk da cewa lissafin BMI na mutum shine mafi kyawun alamar da aka ba da shawarar, amma ba ya bambanta haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Ya kamata a ci gaba da sa ido akai-akai kan rarraba kitse, kwayoyin halitta da matakan motsa jiki don tantance yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Wasu hanyoyin da mutum zai iya tantance nauyinsa, banda gwajin BMI, sun haɗa da auna kewayen kugunsa ko amfani da gwajin ninka fata . <ref name=":15"/> == Tarihi == Kamar yadda juyin halitta na farko ya nuna, kakannin da suka gabace su a cikin siffar mafarauta/masu tattara abinci sun ci gaba da tunanin cewa ba a yi hasashen wadatar abinci ba kuma abincinsu na gaba ba a san shi ba. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Life at 3 – The Science – Childhood Obesity – ABC TV |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/life/the_science/CHILDHOODOBESITY.htm |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=abc.net.au}}</ref> Ta wannan hanyar, kakannin za su ci abinci duk lokacin da zai yiwu kuma su adana kuzarin da aka sha a matsayin mai don amfani da shi lokacin da albarkatu suka yi ƙaranci. Tun daga lokacin, yanayin da muke rayuwa a ciki, ya bunƙasa cikin sauri tare da wadatar abinci cikin sauƙi da sauƙi. Saboda haka, hanyar kiyaye makamashi daga abinci yanzu ta rikide zuwa cin abinci da rashin aiki, wanda ke haifar da girke-girke na cututtuka na yau da kullun da mutuwar da ba ta daɗe ba. <ref name=":3" /> Kiba a yara ya kasance babban nauyi a fannin lafiya a duk tarihin Ostiraliya, tare da kulawa sosai kan [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] da kuma rashin daidaiton kuzari tsakanin amfani da kalori da kashe kuɗi. Tsakanin 1985 da 1995, adadin yaran da ke da kiba ya ƙaru sosai daga ra'ayoyi biyu na maza (10.7% zuwa 20.5%) da kuma 'yan mata (11.8% zuwa 21.1%) masu shekaru 7-15 da 5-17 a cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya. <ref name=":1"/> A cikin shekaru 10 da suka biyo baya, har zuwa 2008, alkaluma sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa daga 21% zuwa 25% wanda ya haifar da irin wannan kaso ga maza da mata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=No Time to Weight |url=http://www.obesityaustralia.org/resources-1/no-time-to-weight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131074140/http://www.obesityaustralia.org/resources-1/no-time-to-weight |archive-date=2016-01-31 |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=obesityaustralia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olds |first=T. S. |last2=Tomkinson |first2=G. R. |last3=Ferrar |first3=K. E. |last4=Maher |first4=C. A. |date=2010 |title=Trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia between 1985 and 2008 |journal=International Journal of Obesity |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=57–66 |doi=10.1038/ijo.2009.211 |pmid=19823187}}</ref> A cikin Binciken Lafiya na Ofishin Kididdiga na Ostiraliya na 2011/12, ƙididdiga ta sake nanata rashin ingantattun hanyoyin rigakafi, tana nuna ƙaruwar 1% kuma saboda haka jimillar 26% na yara 'yan shekaru 5-17 a matsayin ko dai suna da kiba ko kuma masu kiba. <ref name=":4" /> == Kwatantawar duniya == Kiba a yara annoba ce da ta shafi yara miliyan 155 (1 cikin 10) 'yan shekara 5-17. <ref name=":0"/> Dangane da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kiba ta Duniya, alkaluman da aka tattara a shekarar 2013 sun nuna cewa Girka ce ke da mafi girman ƙima ga yara maza da mata masu kiba da kuma masu kiba (44% da 38% bi da bi). <ref name=":1"/> Kashi ashirin da huɗu cikin ɗari na 'yan matan Ostiraliya, a cewar Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD), an ɗauke su a matsayin masu kiba, suna matsayi na 10 cikin ƙasashe 40. <ref name=":1" /> Spain da Kanada sun bayar da rahoton irin wannan sakamakon kididdiga na kashi 24%. Dangane da yara maza masu kiba da masu kiba, Ostiraliya tana matsayi na 18, wanda ya nuna adadi iri ɗaya na kashi 22% da na Burtaniya. <ref name=":1"/> Indonesia ta nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙimar kiba, wanda ke nuna ƙimar kashi 11% da 8% bi da bi ga yara maza da mata. <ref name=":8" /> A shekarar 2013, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa sama da yara miliyan 42 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyar suna da kiba, inda miliyan 31 daga cikinsu ke zaune a ƙasashe masu tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Childhood overweight and obesity |url=https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/ |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=who.int}}</ref> == Dalilai == Abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba a yara na iya dogara ne akan haɗuwar zaɓin mutum ɗaya da kuma daidaitawar zamantakewa da muhalli <ref name=":2"/> tare da abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. === Halittar Halitta === A cewar Binciken Lafiya na Australiya, ilimin halittar jiki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba. <ref name=":4"/> A shekarar 2011/2012, an rubuta cewa kashi 90% na al'ummar Australiya sun gaji halayen kibansu saboda sauye-sauyen halittar uwayensu a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name=":4" /> Sauyawar da ke tsakanin yanayin kwayoyin halitta, muhalli da jarabawar mutum ɗaya suma an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da annobar duniya. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana tasiri ga yanayin kiba, kuma abinci da motsa jiki suna tantance irin yadda waɗannan halaye ke ƙara girma. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=EUFIC |title=Parental influence on children's food preferences and energy intake (EUFIC) |url=http://www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/Parental-influence-children-food-preferences-and-energy-intake/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901052840/http://www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/Parental-influence-children-food-preferences-and-energy-intake/ |archive-date=2015-09-01 |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=www.eufic.org}}</ref> === Abinci da tasirin iyaye === [[Fayil:High_Fat_Foods_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg|thumb|Abincin da iyaye ke saba wa 'ya'yansu shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da kiba.]] Iyaye, masu kula da yara da malamai duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tunanin da yara ke da shi game da wasu nau'ikan abinci yayin da suke girma. Shekaru biyar na farko na rayuwar yaro, lokacin da yake haɓaka saba da abinci mai tauri, a ƙarshe zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga abincin da suka fi so a nan gaba. <ref name=":3"/> "Mayar da hankali" ga cin abinci, wanda wata dabara ce mai kyau da iyaye ke amfani da ita don ba wa 'ya'yansu lada, tana ba da gudummawa tsakanin kashi 23-24% na jimillar abincin da mutum ke ci a kowace rana (masu shekaru tsakanin shekaru 2-16). <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Department of Health {{!}} 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey - Key Findings |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-nutrition-childrens-survey-keyfindings |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=www.health.gov.au}}</ref> Ganin cewa ba a ba da shawarar fiye da kashi 20% a kowace rana ba, <ref name=":16"/> a bayyane yake cewa manya ba sa barin 'ya'yansu su haɓaka wani abu mai motsa rai ga abinci mai kyau, yana 'ba su lada' da abubuwan ciye-ciye masu ƙarfi kamar dankalin turawa, muffins, lollies, da popcorn daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Babban popcorn a Hoyts', babbar sarkar sinima ta Ostiraliya, ya ƙunshi fiye da adadin kuzari 700, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calories in Hoyts Cinemas Large Popcorn - Calories and Nutrition Facts {{!}} MyFitnessPal.com |url=https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/hoyts-cinemas-large-popcorn-650445076 |access-date=2018-12-06 |website=www.myfitnesspal.com |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102349/https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/hoyts-cinemas-large-popcorn-650445076 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma shine abin da ya fi shahara a menu ɗinsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A cewar Jagororin Abinci na Australiya na 2013, yaro mai shekaru tsakanin 4-8 ya kamata ya ci rabin 'ya'yan itace da rabin kayan lambu kowace rana, yayin da ake ba da shawarar mutane 'yan shekara 9 zuwa sama su ci "2 da 5". <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Australian Dietary Guidelines |url=https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/the_guidelines/n55a_australian_dietary_guidelines_summary_book.pdf |website=Eat for Health |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> Iyaye za su iya taimakawa wajen yin tasiri mai kyau ga abincin yaransu ta hanyar zama abin koyi da kuma cin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu iri-iri. Ƙarfafa yara su ci nau'ikan abubuwan ciye-ciye masu gina jiki iri-iri da kuma sanya 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu su zama masu kyau ta hanyar canza siffofi na iya taimakawa wajen jan hankalin yara game da cin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu. <ref name=":9"/> == Tasirin zamantakewa == Domin mutum (yara) ya kasance cikin koshin lafiya, dole ne a sami daidaito tsakanin adadin kalori da ake ci da adadin kalori da ake kashewa (ta hanyar motsa jiki). Abubuwan zamantakewa da muhalli da ke kawo cikas ga wannan daidaiton amfani da makamashi/kashewa sun haɗa da canje-canje a tattalin arziki (kudaden abinci), ƙaruwar dogaro da motoci da halayen zama a gida da kuma ƙaruwar tallan abinci mara kyau. === Kafofin watsa labarai da talla === Talla wani abu ne da aka saba gani a cikin al'ummar yau kuma ana gudanar da shi da dabarun gabatarwa da gudanar da shi don shawo kan masu amfani da su mayar da martani ta wata hanya ta musamman. Kimanin kashi 30% na tallace-tallacen da ake gudanarwa a lokutan kallon talabijin na yara a Ostiraliya suna mayar da hankali ne kan abinci da nufin rinjayar yara zuwa ga kayayyakin abinci marasa kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Food advertising directed at children {{!}} Nutrition Australia |url=http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/national/resource/food-advertising-directed-children |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=www.nutritionaustralia.org |archive-date=2015-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005014259/http://nutritionaustralia.org/national/resource/food-advertising-directed-children |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamfanoni kamar McDonald's, musamman, sun ƙirƙiri kuma sun tsara tallace-tallacensu da tallace-tallacensu ta yadda za su kasance masu jan hankali da jan hankali ga yara. Ta hanyar amfani da launuka masu haske, gabatar da Happy Meal, amfani da dabarun filin wasa da kuma halin Ronald McDonald, ya bayyana cewa yara su ne manyan masu sauraro da ake nema ( ''Super Size Me'' ). Hakazalika, ƙungiyoyin wasanni na Ostiraliya galibi kamfanoni ne ke ɗaukar nauyinsu waɗanda ke tallata kayayyakin abinci marasa kyau ga yara da matasa. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa a lokacin wasan [[kurket]] mai cike da tarihi, tambarin KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) ya bayyana a sarari don kashi 61% na lokacin wasa kuma tambarin giya na XXXX ya bayyana a sarari don kashi 75% na lokacin wasa a irin wannan taron. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Should industry care for children? |journal=Public Health Advocacy and Law in Australia}}</ref> A matsayin ƙasa da jaruman wasanni ke mamaye, tare da masu sauraro masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka dogara da yara a lokutan talabijin, haɗa abinci mara kyau da tallafin barasa na iya nuna wa yara cewa har ma da jaruman wasanni da suka fi so suna tallafawa irin waɗannan samfuran marasa kyau. Wasu yara suna ganin yana da wahala su fahimci manufar kayayyakin da ba su da lafiya kamar yadda suka yi amfani da su wajen haifar da mummunan tasirin shan taba. Tallace-tallace a Ostiraliya game da shan taba suna nuna mummunan sakamakon da ke tattare da shi, ta hanyar amfani da hotuna masu hoto da ban tsoro. A kwatanta, ba a nuna abinci mara kyau a cikin irin wannan yanayi ba, duk da daidaiton sakamako. Madadin haka, tallace-tallace, allunan talla da tallace-tallace na talabijin suna nuna kayayyakin abinci mai sauri da kuzari tare da launuka masu kyau da ma'aikata masu farin ciki/ kuzari, suna shawo kan yara su yi imani da cewa abincin da ba shi da kalori yana haɓaka ƙwarewa mai kyau da lada. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Hesketh |first=K. |last2=Waters |first2=E. |last3=Green |first3=J. |last4=Salmon |first4=L. |last5=Williams |first5=J. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: a qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia |journal=Health Promotion International |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |doi=10.1093/heapro/dah503 |issn=0957-4824 |pmid=15668217 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Kafofin Sadarwa na Zamani === Yayin da fasaha da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] suka zama masu ci gaba da sauƙin samu, haka nan ƙaruwar yara ke ƙaruwa a amfani da waɗannan dandamali na raba abubuwan ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ragelienė |first=Tija |last2=Grønhøj |first2=Alice |date=2021-10-01 |title=The role of peers, siblings and social media for children's healthy eating socialization: a mixed methods study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950329321001385 |journal=Food Quality and Preference |volume=93 |doi=10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104255 |issn=0950-3293 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar sun yi la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kafofin watsa labarun da kiba na yara; inda suka yi imanin cin abinci yayin kallon kafofin watsa labarun, tasirin masu tasiri da talla a shafukan sada zumunta yana shafar kiba na yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kucharczuk |first=Adam J. |last2=Oliver |first2=Tracy L. |last3=Dowdell |first3=Elizabeth B. |date=2022-01-01 |title=Social media's influence on adolescents' food choices: A mixed studies systematic literature review |journal=Appetite |volume=168 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2021.105765 |issn=1095-8304 |pmid=34687823}}</ref> Yara suna fuskantar abubuwan abinci masu ƙarfi kamar ra'ayoyin abinci da takamaiman abubuwan abinci waɗanda za su iya tsara ƙa'idodin zamantakewa na matasa masu amfani game da inda, ta yaya da kuma abincin da za su ci a shafukan sada zumunta. Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 12 ba su da ilimin talla, iliminsu da fahimtarsu game da talla ba a haɓaka su gaba ɗaya tare da ƙwarewar fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Veirman |first=Marijke |last2=Hudders |first2=Liselot |last3=Nelson |first3=Michelle R. |date=2019-12-03 |title=What Is Influencer Marketing and How Does It Target Children? A Review and Direction for Future Research |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=English |volume=10 |page=2685 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02685 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6901676 |pmid=31849783 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa matasa galibi suna ɗaukaka masu tasiri, waɗannan masu tasiri suna zama abin koyi ga ƙananan masu sauraro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind the Influence of Influencers {{!}} Psychology Today Australia |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/power-in-relationships/202405/behind-the-influence-of-influencers#:~:text=Key%20points |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> Yara na iya rasa ilimin fahimtar dalilin da ya sa masu tasiri da suka fi so ke tallata wani takamaiman alama. Kafofin watsa labarun na iya zama hanyar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki ke tallata kayayyakin abinci masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke tsara halayen yara game da abinci mai 'lafiya'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Thomas N. |last2=Banda |first2=Jorge A. |last3=Hale |first3=Lauren |last4=Lu |first4=Amy Shirong |last5=Fleming-Milici |first5=Frances |last6=Calvert |first6=Sandra L. |last7=Wartella |first7=Ellen |date=November 2017 |title=Screen Media Exposure and Obesity in Children and Adolescents |journal=Pediatrics |volume=140 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S97–S101 |doi=10.1542/peds.2016-1758K |issn=0031-4005 |pmc=5769928 |pmid=29093041}}</ref> Duk da haka, shafukan sada zumunta suna da mummunan tasiri ga halayen cin abinci na yara. Sauye-sauye da kyau sun ƙarfafa yara su kwatanta bambance-bambancen siffar jiki da nauyinsu da masu ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suke hulɗa da su, da kuma waɗanda ke kewaye da su kamar sauran ɗalibai. Wannan yana haifar da mummunan tunani game da yadda jiki yake da kyau a gare su, wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga matsalolin cin abinci . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Yassin |first=Fiona |date=2024-02-05 |title=Is TikTok Pushing Eating Disorder Content to Teens? |url=https://thewaveclinic.com/blog/is-tiktok-pushing-eating-disorder-content-to-teens/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=thewaveclinic.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Akwai kuma yanayin da ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki inda rubuce-rubuce ke iƙirarin cewa suna ƙarfafa salon rayuwa mai 'lafiya' tare da cin abinci mai tsauri, motsa jiki da nau'ikan jiki marasa kyau. <ref name="auto2" /> Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi kan kiba a lokacin ƙuruciya suna da alaƙa da ra'ayin ɗan adam game da batun mutum. Abubuwan da ake nufi da batun mutum su ne ma'anar asali da aka gina bisa ga wasu ƙa'idodi na zamantakewa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Peter J |last2=Sweeny |first2=Jennifer |date=2009 |title=The Anthropology of Overweight, Obesity and The Body |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/22438/anthronotes_30_1_2.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |journal=AnthroNotes |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |doi=10.5479/10088/22438 |via=Repository}}</ref> Kafofin sada zumunta na iya zama dandamali ga bambance-bambancen ra'ayi kan kiba, manufofin jiki da kayayyakin abinci da za a bayyana. <ref name=":5" /> Al'ummomin kafofin sada zumunta na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin jikin yara da lafiyarsu. === Farashi da girman rabo === Ta wannan hanyar, don jawo hankalin yara, darajar kayayyakin da ke da wadataccen makamashi ya ragu wanda hakan ya sa waɗannan kayayyakin suka fi araha kuma suka fi samuwa ga matasa. Duk da cewa farashin waɗannan kayayyakin ya ragu, girman kayan ya tashi kwatsam, wanda hakan ya ba mutane damar biyan kuɗi kaɗan don ƙarin. <ref name=":2"/> === Sufuri === Sakamakon ci gaban fasaha a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, mutane sun daidaita tunanin da ba shi da aiki sosai, suna ƙara dogaro da motoci a matsayin hanyar sufuri da kuma miƙa wuya ga halaye masu yawan zama a gida . Mutane sun fi son amfani da abin hawa, bas ko jirgin ƙasa a matsayin sufuri maimakon tafiya ta zahiri ko hawa keke. Wannan ra'ayi mara aiki da 'yan Australiya ke ɗauka a bayyane yake yana ba da gudummawa ga annobar kiba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2008 wanda ya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin tafiya da kiba a Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa ƙasashen da ke da mafi girman matakan sufuri masu aiki gabaɗaya suna da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar kiba. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=David R. Jr. |last2=Pucher |first2=John |last3=Buehler |first3=Ralph |last4=Thompson, and Scott E. Crouter |first4=Dixie L. |date=2008 |title=Walking, cycling and obesity rates in Europe, North America and Australia |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=795–814 |doi=10.1123/jpah.5.6.795 |pmid=19164816 |s2cid=9821201}}</ref> An ga mafi ƙarancin ƙimar sufuri masu aiki a Amurka (8%) kawai kuma, a daidai lokacin, suna da mafi girman ƙimar [[kiba]] (34.3%). <ref name=":11" /> === Halayyar rashin natsuwa === Wani abin da ya haifar da annobar kiba ta yara shi ne karuwar ayyukan da ba sa motsa jiki. Halayyar da ba ta motsa jiki ta haɗa da lokacin da ake amfani da ita wajen amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki a matsayin hanyar nishaɗi. Misalan sun haɗa da: talabijin, wasannin lantarki a zaune da amfani da kwamfuta, gami da ayyukan ilimi ko waɗanda ba na ilimi ba. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta ba da shawarar cewa yara 'yan shekara 5-12 kada su zauna a zaune fiye da sa'o'i biyu a rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Health {{!}} Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/pasb |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=www.health.gov.au}}</ref> === Abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki === An kuma ce matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na iyalai daban-daban shi ne sanadin da ke haifar da masu kiba da masu kiba. Yaran da suka girma a cikin iyalai waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi sun fi kamuwa da kiba idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da mafi yawan kuɗi kuma saboda haka aka rene su a cikin yanayi mai kyau na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3"/> Rashin kayan aikin filin wasa, hanyoyi masu haɗari, da unguwannin da ba su da aminci duk abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin motsa jiki. <ref name=":12"/> An kuma ruwaito cewa matsayin kuɗi na iyali shi ne babban tasiri ga lafiyar jiki na yara, domin iyaye ba sa da kuɗin da za su tallafa wa yara wajen shiga ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba da kuma motsa jiki gabaɗaya. <ref name=":12"/> Sakamakon haka, yara sun fi son yin amfani da lokacinsu wajen yin ayyukan da ba sa motsa jiki kamar kallon talabijin. An kuma nuna cewa matsayin tattalin arziki shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da kiba, domin iyalai suna siyan abinci mai araha, waɗanda galibi suna da yawan kitse da kuzari. <ref name=":12" /> Masu bincike sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi suna iya yin kiba, kuma waɗanda ke da kwanciyar hankali a fannin kuɗi, ba sa fuskantar matsala. Dalilin wannan matsalar ya ta'allaka ne akan farashin abinci mai gina jiki da ya fi tsada, wanda hakan ke jawo hankalin kuɗi zuwa ga zaɓuɓɓuka masu rahusa da kalori kamar abinci mai sauri da kuma abincin da za a ci. Duk da haka, ƙananan farashin cin abinci mai kyau sun fi nauyin tattalin arziki da ke kan mutum da kuma al'umma wanda cututtuka masu tsanani da suka shafi abinci ke haifarwa. <ref name=":1"/> === Yanayin makaranta === Domin rage yawaitar kiba a yara a Ostiraliya, iyaye da malamai dole ne su haɗu su haɓaka dabarun da suka fi ƙarfafa cin abinci mai kyau. Dangane da wannan, iyaye dole ne su haɓaka fahimtar takamaiman abincin da zai amfana ko kuma ya zama mara kyau ga lafiyar 'ya'yansu. Kafa shirye-shiryen makaranta waɗanda ke ƙarfafa yara su shiga cikin motsa jiki shi ma yana da mahimmanci, wanda ke gabatar da yara ga hanyoyin motsa jiki masu daɗi kamar wasannin hulɗa. <ref name=":12"/> === Rauni da damuwa tsakanin tsararraki === Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki yana da matuƙar tasiri ga kiba a yara, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da galihu. Raunin, wanda ya samo asali ne daga rashin adalci na tarihi kamar wariyar launin fata a hukumomi, mulkin mallaka, da talauci mai ɗorewa, yana haifar da rikici a cikin iyalai. Bayan lokaci, waɗannan matsin lamba suna haifar da yanayi inda halayen da ba su da kyau na jurewa, gami da [[Cin abinci na motsin rai|cin abinci mai daɗi]], suka zama ruwan dare. [[Matsanancin yau da kullun|Damuwa ta yau da kullun]] tana lalata daidaiton [[cortisol]], wani hormone da ke da alaƙa da ci da kuma adana kitse, don haka yana ƙara yiwuwar kiba a cikin yara. ''' '''Binciken ilimin ɗan adam ya jaddada cewa yanayin da aka renon waɗannan yaran galibi yana shafar irin wannan mummunan rauni na tarihi. Sau da yawa ana bayyana waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar rashin [[Tsaron abinci|wadatar abinci]], ƙarancin wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki, da rashin isasshen damar yin motsa jiki mai ƙarfi. Hulɗar da ke tsakanin masu damuwa da muhalli da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin tunani]] da aka gada yana haifar da yanayi mafi kyau don fara kiba. Ana samun shaidar rauni da damuwa tsakanin tsararraki game da kiba a yara a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Bincike ya nuna cewa yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar a tsawon tarihi sun kasance cikin haɗarin yin kiba ko kiba. Wani bincike daga Binciken Lafiya na 'Yan Asalin Australiya da Torres Strait Islander, 2012–2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 11.8% na yaran 'yan asalin ƙasar masu shekaru 10-14 sun yi kiba, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 6.3% na yaran da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne suka yi kiba a Ostiraliya. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |date=2019-12-04 |title=Aboriginal childhood overweight and obesity: the need for Aboriginal designed and led initiatives - December 2019, Volume 29, Issue 4 {{!}} PHRP |url=https://www.phrp.com.au/issues/december-2019-volume-29-issue-4/aboriginal-childhood-overweight-and-obesity-the-need-for-aboriginal-designed-and-led-initiatives/ |language=en-US |doi=10.17061/phrp2941925 |access-date=2024-08-20 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An kori al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar daga filayen gargajiya, tushen abinci da salon rayuwarsu, wanda ya bar su su daidaita da salon rayuwa da abinci na Yamma. Mulkin mallaka yana ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin yanayin rayuwar mutanen ƙasashen farko a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Al'ummomin da ke nesa galibi ana barin su neman abinci mai araha kuma mai sauƙin samu saboda zaɓuɓɓukan abinci masu lafiya galibi suna da tsada, rashin daidaiton zamantakewa, rashin isasshen damar samun lafiya, da ilimi, matsin lamba na kuɗi da yawan laifuka suma sune abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba a yara. <ref name="auto1" /> Fahimtar kiba a lokacin ƙuruciya daga mahangar raunin da ya faru tsakanin tsararraki yana canza hankali daga alhakin mutum zuwa fahimtar da ta fi rikitarwa game da hulɗar da ke tsakanin abubuwan halitta, zamantakewa, da tarihi. Wannan hangen nesa yana nuna yadda rashin adalci na tarihi da rashin amfanin tattalin arziki ke haifar da yanayi waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kiba, yana ƙalubalantar imanin da aka daɗe ana yi cewa kiba sakamakon zaɓin mutum ne kawai. Sakamakon raunin zai iya canza halayen damuwa da hanyoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da ayyuka da yanayi waɗanda ke sa mutane su fi kamuwa da kiba. == Illolin kiba == === Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam === Ra'ayin ɗan gajeren lokaci ga yara a Ostiraliya waɗanda ke fama da BMI sama da 25&nbsp;kg/ ^m2 <ref name=":0"/> ya haɗa da tabarbarewar [[Lafiya|lafiyar jikinsu]] da kuma raguwar lafiyar [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|kwakwalwa]] . Yaran da suka yi kiba ko kuma suka yi kiba lokacin da suka isa makarantarsu, wataƙila za su fuskanci wariya, cin zarafi da kuma ba'a a filin wasa. <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=January 2006 |title=The Emotional Toll of Obesity |url=https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/obesity/Pages/The-Emotional-Toll-of-Obesity.aspx |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=HealthyChildren.org}}</ref> Mutanen da aka sa su ji kamar ba su da kyau saboda kamannin jikinsu suna haɓaka halin sanin kansu game da siffar jikinsu, wanda hakan ke haifar da su jin baƙin ciki, damuwa da rashin iyawa. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":17" /> Irin wannan illar ta fuskar tunani na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga iyawar yara na ƙulla dangantaka da yin abota da takwarorinsu. Ƙyamar da ke tattare da "cikakkiyar siffar jiki" na iya zama abin ƙasƙanci ga matasa waɗanda ke jin ba za su iya cimma burin irin waɗannan yanayi ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙarin lalacewa a hankali da kuma a jiki ( rashin lafiyan abinci da kuma bulimia ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating Disorders and Obesity |url=http://www.nedc.com.au/eating-disorders-and-obesity |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=www.nedc.com.au}}</ref> Daga hangen nesa na dogon lokaci, kiba na iya haifar da mummunan tasirin tunani ga mutanen da aka nuna wariya kuma aka zalunta a wurin aiki. Ana kuma amfani da abinci a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin tunani ga manya masu kiba waɗanda ke jin daɗin rayuwa lokacin da suke jin damuwa, kaɗaici da baƙin ciki. Laifin da ake ji sakamakon wannan "cin abinci mara hankali" na iya sa mutane su ji damuwa da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Lancaster General Health - Behavioral and Psychological Factors in Obesity |url=http://www.jlgh.org/Past-Issues/Volume-4---Issue-4/Behavioral-and-Psychological-Factors-in-Obesity.aspx |access-date=2015-09-03 |website=www.jlgh.org}}</ref> === Illolin da ke tattare da laƙabi da kiba === Ta hanyar rarraba kiba a fannin likitanci, BMI, an yiwa kiba lakabi da 'annoba'. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Talumaa |first=Britta |last2=Brown |first2=Adrian |last3=Batterham |first3=Rachel L. |last4=Kalea |first4=Anastasia Z. |date=October 2022 |title=Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare |journal=Obesity Reviews |language=en |volume=23 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/obr.13494 |issn=1467-7881 |pmc=9540781 |pmid=35934011}}</ref> Waɗannan wakilcin kiba na iya haifar da zargin wanda aka zalunta da kuma ƙyama, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin girman kai, kunya, da warewa, wanda a ƙarshe ke shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki ta yara. <ref name="auto3" /> Scheper-Hughes da Lock <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Scheper-Hughes |first=Nancy |last2=Lock |first2=Margaret M. |date=1987 |title=The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology |journal=Medical Anthropology Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=6–41 |doi=10.1525/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020 |issn=0745-5194 |jstor=648769}}</ref> sun nuna cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa ga jiki fiye da abin da aka gabatar a gabanmu, kuma suna amfani da jikin mutum uku; siyasa ta mutum ɗaya, ta zamantakewa, da ta jiki, don bayyana wannan. Ana iya danganta gogewar kunya da ƙyama ga jikin zamantakewa. Ana iya jayayya cewa kiba wani nau'i ne na karkacewa daga abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin BMI 'na al'ada' ko lafiya. Ra'ayin karkacewa yana nuna cewa laifin yaron ne ba su ne nauyin jiki na 'al'ada' ba, wanda ke barin wasu su yi zato game da zaɓin salon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da zargin wanda aka zalunta da ƙyama. <ref name="auto" /> Wannan mayar da hankali kan nauyin jiki da abinci mai gina jiki an san shi da Tsarin Lafiya Mai Tsari Mai Nauyi (WCHP). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan lafiya da walwala. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Hara |first=Lily |last2=Taylor |first2=Jane |date=April 2018 |title=What's Wrong With the 'War on Obesity?' A Narrative Review of the Weight-Centered Health Paradigm and Development of the 3C Framework to Build Critical Competency for a Paradigm Shift |journal=SAGE Open |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=215824401877288 |doi=10.1177/2158244018772888 |issn=2158-2440 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Motsin [[Lafiya a Kowani Mataki|Lafiya a Kowane Girma]] yana haɓaka lafiya ba tare da sarrafa nauyin jiki ba. Ƙarfin hali a bayyane yake a cikin al'umma cewa, waɗanda suka bayyana siriri sun kafa mizani na yadda dukkan jiki ya kamata su kasance, duk abin da ya bambanta ana ganinsa daban. Ƙimar al'umma tana kama da ta ainihin lafiyar mutane, gami da yara. Wannan yana haifar da ra'ayin cewa waɗanda ba su dace da yanayin al'ada ba suna da lahani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jutel |first=Annemarie |date=August 2005 |title=Weighing Health: The Moral Burden of Obesity |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10350330500154717 |journal=Social Semiotics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=113–125 |doi=10.1080/10350330500154717 |issn=1035-0330 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mayar da hankali kan lafiya maimakon bayyanar ko BMI na iya rage tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara masu kiba. === Jiki === [[Fayil:Medical_complications_of_obesity.png|thumb|Kiba na iya shafar lafiyar jiki gaba ɗaya na mutum a cikin dogon lokaci.]] Abubuwan da kiba ke haifarwa a jiki ga yara sun haɗa da [[Bugawar bacci|rashin bacci]], rashin numfashi, ƙarancin haƙuri ga motsa jiki da matsalolin ƙashi da na ciki, gami da cututtukan hanta mai kitse marasa giya . <ref name=":1"/> Yaran da ke rama waɗannan matsalolin lafiyar jiki suna fama da wahalar mai da hankali sosai a makaranta kuma suna ganin yana da wahala su dace da su, ana ware su saboda rashin iya yin motsa jiki. A cewar Dietitians Australia, kashi 25-50% na yara masu kiba ko masu kiba waɗanda suka zama manya sun zama masu kiba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Childhood Obesity {{!}} Dietitians Australia |url=https://dietitiansaustralia.org.au/smart-eating-for-you/smart-eating-fast-facts/children/should-we-be-concerned-about-a-childs-weight/ |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=dietitiansaustralia.org.au}}</ref> Saboda haka, illolin kiba na dogon lokaci sun haɗa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da]] jijiyoyin jini ( [[hawan jini]] da hawan jini ) da kuma nau'ikan [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] na musamman, musamman ciwon [[Ciwon daji mai launi|hanji]], koda da [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":4"/> Cutar hanta mai kitse mara giya (NAFLD) tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin kiba da ake dangantawa da tarin kitse a cikin ƙwayoyin hanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/basics/definition/con-20027761 |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=www.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> Ana kuma cewa lahani na tsoka kamar [[osteoarthritis]] suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da kiba saboda yawan nauyin da ake sakawa a kan gidajen abinci. <ref name=":1" /> Mutanen da ke da BMI wanda yayi daidai da ko ya fi 25&nbsp;an kuma ce kg/m2 <ref name=":0"/> yana da ƙarin damar yin [[Mutuwa|ɗabi'a kafin lokaci]] . <ref name=":4" /> === Kudaden tattalin arziki da sakamakonsa === Sakamakon kididdiga mai ban tsoro da ta shafi adadin yara masu kiba a Ostiraliya, sakamakon ya kuma yi yawa ga tattalin arziki. Tsakanin shekaru 4-5, a cewar Nazarin Longitudinal of Australian Children, farashin kiba na yara ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. <ref name=":1"/> An kiyasta cewa [[tsarin kiwon lafiya]] ya kunshi kula da lafiya kai tsaye, kula da lafiya kai tsaye, da nauyin cututtukan da suka shafi cutar ya kai dala biliyan 58.2 a shekarar 2008. <ref name=":4"/> Kudaden kai tsaye sun hada da manyan cututtuka guda 4: cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], ciwon osteoarthritis da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji na musamman tare da kudaden kai tsaye da suka shafi asarar yawan aiki ( [[Mutuwa|dabi'a da rashin lafiya kafin]] lokaci) da nauyin cututtuka, kudaden kuɗi da zamantakewa. Musamman cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sun kai dala biliyan 34.6, ciwon daji, dala biliyan 9.7, ciwon suga na nau'in 2 dala biliyan 8.3 da ciwon osteoarthritis dala biliyan 5.7. <ref name=":4" /> == Rigakafi/Gudanarwa/Magani == Hanyoyi biyu mafiya muhimmanci na magani da mutane za su yi don yaƙar kiba sun haɗa da canza zuwa abinci mai kyau da kuma ƙara motsa jiki. <ref name=":4"/> A cikin mawuyacin hali, idan yara suka yi [[Kiba|kiba mai tsanani,]] za a iya yin tiyatar bariatric . === Tsarin rage cin abinci === [[Fayil:Fruit_and_vegetables_basket.jpg|thumb|Yana da muhimmanci iyaye da malamai su ƙarfafa yara su ci ƙarin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.]] A Ostiraliya, ana tallata kamfen ɗin "'Ya'yan Itace 2 da Kayan Lambu 5" don ilmantar da yara ƙanana da manya game da abubuwan gina jiki da ake buƙata a cikin abincin yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Go for 2 and 5 |url=http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/2and5book.pdf/$File/2and5book.pdf |website=2 fruit 5 veg |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=2026-06-12 |archive-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218162908/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/2and5book.pdf/$File/2and5book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ga manya waɗanda ke da alhakin abincin da 'ya'yansu ke ci gaba da ci, yana da mahimmanci su san mahimman dabarun tsarin lafiya. Ya kamata manya su samar wa 'ya'yansu abinci mai matsakaici zuwa mai ƙarancin kitse ta hanyar iyakance adadin abinci mai yawa da suke ciyar da su, nanata mahimmancin cin karin kumallo da kuma ƙarfafa yara su ci kayan lambu. Ga matasa matasa waɗanda ke da kashi 80 na BMI ko sama da haka, akwai wasu shirye-shiryen rage nauyi da ake da su waɗanda ke ba da sabis da aka ƙayyade a cikin shawarwarin abinci da horar da motsa jiki. <ref name=":4"/> Haka kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci iyaye da masu kula da yara su san yadda za su ci abinci mai kyau ga 'ya'yansu. Ƙirƙirar dabarun yadda za su ƙarfafa 'ya'yansu su ci abinci mai kyau da kuma fahimtar ilimin yadda za su bambanta tsakanin abubuwan ciye-ciye masu yawa da marasa kalori waɗanda aka riga aka shirya. <ref name=":12"/> Masana'antar abinci kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka abinci mai kyau a matsayin gudanarwa daga mahangar abinci. Hanyoyin sun haɗa da samar da abinci mai kyau da ake samu a ko'ina kuma mai araha ga abokan cinikinsu. Kulawa da kyau da kuma kula da adadin kitse, sukari da gishiri da ke cikin abincin da ake sayarwa shima yana da mahimmanci. <ref name=":0"/> === Motsa jiki === [[Fayil:Jogging_with_dog_at_Carcavelos_Beach.jpg|thumb|Babbar hanyar hana kiba ita ce motsa jiki. Kamfen ɗin "Find 30" ya sake nanata muhimmancin motsa jiki na akalla mintuna 30 a rana domin kiyaye rayuwa mai kyau.]] Motsa jiki, domin yaro ya ci gaba da rayuwa mai kyau, dole ne a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. <ref name=":1"/> Muhalli, gami da makarantu da unguwannin gida inda yara ke girma, muhimmin abin ƙarfafa motsa jiki ne. Wuraren wasanni, wuraren wasanni da hanyoyin keke duk siffofi ne masu ƙarfafa gwiwa waɗanda ke shafar tsawon lokacin da yaro yake motsa jiki a kowace rana. <ref name=":12"/> Kamfen ɗin "Healthy Together Victoria " wanda Babban Makarantar St Pauls da ke Mildura ke gudanarwa shiri ne da gwamnatin jiha ke ɗaukar nauyinsa, wanda, a cewar ma'aikacin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya Timothy Armstrong, an san shi a duk duniya tare da New Zealand, Burtaniya da Kanada duk suna shiga cikin irin wannan atisayen. Shirin a Victoria ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar ɗalibansa ta hanyar yin tafiya a kowace safiya da kuma ƙarfafa yara su halarci karin kumallo mai lafiya bayan haka, sau uku a mako. <ref name=":6"/> Wani kamfen da ake gudanarwa a Ostiraliya don ilmantarwa da ƙarfafa mutane su riƙa motsa jiki akai-akai shine shirin "Nemo 30". An fara ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin "nemo 30 kowace rana" a shekarar 2008, yana ƙarfafa 'yan takarar Ostiraliya su shiga aƙalla mintuna talatin na motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi a matsayin maƙasudi don kiyaye rayuwa mai kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Thirty {{!}} The campaign |url=http://www.findthirty.tas.gov.au/campaign |access-date=2015-09-01 |website=www.findthirty.tas.gov.au |archive-date=2015-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414084827/http://www.findthirty.tas.gov.au/campaign |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tiyatar Bariatric === Ko da yake akwai hanyoyi da yawa na rigakafi na ɗan gajeren lokaci don yaƙar kiba a yara, akwai wasu mutane da ke komawa ga nauyin farko na asali don haka suna iya komawa ga matakan tiyata don cimma sakamako mai ɗorewa. <ref name=":4"/> Tiyatar Bariatric hanya ce mai inganci da ake amfani da ita don takaita yawan cin abinci ga marasa lafiya da rage shan abinci a cikin ciki da hanji . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-11 |title=What is Bariatric Surgery? |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Bariatric-Surgery.aspx |access-date=2015-09-01}}</ref> Ana cewa irin wannan hanyoyin na iya rage yawan nauyin jiki na mutanen da ke da kiba ko kiba da kashi 50-75%, a ƙarshe suna ci gaba da rage wannan asarar nauyi na tsawon shekaru 16 masu zuwa. <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5balia45idv8175btpp5es7chyfvcw9 0 157415 859176 857008 2026-06-17T06:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 859176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nazarin Hip hop''' fanni ne na nazari mai zurfi wanda ya ƙunshi ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, nazarin sadarwa da magana, nazarin addini, nazarin al'adu, ka'idar kabilanci mai mahimmanci, nazarin missiological, tarihin fasaha, [[rawa]], ilimin kiɗa, ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar kiɗa, da nazarin jinsi . <ref name="JHHS2014">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Monica |last2=Hodge |first2=Daniel White |last3=Coleman |first3=Jeffery |last4=Chaney |first4=Cassandra |date=2014 |title=The Hip in Hip Hop: Toward a Discipline of Hip Hop Studies |url=http://savethekidsgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/JHHS-Volume-1.pdf |journal=Journal of Hip Hop Studies |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> Kalmar "nazarin hip hop" ta fara yaɗuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000, kuma kodayake ba a san wanda ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar don sanya wa filin suna ba, galibi ana ambaton fannin nazarin hip hop a matsayin wanda aka yi wa lu'ulu'u ta hanyar buga littafin ''That's the Joint!:'' ''The Hip Hop Studies Reader'' a 2003. <ref name="TTJ2004">{{Cite book|edition=Marc Anthony}}</ref> ''That's the Joint!'' ya ƙunshi kimanin shekaru 25 na ilimi, suka, da aikin jarida. Buga wannan littafin ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, kuma yana nuna tasirin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire da jayayya a cikin al'adun duniya tun bayan zuwansa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970." <ref name="TTJ2004" /> Buga bugu na farko na ''That's the Joint!'' ya nuna wani lokaci mai ƙarfi ga fannin nazarin hip hop saboda ya tattaro muhimman rubuce-rubuce kan hip hop daga fannoni daban-daban na hukumomin hip hop. <ref name="TTJ2004" /> Al'adar Hip hop, wacce aka samo asali daga Kudancin Bronx bayan shekarun 1970, tana da yawan murya kuma ana wakilta ta a cikin yanayi guda biyar na al'adu: kiɗan rap (na baki), turntablism ko " DJing " (aural), breaking (physical), graphiti art (visual), da ilimi (mental). <ref name="JHHS2014" /> Hip hop yana da, kuma yana ci gaba da samar da tarin masu tunani masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke nuna kayan kwalliya masu rikitarwa waɗanda aka misalta ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayonsu a matsayin marubuta, masu fasaha, mawaka, da malamai. A cikin ''Hip Hop Matters'' (2005), farfesa kuma masanin watsa labarai S. Craig Watkins ya sanya ƙungiyar masana da malamai masu tasowa a fannoni daban-daban a matsayin "masu hankali na hip-hop," kuma ya nuna cewa yayin da ba a saba tattauna wannan rukunin mutane a matsayin wani abu a cikin kansa ba, wanzuwarsu, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ƙungiyar hip hop ta samu. <ref name="HHMatters2005" /> Watkins ya rubuta:<blockquote>"Ƙaruwar masana hip-hop wata alama ce mai ban mamaki ta ɗabi'u da kuzarin da ba ya gushewa na ƙungiyar... Abin da ya bayyana shi ne tarin masu tunani waɗanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyi iri-iri waɗanda, ta hanyarsu ta musamman, ke tsara tasirin yanayi, ra'ayoyi, da ra'ayoyin duniya da suka ci karo da juna a cikin duniyar hip hop mai ban mamaki. Daga masu fasaha na magana zuwa masana ilimi, masana hip-hop suna fassara wannan motsi zuwa gauraya mai yawa na sharhi da kuma bayyana fasaha. Sakamakon yana ƙarfafawa da faɗaɗa hoton da tunanin masu fasaha na hip-hop." </blockquote>Nazarin Hip hop wani ɓangare ne na babban motsi na hip hop . Bincike da koyarwa a wannan fanni na fannoni daban-daban sun haɗa da nazarin fasaha, al'adun pop, harsuna, duniya baki ɗaya, yanayin ƙasa, launin fata, siyasar zaɓe, da kuma fannoni daban-daban da suka shafi al'adun zamani, yayin da masana ke ƙoƙarin kimanta hip hop a matsayin motsi mai mahimmanci. <ref name="HHMatters2005" /> Karatuttukan karatu a cikin nazarin hip hop ya samo asali ne daga tsarin kira da amsawa na Afro-diasporic a cikin al'adun hip hop. == Hanyoyi ==   Hanyoyin nazarin Hip hop, ko hanyoyin bincike da nazari mai tsari, an ɗauko su ne daga fannoni daban-daban na ilimi ciki har da ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin zamantakewa, kimiyyar siyasa, tarihi, harsuna, tattalin arziki, nazarin aiki, nazarin kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa, nazarin Amurka, ilimin kiɗa, Turanci da adabi, nazarin mata da jinsi, da nazarin baƙar fata. Greg Dimitriadis, wanda a da farfesa ne a Makarantar Digiri ta Ilimi a Jami'ar Buffalo, malami ne wanda ya yi nazari sosai, tsakanin sauran batutuwa, hanyoyin hip hop; rubuta "Tambayoyin hanya, a zuciya, tambayoyi ne game da yadda mutum zai iya fahimtar duniya sosai." <ref name="Dimitriadis2015">{{Cite journal |last=Dimitriadis |first=Greg |date=2015 |title=Framing Hip Hop: New Methodologies for New Times |journal=Urban Education |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=31–51 |doi=10.1177/0042085914563185}}</ref> A cikin nazarin hip hop, wannan "duniya" ta ƙunshi sarkakiyar amfani da siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na mutanen da aka ware, da kuma nau'ikan maganganu masu tsauri na masu aikin hip hop, don haka tsarin nazarin da masana ke amfani da shi daidai yake da rikitarwa kuma yana la'akari da abubuwa kamar launin fata, aji, jinsi, asalin jinsi, jima'i, wuri, da aiki da aiki. <ref name="Dimitriadis2015" /> Amfani da ilimin ƙabilanci ya shahara kuma an fi so a cikin nazarin hip hop saboda hanya ce ta bincike da ke ba wa malami damar haɗa muryoyi da yawa, kuma yana nuna ilimin gogewa na masu yin hip hop da masu amfani; mafi kyau wannan hanyar tana nuna ikon ilimin masu aiki da na masana ilimi biyu. <ref name="Dimitriadis2015" /> == Rubuce-rubucen tushe == Nazarin Hip Hop yana ƙaruwa a matsayin fannin ilimi tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990; shekaru ashirin bayan samuwarsa. A cikin ƙarni na farko da kuma farkon shekarun 2000, malamai kamar Tricia Rose, Michael Eric Dyson, Cornel West, Anthony B. Pinn, Jeff Chang, Nelson George, Bakari Kitwana, Mark Anthony Neal, da Murray Forman, sun fara shiga tarihin Hip Hop, saƙonnin juriya, fahimtar zamantakewa, wayar da kan jama'a, fafutukar siyasa, jin daɗi da iko, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan ilimi waɗanda suka ba Hip Hop halalcin ilimi. <ref name="JHHS2014"/> Ayyukan waɗannan marubutan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rubuce-rubucen tushe a fagen nazarin Hip Hop saboda bincikensu da wallafe-wallafensu sun taimaka wajen halatta Hip Hop a matsayin babban fannin ilimi. Tun daga shekarar 2002, abubuwan ilimi da suka mamaye al'adun Hip Hop sun ninka sosai; wanda aka misalta ta hanyar kafa [http://hiphoparchive.org Cibiyar Tarihi da Bincike ta Hip Hop a Harvard.]  a shekarar 2002, da kuma buga bugu na biyu na littafin ''That's the Joint!'' '': The Hip Hop Studies Reader'' a shekarar 2011. <ref name="TTJ2011">{{Cite book|edition=Marc Anthony}}</ref> === ''Baƙin Hayaniya na Tricia Rose: Kiɗan Rap da Al'adun Baƙar fata a Amurka ta Zamani'' (1994) === Tattaunawa kan rubuce-rubucen ilimi kan hip hop a cikin makarantar ilimi sau da yawa suna farawa da littafin Tricia Rose mai suna ''Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America'', wanda aka buga a 1994. An rarraba wannan littafin a cikin nazarin hip hop a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman rubuce-rubucen farko masu tsayi kan al'adun rap da hip hop, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa nazarin hip hop a matsayin halaltaccen fanni na binciken ilimi. <ref name="Woldu2010">{{Cite journal |last=Woldu |first=Gail Hilson |date=1 September 2010 |title=The Kaleidoscope of Writing on Hip-Hop Culture |journal=Notes |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=9–38 |doi=10.1353/not.2010.0031}}</ref> Littafin Rose ya ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihin juyin halitta na al'adun hip hop. A cikin kalmomin Rose, ''Black Noise'' "yana bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙarfi na mamaye launin fata da jima'i, fifikon al'adun baƙar fata, da juriyar jama'a a cikin kiɗan rap na zamani," yayin da yake bayyana yanayin zamantakewa na wanzuwar rap. Don cimma wannan bincike, na Rose ya haɗa da muryoyi da ra'ayoyi iri-iri ta hanyar amfani da hanyar al'adu; gudanar da tambayoyi tare da masu yin hip hop da masu aiki, da kuma masu sauraron hip hop da masu amfani. An gudanar da hirarrakin Rose a duk faɗin Amurka, da kuma a Hong Kong, China, da Japan. <ref name="Rose1994" /> Masana na zamani sun ci gaba da ambaton aikin Rose a matsayin littafi mai tushe saboda cikakkun bayanai game da juyin juya halin al'adun hip hop sun yi amfani da ilimin ƙabilanci, ka'idar al'adu, tarihin birni da tarihin tarihi, da kuma tunanin baƙar fata na mata ; wanda ya ƙare a cikin babban littafin tarihi. <ref name="Woldu2010" /> === Littafin Jeff Chang ''mai suna Can't Stop, Won't Stop: Tarihin Zamanin Hip-Hop'' (2005) === Cikakken binciken da Jeff Chang ya yi kan hip hop, ''Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the History of the Hip-Hop'', ya sami kyautar Littafin Amurka bayan an buga shi a shekarar 2005 kuma sau da yawa masu sukar al'adun hip hop, 'yan jaridar hip hop, masana al'adun jama'a, da kuma masana hip hop suna ambatonsa. Chang ya sanya hip hop a matsayin "wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin gobarar Bronx da Kingston, Jamaica," kuma yana nuna cewa "hip-hop ya kasance motsi na duniya wanda ke bayyana tsararraki," <ref name="Chang2005BACK" /> wanda aka tsara ta hanyar rushe masana'antu da kuma duniya baki ɗaya na zamanin bayan kare haƙƙin jama'a. <ref name="Chang2005" /> Hanyar bincike da bincike ta Chang ta haɗu da bayanai na kididdiga, tarihi, da na tarihi tare da salon rubutu na yau da kullun wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayoyin Chang, sassan tattaunawa mai tsawo, da tambayoyi. <ref name="Chang2005" /> Jigogi na Chang a cikin wannan rubutun sune launin fata, da kuma mahadar launin fata a cikin ajandar/siyasa ta hip hop. <ref name="Chang2005" /> == Shirye-shiryen kwaleji/jami'a da digiri == [[Jami'ar Howard]], wata [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|kwaleji ta baƙar fata a tarihi]], ita ce ta farko da ta ba da azuzuwan Hip Hop ga ɗalibai a shekarar 1991. <ref name="ACADEMICYES2007">{{Cite web |last=Harmanci |first=Reyham |date=2007 |title=ACADEMIC HIP-HOP? YES, YES Y'ALL. |url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/ACADEMIC-HIP-HOP-YES-YES-Y-ALL-2613595.php |website=SF Gate}}</ref> A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, kwalejoji a faɗin Amurka sun fara bayar da darussa iri-iri musamman game da al'adun Hip Hop; waɗannan sun haɗa da jami'o'i masu matsayi mafi girma, kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Penn State, USC, UCLA, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], Rice, Duke, Princeton, da NYU . <ref name="JHHS2014"/> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2012, Jami'ar Arizona ta sanar da aiwatar da ƙaramin karatun Hip Hop; irinsa na farko a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wasserman |first=Bonnie |date=20 September 2012 |title=Announcing a New Minor in Africana Studies with Concentration in Hip-Hop Cultures at the U of A! |url=http://africana.arizona.edu/news-events/announcing-new-minor-africana-studies-concentration-hip-hop-cultures-u |access-date=5 March 2015 |website=The University of Arizona: College of Humanities Africana Studies |archive-date=16 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316002754/http://africana.arizona.edu/news-events/announcing-new-minor-africana-studies-concentration-hip-hop-cultures-u |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da cewa ƙaramin karatun Jami'ar Arizona shine karo na farko da aka samu irin wannan a fannin karatun Hip Hop, tun daga 2009 a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta McNally Smith da ke St. Paul, Minnesota, ɗalibai za su iya samun difloma a fannin karatun Hip Hop wanda ya mayar da hankali kan dabarun kiɗan Hip Hop, samar da kiɗa da sauti, da tattalin arziki da tallan masana'antar kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Diploma: Hip-Hop Studies |url=http://www.mcnallysmith.edu/diplomas/hip-hop-studies |access-date=5 March 2015 |website=McNally Smith College of Music |archive-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324013035/http://www.mcnallysmith.edu/diplomas/hip-hop-studies |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Jami'ar Tiffin da ke Ohio ta fara bayar da digirin yin waka ga ɗalibai waɗanda suka fi mai da hankali kan yin emceeing da kuma yin bugun ƙwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Producer J Rawls Joins Tiffin University Team Polar Ent LLC |url=http://polarentllc.com/producer-j-rawls-joins-tiffin-university-team/ |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=polarentllc.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222348/http://polarentllc.com/producer-j-rawls-joins-tiffin-university-team/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Music |url=http://www.tiffin.edu/promusic |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=Tiffin University |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222309/http://www.tiffin.edu/promusic |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2022–23, Kwalejin Kiɗa ta London tana bayar da digirin BA (Hons) a Hip Hop Performance and Production, tare da haɗa nazarin MCing, DJing, shiryawa, da kuma yin rikodin Hip Hop. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BA (Hons) Hip Hop Performance and Production |url=https://www.uwl.ac.uk/course/undergraduate/hip-hop-performance-and-production-0?start=326&option=33 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=uwl.ac.uk |language=en-UK |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506183053/https://www.uwl.ac.uk/course/undergraduate/hip-hop-performance-and-production-0?start=326&option=33 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga azuzuwan da shirye-shiryen digiri, ci gaba a fagen ya kuma kasance alama ta yawaitar taruka (na cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya), tarurrukan karawa juna sani, haɓaka masu karatu da rubuce-rubucen tarihi, kafa Cibiyar Tarihi da Bincike ta Hip Hop a Harvard - kowanne yana da alaƙa da sha'awar da ke ƙaruwa da kuma hulɗa da al'adun Hip Hop a cikin tattaunawar ilimi. A shekarar 2017, manyan jami'o'i uku da suka yi karatun Hip Hop a ciki sune Kwalejin Kiɗa ta McNally Smith, Jami'ar Tsakiyar Carolina ta North Carolina, da Jami'ar Arizona . == Suka da masu suka == Nazarin Hip Hop bai bunƙasa ba tare da masu suka ba, a ciki da wajen filin. Davey D. (David Cook), ɗan asalin Bronx kuma ɗan jarida na Hip Hop, masanin tarihi, farfesa mai taimako, kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'umma, ya rubuta kuma ya yi suka ga Hip Hop na ilimi yana mai iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri waɗanda ke bayyana binciken ilimi na gaskiya sun haɗa da mutanen da ke yin Hip Hop, don fifita malaman da aka buga waɗanda ƙila ko ba su da wata alaƙa ta rayuwa ko ta zahiri da al'adun Hip Hop kwata-kwata. <ref name="ACADEMICYES2007"/> A cikin wani labarin da ''San Francisco Globe'' ta buga a watan Maris na 2007, an ambato Davey D. yana cewa: "Kuna da wani abin sha'awa, inda 'ƙwararrun hip-hop,' waɗanda ke da naɗin jami'a da aka haɗa da sunansu, ba su da wani sahihanci ko kaɗan a cikin da'irar hip-hop. Wannan, tare da gaskiyar cewa jami'o'i a wurare da yawa koyaushe suna kiyaye bambanci tsakanin abin da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma da abin da ke faruwa a harabar jami'a, tushen tashin hankali ne." <ref name="ACADEMICYES2007" /> Tushen Hip hop mai rikitarwa ya haifar da bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin masana game da yadda ya kamata a yi rubutu kan al'adun hip hop. <ref name="Woldu2010"/> Wato, wannan muhawara ta ta'allaka ne akan tambayoyin harshe, da kuma abin da malamai masu sauraro ya kamata su rubuta: masanin ilimi da/ko masanin kimiyya, ko dilettante, ko mai goyon baya da/ko mai kiran kansa "kai mai hip hop." <ref name="Woldu2010" /> Tun daga kusan 1988, nau'ikan rubutu guda uku kan al'adun hip hop sun bayyana: ayyukan malamai, ayyukan 'yan jarida da masu sukar al'adu, da ayyukan masu goyon bayan hip hop; sukar nazarin hip hop sun haɗa da tambayoyi game da wane irin rubutu ake ɗauka na gaske ko na halal a cikin fagen, da kuma damar da baƙi, ko waɗanda ba na ilimi ba, za su samu ga waɗannan rubuce-rubucen, duka a zahiri da kuma a fayyace. <ref name="Woldu2010" /> Duk da waɗannan sukar, ba duk masu sukar nazarin Hip Hop suke ƙoƙarin nuna kurakuran da ake gani a matsayin hanyoyin ɓata matsayinta a fannin ilimi ba. Masu rajin kare hakkin mata da kuma masu rajin kare hakkin mata na Hip Hop suna ba wa masu sukar nazarin Hip Hop daga wani hangen nesa wanda ke ƙara wani ɓangare ga nazarin Hip Hop, wanda ba wai kawai ya ƙunshi ba, har ma yana ba da dandamali kuma yana ƙara muryar mata Baƙaƙe da Latinx da al'ummar LGBTQ+ yayin da suke fuskantar mafi gogewa a duniyar nazarin Hip Hop, duk da cewa suna nan tun daga farko. Littattafan da aka buga kamar ''Home Girls Make Some Noise: Hip Hop Feminism Anthology'' '', wani littafi ne'' da ke ɗauke da mujallu, waƙoƙi, da labarai na mata masu launin fata da kuma al'ummar LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke nuna inda Hip Hop ya fara da kuma alkiblar da zai iya bi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mu98zgutfcsdreiy3ea92pifoi8fru0 0 157773 859237 858152 2026-06-17T10:07:51Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358478112|Randy Vásquez (baseball)]]" 859237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Randy Marcelino Vásquez''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kwando na San Diego Padres na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya taba taka leda a MLB na New York Yankees . == Ayyuka == === Yankees na New York === Vásquez ya sanya hannu tare da New York Yankees a matsayin wakilin kyauta na kasa da kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Randy |date=2022-05-26 |title=How top Yankees prospect, destined for the Bronx rotation, taught himself to pitch with a homemade baseball |url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2022/05/how-top-yankees-prospect-destined-for-the-bronx-rotation-taught-himself-to-pitch-with-a-homemade-baseball.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=NJ.com}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar wasa ta farko tare da Yankees na Dominican Summer League da Gulf Coast Yankees . Ya shafe shekara ta 2019 tare da sabon matakin Pulaski Yankees, inda ya fara 11 kuma ya yi rikodin 3.29 ERA tare da 53 strikeouts a cikin 54.2 innings pitched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Randy Vasquez Stats & Scouting Report |url=https://www.baseballamerica.com/players/102046/randy-vasquez/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=baseballamerica.com |language=en}}</ref> Vásquez bai taka leda a wasa ba a shekarar 2020 saboda sokewar kakar wasa ta kananan wasanni saboda cutar ta COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-canceled |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=mlb.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he pitched for the Single-A Tampa Tarpons, High-A Hudson Valley Renegades and Double-A Somerset Patriots. In 23 appearances (21 starts) between the three affiliates, Vásquez pitched to an 8–4 record and 2.52 ERA with 130 strikeouts in 107.1 innings of work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2023 |title=The Yankees should include talented starter Randy Vasquez in their 2023 plans |url=https://empiresportsmedia.com/new-york-yankees/the-yankees-should-include-talented-starter-randy-vasquez-in-their-2023-plans/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=empiresportsmedia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was assigned to Somerset to begin the 2022 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2022 |title=No. 15 Yankees prospect Randy Vasquez showing off 'special arm' in Somerset |url=https://www.trentonian.com/2022/05/20/no-15-yankees-prospect-randy-vasquez-showing-off-special-arm-in-somerset/}}</ref> In the Eastern League championship game, Vásquez pitched eight innings of a combined no-hitter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Somerset Patriots ride Jasson Dominguez, combined no-hitter to 1st title as Yankees' Double-A club |url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2022/09/somerset-patriots-ride-jasson-dominguez-combined-no-hitter-to-1st-title-as-yankees-double-a-club.html}}</ref> In 25 starts for Somerset, he registered a 2–7 record and 3.90 ERA with 120 strikeouts in 115.1 innings of work. On November 15, 2022, the Yankees added Vásquez to their 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: Joining 40-man roster |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-joining-40-man-roster/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> An zaɓi Vásquez zuwa Triple-A Scranton / Wilkes-Barre RailRiders don fara kakar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: Reassigned to minor-league camp |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-reassigned-to-minor-league-camp/amp/ |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 9 farawa ga Scranton, Vásquez ya shiga rikodin 1-5 da 4.85 ERA tare da 50 strikeouts a cikin 42.2 innings pitched. A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2023, Yankees sun ba da sanarwar cewa za a kara Vásquez zuwa manyan wasanni a karo na farko don fara washegari da San Diego Padres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: In line for debut Friday |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-in-line-for-debut-friday/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Iyaye na San Diego === A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2023, Yankees sun sayar da Vásquez, Michael King, Drew Thorpe, [[Jhony Brito]], da Kyle Higashioka zuwa San Diego Padres ga Juan Soto da Trent Grisham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoch |first=Bryan |date=2023-12-07 |title=Juan Soto traded to Yankees from Padres |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/juan-soto-yankees-trade |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=MLB.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alden |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Yankees acquire Juan Soto in 7-player trade with Padres |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/39060328/sources-yankees-acquire-juan-soto-7-player-trade-padres |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 7n98mo8fycjtxurow9stqwjhf8b1rol 859238 859237 2026-06-17T10:09:04Z Sadiq maikano 45961 859238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Randy Marcelino Vásquez''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kwando na San Diego Padres na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya taba taka leda a MLB na New York Yankees . == Ayyuka == === Yankees na New York === Vásquez ya sanya hannu tare da New York Yankees a matsayin wakilin kyauta na kasa da kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Randy |date=2022-05-26 |title=How top Yankees prospect, destined for the Bronx rotation, taught himself to pitch with a homemade baseball |url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2022/05/how-top-yankees-prospect-destined-for-the-bronx-rotation-taught-himself-to-pitch-with-a-homemade-baseball.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=NJ.com}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar wasa ta farko tare da Yankees na Dominican Summer League da Gulf Coast Yankees . Ya shafe shekara ta 2019 tare da sabon matakin Pulaski Yankees, inda ya fara 11 kuma ya yi rikodin 3.29 ERA tare da 53 strikeouts a cikin 54.2 innings pitched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Randy Vasquez Stats & Scouting Report |url=https://www.baseballamerica.com/players/102046/randy-vasquez/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=baseballamerica.com |language=en}}</ref> Vásquez bai taka leda a wasa ba a shekarar 2020 saboda sokewar kakar wasa ta kananan wasanni saboda cutar ta COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Minor League Baseball season cancelled |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/2020-minor-league-baseball-season-canceled |access-date=May 14, 2023 |website=mlb.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he pitched for the Single-A Tampa Tarpons, High-A Hudson Valley Renegades and Double-A Somerset Patriots. In 23 appearances (21 starts) between the three affiliates, Vásquez pitched to an 8–4 record and 2.52 ERA with 130 strikeouts in 107.1 innings of work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2023 |title=The Yankees should include talented starter Randy Vasquez in their 2023 plans |url=https://empiresportsmedia.com/new-york-yankees/the-yankees-should-include-talented-starter-randy-vasquez-in-their-2023-plans/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=empiresportsmedia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was assigned to Somerset to begin the 2022 season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2022 |title=No. 15 Yankees prospect Randy Vasquez showing off 'special arm' in Somerset |url=https://www.trentonian.com/2022/05/20/no-15-yankees-prospect-randy-vasquez-showing-off-special-arm-in-somerset/}}</ref> In the Eastern League championship game, Vásquez pitched eight innings of a combined no-hitter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Somerset Patriots ride Jasson Dominguez, combined no-hitter to 1st title as Yankees' Double-A club |url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2022/09/somerset-patriots-ride-jasson-dominguez-combined-no-hitter-to-1st-title-as-yankees-double-a-club.html}}</ref> In 25 starts for Somerset, he registered a 2–7 record and 3.90 ERA with 120 strikeouts in 115.1 innings of work. On November 15, 2022, the Yankees added Vásquez to their 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: Joining 40-man roster |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-joining-40-man-roster/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> An zaɓi Vásquez zuwa Triple-A Scranton / Wilkes-Barre RailRiders don fara kakar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: Reassigned to minor-league camp |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-reassigned-to-minor-league-camp/amp/ |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 9 farawa ga Scranton, Vásquez ya shiga rikodin 1-5 da 4.85 ERA tare da 50 strikeouts a cikin 42.2 innings pitched. A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2023, Yankees sun ba da sanarwar cewa za a kara Vásquez zuwa manyan wasanni a karo na farko don fara washegari da San Diego Padres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Yankees' Randy Vasquez: In line for debut Friday |url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/yankees-randy-vasquez-in-line-for-debut-friday/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |website=cbssports.com |language=en}}</ref> === Iyaye na San Diego === A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2023, Yankees sun sayar da Vásquez, Michael King, Drew Thorpe, [[Jhony Brito]], da Kyle Higashioka zuwa San Diego Padres ga Juan Soto da Trent Grisham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoch |first=Bryan |date=2023-12-07 |title=Juan Soto traded to Yankees from Padres |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/juan-soto-yankees-trade |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=MLB.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Alden |date=December 6, 2023 |title=Yankees acquire Juan Soto in 7-player trade with Padres |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/39060328/sources-yankees-acquire-juan-soto-7-player-trade-padres |access-date=December 6, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] s3a1lxwv9owlmu0xdwolbhuzu44295m 0 157888 859035 858431 2026-06-16T19:08:49Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350099177|Inhibitory control]]" 859035 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" />Inhibitory control, wanda aka fi sani da amsawar hanawa, tsari ne na fahimta - kuma, mafi mahimmanci, aikin zartarwa - wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya hana motsin zuciyarsa da na halitta, na al'ada, ko amsawar halayyar da ta fi dacewa ga motsawa (a.k.a. amsawar prepotent) don zaɓar halayyar kirki da ta dace da kammala burinsu. <ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ |year=2015 |title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=neuroethics_pubs |journal=J Cogn Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776 |pmid=25591060 |s2cid=15788121 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Executive functions" /> Kula da kai wani muhimmin bangare ne na hanawa.<ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects" /><ref name="Executive functions">{{Cite journal |last=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control{{snd}}resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances).&nbsp;... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control).&nbsp;...<br />EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010).&nbsp;... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011)&nbsp;... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice.&nbsp;... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).}}</ref><ref name="exercise benefits">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiney H, Machado L |date=February 2013 |title=Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations |journal=Psychon Bull Rev |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4 |pmid=23229442 |quote=Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility&nbsp;... Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control.&nbsp;... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011).&nbsp;... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network.&nbsp;... <!--Selective attention-->Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults.&nbsp;... <!--Inhibitory control-->aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise ''improves'' performance on such tasks&nbsp;... <!--Working memory-->Overall, the results from the span and Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one time. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="cognitive control of exercise">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP |year=2014 |title=Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior |journal=Front Hum Neurosci |volume=8 |page=747 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 |pmc=4179677 |pmid=25324754 |quote=Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching<!--cognitive flexibility-->, inhibition of prepotent responses<!--inhibitory control--> and declarative memory (for reviews see Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011)&nbsp;... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density&nbsp;... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity.&nbsp;... Increasingly, research shows that cognitive control abilities are malleable, and that cognitive training can produce positive cognitive outcomes and improvements in daily function (Willis et al., 2006; Hertzog et al., 2008) that can have long-lasting effects (Rebok et al., 2014). Approaches to cognitive training are numerous and varied; however, the relative superiority of different approaches with regard to training and transfer continue to be debated. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, samun nasarar murkushe halayyar halitta don cin cake lokacin da mutum yake sha'awar shi yayin cin abinci yana buƙatar amfani da sarrafawa.<ref name="Executive functions" />&nbsp;&nbsp; An san prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, da subthalamic nucleus don tsara ƙwarewar sarrafawa.<ref name="Executive functions">{{Cite journal |last=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control{{snd}}resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances).&nbsp;... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control).&nbsp;...<br />EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010).&nbsp;... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011)&nbsp;... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice.&nbsp;... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).}}</ref> Kulawar hanawa tana da rauni a cikin [[Addiction|jaraba]] da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]]. <ref name="Executive functions" /> <ref name="NHM-Cognitive Control" /><ref name="pmid19710631">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koob GF, Volkow ND |year=2010 |title=Neurocircuitry of addiction |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=217–238 |doi=10.1038/npp.2009.110 |pmc=2805560 |pmid=19710631 |quote=Animal and human imaging studies have revealed&nbsp;... a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control.}}</ref> A cikin manya masu lafiya da mutane na ADHD, sarrafawa yana ingantawa a cikin gajeren lokaci tare da ƙananan allurai na methylphenidate ko amphetamine. <ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ |year=2015 |title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=neuroethics_pubs |journal=J Cogn Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776 |pmid=25591060 |s2cid=15788121 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Unambiguous PFC D1 A2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW |date=June 2015 |title=The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=940–950 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013 |pmc=4377121 |pmid=25499957 |quote=Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation.&nbsp;... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya inganta kulawar hanawa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar motsa jiki na motsa jiki.<ref name="Executive functions" /><ref name="exercise benefits">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiney H, Machado L |date=February 2013 |title=Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations |journal=Psychon Bull Rev |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4 |pmid=23229442 |quote=Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility&nbsp;... Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control.&nbsp;... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011).&nbsp;... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network.&nbsp;... <!--Selective attention-->Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults.&nbsp;... <!--Inhibitory control-->aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise ''improves'' performance on such tasks&nbsp;... <!--Working memory-->Overall, the results from the span and Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one time. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="cognitive control of exercise">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP |year=2014 |title=Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior |journal=Front Hum Neurosci |volume=8 |page=747 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 |pmc=4179677 |pmid=25324754 |quote=Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching<!--cognitive flexibility-->, inhibition of prepotent responses<!--inhibitory control--> and declarative memory (for reviews see Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011)&nbsp;... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density&nbsp;... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity.&nbsp;... Increasingly, research shows that cognitive control abilities are malleable, and that cognitive training can produce positive cognitive outcomes and improvements in daily function (Willis et al., 2006; Hertzog et al., 2008) that can have long-lasting effects (Rebok et al., 2014). Approaches to cognitive training are numerous and varied; however, the relative superiority of different approaches with regard to training and transfer continue to be debated. |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin jijiyoyi == Yankunan cortical na kwakwalwa suna da hannu akai-akai a cikin kulawar hanawa. A cikin lobe na gaba, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex da dama ventral prefrontal cartex suna nuna matakan aiki a lokacin gwaje-gwaje na hanawa. Gyri na tsakiya da na ƙasa na gaba, tare da yankin limbic na gaba, suma an haɗa su da hana amsawa. == Gwaje-gwaje == Gwajin kulawar rigakafi shine Gwajin neuropsychological wanda ke auna ikon mutum na shawo kan halayensu na halitta, na al'ada, ko kuma halayensu masu rinjaye ga motsawa don aiwatar da halayyar da ta dace da manufa.<ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ |year=2015 |title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=neuroethics_pubs |journal=J Cogn Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776 |pmid=25591060 |s2cid=15788121 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Executive functions">{{Cite journal |last=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control{{snd}}resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances).&nbsp;... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control).&nbsp;...<br />EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010).&nbsp;... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011)&nbsp;... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice.&nbsp;... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin gwaje-gwajen neuropsychological waɗanda ke auna ikon hanawa sun haɗa da aikin Stroop, aikin tafi / kada-tafiye, aikin Simon, Aikin Flanker, ayyukan antisaccade, jinkirin ayyukan gamsuwa, da ayyukan dakatar da sigina.<ref name="Executive functions" /> == Bambancin jinsi == Mata suna da karfin iko don yin amfani da hanawa akan halayen da ba a so ko na al'ada kuma suna amsawa daban ga abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli da maza.<ref name="Inhibitory control sex differences">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mansouri FA, Fehring DJ, Gaillard A, Jaberzadeh S, Parkington H |year=2016 |title=Sex dependency of inhibitory control functions |journal=Biol Sex Differ |volume=7 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s13293-016-0065-y |pmc=4746892 |pmid=26862388 |quote=Inhibition of irrelevant responses is an important aspect of cognitive control of a goal-directed behavior. Females and males show different levels of susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders such as impulsive behavior and addiction, which might be related to differences in inhibitory brain functions.&nbsp;... Here, we show a significant difference in executive control functions and their modulation by contextual factors between females and males |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=Helen |last2=Zinkivskay |first2=Ann |last3=Evans |first3=Kelly |last4=Campbell |first4=Anne |date=2006-05-01 |title=Gender differences in social representations of aggression: The phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control? |journal=British Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=139–153 |doi=10.1348/000712605X63073 |issn=2044-8295 |pmid=16613646}}</ref> Misali, sauraron kiɗa yana inganta yawan hana amsawa a cikin mata, amma yana rage yawan hana amsawar a cikin maza.<ref name="Inhibitory control sex differences" /> == Dubi kuma == * Hukunce-hukunce # Hukunce * Tasirin Neurobiological na motsa jiki # Kula da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa * Hana dawowa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] maycde9yprfwu9vlnj06pg10kjx9y50 0 157889 859034 858432 2026-06-16T19:07:53Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316743884|Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation]]" 859034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation | synonym = | image = | alt = | caption = | pronounce = | specialty = [[Neurology]] | symptoms = [[Sensory overload]], relative resistance to [[lidocaine]] local anesthesia | onset = | duration = | causes = Disorders of ion channels | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[pulpitis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Potassium gluconate]], avoiding high [[carbohydrate]] meals | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Haɗarin ƙwaƙwalwa na hypocalemic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Neurology]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Sensory overload|Yawan ji]], juriya ta dangi ga maganin rigakafi na gida na [[lidocaine]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]] | class="infobox-data" |Rashin jituwa na tashoshin ion |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Differential diagnosis|Binciken bambance-bambance]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|Rashin kulawa]] Rashin saurin aiki, [[pulpitis]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magani | class="infobox-data" |[[Potassium gluconate]], guje wa abinci mai yawa |} <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation cuta ce ta jijiyoyin da ke nuna kwarewar ra'ayi na yawan ji da kuma juriya ga Magana maganin maganin maganin rigakafi na gida na lidocaine. Ana iya magance yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da gluconate na potassium na baki. Mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin wani lokacin ana gano su da rikicewar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD), wanda ke haifar da yiwuwar cewa wani nau'in ADHD yana da dalilin da za'a iya fahimta ta hanyar inji kuma a bi da shi ta hanyar sabon hanya. Bai kamata a rikita shi da cutar hakora mai zafi ba. == Alamomi da alamomi == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  == Dalilin da ya sa == Segal da abokan aiki ne suka kirkiro kalmar hypokalemic sensory overstimulation (2014) don bayyana ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, rashin tasiri na lidocaine na gida, kuma a cikin mata, ciwon ƙwayar cuta (PMS). <ref name="jcn">{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=M. M |last2=Rogers |first2=G. F |last3=Needleman |first3=H. L |last4=Chapman |first4=C. A |year=2007 |title=Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562 |s2cid=35659227}}</ref> Wannan rahoto na farko ya biyo bayan tattaunawa a cikin labarin na biyu na iyalai da yawa tare da gado mai rinjaye na autosomal na wannan yanayin.<ref name="pn">{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=Michael M |year=2014 |title=We Cannot Say Whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Exists, but We Can Find its Molecular Mechanisms |url=https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(14)00256-2/fulltext |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.014 |pmid=24938135 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayyana kamanceceniya a asibiti zuwa ADHD da kuma hanyar inji da warkewa ga cututtukan Tashoshin ion, musamman ga cututsin tsoka na lokaci. Wasu mata da ke fama da cutar pre-menstrual na iya samun irin wannan cuta ta autosomal wanda ke haifar da alamun su.<ref name="pn" /> == Binciken ganewa == An bayyana gwajin rashin inganci na lidocaine a takaice a cikin takarda na 2014, <ref name="pn">{{Cite journal |last=Segal |first=Michael M |year=2014 |title=We Cannot Say Whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Exists, but We Can Find its Molecular Mechanisms |url=https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(14)00256-2/fulltext |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.014 |pmid=24938135 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> amma ba a kammala gwajin da aka sarrafa ba. == Magani == Amfani da potassium na baki da guje wa abinci mai yawa na carbohydrate na iya taimakawa wajen Magana shi bisa ga gwaje-gwaje na baya-bayan nan, bin wannan hanyar da ta dace da cutar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2008 |title=What causes ADHD? Some intriguing findings |url=https://healthbusinessgroup.com/blog/2008/01/11/what-causes-adhd-some-intriguing-findings/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001855/https://healthbusinessgroup.com/blog/2008/01/11/what-causes-adhd-some-intriguing-findings/ |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Levitt |first=Jacob O. |date=21 April 2008 |title=Practical aspects in the management of hypokalemic periodic paralysis |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-6-18 |pmc=2374768 |pmid=18426576 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun da wannan yanayin ya haɗa da rashin tasiri na lidocaine mai toshewa na sodium-channel, an gwada maganin anesthetic na gida na amide-type da aka yi amfani da shi a kula da hakora, Articaine, kuma an gano yana da tasiri a cikin ɗaya daga cikin dangin.<ref name="jcn" /> Babu wani bayani game da wasu magungunan rigakafi na gida da ke da tasiri a cikin waɗannan mutane don hanyoyin da ba na haƙori ba a buga su ba. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {{ADHD pharmacotherapies}}{{Nervous system}}{{Anesthesia}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m5drw9o4tsjv5fo3m85xekyimvace1l 0 158048 858882 2026-06-16T12:01:39Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359259299|Aguma Nnamdirim]]" 858882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aguma Nnamdirim''' Dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne kuma mai tsara dokoki daga Jihar Rivers, Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a mukamai da yawa na siyasa a Jihar Rivers, ciki har da Kwamishinan Wasanni, a lokacin mulkin Peter Odili a 1999. Ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa na 5 a Jihar Rivers, a shekara ta 2003, a karkashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Tarayya ta Port Harcourt 1 a Majalisar Wakilai. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan albarkatun gas a Jihar Rivers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-27 |title=Aguma : Quality Representation In NASS |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2010/12/27/aguma-quality-representation-in-nass/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |language=en-US |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 220w5hy3q5m4bupy9wzv2jmtgx2hyd5 858883 858882 2026-06-16T12:02:28Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 858883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aguma Nnamdirim''' Dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne kuma mai tsara dokoki daga Jihar Rivers, Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a mukamai da yawa na siyasa a Jihar Rivers, ciki har da Kwamishinan Wasanni, a lokacin mulkin Peter Odili a 1999. Ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa na 5 a Jihar Rivers, a shekara ta 2003, a karkashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Tarayya ta Port Harcourt 1 a Majalisar Wakilai. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan albarkatun gas a Jihar Rivers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-27 |title=Aguma : Quality Representation In NASS |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2010/12/27/aguma-quality-representation-in-nass/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |language=en-US |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 20vj3tn3cok1kvdx5sjvl78w8f4o3l7 0 158049 858888 2026-06-16T12:36:14Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339963969|Railway spine]]" 858888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Old97Wreck.jpg|right|thumb]] An gano '''cutar layin dogo''' a ƙarni na sha tara a matsayin cutar da ta shafi fasinjoji bayan hatsarin jirgin ƙasa . Binciken likita na farko mai tsawon gaske game da wannan yanayin shine littafin John Eric Erichsen na gargajiya, ''On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System'' . Saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran kashin bayan jirgin ƙasa da '''cutar Erichsen''' . Haɗuwar jiragen ƙasa ta kasance ruwan dare a farkon ƙarni na 19. Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne cewa motocin jirgin ƙasa marasa ƙarfi ne, gine-ginen katako kuma ba su da kariya ga mazauna. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu gungun mutane suka fara bayyana waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa sun ji rauni a haɗarin jirgin ƙasa, amma ba su da wata shaida bayyananna ta rauni. Layin dogo ya ƙi amincewa da waɗannan iƙirarin a matsayin na ƙarya, wani lokacin yana rage wa mutanen radadi a matsayin '''ciwon shari'a''', yana nuna cewa matsalar kawai ita ce wadda ta ji rauni ta yi ƙarar shari'a. An yi ta muhawara sosai kan yanayin alamomin da "ƙashin jirgin ƙasa" ke haifarwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, musamman a tarurrukan ƙungiyar likitocin daular (Austrian) a Vienna, 1886. Babban likitan kwakwalwa na Jamus, Hermann Oppenheim, ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk alamun ƙashin bayan jirgin ƙasa sun faru ne sakamakon lalacewar jiki ga ƙashin baya ko kwakwalwa, yayin da malaman Faransa da Birtaniya, musamman Jean-Martin Charcot da Herbert Page, suka dage cewa wasu alamun na iya faruwa ne sakamakon damuwa . [1] [2] [3] Erichsen ya lura cewa waɗanda suka fi kamuwa da hatsarin jirgin ƙasa su ne waɗanda ke zaune suna bin diddigin abin da ke faruwa a cikin whiplash . Kamar yadda yake a cikin haɗarin mota, haɗarin jirgin ƙasa da na jirgin sama yanzu an san su da haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) da sauran alamun [[Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa|psychosomatic]] ban da rauni na jiki. == Duba kuma == * Tarihin jigilar layin dogo * Whiplash == Manazarta == 5t87bsfb39wf2xcur39xdfxzlz5rxv3 858890 858888 2026-06-16T12:37:27Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339963969|Railway spine]]" 858890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Old97Wreck.jpg|right|thumb]] An gano '''cutar layin dogo''' a ƙarni na sha tara a matsayin cutar da ta shafi fasinjoji bayan hatsarin jirgin ƙasa.<ref>richsen, JE (1867). On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: Henry C. Lea. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System</ref><ref>Szalavitz, Maia (2023-12-24). "Opinion | We're Thinking About Pain All Wrong". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-26.</ref> Binciken likita na farko mai tsawon gaske game da wannan yanayin shine littafin John Eric Erichsen na gargajiya, ''On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System'' . Saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran kashin bayan jirgin ƙasa da '''cutar Erichsen''' . Haɗuwar jiragen ƙasa ta kasance ruwan dare a farkon ƙarni na 19. Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne cewa motocin jirgin ƙasa marasa ƙarfi ne, gine-ginen katako kuma ba su da kariya ga mazauna. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu gungun mutane suka fara bayyana waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa sun ji rauni a haɗarin jirgin ƙasa, amma ba su da wata shaida bayyananna ta rauni. Layin dogo ya ƙi amincewa da waɗannan iƙirarin a matsayin na ƙarya, wani lokacin yana rage wa mutanen radadi a matsayin '''ciwon shari'a''', yana nuna cewa matsalar kawai ita ce wadda ta ji rauni ta yi ƙarar shari'a. An yi ta muhawara sosai kan yanayin alamomin da "ƙashin jirgin ƙasa" ke haifarwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, musamman a tarurrukan ƙungiyar likitocin daular (Austrian) a Vienna, 1886. Babban likitan kwakwalwa na Jamus, Hermann Oppenheim, ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk alamun ƙashin bayan jirgin ƙasa sun faru ne sakamakon lalacewar jiki ga ƙashin baya ko kwakwalwa, yayin da malaman Faransa da Birtaniya, musamman Jean-Martin Charcot da Herbert Page, suka dage cewa wasu alamun na iya faruwa ne sakamakon damuwa . [1] [2] [3] Erichsen ya lura cewa waɗanda suka fi kamuwa da hatsarin jirgin ƙasa su ne waɗanda ke zaune suna bin diddigin abin da ke faruwa a cikin whiplash . Kamar yadda yake a cikin haɗarin mota, haɗarin jirgin ƙasa da na jirgin sama yanzu an san su da haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) da sauran alamun [[Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa|psychosomatic]] ban da rauni na jiki. == Duba kuma == * Tarihin jigilar layin dogo * Whiplash == Manazarta == <references /> cmvnz7e5g8i0a64hcg4l9wjok6c28li 858891 858890 2026-06-16T12:38:02Z Sardeeq 39275 858891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Old97Wreck.jpg|right|thumb]] An gano '''cutar layin dogo''' a ƙarni na sha tara a matsayin cutar da ta shafi fasinjoji bayan hatsarin jirgin ƙasa.<ref>richsen, JE (1867). On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: Henry C. Lea. On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System</ref><ref>Szalavitz, Maia (2023-12-24). "Opinion | We're Thinking About Pain All Wrong". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-26.</ref> Binciken likita na farko mai tsawon gaske game da wannan yanayin shine littafin John Eric Erichsen na gargajiya, ''On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System'' . Saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran kashin bayan jirgin ƙasa da '''cutar Erichsen''' . Haɗuwar jiragen ƙasa ta kasance ruwan dare a farkon ƙarni na 19. Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne cewa motocin jirgin ƙasa marasa ƙarfi ne, gine-ginen katako kuma ba su da kariya ga mazauna. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu gungun mutane suka fara bayyana waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa sun ji rauni a haɗarin jirgin ƙasa, amma ba su da wata shaida bayyananna ta rauni. Layin dogo ya ƙi amincewa da waɗannan iƙirarin a matsayin na ƙarya, wani lokacin yana rage wa mutanen radadi a matsayin '''ciwon shari'a''', yana nuna cewa matsalar kawai ita ce wadda ta ji rauni ta yi ƙarar shari'a. An yi ta muhawara sosai kan yanayin alamomin da "ƙashin jirgin ƙasa" ke haifarwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, musamman a tarurrukan ƙungiyar likitocin daular (Austrian) a Vienna, 1886. Babban likitan kwakwalwa na Jamus, Hermann Oppenheim, ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk alamun ƙashin bayan jirgin ƙasa sun faru ne sakamakon lalacewar jiki ga ƙashin baya ko kwakwalwa, yayin da malaman Faransa da Birtaniya, musamman Jean-Martin Charcot da Herbert Page, suka dage cewa wasu alamun na iya faruwa ne sakamakon damuwa . [1] [2] [3] Erichsen ya lura cewa waɗanda suka fi kamuwa da hatsarin jirgin ƙasa su ne waɗanda ke zaune suna bin diddigin abin da ke faruwa a cikin whiplash . Kamar yadda yake a cikin haɗarin mota, haɗarin jirgin ƙasa da na jirgin sama yanzu an san su da haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]] (PTSD) da sauran alamun [[Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa|psychosomatic]] ban da rauni na jiki. == Duba kuma == * Tarihin jigilar layin dogo * Whiplash == Manazarta == <references /> 9gganti5fxgikrgctaiczva1sbklust 0 158050 858892 2026-06-16T12:40:54Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358766045|Primarily obsessional obsessive–compulsive disorder]]" 858892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ainihin matsalar obsessional obsessional-compulsive disorder''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''cutar obsessional obsessive-compulsive disorder''' ( '''Pure O''' ), wani nau'i ne ko bayyanar OCD da ba a san shi ba sosai. Ba ganewar asali bane a cikin DSM-5 . Ga mutanen da ke da OCD mai obsessional, akwai ƙarancin tilastawa da za a iya gani, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka saba gani tare da nau'in OCD na yau da kullun (dubawa, ƙirgawa, wanke hannu, da sauransu). Yayin da halaye na al'ada da hana su faruwa, galibi suna da hankali a cikin yanayi, waɗanda suka haɗa da guje wa tunani da yawan [[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|tunani]] . Ainihin OCD mai obsessional yana ɗaukar nau'in [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunani mai shiga tsakani]] sau da yawa na yanayi mai ban tsoro, jima'i, ko tashin hankali (misali, tsoron yin aiki bisa ga sha'awa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julien |first=Dominic |last2=O'Connor |first2=Kieron P. |last3=Aardema |first3=Frederick |date=July 2009 |title=Intrusions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder: a question of content or context? |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Psychology]] |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=709–722 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20578 |issn=1097-4679 |pmid=19388059}}</ref> A cewar DSM-5, "Cututtukan da ke tattare da damuwa da tilastawa da kuma waɗanda suka shafi su sun bambanta da abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaba da al'ada ta hanyar wuce gona da iri ko kuma ci gaba fiye da lokutan da suka dace da ci gaba. Bambanci tsakanin kasancewar alamun da ba su da alaƙa da rashin lafiya na asibiti yana buƙatar kimanta abubuwa da dama, gami da matakin damuwa da rashin aiki na mutum." == Tarihi == A shekarun 1960 da 1970, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da masu ilimin tabin hankali da dama sun lura cewa wasu marasa lafiya na OCD ba su da tilastawa a fili. A shekarar 1971, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Stanley Rachman ya rubuta cewa sha'awa ba tare da tilastawa ta jiki ba ta haifar da ƙalubale ga maganin OCD na ɗabi'a. Ya nuna cewa waɗannan sha'awa galibi suna da alaƙa da " [[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|sha'awa]] ta sha'awa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rachman |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Rachman |date=August 1978 |title=Obsessional ruminations |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796771900088 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=229–235 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(71)90008-8 |pmid=5095078 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sir Aubrey Lewis ya yi jayayya a shekarar 1966 cewa sha'awa ta sha'awa wani nau'in alamun sha'awa ne, wanda ya ƙunshi tambayoyi da bincike na hankali. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Aubrey Lewis}}</ref> Maganin farko na cututtukan da suka shafi tunanin mutum ya ƙunshi dabarar dakatar da tunani, inda ake umurtar marasa lafiya su yi tunani game da sha'awarsu, kafin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya umarce su da su daina da murya. A wasu lokuta, waɗannan umarni suna tare da wani abu mai tayar da hankali . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stern |first=R.S. |last2=Lipsedge |first2=M.S. |last3=Marks |first3=I.M. |date=November 1973 |title=Obsessive ruminations : a controlled trial of thought-stopping technique |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796773901265 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=659–662 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(73)90126-5 |pmid=4777659 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Joseph Wolpe, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Joseph Wolpe}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Joseph Wolpe}}</ref> ya yi kira da a daina tunani sosai, amma ingancinsa bai yi yawa ba. <ref name=":2" /> Wani bincike na meta na 1989 ya gano cewa, a cikin bincike da dama, ƙasa da rabi sun sami raguwar sha'awar mutum kuma kusan kashi 12% ne kawai suka ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin ƙimar wahalarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salkovskis |first=Paul M. |author-link=Paul Salkovskis |last2=Westbrook |first2=David |date=1989 |title=Behaviour therapy and obsessional ruminations: Can failure be turned into success? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796789900739 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(89)90073-9 |pmid=2930440 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == An kira OCD mai yawan damuwa da ƙalubale a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan OCD mafi wahala da ƙalubale." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Yusra |date=2025-01-31 |title='Pure O' OCD: Signs, symptoms and treatment |url=https://www.treatmyocd.com/blog/pure-obsessional-ocd# |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=NOCD |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da wannan nau'in OCD suna da "tunani masu wahala da marasa so suna shigowa cikin kawunansu akai-akai," kuma tunanin "yawanci yana kan tsoron cewa za ka iya yin wani abu da ba shi da alaƙa da kanka, wani abu... mai yuwuwar mutuwa... ga kanka ko wasu." <ref name="Hyman 2008" /> Tunanin "mai yiwuwa, suna da halin tashin hankali ko jima'i." <ref name="Hyman 2008" /> Yanayin da nau'in OCD mai yawan sha'awa ya bambanta sosai, amma babban jigon duk wanda abin ya shafa shine fitowar tunani ko tambaya mai tayar da hankali, ko hoton tunani mara kyau/mara kyau, ko kuma wani abu mai ban tsoro wanda ke haifar da damuwa mai tsanani saboda ya saba wa imani da addini, ɗabi'u, ko al'adun zamantakewa da aka riƙe sosai. Tsoron da ke tattare da OCD mai yawan sha'awa galibi ya fi na mutum da tsoro fiye da tsoron wanda ke da OCD na gargajiya. Tsoron O yawanci yana mai da hankali kan yanayi masu lalata kansa wanda suke jin zai lalata rayuwarsa ko rayuwar waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. Misali na wannan bambanci na iya zama cewa wani da ke da OCD na gargajiya yana damuwa ko damuwa game da tsaro ko tsabta, yayin da wani da ke da OCD na gargajiya yana iya jin tsoron cewa ya sami babban canji a cikin jima'insa (misali, yana iya zama ko kuma ya canza zuwa mai lalata ), cewa yana iya zama mai kisan kai, ko kuma yana iya haifar da kowace irin cutarwa ga ƙaunataccen ko wani mutum mara laifi ko ga kansa, ko kuma cewa za su haukace. Za su fahimci cewa waɗannan tsoro ba za su yiwu ba ko ma ba za su yiwu ba amma damuwar da ake ji za ta sa sha'awar ta zama ta gaske kuma mai ma'ana. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba su da OCD masu yawan sha'awa na iya mayar da martani ga tunani ko motsin rai masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci kuma wani ɓangare na bambancin da ya saba a cikin tunanin ɗan adam, wani mai Pure O zai amsa da babbar firgita sannan ya yi ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi don kawar da tunanin ko kuma guje wa sake tunanin . Mutumin zai fara tambayar kansa akai-akai, "Shin da gaske ina da ikon yin wani abu makamancin haka?" ko "Shin hakan zai iya faruwa da gaske?" ko "Shin da gaske ni ne?" (ko da yake yawanci suna gane cewa tsoronsu ba shi da ma'ana, wanda ke haifar musu da ƙarin damuwa) kuma suna yin ƙoƙari mai yawa don gujewa ko warware tunanin da ba a so. Sannan su ƙare a cikin mummunan zagaye na tunani na neman tabbaci da ƙoƙarin samun amsa ta gaskiya. Tunani/sha'awowi masu shiga tsakani sun haɗa da jigogi na: == Ganewar Ganewa == Babu irin wannan ganewar a cikin DSM-5 . Iyakar ganewar da ke akwai a cikin DSM-5 ita ce matsalar rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi . A cewar DSM-5 tilas na iya zama na tunani, amma koyaushe ayyuka ne masu maimaitawa kamar "addu'a, ƙirgawa, maimaita kalmomi a hankali". DSM-5 ba shi da wani bayani cewa neman amsa na iya dangantawa da OCD . === Madadin === Waɗanda ke da OCD masu yawan sha'awa na iya zama kamar waɗanda aka saba gani kuma masu aiki sosai, amma suna ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo suna tunani, suna ƙoƙarin warware ko amsa duk wata tambayar da ke haifar musu da damuwa. Sau da yawa, mutanen da ke da Pure O suna fama da babban laifi da damuwa. Tsoro na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin yin tunani game da wani abu 'ta hanyar da ta dace' don rage wannan damuwa. Misali, wani tunani mai shiga tsakani "Zan iya kashe Bill da wannan wukar naman sa" sai kuma mummunan fassara tunanin, wato "Ta yaya zan iya yin irin wannan tunani? A cikin zurfin zuciyata, dole ne in zama mai tabin hankali ." Wannan na iya sa mutum ya ci gaba da shiga Intanet, yana karanta labarai da yawa da ke bayyana tabin hankali. Wannan al'adar neman tabbaci ba za ta samar da wani ƙarin bayani ba kuma zai iya ƙara tsananta binciken amsar. Akwai son zuciya da yawa da suka dace, ciki har da haɗakar tunani da aiki, muhimmancin tunani fiye da kima, da buƙatar iko akan tunani. <ref name="book review" /> == Magani == Mafi ingancin magani ga OCD mai yawan sha'awa shine maganin halayyar fahimta (musamman rigakafin fallasa da amsawa (ERP) da kuma maganin fahimta (CT) <ref name="Concepts and Controversies" /> wanda za a iya haɗa shi ko ba za a haɗa shi da amfani da magunguna ba, kamar SSRIs . <ref>{{Cite web |title=OCD ONLINE - What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for O.C.D.? |url=http://www.ocdonline.com/definecbt.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322170126/http://www.ocdonline.com/definecbt.php |archive-date=2005-03-22 |website=www.ocdonline.com}}</ref> Wasu masu bincike suna ɗaukar mutanen da ke da OCD ba tare da tilastawa ba a fili su mayar da martani ga ERP ƙasa da sauran waɗanda ke da OCD, don haka ERP na iya zama ƙasa da nasara fiye da CT. Rigakafin Fuskantar da Kuma Rage Kaifin Fuska ga Pure O ya dogara ne a ka'idar ka'idojin yanayin gargajiya da kuma gushewa. Karuwar (tunanin da ke kutse) sau da yawa tana gabatar da kanta a matsayin babbar tambaya ko mummunan yanayi, sannan kuma ta biyo bayan martanin tsoro, damuwa, tambayoyi da tunani (misali, " What if da gaske ina son cutar da wani?" ko " What if na aikata zunubi?"). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A gefe guda kuma, martanin warkewa (wanda zai taimaka wajen katse zagayowar damuwa) shine wanda ke amsa karuwar (tunani mai shiga tsakani) ta hanyar da ta bar rashin tabbas. Tare da martanin warkewa, mutumin ya yarda da yuwuwar kuma yana shirye ya ɗauki kasadar, sakamakon da ake tsoro maimakon ƙoƙarin (na ɗan lokaci da akai-akai) ya tabbatar wa kansa cewa abin da ake tsoro ba zai faru ba. Misali, tunanin da ke ƙara girma/kutsewa shine, "Wataƙila na faɗi wani abu mai ɓata wa shugabana rai jiya." Amsar da aka ba da shawarar ita ce, "Wataƙila na yi. Zan rayu da yiwuwar kuma in ɗauki haɗarin cewa zai kore ni gobe." Duk da cewa yin tsayayya da buƙatar kwantar da hankali da kuma yin tilas zai fara haifar da damuwa, ƙin yin tilas na tsawon lokaci zai haifar da raguwar damuwa game da tunanin da ke shiga cikinsu, wanda hakan zai sa su zama marasa yawa (misali za su fara faruwa ba sau da yawa), kuma su zama marasa damuwa idan suka faru. Ta amfani da wannan hanyar, yana da mahimmanci a bambanta tsakanin martanin magani da martanin da ba na magani ba (tunanin tunani). Amsar magani ba ta neman amsa tambayar ba amma don karɓar rashin tabbas na matsalar da ba a warware ba. An kuma yi amfani da maganin yarda da sadaukarwa (ACT) a matsayin magani ga Pure O, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soondrum |first=Tamini |last2=Wang |first2=Xiang |last3=Gao |first3=Feng |last4=Liu |first4=Qian |last5=Fan |first5=Jie |last6=Zhu |first6=Xiongzhao |date=2022-05-17 |title=The Applicability of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=656 |doi=10.3390/brainsci12050656 |issn=2076-3425 |pmc=9139700 |pmid=35625042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da wani bincike na 2023 wanda ya gano cewa ACT ya yi tasiri musamman wajen rage alamun OCD da suka shafi tunanin shiga tsakani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Sang Won |last2=Choi |first2=Mina |last3=Lee |first3=Seung Jae |date=2023-10-25 |title=Is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Effective for Any Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions? |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=991–996 |doi=10.30773/pi.2023.0109 |issn=1738-3684 |pmc=10620332 |pmid=37899223}}</ref> Shaida ta nuna cewa maganin metacognitive (MCT), wani magani ga OCD, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Exner |first=Cornelia |last2=Kleiman |first2=Alexandra |last3=Haberkamp |first3=Anke |last4=Hansmeier |first4=Jana |last5=Milde |first5=Christopher |last6=Glombiewski |first6=Julia Anna |date=2024-06-01 |title=Metacognitive therapy versus exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder – A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=104 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102873 |issn=0887-6185 |pmid=38729024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Department of Psychiatry, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey |last2=Atmaca |first2=Murad |date=2022-09-05 |title=Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder: A review |journal=Alpha Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22840 |pmc=9623217 |pmid=36426268}}</ref> yana rage alamun Pure O yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andouz |first=Zahra |last2=Dolatshahi |first2=Behrouz |last3=Moshtagh |first3=Nahaleh |last4=Dadkhah |first4=Asghar |date=2012 |title=The efficacy of metacognitive therapy on patients suffering from pure obsession |journal=Iranian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–21 |issn=2008-2215 |pmc=3395965 |pmid=23056112}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bs9yfyr8xfk55sog6gfr7d20l44f91z 858893 858892 2026-06-16T12:41:11Z Sardeeq 39275 858893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ainihin matsalar obsessional obsessional-compulsive disorder''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''cutar obsessional obsessive-compulsive disorder''' ( '''Pure O''' ), wani nau'i ne ko bayyanar OCD da ba a san shi ba sosai. Ba ganewar asali bane a cikin DSM-5 . Ga mutanen da ke da OCD mai obsessional, akwai ƙarancin tilastawa da za a iya gani, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka saba gani tare da nau'in OCD na yau da kullun (dubawa, ƙirgawa, wanke hannu, da sauransu). Yayin da halaye na al'ada da hana su faruwa, galibi suna da hankali a cikin yanayi, waɗanda suka haɗa da guje wa tunani da yawan [[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|tunani]] . Ainihin OCD mai obsessional yana ɗaukar nau'in [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunani mai shiga tsakani]] sau da yawa na yanayi mai ban tsoro, jima'i, ko tashin hankali (misali, tsoron yin aiki bisa ga sha'awa). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julien |first=Dominic |last2=O'Connor |first2=Kieron P. |last3=Aardema |first3=Frederick |date=July 2009 |title=Intrusions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder: a question of content or context? |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Psychology]] |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=709–722 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20578 |issn=1097-4679 |pmid=19388059}}</ref> A cewar DSM-5, "Cututtukan da ke tattare da damuwa da tilastawa da kuma waɗanda suka shafi su sun bambanta da abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaba da al'ada ta hanyar wuce gona da iri ko kuma ci gaba fiye da lokutan da suka dace da ci gaba. Bambanci tsakanin kasancewar alamun da ba su da alaƙa da rashin lafiya na asibiti yana buƙatar kimanta abubuwa da dama, gami da matakin damuwa da rashin aiki na mutum." == Tarihi == A shekarun 1960 da 1970, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da masu ilimin tabin hankali da dama sun lura cewa wasu marasa lafiya na OCD ba su da tilastawa a fili. A shekarar 1971, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Stanley Rachman ya rubuta cewa sha'awa ba tare da tilastawa ta jiki ba ta haifar da ƙalubale ga maganin OCD na ɗabi'a. Ya nuna cewa waɗannan sha'awa galibi suna da alaƙa da " [[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|sha'awa]] ta sha'awa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rachman |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Rachman |date=August 1978 |title=Obsessional ruminations |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796771900088 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=229–235 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(71)90008-8 |pmid=5095078 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sir Aubrey Lewis ya yi jayayya a shekarar 1966 cewa sha'awa ta sha'awa wani nau'in alamun sha'awa ne, wanda ya ƙunshi tambayoyi da bincike na hankali. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Aubrey Lewis}}</ref> Maganin farko na cututtukan da suka shafi tunanin mutum ya ƙunshi dabarar dakatar da tunani, inda ake umurtar marasa lafiya su yi tunani game da sha'awarsu, kafin mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya umarce su da su daina da murya. A wasu lokuta, waɗannan umarni suna tare da wani abu mai tayar da hankali . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stern |first=R.S. |last2=Lipsedge |first2=M.S. |last3=Marks |first3=I.M. |date=November 1973 |title=Obsessive ruminations : a controlled trial of thought-stopping technique |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796773901265 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=659–662 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(73)90126-5 |pmid=4777659 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Joseph Wolpe, <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Joseph Wolpe}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Joseph Wolpe}}</ref> ya yi kira da a daina tunani sosai, amma ingancinsa bai yi yawa ba. <ref name=":2" /> Wani bincike na meta na 1989 ya gano cewa, a cikin bincike da dama, ƙasa da rabi sun sami raguwar sha'awar mutum kuma kusan kashi 12% ne kawai suka ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin ƙimar wahalarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salkovskis |first=Paul M. |author-link=Paul Salkovskis |last2=Westbrook |first2=David |date=1989 |title=Behaviour therapy and obsessional ruminations: Can failure be turned into success? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005796789900739 |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=149–160 |doi=10.1016/0005-7967(89)90073-9 |pmid=2930440 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == An kira OCD mai yawan damuwa da ƙalubale a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan OCD mafi wahala da ƙalubale." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Yusra |date=2025-01-31 |title='Pure O' OCD: Signs, symptoms and treatment |url=https://www.treatmyocd.com/blog/pure-obsessional-ocd# |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=NOCD |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da wannan nau'in OCD suna da "tunani masu wahala da marasa so suna shigowa cikin kawunansu akai-akai," kuma tunanin "yawanci yana kan tsoron cewa za ka iya yin wani abu da ba shi da alaƙa da kanka, wani abu... mai yuwuwar mutuwa... ga kanka ko wasu." <ref name="Hyman 2008" /> Tunanin "mai yiwuwa, suna da halin tashin hankali ko jima'i." <ref name="Hyman 2008" /> Yanayin da nau'in OCD mai yawan sha'awa ya bambanta sosai, amma babban jigon duk wanda abin ya shafa shine fitowar tunani ko tambaya mai tayar da hankali, ko hoton tunani mara kyau/mara kyau, ko kuma wani abu mai ban tsoro wanda ke haifar da damuwa mai tsanani saboda ya saba wa imani da addini, ɗabi'u, ko al'adun zamantakewa da aka riƙe sosai. Tsoron da ke tattare da OCD mai yawan sha'awa galibi ya fi na mutum da tsoro fiye da tsoron wanda ke da OCD na gargajiya. Tsoron O yawanci yana mai da hankali kan yanayi masu lalata kansa wanda suke jin zai lalata rayuwarsa ko rayuwar waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. Misali na wannan bambanci na iya zama cewa wani da ke da OCD na gargajiya yana damuwa ko damuwa game da tsaro ko tsabta, yayin da wani da ke da OCD na gargajiya yana iya jin tsoron cewa ya sami babban canji a cikin jima'insa (misali, yana iya zama ko kuma ya canza zuwa mai lalata ), cewa yana iya zama mai kisan kai, ko kuma yana iya haifar da kowace irin cutarwa ga ƙaunataccen ko wani mutum mara laifi ko ga kansa, ko kuma cewa za su haukace. Za su fahimci cewa waɗannan tsoro ba za su yiwu ba ko ma ba za su yiwu ba amma damuwar da ake ji za ta sa sha'awar ta zama ta gaske kuma mai ma'ana. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba su da OCD masu yawan sha'awa na iya mayar da martani ga tunani ko motsin rai masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci kuma wani ɓangare na bambancin da ya saba a cikin tunanin ɗan adam, wani mai Pure O zai amsa da babbar firgita sannan ya yi ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi don kawar da tunanin ko kuma guje wa sake tunanin . Mutumin zai fara tambayar kansa akai-akai, "Shin da gaske ina da ikon yin wani abu makamancin haka?" ko "Shin hakan zai iya faruwa da gaske?" ko "Shin da gaske ni ne?" (ko da yake yawanci suna gane cewa tsoronsu ba shi da ma'ana, wanda ke haifar musu da ƙarin damuwa) kuma suna yin ƙoƙari mai yawa don gujewa ko warware tunanin da ba a so. Sannan su ƙare a cikin mummunan zagaye na tunani na neman tabbaci da ƙoƙarin samun amsa ta gaskiya. Tunani/sha'awowi masu shiga tsakani sun haɗa da jigogi na: == Ganewar Ganewa == Babu irin wannan ganewar a cikin DSM-5 . Iyakar ganewar da ke akwai a cikin DSM-5 ita ce matsalar rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi . A cewar DSM-5 tilas na iya zama na tunani, amma koyaushe ayyuka ne masu maimaitawa kamar "addu'a, ƙirgawa, maimaita kalmomi a hankali". DSM-5 ba shi da wani bayani cewa neman amsa na iya dangantawa da OCD . === Madadin === Waɗanda ke da OCD masu yawan sha'awa na iya zama kamar waɗanda aka saba gani kuma masu aiki sosai, amma suna ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo suna tunani, suna ƙoƙarin warware ko amsa duk wata tambayar da ke haifar musu da damuwa. Sau da yawa, mutanen da ke da Pure O suna fama da babban laifi da damuwa. Tsoro na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin yin tunani game da wani abu 'ta hanyar da ta dace' don rage wannan damuwa. Misali, wani tunani mai shiga tsakani "Zan iya kashe Bill da wannan wukar naman sa" sai kuma mummunan fassara tunanin, wato "Ta yaya zan iya yin irin wannan tunani? A cikin zurfin zuciyata, dole ne in zama mai tabin hankali ." Wannan na iya sa mutum ya ci gaba da shiga Intanet, yana karanta labarai da yawa da ke bayyana tabin hankali. Wannan al'adar neman tabbaci ba za ta samar da wani ƙarin bayani ba kuma zai iya ƙara tsananta binciken amsar. Akwai son zuciya da yawa da suka dace, ciki har da haɗakar tunani da aiki, muhimmancin tunani fiye da kima, da buƙatar iko akan tunani. <ref name="book review" /> == Magani == Mafi ingancin magani ga OCD mai yawan sha'awa shine maganin halayyar fahimta (musamman rigakafin fallasa da amsawa (ERP) da kuma maganin fahimta (CT) <ref name="Concepts and Controversies" /> wanda za a iya haɗa shi ko ba za a haɗa shi da amfani da magunguna ba, kamar SSRIs . <ref>{{Cite web |title=OCD ONLINE - What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for O.C.D.? |url=http://www.ocdonline.com/definecbt.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322170126/http://www.ocdonline.com/definecbt.php |archive-date=2005-03-22 |website=www.ocdonline.com}}</ref> Wasu masu bincike suna ɗaukar mutanen da ke da OCD ba tare da tilastawa ba a fili su mayar da martani ga ERP ƙasa da sauran waɗanda ke da OCD, don haka ERP na iya zama ƙasa da nasara fiye da CT. Rigakafin Fuskantar da Kuma Rage Kaifin Fuska ga Pure O ya dogara ne a ka'idar ka'idojin yanayin gargajiya da kuma gushewa. Karuwar (tunanin da ke kutse) sau da yawa tana gabatar da kanta a matsayin babbar tambaya ko mummunan yanayi, sannan kuma ta biyo bayan martanin tsoro, damuwa, tambayoyi da tunani (misali, " What if da gaske ina son cutar da wani?" ko " What if na aikata zunubi?"). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A gefe guda kuma, martanin warkewa (wanda zai taimaka wajen katse zagayowar damuwa) shine wanda ke amsa karuwar (tunani mai shiga tsakani) ta hanyar da ta bar rashin tabbas. Tare da martanin warkewa, mutumin ya yarda da yuwuwar kuma yana shirye ya ɗauki kasadar, sakamakon da ake tsoro maimakon ƙoƙarin (na ɗan lokaci da akai-akai) ya tabbatar wa kansa cewa abin da ake tsoro ba zai faru ba. Misali, tunanin da ke ƙara girma/kutsewa shine, "Wataƙila na faɗi wani abu mai ɓata wa shugabana rai jiya." Amsar da aka ba da shawarar ita ce, "Wataƙila na yi. Zan rayu da yiwuwar kuma in ɗauki haɗarin cewa zai kore ni gobe." Duk da cewa yin tsayayya da buƙatar kwantar da hankali da kuma yin tilas zai fara haifar da damuwa, ƙin yin tilas na tsawon lokaci zai haifar da raguwar damuwa game da tunanin da ke shiga cikinsu, wanda hakan zai sa su zama marasa yawa (misali za su fara faruwa ba sau da yawa), kuma su zama marasa damuwa idan suka faru. Ta amfani da wannan hanyar, yana da mahimmanci a bambanta tsakanin martanin magani da martanin da ba na magani ba (tunanin tunani). Amsar magani ba ta neman amsa tambayar ba amma don karɓar rashin tabbas na matsalar da ba a warware ba. An kuma yi amfani da maganin yarda da sadaukarwa (ACT) a matsayin magani ga Pure O, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soondrum |first=Tamini |last2=Wang |first2=Xiang |last3=Gao |first3=Feng |last4=Liu |first4=Qian |last5=Fan |first5=Jie |last6=Zhu |first6=Xiongzhao |date=2022-05-17 |title=The Applicability of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=656 |doi=10.3390/brainsci12050656 |issn=2076-3425 |pmc=9139700 |pmid=35625042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da wani bincike na 2023 wanda ya gano cewa ACT ya yi tasiri musamman wajen rage alamun OCD da suka shafi tunanin shiga tsakani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Sang Won |last2=Choi |first2=Mina |last3=Lee |first3=Seung Jae |date=2023-10-25 |title=Is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Effective for Any Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions? |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=991–996 |doi=10.30773/pi.2023.0109 |issn=1738-3684 |pmc=10620332 |pmid=37899223}}</ref> Shaida ta nuna cewa maganin metacognitive (MCT), wani magani ga OCD, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Exner |first=Cornelia |last2=Kleiman |first2=Alexandra |last3=Haberkamp |first3=Anke |last4=Hansmeier |first4=Jana |last5=Milde |first5=Christopher |last6=Glombiewski |first6=Julia Anna |date=2024-06-01 |title=Metacognitive therapy versus exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder – A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of Anxiety Disorders |volume=104 |doi=10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102873 |issn=0887-6185 |pmid=38729024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Department of Psychiatry, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey |last2=Atmaca |first2=Murad |date=2022-09-05 |title=Metacognitive Therapy in Patients with ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder: A review |journal=Alpha Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=212–216 |doi=10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22840 |pmc=9623217 |pmid=36426268}}</ref> yana rage alamun Pure O yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andouz |first=Zahra |last2=Dolatshahi |first2=Behrouz |last3=Moshtagh |first3=Nahaleh |last4=Dadkhah |first4=Asghar |date=2012 |title=The efficacy of metacognitive therapy on patients suffering from pure obsession |journal=Iranian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–21 |issn=2008-2215 |pmc=3395965 |pmid=23056112}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k6wgaudlkvj140h6kgccy9hfiei5d96 0 158051 858894 2026-06-16T12:43:52Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348366738|Paruresis]]" 858894 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paruresis''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ciwon mafitsara mai kunya''', wani nau'in tsoro ne wanda mutum ba zai iya [[Bawali|yin fitsari]] a cikin fitsari ba (na gaske ko na tunani). ) kasancewar wasu, kamar a cikin bandaki na jama'a . Wannan yanayin da ke shafar hanji ana kiransa [[parcopresis]] ko hanji mai jin kunya. == Alama da Alamomi == Wasu mutane suna samun ɗan gajeren lokaci na wahalar fitsari a cikin yanayi inda wasu mutane ke kusa. Duk da haka, cutar Paruresis ta wuce jin kunya, kunya, tsoron fallasa, ko tsoron a yi musu hukunci saboda rashin iya yin fitsari. Wasu mutane na iya gano cewa ba sa iya yin fitsari yayin da suke cikin ababen hawa, ko kuma suna jin sautin fitsarinsu a cikin bandakuna masu natsuwa ko wuraren zama. A cikin mawuyacin hali, mutumin da ke da cutar paruresis zai iya yin fitsari ne kawai lokacin da yake shi kaɗai a gida ko ta hanyar amfani da catheterization. [1] == Dalilai == Ana ɗaukar Paruresis a matsayin wata alama ta damuwa ta zamantakewa kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu alamun damuwa ta zamantakewa. Idan majiyyaci yana ƙarƙashin tasirin anxiolytics ko kuma an hana shi, paruresis yakan ɓace. Paruresis ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar cystourethrography a lokacin yarinta. == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == Da alama paruresis ya ƙunshi matsewar sphincter ko wuyan mafitsara saboda amsawar tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . Gudun [[adrenaline]] wanda ke haifar da amsawar tsarin juyayi ba da gangan ba wataƙila yana da alaƙa da tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe da na tsakiya. Sphincter na ciki na urethral ( santsi na tsoka ) ko sphincter na waje na urethral ( stricated muscle ), levator ani (musamman yankin tsoka na pubococcygeus ), ko wasu haɗuwa na sama, na iya shiga. Yana yiwuwa akwai hana umarnin detrusor ta hanyar hanyar reflex kuma. Cibiyar [[Bawali|micturition]] ta pontine ( Barrington's nucleus ) kuma na iya shiga, saboda hanawarsa yana haifar da sassauta detrusor kuma yana hana sassauta sphincter na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soifer |first=Steven |last2=Nicaise |first2=Greg |last3=Chancellor |first3=Michael |last4=Gordon |first4=David |date=2009 |title=Paruresis or Shy Bladder Syndrome: An Unknown Urologic Malady? |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/712369_3 |journal=Urological Nursing |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=87–94 |pmid=19507406}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == An cika wannan sharaɗin a cikin ƙa'idodin gwajin fitsari na tilas ga magunguna a gidajen yarin Burtaniya, kuma, a Burtaniya, mutumin da ke da cutar paruresis na iya cancanta don Universal Credit idan yanayin lafiyarsa ya takaita ikonsa na aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health conditions, disability and Universal Credit |url=https://www.gov.uk/health-conditions-disability-universal-credit#:~:text=Universal%20Credit%20is%20a%20monthly,available%20in%20Welsh%20(Cymraeg) |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> An jera shi a cikin Jagorar Healthinote da NHS ta amince da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthinote – Terms Acceptance |url=https://docs.healthinote.com/terms-acceptance?accept_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fpatient.healthinote.com%2FacceptTerms%3Fstate%3D214DqLK1pZN2i8JK5ujYsW%26terms%3Dactivity-5&decline_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cognitant.com&login_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fpatient.healthinote.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dparuresis%26at%3Dtrue%26fa%3Dtrue&terms=activity-5&ob=abridged |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Healthinote}}</ref> Yanzu an ruwaito cewa an yarda da shi a matsayin ingantaccen dalili na uzuri na hidimar alkalai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=http://www.ukpt.org.uk/news_info/projects/activities/news_info_Projects_Recent_Activities_Summary.htm |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=UKPT – United Kingdom Paruresis Trust – Shy Bladder Syndrome Support}}</ref> Daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 2005, jagorar kan ƙa'idodin da suka shafi gwajin waɗanda ke cikin gwaji a Burtaniya ta ambaci paruresis a matsayin ingantaccen dalili na rashin iya samar da samfurin da ba za a fassara shi a matsayin ƙin yarda ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paruresis and Drug Testing |url=https://www.ukpt.org.uk/paruresis-information-for-professionals/paruresis-and-drug-testing |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=UKPT – United Kingdom Paruresis Trust – Shy Bladder Syndrome Support |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Urethritis ta Amurka ta amince da wannan yanayin, waɗanda suka haɗa shi a cikin kundin bayanai na yanayinsu na kan layi. An bayyana Paruresis a sashe na 300.23 na DSM-IV-TR a matsayin "tsoron aiki ... ta amfani da bandaki na jama'a" amma ba a ambaci sunansa ba. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM-5) ya ambaci Paruresis da suna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antonio Prunas |date=Jul–Aug 2013 |title=La sindrome della vescica timida |journal=Rivista di Psichiatria |volume=48 |pages=345–53 |doi=10.1708/1319.14632 |pmid=24056834}}</ref> ''Littafin Kaplan & Sadock mai suna Synopsis of Psychiatry'' ya ce, "Mutanen da ke da fargabar zamantakewa (wanda kuma ake kira da ''matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa'' ) suna da yawan tsoron wulakanci ko kunya a wurare daban-daban na zamantakewa, kamar yin magana a bainar jama'a, yin fitsari a ɗakin hutawa na jama'a (wanda kuma ake kira da mafitsara mai jin kunya), da kuma yin magana da abokin tarayya." ''Takaitaccen Bayani'' ya bayyana mafitsara mai jin kunya a matsayin "rashin iya zubar da ciki a cikin bandaki na jama'a" kuma ya lura cewa [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha|motsa jiki na shakatawa]] aikace-aikace ne na maganin ɗabi'a don magance wannan matsalar. Wasu masu fama da cutar parauretic suna fuskantar jinkirin yin fitsari kuma dole ne su jira buƙatarsu ta ɓace don shawo kan damuwarsu, yayin da wasu kuma ba sa iya yin fitsari kwata-kwata. == Magani == Dangane da magance matsalar ɓarkewar kwakwalwa ta paruresis, ana iya cimma irin wannan maganin ta hanyar rage jin zafi da kuma maganin halayyar fahimta . A cikin rage jin zafi ta hanyar tsarin, mutum yana da amintaccen mutum da ya tsaya a wajen banɗaki da farko, kuma da zarar an shawo kan tsoro, ana kusantar da mai lura, har sai an kawar da fargabar mataki-mataki. Akwai cikakken bayani game da yadda za a iya amfani da tsarin rage jin zafi ta hanyar tsarin ga mutanen da ke da cutar paruresis a [https://www.ukpt.org.uk/living-with-paruresis/cbt-and-paruresis gidan yanar gizon UK Paruresis Trust] . Baya ga rage jin zafi ta hanyar tsarin, ana amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta don canza yanayin tunanin majiyyaci game da yanayin, daga mutumin da ba zai iya yin fitsari ba, zuwa mutumin da zai iya yin fitsari ko kuma ba ya jin tsoro sosai lokacin da ba zai iya yin fitsari a bainar jama'a ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CBT & Paruresis |url=https://www.ukpt.org.uk/living-with-paruresis/cbt-and-paruresis |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=UKPT – United Kingdom Paruresis Trust – Shy Bladder Syndrome Support |language=en-gb}}</ref> Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM-5) ya rarraba paruresis a matsayin matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa (SAD). A Burtaniya, Jagororin NICE (Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a ta Ƙasa) sun bayyana Ganewa, Kimantawa da Maganin Matsalolin Damuwa na Jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-22 |title=Recommendations {{!}} Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment {{!}} Guidance {{!}} NICE |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/chapter/Recommendations#specific-phobias |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.nice.org.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3p49zujw3vcpz8vymxo7qhjqgzlotd8 858895 858894 2026-06-16T12:44:07Z Sardeeq 39275 858895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paruresis''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ciwon mafitsara mai kunya''', wani nau'in tsoro ne wanda mutum ba zai iya [[Bawali|yin fitsari]] a cikin fitsari ba (na gaske ko na tunani). ) kasancewar wasu, kamar a cikin bandaki na jama'a . Wannan yanayin da ke shafar hanji ana kiransa [[parcopresis]] ko hanji mai jin kunya. == Alama da Alamomi == Wasu mutane suna samun ɗan gajeren lokaci na wahalar fitsari a cikin yanayi inda wasu mutane ke kusa. Duk da haka, cutar Paruresis ta wuce jin kunya, kunya, tsoron fallasa, ko tsoron a yi musu hukunci saboda rashin iya yin fitsari. Wasu mutane na iya gano cewa ba sa iya yin fitsari yayin da suke cikin ababen hawa, ko kuma suna jin sautin fitsarinsu a cikin bandakuna masu natsuwa ko wuraren zama. A cikin mawuyacin hali, mutumin da ke da cutar paruresis zai iya yin fitsari ne kawai lokacin da yake shi kaɗai a gida ko ta hanyar amfani da catheterization. [1] == Dalilai == Ana ɗaukar Paruresis a matsayin wata alama ta damuwa ta zamantakewa kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu alamun damuwa ta zamantakewa. Idan majiyyaci yana ƙarƙashin tasirin anxiolytics ko kuma an hana shi, paruresis yakan ɓace. Paruresis ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar cystourethrography a lokacin yarinta. == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == Da alama paruresis ya ƙunshi matsewar sphincter ko wuyan mafitsara saboda amsawar tsarin juyayi mai tausayi . Gudun [[adrenaline]] wanda ke haifar da amsawar tsarin juyayi ba da gangan ba wataƙila yana da alaƙa da tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe da na tsakiya. Sphincter na ciki na urethral ( santsi na tsoka ) ko sphincter na waje na urethral ( stricated muscle ), levator ani (musamman yankin tsoka na pubococcygeus ), ko wasu haɗuwa na sama, na iya shiga. Yana yiwuwa akwai hana umarnin detrusor ta hanyar hanyar reflex kuma. Cibiyar [[Bawali|micturition]] ta pontine ( Barrington's nucleus ) kuma na iya shiga, saboda hanawarsa yana haifar da sassauta detrusor kuma yana hana sassauta sphincter na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soifer |first=Steven |last2=Nicaise |first2=Greg |last3=Chancellor |first3=Michael |last4=Gordon |first4=David |date=2009 |title=Paruresis or Shy Bladder Syndrome: An Unknown Urologic Malady? |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/712369_3 |journal=Urological Nursing |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=87–94 |pmid=19507406}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == An cika wannan sharaɗin a cikin ƙa'idodin gwajin fitsari na tilas ga magunguna a gidajen yarin Burtaniya, kuma, a Burtaniya, mutumin da ke da cutar paruresis na iya cancanta don Universal Credit idan yanayin lafiyarsa ya takaita ikonsa na aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health conditions, disability and Universal Credit |url=https://www.gov.uk/health-conditions-disability-universal-credit#:~:text=Universal%20Credit%20is%20a%20monthly,available%20in%20Welsh%20(Cymraeg) |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> An jera shi a cikin Jagorar Healthinote da NHS ta amince da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthinote – Terms Acceptance |url=https://docs.healthinote.com/terms-acceptance?accept_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fpatient.healthinote.com%2FacceptTerms%3Fstate%3D214DqLK1pZN2i8JK5ujYsW%26terms%3Dactivity-5&decline_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cognitant.com&login_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fpatient.healthinote.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dparuresis%26at%3Dtrue%26fa%3Dtrue&terms=activity-5&ob=abridged |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Healthinote}}</ref> Yanzu an ruwaito cewa an yarda da shi a matsayin ingantaccen dalili na uzuri na hidimar alkalai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projects |url=http://www.ukpt.org.uk/news_info/projects/activities/news_info_Projects_Recent_Activities_Summary.htm |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=UKPT – United Kingdom Paruresis Trust – Shy Bladder Syndrome Support}}</ref> Daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 2005, jagorar kan ƙa'idodin da suka shafi gwajin waɗanda ke cikin gwaji a Burtaniya ta ambaci paruresis a matsayin ingantaccen dalili na rashin iya samar da samfurin da ba za a fassara shi a matsayin ƙin yarda ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paruresis and Drug Testing |url=https://www.ukpt.org.uk/paruresis-information-for-professionals/paruresis-and-drug-testing |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=UKPT – United Kingdom Paruresis Trust – Shy Bladder Syndrome Support |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Urethritis ta Amurka ta amince da wannan yanayin, waɗanda suka haɗa shi a cikin kundin bayanai na yanayinsu na kan layi. An bayyana Paruresis a sashe na 300.23 na DSM-IV-TR a matsayin "tsoron aiki ... ta amfani da bandaki na jama'a" amma ba a ambaci sunansa ba. Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM-5) ya ambaci Paruresis da suna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antonio Prunas |date=Jul–Aug 2013 |title=La sindrome della vescica timida |journal=Rivista di Psichiatria |volume=48 |pages=345–53 |doi=10.1708/1319.14632 |pmid=24056834}}</ref> ''Littafin Kaplan & Sadock mai suna Synopsis of Psychiatry'' ya ce, "Mutanen da ke da fargabar zamantakewa (wanda kuma ake kira da ''matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa'' ) suna da yawan tsoron wulakanci ko kunya a wurare daban-daban na zamantakewa, kamar yin magana a bainar jama'a, yin fitsari a ɗakin hutawa na jama'a (wanda kuma ake kira da mafitsara mai jin kunya), da kuma yin magana da abokin tarayya." ''Takaitaccen Bayani'' ya bayyana mafitsara mai jin kunya a matsayin "rashin iya zubar da ciki a cikin bandaki na jama'a" kuma ya lura cewa [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha|motsa jiki na shakatawa]] aikace-aikace ne na maganin ɗabi'a don magance wannan matsalar. Wasu masu fama da cutar parauretic suna fuskantar jinkirin yin fitsari kuma dole ne su jira buƙatarsu ta ɓace don shawo kan damuwarsu, yayin da wasu kuma ba sa iya yin fitsari kwata-kwata. == Magani == Dangane da magance matsalar ɓarkewar kwakwalwa ta paruresis, ana iya cimma irin wannan maganin ta hanyar rage jin zafi da kuma maganin halayyar fahimta . A cikin rage jin zafi ta hanyar tsarin, mutum yana da amintaccen mutum da ya tsaya a wajen banɗaki da farko, kuma da zarar an shawo kan tsoro, ana kusantar da mai lura, har sai an kawar da fargabar mataki-mataki. Akwai cikakken bayani game da yadda za a iya amfani da tsarin rage jin zafi ta hanyar tsarin ga mutanen da ke da cutar paruresis a [https://www.ukpt.org.uk/living-with-paruresis/cbt-and-paruresis gidan yanar gizon UK Paruresis Trust] . Baya ga rage jin zafi ta hanyar tsarin, ana amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta don canza yanayin tunanin majiyyaci game da yanayin, daga mutumin da ba zai iya yin fitsari ba, zuwa mutumin da zai iya yin fitsari ko kuma ba ya jin tsoro sosai lokacin da ba zai iya yin fitsari a bainar jama'a ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CBT & Paruresis |url=https://www.ukpt.org.uk/living-with-paruresis/cbt-and-paruresis |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=UKPT – United Kingdom Paruresis Trust – Shy Bladder Syndrome Support |language=en-gb}}</ref> Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali (DSM-5) ya rarraba paruresis a matsayin matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa (SAD). A Burtaniya, Jagororin NICE (Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a ta Ƙasa) sun bayyana Ganewa, Kimantawa da Maganin Matsalolin Damuwa na Jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-22 |title=Recommendations {{!}} Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment {{!}} Guidance {{!}} NICE |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159/chapter/Recommendations#specific-phobias |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.nice.org.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == 14wgjcbhd3iqfk2gon2pke0885gf2ty 0 158052 858897 2026-06-16T12:47:42Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359638824|Scrupulosity]]" 858897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Molteni_Giuseppe,_La_confessione.jpg|alt=A priest in white garb and a purple stole listens to the confession of a woman in a black top and copper skirt|thumb|Waɗanda ke da tsantseni suna fama da tsananin jin laifi, wani lokacin suna haifar da shiga cikin al'adun addini kamar ikirari . ( ''The Confession'' na Giuseppe Molteni, 1838)]] '''Scrupulosity''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''rashin lafiyar addini''' ko '''rashin lafiyar hankali''' ( '''SCD''' ), cuta ce ta tunani wadda aka bayyana ta hanyar [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunani mai zurfi]] game da ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a ko na addini, jin laifi, da kuma tilastawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage irin waɗannan tunanin. Ana fahimtarta sosai a matsayin wani nau'in rashin lafiyar hankali (OCD). Abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali sun hada da fargabar samun tunani mara kyau, aikata ayyukan rashin da'a ba tare da sani ba, hukuncin jahannama, ko kuma yin ayyukan addini ba daidai ba. Tilastawa galibi suna ɗaukar nau'in addu'o'i da yawa, nazarin koyarwar addini mai yawa, ko guje wa wajibai da abubuwan addini. Mutane masu hankali sau da yawa suna nuna shakku game da ko sun fahimci ƙa'idodin ɗabi'unsu gaba ɗaya, wanda ke haifar da [[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|tunani]] . Sau da yawa suna da wahalar fahimtar cewa tunaninsu da halayensu suna da dalili mara kyau kuma suna iya samun wahalar fassara karin magana a cikin mahallin addini. Gabaɗaya ana magance matsalar scrupulosity ta hanyar amfani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ; maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) da rigakafin fallasa da amsawa (ERP) duk hanyoyi ne da aka saba amfani da su a magani. Ana iya rubuta magungunan psychopharmacological, kamar magungunan serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), idan alamun suka yi tsanani. Likitoci galibi suna haɗa kai da malaman addini masu dacewa don taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa amincewa da marasa lafiya a cikin tsarin, ƙarfafa fahimtar majiyyaci cewa tunaninsu yana da matsala, da kuma shirya limaman addini don tallafawa magani a cikin wuraren coci. Malaman addini kuma suna taimaka wa likitoci su kawar da ayyukan addini na yau da kullun daga waɗanda ba su da matsala. Hasashe game da rashin kulawa da kulawa gaba ɗaya ya fi muni fiye da sauran nau'ikan cututtukan da ke haifar da damuwa, wanda ya fi juriya ga magani gabaɗaya. Yawan kuzarin tunani na sha'awa da tilastawa na iya haifar da ƙaruwar kamuwa da cuta, musamman damuwa da sauran cututtukan damuwa . Mutanen da ke da rashin kulawa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da baƙin ciki, ƙarancin girman kai, cutar da kansu, da kashe kansu . == Asalin Ma'anar == [[Fayil:C._Gesner,_The_newe_jewell_of_health_Wellcome_M0012936_(cropped).jpg|alt=A woodcut illustration of an apothocary mixing ingredients at a table; outside his window, the smoke from a raging fire can be seen on the hillside|thumb|Ma'anar ''scrupulosity'' a ma'anarta ta zamani za a iya danganta ta da wasu kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen yin amfani da man shafawa na zamanin da.]] Kalmar ''scrupulosity'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar ''scruple'' . An samo ta ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|scrupulum}} ('ƙaramin dutse, dutse'), kamar nau'in ƙaramin dutse da mutum zai saka a takalminsa yayin tafiya wanda daga baya yana ɗauke da jin rashin jin daɗi na tunani. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} {{Sfn|Summers|Sinnott-Armstrong|2019}} Canjin ma'anar daga baya a cikin kalmomin da masu yin amfani da maganin shafawa suka yi amfani da shi ya haifar da ''rashin ma'ana'' ma'anar ' ɗaya daga cikin ashirin da huɗu na oza ', ma'auni wanda za a lura da shi kawai akan ma'auni masu mahimmanci. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Wannan ma'anar ta haɓaka a layi ɗaya a cikin Ingilishi na yaren don nufin fassarar ɗabi'a mara mahimmanci wacce za ta iya damun mai hankali mai yawan damuwa kawai. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} == Rarrabawa == A al'ada, ana ɗaukar scrupulosity a matsayin wani nau'in cuta mai rikitarwa (OCD) kuma irin wannan rarrabuwa ya kasance mafi yawan ra'ayoyi. A ƙarƙashin samfurin OCD mai matakai huɗu, an rarraba shi a matsayin wani nau'in da ke bayyana a matsayin sha'awar tunani marasa karɓuwa waɗanda ke neman tilastawa bisa ga tabbaci. {{Sfn|Buchholz|Abramowitz|Riemann|Reuman|2019}} A cikin samfurin matakai biyar bisa ga nazarin abubuwa, yana cikin rukunin "sha'awar addini, jima'i, da tashin hankali" ba tare da wata takamaiman samfurin tilastawa ba. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Wasu sha'awar, kamar imani da cewa mutum ba ya bin wajibcin addini yadda ya kamata ko waɗanda suka shafi la'anar mutum, ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na rukunin "lalacewar kai ko wasu". {{Sfn|Reuman|Blakey|Jacoby|Abramowitz|2017}} Wasu likitoci sun yi ta matsa lamba kan a yi wa OCD ganewar asali daban tun daga farkon shekarun 1990. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} {{Sfn|Siev|Huppert|Zuckerman|2017}} A cewar wannan ra'ayi, marasa lafiya masu kula da lafiya suna nuna irin waɗannan alamu kamar waɗanda ke da OCD, amma yawanci suna da "rashin fahimta, ƙarfin imani, rashin fahimtar abubuwa, da kuma mummunan tunani na sihiri ". {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Tunanin masu kula da lafiya ya bambanta da jagorar ganewar asali saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da su suna da alaƙa da matsalolin rayuwa na gaske. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Hakazalika, tilastawa da ake samu a cikin OCD yawanci ba su da ma'ana kuma an yi niyya ne don rage damuwa, yayin da ɗabi'u da yawa na tilastawa da ke da alaƙa da kula da lafiya suma sun wuce gona da iri amma suna da ma'ana kuma an yi niyya ne don magance matsalar gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Masu sukar wannan ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa shaidar aiki a bayyane take nuna kamanceceniya mai yawa da OCD, koda kuwa akwai wasu bambance-bambancen yanayin ƙasa masu mahimmanci. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Sauran nau'ikan OCD waɗanda ke bayyana a matsayin tunanin da ba za a yarda da su ba suna nuna kusan dabarun katsewa iri ɗaya kuma suna bin irin waɗannan tsare-tsare na zagaye. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Haɗa kai da wasu nau'ikan OCD, musamman tare da sha'awar jima'i da tashin hankali, shi ma hujja ce gama gari don rarraba scrupulosity a matsayin nau'in OCD. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Hakazalika, an san sha'awar sha'awa tana canzawa ta hanyar jigo a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci; ba sabon abu ba ne, misali, mutum yana da sha'awar scrupulosity a lokacin ƙuruciya, amma wani nau'in "tunani mara karɓuwa" a matsayin babba. {{Sfn|Pinciotti|Riemann|Abramowitz|2021}} == Alamomi da Alamomi == Tsarin hankali wata cuta ce ta tunani wadda mutum ke fuskantar damuwa da rashin daidaituwa game da al'amuran ɗabi'a ko addini kuma yana yin ɗabi'u masu tilastawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage damuwar da irin waɗannan sha'awar ke haifarwa. [1] Waɗanda ke da tsantseni suna nuna hanyoyi da yawa na tunani marasa aiki, gami da fifita rawar da tunaninsu ke takawa, buƙatar iko da yawa, ƙaruwar jin nauyin da ke kansu, da kuma rashin iya kimanta barazanar. [1] Duk da cewa galibi suna da alaƙa da addini, an sami tsantseni a cikin mutanen da ba su da addini inda hakan ke bayyana a matsayin tsoron zama marasa ɗabi'a ko marasa kyau. [2] Wannan matsala tana da manyan siffofi guda biyu: sha'awar aikata laifi tare da tilastawa neman tabbaci da kuma sha'awar hukunci tare da tilastawa [[Avoidance coping|gujewa]] da kuma tuba . {{Sfn|Kurth|2018}} {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} A yawancin mutane, akwai wasu haɗuwa na nau'ikan biyu. {{Sfn|Kurth|2018}} Masu ra'ayin Co-legion, gami da malamai, sau da yawa suna ɗaukar halayen da ke haifar da waɗannan sha'awa ko gujewa a matsayin marasa laifi, waɗanda za a iya yafewa cikin sauƙi, ko kuma ba su da mahimmanci, amma suna haifar da matsala mai yawa ga marasa lafiya. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Yawancin waɗanda ke da hankali suna jin cewa alamunsu suna shafar dangantakarsu da Allah. {{Sfn|Siev|Huppert|2016}} Kamar sauran nau'ikan OCD, rashin hankali yana da matuƙar bambanci kuma [[Yanayin bambance-bambance|yana da bambanci]], ma'ana bayyanar ta bambanta sosai daga mutum zuwa mutum kuma ana iya samo ta daga nau'ikan dalilai ko asali daban-daban. Misali, mutum ɗaya zai iya neman gumakan addini da kulawa don jin daɗi, wani kuma ya guji shi saboda tsoron haifar da sha'awar addini. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} === Abubuwan da suka shafe mu === [[Fayil:Al_abismo,_de_Fernando_Cabrera_Cantó_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg|alt=A painting of naked bodies writhing in agony in a small valley as fire and smoke black out the sky; on a rocky hilltop, a cross stands with blue skies with an angel looking away|thumb|Mutane da yawa masu son rai suna fuskantar sha'awar hukuncin wuta .]] Mutane masu hankali suna da "yanayin tunani na yau da kullun" wanda tsarin tunani na ɗabi'a ko addini mara kyau ya mamaye, kuma ana ƙara jin laifi da alhakin kai. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Waɗannan sha'awar addini wani lokacin ana kiransu ''scuples'' . {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Saboda tsoron yin zunubi ba tare da hankali ba, suna tsammanin halayensu na zunubi ne ko kuma cewa halayensu na zunubi ya fi wuce gona da iri. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Ana yawan ruwaito [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin da ke shiga tsakani]] game da yin saɓo, lalata, da sauran ayyukan lalata a baya ko nan gaba, kamar yadda ake samun tunanin cewa an yi wani aiki na addini ba daidai ba ko kuma za a hukunta mutum ta hanyar Allah . Sauran jigogi na gama gari sun haɗa da cewa mutum yana aikata zunubi ba da gangan ba, jin cewa mutum zai iya rasa iko ya zama lalata, shakku game da imani, tsoron cewa ba za a karɓi bautar mutum ga Allah ba, da kuma tsoron zuwa jahannama . {{Sfn|Toprak|Özçelik|2024}} {{Sfn|Reuman|Blakey|Jacoby|Abramowitz|2017}} Marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna jin cewa sun tuba ba daidai ba ko kuma ba su da tabbas ko ana son tunaninsu na shiga tsakani ko a'a. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Suna nuna ƙarin ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da Allah, suna ɗaukar allahntakar a matsayin "mai azabtarwa, mai ban tsoro, mai kishi, mai ban tsoro, mai fushi, [kuma] mai ɗaukar fansa", wanda ke auna da tsananin rikici. Bayyanar sha'awa ya bambanta dangane da addini da mahallin al'adu. {{Sfn|Siev|Huppert|Zuckerman|2017}} {{Sfn|Stiede|Trent|McInnes|Storch|2025}} Sha'awa gabaɗaya tana faɗuwa cikin rukuni huɗu, waɗanda galibi ke haɗuwa: {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r6zgsqqg06pc173l4v13wdzw45p1mtb 858898 858897 2026-06-16T12:48:08Z Sardeeq 39275 858898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Molteni_Giuseppe,_La_confessione.jpg|alt=A priest in white garb and a purple stole listens to the confession of a woman in a black top and copper skirt|thumb|Waɗanda ke da tsantseni suna fama da tsananin jin laifi, wani lokacin suna haifar da shiga cikin al'adun addini kamar ikirari . ( ''The Confession'' na Giuseppe Molteni, 1838)]] '''Scrupulosity''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''rashin lafiyar addini''' ko '''rashin lafiyar hankali''' ( '''SCD''' ), cuta ce ta tunani wadda aka bayyana ta hanyar [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunani mai zurfi]] game da ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a ko na addini, jin laifi, da kuma tilastawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage irin waɗannan tunanin. Ana fahimtarta sosai a matsayin wani nau'in rashin lafiyar hankali (OCD). Abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali sun hada da fargabar samun tunani mara kyau, aikata ayyukan rashin da'a ba tare da sani ba, hukuncin jahannama, ko kuma yin ayyukan addini ba daidai ba. Tilastawa galibi suna ɗaukar nau'in addu'o'i da yawa, nazarin koyarwar addini mai yawa, ko guje wa wajibai da abubuwan addini. Mutane masu hankali sau da yawa suna nuna shakku game da ko sun fahimci ƙa'idodin ɗabi'unsu gaba ɗaya, wanda ke haifar da [[Rumination (halayyar mutum)|tunani]] . Sau da yawa suna da wahalar fahimtar cewa tunaninsu da halayensu suna da dalili mara kyau kuma suna iya samun wahalar fassara karin magana a cikin mahallin addini. Gabaɗaya ana magance matsalar scrupulosity ta hanyar amfani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ; maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) da rigakafin fallasa da amsawa (ERP) duk hanyoyi ne da aka saba amfani da su a magani. Ana iya rubuta magungunan psychopharmacological, kamar magungunan serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), idan alamun suka yi tsanani. Likitoci galibi suna haɗa kai da malaman addini masu dacewa don taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa amincewa da marasa lafiya a cikin tsarin, ƙarfafa fahimtar majiyyaci cewa tunaninsu yana da matsala, da kuma shirya limaman addini don tallafawa magani a cikin wuraren coci. Malaman addini kuma suna taimaka wa likitoci su kawar da ayyukan addini na yau da kullun daga waɗanda ba su da matsala. Hasashe game da rashin kulawa da kulawa gaba ɗaya ya fi muni fiye da sauran nau'ikan cututtukan da ke haifar da damuwa, wanda ya fi juriya ga magani gabaɗaya. Yawan kuzarin tunani na sha'awa da tilastawa na iya haifar da ƙaruwar kamuwa da cuta, musamman damuwa da sauran cututtukan damuwa . Mutanen da ke da rashin kulawa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da baƙin ciki, ƙarancin girman kai, cutar da kansu, da kashe kansu . == Asalin Ma'anar == [[Fayil:C._Gesner,_The_newe_jewell_of_health_Wellcome_M0012936_(cropped).jpg|alt=A woodcut illustration of an apothocary mixing ingredients at a table; outside his window, the smoke from a raging fire can be seen on the hillside|thumb|Ma'anar ''scrupulosity'' a ma'anarta ta zamani za a iya danganta ta da wasu kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen yin amfani da man shafawa na zamanin da.]] Kalmar ''scrupulosity'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar ''scruple'' . An samo ta ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] {{Lang|la|scrupulum}} ('ƙaramin dutse, dutse'), kamar nau'in ƙaramin dutse da mutum zai saka a takalminsa yayin tafiya wanda daga baya yana ɗauke da jin rashin jin daɗi na tunani. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} {{Sfn|Summers|Sinnott-Armstrong|2019}} Canjin ma'anar daga baya a cikin kalmomin da masu yin amfani da maganin shafawa suka yi amfani da shi ya haifar da ''rashin ma'ana'' ma'anar ' ɗaya daga cikin ashirin da huɗu na oza ', ma'auni wanda za a lura da shi kawai akan ma'auni masu mahimmanci. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Wannan ma'anar ta haɓaka a layi ɗaya a cikin Ingilishi na yaren don nufin fassarar ɗabi'a mara mahimmanci wacce za ta iya damun mai hankali mai yawan damuwa kawai. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} == Rarrabawa == A al'ada, ana ɗaukar scrupulosity a matsayin wani nau'in cuta mai rikitarwa (OCD) kuma irin wannan rarrabuwa ya kasance mafi yawan ra'ayoyi. A ƙarƙashin samfurin OCD mai matakai huɗu, an rarraba shi a matsayin wani nau'in da ke bayyana a matsayin sha'awar tunani marasa karɓuwa waɗanda ke neman tilastawa bisa ga tabbaci. {{Sfn|Buchholz|Abramowitz|Riemann|Reuman|2019}} A cikin samfurin matakai biyar bisa ga nazarin abubuwa, yana cikin rukunin "sha'awar addini, jima'i, da tashin hankali" ba tare da wata takamaiman samfurin tilastawa ba. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Wasu sha'awar, kamar imani da cewa mutum ba ya bin wajibcin addini yadda ya kamata ko waɗanda suka shafi la'anar mutum, ana iya ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na rukunin "lalacewar kai ko wasu". {{Sfn|Reuman|Blakey|Jacoby|Abramowitz|2017}} Wasu likitoci sun yi ta matsa lamba kan a yi wa OCD ganewar asali daban tun daga farkon shekarun 1990. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} {{Sfn|Siev|Huppert|Zuckerman|2017}} A cewar wannan ra'ayi, marasa lafiya masu kula da lafiya suna nuna irin waɗannan alamu kamar waɗanda ke da OCD, amma yawanci suna da "rashin fahimta, ƙarfin imani, rashin fahimtar abubuwa, da kuma mummunan tunani na sihiri ". {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Tunanin masu kula da lafiya ya bambanta da jagorar ganewar asali saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da su suna da alaƙa da matsalolin rayuwa na gaske. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Hakazalika, tilastawa da ake samu a cikin OCD yawanci ba su da ma'ana kuma an yi niyya ne don rage damuwa, yayin da ɗabi'u da yawa na tilastawa da ke da alaƙa da kula da lafiya suma sun wuce gona da iri amma suna da ma'ana kuma an yi niyya ne don magance matsalar gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Masu sukar wannan ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa shaidar aiki a bayyane take nuna kamanceceniya mai yawa da OCD, koda kuwa akwai wasu bambance-bambancen yanayin ƙasa masu mahimmanci. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Sauran nau'ikan OCD waɗanda ke bayyana a matsayin tunanin da ba za a yarda da su ba suna nuna kusan dabarun katsewa iri ɗaya kuma suna bin irin waɗannan tsare-tsare na zagaye. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Haɗa kai da wasu nau'ikan OCD, musamman tare da sha'awar jima'i da tashin hankali, shi ma hujja ce gama gari don rarraba scrupulosity a matsayin nau'in OCD. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Hakazalika, an san sha'awar sha'awa tana canzawa ta hanyar jigo a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci; ba sabon abu ba ne, misali, mutum yana da sha'awar scrupulosity a lokacin ƙuruciya, amma wani nau'in "tunani mara karɓuwa" a matsayin babba. {{Sfn|Pinciotti|Riemann|Abramowitz|2021}} == Alamomi da Alamomi == Tsarin hankali wata cuta ce ta tunani wadda mutum ke fuskantar damuwa da rashin daidaituwa game da al'amuran ɗabi'a ko addini kuma yana yin ɗabi'u masu tilastawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage damuwar da irin waɗannan sha'awar ke haifarwa. [1] Waɗanda ke da tsantseni suna nuna hanyoyi da yawa na tunani marasa aiki, gami da fifita rawar da tunaninsu ke takawa, buƙatar iko da yawa, ƙaruwar jin nauyin da ke kansu, da kuma rashin iya kimanta barazanar. [1] Duk da cewa galibi suna da alaƙa da addini, an sami tsantseni a cikin mutanen da ba su da addini inda hakan ke bayyana a matsayin tsoron zama marasa ɗabi'a ko marasa kyau. [2] Wannan matsala tana da manyan siffofi guda biyu: sha'awar aikata laifi tare da tilastawa neman tabbaci da kuma sha'awar hukunci tare da tilastawa [[Avoidance coping|gujewa]] da kuma tuba . {{Sfn|Kurth|2018}} {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} A yawancin mutane, akwai wasu haɗuwa na nau'ikan biyu. {{Sfn|Kurth|2018}} Masu ra'ayin Co-legion, gami da malamai, sau da yawa suna ɗaukar halayen da ke haifar da waɗannan sha'awa ko gujewa a matsayin marasa laifi, waɗanda za a iya yafewa cikin sauƙi, ko kuma ba su da mahimmanci, amma suna haifar da matsala mai yawa ga marasa lafiya. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Yawancin waɗanda ke da hankali suna jin cewa alamunsu suna shafar dangantakarsu da Allah. {{Sfn|Siev|Huppert|2016}} Kamar sauran nau'ikan OCD, rashin hankali yana da matuƙar bambanci kuma [[Yanayin bambance-bambance|yana da bambanci]], ma'ana bayyanar ta bambanta sosai daga mutum zuwa mutum kuma ana iya samo ta daga nau'ikan dalilai ko asali daban-daban. Misali, mutum ɗaya zai iya neman gumakan addini da kulawa don jin daɗi, wani kuma ya guji shi saboda tsoron haifar da sha'awar addini. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} === Abubuwan da suka shafe mu === [[Fayil:Al_abismo,_de_Fernando_Cabrera_Cantó_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg|alt=A painting of naked bodies writhing in agony in a small valley as fire and smoke black out the sky; on a rocky hilltop, a cross stands with blue skies with an angel looking away|thumb|Mutane da yawa masu son rai suna fuskantar sha'awar hukuncin wuta .]] Mutane masu hankali suna da "yanayin tunani na yau da kullun" wanda tsarin tunani na ɗabi'a ko addini mara kyau ya mamaye, kuma ana ƙara jin laifi da alhakin kai. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Waɗannan sha'awar addini wani lokacin ana kiransu ''scuples'' . {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Saboda tsoron yin zunubi ba tare da hankali ba, suna tsammanin halayensu na zunubi ne ko kuma cewa halayensu na zunubi ya fi wuce gona da iri. {{Sfn|Miller|Hedges|2008}} Ana yawan ruwaito [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin da ke shiga tsakani]] game da yin saɓo, lalata, da sauran ayyukan lalata a baya ko nan gaba, kamar yadda ake samun tunanin cewa an yi wani aiki na addini ba daidai ba ko kuma za a hukunta mutum ta hanyar Allah . Sauran jigogi na gama gari sun haɗa da cewa mutum yana aikata zunubi ba da gangan ba, jin cewa mutum zai iya rasa iko ya zama lalata, shakku game da imani, tsoron cewa ba za a karɓi bautar mutum ga Allah ba, da kuma tsoron zuwa jahannama . {{Sfn|Toprak|Özçelik|2024}} {{Sfn|Reuman|Blakey|Jacoby|Abramowitz|2017}} Marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna jin cewa sun tuba ba daidai ba ko kuma ba su da tabbas ko ana son tunaninsu na shiga tsakani ko a'a. {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} Suna nuna ƙarin ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da Allah, suna ɗaukar allahntakar a matsayin "mai azabtarwa, mai ban tsoro, mai kishi, mai ban tsoro, mai fushi, [kuma] mai ɗaukar fansa", wanda ke auna da tsananin rikici. Bayyanar sha'awa ya bambanta dangane da addini da mahallin al'adu. {{Sfn|Siev|Huppert|Zuckerman|2017}} {{Sfn|Stiede|Trent|McInnes|Storch|2025}} Sha'awa gabaɗaya tana faɗuwa cikin rukuni huɗu, waɗanda galibi ke haɗuwa: {{Sfn|Abramowitz|Jacoby|2014}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i4uxz78dttc0ddqab8sdym6fnzi0kp9 0 158053 858899 2026-06-16T12:50:15Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322887658|Safety behaviors (anxiety)]]" 858899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Halayen aminci''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''halayen neman aminci''' ) halayen jurewa ne da ake amfani da su don rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da [[tsoro]] lokacin da mai amfani ya ji barazana. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)">{{Cite journal |last=Salkovskis |first=Paul M. |author-link=Paul Salkovskis |date=January 1991 |title=The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0141347300011472/type/journal_article |journal=Behavioural Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |doi=10.1017/S0141347300011472 |issn=0141-3473 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Misalin halayen aminci a cikin [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa ta zamantakewa]] shine tunanin uzuri don gujewa yanayi mai yuwuwar rashin jin daɗi. Waɗannan halayen aminci, kodayake suna da amfani don rage damuwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, na iya zama marasa dacewa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar tsawaita damuwa da tsoron yanayi marasa barazana. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> Wannan matsalar galibi ana fuskantar ta a cikin [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]] . Magunguna kamar fallasa da rigakafin amsawa suna mai da hankali kan kawar da halayen aminci saboda mummunan rawar da halayen aminci ke takawa a cikin rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa. Akwai da'awar da aka jayayya cewa halayen aminci na iya zama da amfani a yi amfani da su a farkon matakan magani. == Tarihi == Manufar halayen aminci ta fara da alaƙa da wata matsala ta tunani a shekarar 1984 lokacin da aka gabatar da hasashen "hangen nesa na aminci" don bayyana yadda ake kiyaye tsoron agora a tsawon lokaci. [1] Hasashen "hangen nesa na aminci" ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke fama da tsoron agora suna aiki ta hanyoyin da suka yi imani za su ƙara ko kiyaye matakin aminci . [1] A shekarar 1991, an lura da amfani da halayen aminci a cikin mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin tsoro . [2] Daga baya, an lura da amfani da halayen aminci a cikin mutanen da ke fama da wasu cututtuka kamar tsoron zamantakewa, [3] matsalar damuwa mai tsanani, [4] da matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali . [5] == Ka'idoji game da tasirin == Halayen aminci suna ƙara tsoro da damuwa kai tsaye. :* Amfani da halayen aminci yana haɓaka sa ido kan alamun damuwa. Misali, mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikicen tsoro suna yawan lura da kansu don gano alamun damuwa kuma suna amsawa ga waɗannan alamun ta hanyar [[Tsayawa da kwarewa|gujewa halayen]] . Wannan bincike mai yawa na abubuwan da ke haifar da jin daɗi na jiki yana haifar da gano alamun da ba za su iya haifar da [[Harin tsoro|hare-haren tsoro ba]] amma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin alamun da ke haifar da tsoro. <ref name="Ehlers (1992)" /> :* Mutane masu tsoron zamantakewa suna nisantar kansu daga yanayin zamantakewa ta hanyar yin magana a hankali, rage motsin jiki, da kuma hana hulɗa da wasu mutane. Waɗannan halaye an yi su ne don rage damar samun suka daga wasu mutane. <ref name="Wells (1995)" /> <ref name="Kim (2005)" /> Madadin haka, halayen aminci suna haifar da ƙarin suka saboda ana ganin mutanen da ke da tsoron zamantakewa a matsayin waɗanda ba sa son mutane kuma ba sa maraba da su. <ref name="Wells (1995)" /> <ref name="Kim (2005)" /> Halayen aminci suna rage damuwa a cikin yanayi masu ban tsoro amma suna riƙe damuwa a cikin dogon lokaci. :* Idan mutum ya yi amfani da halayen aminci don rage damuwa da tsoro a cikin yanayi mai barazana, damuwa da tsoro na iya raguwa. Daga nan mai amfani zai yi imani cewa halayen aminci sun haifar da raguwar motsin rai kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da halayen aminci a cikin yanayi na gaba. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)">{{Cite journal |last=Salkovskis |first=Paul M. |author-link=Paul Salkovskis |date=January 1991 |title=The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0141347300011472/type/journal_article |journal=Behavioural Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |doi=10.1017/S0141347300011472 |issn=0141-3473 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalkovskis1991">[[Paul Salkovskis|Salkovskis, Paul M.]] (January 1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0141347300011472/type/journal_article "The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account"]</span>. ''Behavioural Psychotherapy''. '''19''' (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>19. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0141347300011472|10.1017/S0141347300011472]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-3473 0141-3473].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, raguwar damuwa da tsoro na iya faruwa ne saboda wasu dalilai kamar lokaci. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> :* Ragewar damuwa da tsoro na iya faruwa ne saboda yanayin da kansa. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> Yanayin da ke kama da barazana mai tsanani, kamar gabatar da jawabi, ba su da illa sosai. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> Ta hanyar guje wa lamarin ta hanyar amfani da halayen aminci, mai amfani ba zai iya fahimtar cewa lamarin ba shi da lahani ba, wanda ke ba da damar zagayowar damuwa da ɗabi'a ta ci gaba. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> == Rarrabawa == Za a iya raba halayen aminci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: halayen kariya na rigakafi da na dawo da lafiya. === Rigakafi === Ana kuma kiran waɗannan halaye da "halayen guje wa motsin rai". Waɗannan halaye an yi su ne don rage tsoro ko damuwa a cikin yanayi na gaba. Misalan sun haɗa da: == Manazarta == pd9gfdvt6a02zj0w3v4p74jxlsyjoup 858900 858899 2026-06-16T12:50:34Z Sardeeq 39275 858900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halayen aminci''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''halayen neman aminci''' ) halayen jurewa ne da ake amfani da su don rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da [[tsoro]] lokacin da mai amfani ya ji barazana. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)">{{Cite journal |last=Salkovskis |first=Paul M. |author-link=Paul Salkovskis |date=January 1991 |title=The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0141347300011472/type/journal_article |journal=Behavioural Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |doi=10.1017/S0141347300011472 |issn=0141-3473 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Misalin halayen aminci a cikin [[Damuwar jama'a|damuwa ta zamantakewa]] shine tunanin uzuri don gujewa yanayi mai yuwuwar rashin jin daɗi. Waɗannan halayen aminci, kodayake suna da amfani don rage damuwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, na iya zama marasa dacewa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar tsawaita damuwa da tsoron yanayi marasa barazana. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> Wannan matsalar galibi ana fuskantar ta a cikin [[Matsalar damuwa|rikice-rikicen damuwa]] . Magunguna kamar fallasa da rigakafin amsawa suna mai da hankali kan kawar da halayen aminci saboda mummunan rawar da halayen aminci ke takawa a cikin rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa. Akwai da'awar da aka jayayya cewa halayen aminci na iya zama da amfani a yi amfani da su a farkon matakan magani. == Tarihi == Manufar halayen aminci ta fara da alaƙa da wata matsala ta tunani a shekarar 1984 lokacin da aka gabatar da hasashen "hangen nesa na aminci" don bayyana yadda ake kiyaye tsoron agora a tsawon lokaci. [1] Hasashen "hangen nesa na aminci" ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke fama da tsoron agora suna aiki ta hanyoyin da suka yi imani za su ƙara ko kiyaye matakin aminci . [1] A shekarar 1991, an lura da amfani da halayen aminci a cikin mutanen da ke fama da matsalolin tsoro . [2] Daga baya, an lura da amfani da halayen aminci a cikin mutanen da ke fama da wasu cututtuka kamar tsoron zamantakewa, [3] matsalar damuwa mai tsanani, [4] da matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali . [5] == Ka'idoji game da tasirin == Halayen aminci suna ƙara tsoro da damuwa kai tsaye. :* Amfani da halayen aminci yana haɓaka sa ido kan alamun damuwa. Misali, mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikicen tsoro suna yawan lura da kansu don gano alamun damuwa kuma suna amsawa ga waɗannan alamun ta hanyar [[Tsayawa da kwarewa|gujewa halayen]] . Wannan bincike mai yawa na abubuwan da ke haifar da jin daɗi na jiki yana haifar da gano alamun da ba za su iya haifar da [[Harin tsoro|hare-haren tsoro ba]] amma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin alamun da ke haifar da tsoro. <ref name="Ehlers (1992)" /> :* Mutane masu tsoron zamantakewa suna nisantar kansu daga yanayin zamantakewa ta hanyar yin magana a hankali, rage motsin jiki, da kuma hana hulɗa da wasu mutane. Waɗannan halaye an yi su ne don rage damar samun suka daga wasu mutane. <ref name="Wells (1995)" /> <ref name="Kim (2005)" /> Madadin haka, halayen aminci suna haifar da ƙarin suka saboda ana ganin mutanen da ke da tsoron zamantakewa a matsayin waɗanda ba sa son mutane kuma ba sa maraba da su. <ref name="Wells (1995)" /> <ref name="Kim (2005)" /> Halayen aminci suna rage damuwa a cikin yanayi masu ban tsoro amma suna riƙe damuwa a cikin dogon lokaci. :* Idan mutum ya yi amfani da halayen aminci don rage damuwa da tsoro a cikin yanayi mai barazana, damuwa da tsoro na iya raguwa. Daga nan mai amfani zai yi imani cewa halayen aminci sun haifar da raguwar motsin rai kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da halayen aminci a cikin yanayi na gaba. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)">{{Cite journal |last=Salkovskis |first=Paul M. |author-link=Paul Salkovskis |date=January 1991 |title=The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0141347300011472/type/journal_article |journal=Behavioural Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=6–19 |doi=10.1017/S0141347300011472 |issn=0141-3473 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalkovskis1991">[[Paul Salkovskis|Salkovskis, Paul M.]] (January 1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0141347300011472/type/journal_article "The Importance of Behaviour in the Maintenance of Anxiety and Panic: A Cognitive Account"]</span>. ''Behavioural Psychotherapy''. '''19''' (1): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>19. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0141347300011472|10.1017/S0141347300011472]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-3473 0141-3473].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, raguwar damuwa da tsoro na iya faruwa ne saboda wasu dalilai kamar lokaci. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> :* Ragewar damuwa da tsoro na iya faruwa ne saboda yanayin da kansa. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> Yanayin da ke kama da barazana mai tsanani, kamar gabatar da jawabi, ba su da illa sosai. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> Ta hanyar guje wa lamarin ta hanyar amfani da halayen aminci, mai amfani ba zai iya fahimtar cewa lamarin ba shi da lahani ba, wanda ke ba da damar zagayowar damuwa da ɗabi'a ta ci gaba. <ref name="Salkovskis (1991)" /> == Rarrabawa == Za a iya raba halayen aminci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: halayen kariya na rigakafi da na dawo da lafiya. === Rigakafi === Ana kuma kiran waɗannan halaye da "halayen guje wa motsin rai". Waɗannan halaye an yi su ne don rage tsoro ko damuwa a cikin yanayi na gaba. Misalan sun haɗa da: == Manazarta == dnf0ynp2jwak1013rb3n9li7a07062e 0 158054 858902 2026-06-16T12:53:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351116353|Combat Stress Intervention Program]]" 858902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirin Yaƙi da Damuwa''' (CSIP) wani shiri ne na shekaru 3 wanda Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ke daukar nauyinsa don yin nazari kan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da tsoffin sojoji da suka dawo daga Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom suka fuskanta. <ref name="nrd">{{Cite web |title=Combat Stress Intervention Program |url=https://www.nrd.gov/viewResource?id=13865103 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927063116/https://www.nrd.gov/viewResource?id=13865103 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2013 |publisher=[[National Resource Directory]]}}</ref> Binciken dala miliyan 1.5, wanda ake gudanarwa a karkashin Shirin Binciken Magungunan Aiki na Sojoji, ya mayar da hankali kan Matsalar Damuwa ta Yaƙi, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|Matsalar Damuwa ta Bayan Tashin Hankali]], da sauran ƙalubalen canjin aiki bayan tura sojoji. <ref name="nrd" /> Binciken ya kuma mayar da hankali kan haɓaka albarkatu da mafita ga irin waɗannan tsoffin sojoji. <ref name="nrd" /> Malamai daga Kwalejin Washington &amp;amp; Jefferson ne ke gudanar da binciken. Michael Crabtree, Ph.D. yana aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike kuma Elizabeth Bennett Ph.D. tana aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike. <ref name="contact">{{Cite web |title=Contact Information |url=http://www.copingaftercombat.com/contact.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919033858/http://copingaftercombat.com/contact.php |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2013 |publisher=Combat Stress Intervention Program}}</ref> Abokan hulɗar bincike sun haɗa da ma'aikata daga Jami'ar Clemson, Conemaugh Health System, da [[Highlands Hospital (Connellsville, Pennsylvania)|Asibitin Highlands]] . <ref name="contact" /> John Dowling, wani laftanar kanar a Rundunar Sojojin, shine mai hulɗa da sojojin aikin. <ref name="contact" /> Ginin Kimiyyar Rayuwa na Dieter-Porter na Kwalejin Washington & Jefferson yana aiki a matsayin hedikwatar aikin. Aikin zai samar da dabarun amfani da masu samar da ayyukan al'umma da iyalan tsoffin sojoji don taimakawa, saboda tsoffin sojoji da yawa ba sa son amfani da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ta Amurka saboda tsoron a wulakanta su. Za a samar da dabarun horar da kwamandojin rundunar tsaron kasa, bisa ga ayyukan rundunar Isra'ila, a fannin tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="griffith" /> An fara aikin ne a shekarar 2008, inda matakin farko ya haɗa da wani bincike da ba a san ko wanene ba na membobin National Guard da Reserve 1,500 daga Kudu maso Yammacin Pennsylvania don tantance buƙatun tsoffin sojoji. Wayar da kan jama'a ga al'umma ya haɗa da halartar tarukan Ranar Tsoffin Sojoji a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Conemaugh da ke Johnstown, Pennsylvania . Sauran tarukan sun haɗa da karbar bakuncin Donald Meichenbaum, ƙwararre kan maganin matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali daga Jami'ar Waterloo . Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2010, CSIP ta yi bincike kan tsoffin sojoji sama da 750; yayin da kashi 43 cikin 100 suka yarda da matsalolin damuwa, motsin rai, barasa, miyagun ƙwayoyi ko na iyali, yayin da kashi 11.6% kawai na wannan rukunin suka nuna buɗewarsu ga samun taimako. [1] An haɗa wani babi kan "Kalubalen Musamman da Jami'an Tsaro da Ma'ajiyar Ƙasa ke Fuskanta" wanda Shirin Yaƙi da Damuwa ya shirya a cikin ''Takardar Shaidar Teburin Masana Ilimin Halayyar Sojoji'' na 2013. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Jeffrey E.}}</ref> == Manazarta == oty1ue7nlc87k3fr828bt5lw0xgmsvi 858903 858902 2026-06-16T12:53:52Z Sardeeq 39275 858903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirin Yaƙi da Damuwa''' (CSIP) wani shiri ne na shekaru 3 wanda Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ke daukar nauyinsa don yin nazari kan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da tsoffin sojoji da suka dawo daga Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom suka fuskanta. <ref name="nrd">{{Cite web |title=Combat Stress Intervention Program |url=https://www.nrd.gov/viewResource?id=13865103 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927063116/https://www.nrd.gov/viewResource?id=13865103 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2013 |publisher=[[National Resource Directory]]}}</ref> Binciken dala miliyan 1.5, wanda ake gudanarwa a karkashin Shirin Binciken Magungunan Aiki na Sojoji, ya mayar da hankali kan Matsalar Damuwa ta Yaƙi, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|Matsalar Damuwa ta Bayan Tashin Hankali]], da sauran ƙalubalen canjin aiki bayan tura sojoji. <ref name="nrd" /> Binciken ya kuma mayar da hankali kan haɓaka albarkatu da mafita ga irin waɗannan tsoffin sojoji. <ref name="nrd" /> Malamai daga Kwalejin Washington &amp;amp; Jefferson ne ke gudanar da binciken. Michael Crabtree, Ph.D. yana aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike kuma Elizabeth Bennett Ph.D. tana aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike. <ref name="contact">{{Cite web |title=Contact Information |url=http://www.copingaftercombat.com/contact.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919033858/http://copingaftercombat.com/contact.php |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2013 |publisher=Combat Stress Intervention Program}}</ref> Abokan hulɗar bincike sun haɗa da ma'aikata daga Jami'ar Clemson, Conemaugh Health System, da [[Highlands Hospital (Connellsville, Pennsylvania)|Asibitin Highlands]] . <ref name="contact" /> John Dowling, wani laftanar kanar a Rundunar Sojojin, shine mai hulɗa da sojojin aikin. <ref name="contact" /> Ginin Kimiyyar Rayuwa na Dieter-Porter na Kwalejin Washington & Jefferson yana aiki a matsayin hedikwatar aikin. Aikin zai samar da dabarun amfani da masu samar da ayyukan al'umma da iyalan tsoffin sojoji don taimakawa, saboda tsoffin sojoji da yawa ba sa son amfani da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ta Amurka saboda tsoron a wulakanta su. Za a samar da dabarun horar da kwamandojin rundunar tsaron kasa, bisa ga ayyukan rundunar Isra'ila, a fannin tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="griffith" /> An fara aikin ne a shekarar 2008, inda matakin farko ya haɗa da wani bincike da ba a san ko wanene ba na membobin National Guard da Reserve 1,500 daga Kudu maso Yammacin Pennsylvania don tantance buƙatun tsoffin sojoji. Wayar da kan jama'a ga al'umma ya haɗa da halartar tarukan Ranar Tsoffin Sojoji a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Conemaugh da ke Johnstown, Pennsylvania . Sauran tarukan sun haɗa da karbar bakuncin Donald Meichenbaum, ƙwararre kan maganin matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali daga Jami'ar Waterloo . Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2010, CSIP ta yi bincike kan tsoffin sojoji sama da 750; yayin da kashi 43 cikin 100 suka yarda da matsalolin damuwa, motsin rai, barasa, miyagun ƙwayoyi ko na iyali, yayin da kashi 11.6% kawai na wannan rukunin suka nuna buɗewarsu ga samun taimako. [1] An haɗa wani babi kan "Kalubalen Musamman da Jami'an Tsaro da Ma'ajiyar Ƙasa ke Fuskanta" wanda Shirin Yaƙi da Damuwa ya shirya a cikin ''Takardar Shaidar Teburin Masana Ilimin Halayyar Sojoji'' na 2013. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Jeffrey E.}}</ref> == Manazarta == tp4cijzc3nd9fyh70hjsb5ctfuxuh9f 0 158055 858907 2026-06-16T13:12:15Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351957505|Naturalistic disease theories]]" 858907 wikitext text/x-wiki A fannin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|ilmin halittar ɗan adam]] na likitanci, '''ka'idojin cututtukan halitta''' su ne waɗannan ka'idoji, waɗanda ke cikin al'ada, waɗanda ke bayyana cututtuka da cututtuka a cikin kalmomin da ba na mutum ba. George Foster ya bayyana ka'idar cututtukan halitta a matsayin bin "tsarin daidaito" wanda lafiya ke haifarwa daga daidaiton lafiya mai kyau wanda ya dace da shekaru, yanayin mutum, da muhallinsa. Rashin daidaito a cikin waɗannan tsarin yana haifar da rashin lafiya ta hanyar hanyoyin da ba na mutum ba da tsarin. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}</ref> Misali ɗaya na ka'idar cututtukan halitta shine ka'idar da aka bayyana a cikin maganin yamma ko maganin halittu, wanda ke haɗa cuta da rashin lafiya da dalilai na kimiyya. Wannan ya bar duk wani alhakin mutum na cutar daga lissafi, kuma ana danganta cututtukan ga ƙwayoyin cuta kamar [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ko ƙwayoyin cuta, haɗari, ko [[Dafi|abubuwa masu guba]] . Wasu al'adu sun ƙirƙiro ka'idojin cututtukan halitta daban-daban. Misali ɗaya na musamman yana cikin al'adun Latin, waɗanda ke sanya rarrabuwar "zafi" ko "sanyi" akan abubuwa kamar abinci, abin sha, da yanayin muhalli. Sun yi imanin cewa haɗuwar abubuwa masu zafi da sanyi zai haifar da rashin daidaito wanda ke haifar da cututtuka. Saboda haka, ana sa ran mutum ba zai sha ruwan sanyi ba bayan ya yi wanka mai zafi. Sauran misalan ka'idar cututtukan halitta sun haɗa da maganin halittu da kuma rayuwa. Cututtukan da ba a ɗauka a matsayin sanadin su ba sun faɗi ƙarƙashin rukunin ka'idar cututtukan halitta. Wannan ka'idar tana ɗaukar rashin lafiya a matsayin sakamakon wani abu kai tsaye kamar ƙarfin allahntaka, sihiri, ko mugun ido . == Mahalli == === Ilimin halittar ɗan adam na likitanci === Masana ilmin halittar dan adam na likitanci sun bayyana ka'idojin cututtuka na halitta da na mutumtaka ta hanyar masana ilmin halittar dan adam na likitanci wadanda ke nazarin tsarin lafiya da warkarwa a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu a duk fadin duniya a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata da na zamani. Ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci yana nazarin lafiya, rashin lafiya, da warkarwa ta amfani da ka'idojin ilmin halittar dan adam da hanyoyin da za a kara koyo game da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga yaduwar lafiya da rashin lafiya, yadda mutane ke fuskanta, hanawa, da kuma magance rashin lafiya, hanyoyin warkar da su da kuma dangantakar zamantakewa, mahimmancin al'adu, da kuma amfani da tsarin likitanci. Yawancin sassan ilmin halittar dan adam suna nazarin dan adam da dangantakarsa, don haka ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci yana yin nazari sosai kan yadda lafiyar mutane, al'ummomi, da muhalli ke shafar dangantaka, al'adun zamantakewa, siyasa, da kuma hada kan duniya. Duk da haka, ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci dole ne ya yi nazarin tasirin lafiyar halittu, saboda al'adu da ilmin halittar dan adam suna shafar lafiya da walwala a hade. Wannan ya haifar da masana ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci suna tattaunawa kan lafiya dangane da rashin lafiya da cututtuka, inda rashin lafiya shine kwarewa da fahimtar rashin lafiya wanda abubuwan zamantakewa suka fi tasiri, kuma cuta shine bayyanar asibiti na wannan cutar a matsayin aikin jiki da aka canza. Masana ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci sun kirkiro nau'ikan ka'idoji na halitta da na mutumtaka na lafiya, rashin lafiya, da cuta bisa ga wadannan hanyoyin nazarin tsarin lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ana buƙata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Nau'ikan ka'idojin cututtukan halitta == === Maganin Halittu === Maganin halittu sau da yawa yana nufin tsarin likitanci na gargajiya na Yamma wanda ke tabbatar da cewa rashin lafiya sakamakon karkacewa ne daga ƙa'idodin halittu da ake gani. <ref name="Mallee 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Mallee |first=Hein |date=2017 |title=The evolution of health as an ecological concept |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |volume=25 |pages=28–32 |bibcode=2017COES...25...28M |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009}}</ref> Tsarin ilimin halittu ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin halitta game da jiki; a cikin wannan hanyar, ana tsammanin cututtuka suna tasowa ne daga wani takamaiman wakili kuma wanda za a iya gane shi. Kamar yadda ake yi a Amurka, maganin halittu yana bayyana lafiya a matsayin rashin cuta, musamman ban da tasirin da zamantakewa da/ko lafiyar ruhaniya ke da shi akan lafiya. Don haka, yayin da mutanen da ke bin maganin halittu na iya samun taimako daga halittu masu rai, misali ta hanyar addu'a, ba a gane abin da aka haifar da shi a matsayin abin da ke haifar da cuta ba, don haka yana bambanta kasancewar allahntaka daga alaƙarta da ka'idar cututtukan mutum. <ref name="Foster 1976" /> Wani muhimmin zato da za a yi la'akari da shi shi ne cewa maganin halittu yana ɗaukar rashin lafiya, ka'idojin likitanci, kimiyya, da aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su a matsayin halaltacciyar al'ada da kuma na duniya baki ɗaya, kuma yana ɗaukar cewa jikin jiki iri ɗaya ne a duniya baki ɗaya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Ana buƙatar<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bugu da ƙari, an ga maganin halittu a matsayin maganin al'adu, yayin da aka ga samfuran likitanci a wasu wurare suna da alaƙa da al'adu kuma ba su da alaƙa da kimiyya; ta haka suna ba da izinin wasu samfuran likitanci da kuma la'akari da ƙwarewar rashin lafiya a matsayin wanda ba shi da tasiri ga mahallin gida. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin farko na maganin halittu shine Ka'idar Cututtuka ta Kwayar cuta . A cewar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa suna faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa a cikin jiki. A da, ana tsammanin cutar ta samo asali ne daga miasma, ko mummunan iska, kuma yayin da aka gano ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ba a san su da haifar da cututtuka ba. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta taimaka wajen canza tunanin likita da fasahar ayyukan tiyata. A zahiri, ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta kawo sauyi ga rayuwar mutane don bin ƙa'idodin tsafta na zamani. Ya yi tasiri ga yadda mutane ke tsaftace gidajensu, yadda mutane ke samar da abinci da shirya abincinsu, da kuma yadda mutane ke mu'amala da juna. Bugu da ƙari, ganin cewa ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba da damar sanya sunayen takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta, samfurin ilimin halittu ya fara kallon cututtuka a matsayin rukuni na duniya tare da takamaiman dalilai. <ref name="Mallee 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Mallee |first=Hein |date=2017 |title=The evolution of health as an ecological concept |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |volume=25 |pages=28–32 |bibcode=2017COES...25...28M |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMallee2017">Mallee, Hein (2017). "The evolution of health as an ecological concept". ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability''. '''25''': <span class="nowrap">28–</span>32. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017COES...25...28M 2017COES...25...28M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009|10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009]].</cite></ref> A zahiri, kulawar likita ta mayar da hankali kan takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtuka maimakon mai da hankali kan mutum da muhallin zamantakewa da na halitta. Kafin bayyanar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, sau da yawa ana ƙirƙirar ayyukan tsafta ne bisa ga ra'ayoyin addini na tsarkin al'ada. Ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta haifar da sabbin halaye na al'ada waɗanda ke neman hana mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda tun daga lokacin suka zama daidaitacce, aiki, na duniya, na hankali, da na kimiyya. Maganin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta yawanci ya ƙunshi mutum ya je wurin ƙwararre wanda ke da ra'ayin dalilin tushen rashin lafiya da neman magani wanda zai dawo da lafiya da daidaiton halittu. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoster1976">Foster, George M. (1976). "Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems". ''American Anthropologist''. '''78''' (4): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>782. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030|10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/675143 675143].</cite></ref> === Vitalism === Vitalism ya dogara ne akan imani cewa ƙarfin halitta a cikin jiki yana bayyana lafiyar mutum. Idan waɗannan ƙarfin suna da jituwa, to jiki yana da lafiya, amma idan sun lalace, suna haifar da rashin lafiya da cututtuka har sai an dawo da kwararar su ta al'ada. Wasu misalan waɗannan ƙarfin vitalism sune barkwanci guda 5, Qi da prana, Ayurveda, da yin da yang . Barkwanci wata hanya ce ta likitanci da ta dogara da daidaiton abubuwa guda huɗu: jini, ƙashi, rawayar bile, da baƙin bile, da kuma salon rayuwa da muhalli. Daidaiton waɗannan abubuwan jiki, waɗanda suka dace da abubuwan jiki na ƙasa, iska, wuta, da ruwa, na iya bambanta dangane da yanayi, abinci, motsa jiki, da sauran abubuwan waje. Kamar sauran ka'idoji masu mahimmanci, rashin daidaito yana haifar da cututtuka. Maganin barkwanci ya ƙunshi dawo da daidaito, don haka lafiya, ta hanyar cire abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri. Duk da cewa an karyata barkwanci tun daga lokacin a matsayin ka'idar magani, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a matsayin hanyar likita ta farko don la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka na halitta, maimakon na allahntaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lagay |first=Faith |date=July 1, 2002 |title=The Legacy of Humoral Medicine |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=4 |issue=7 |doi=10.1001/virtualmentor.2002.4.7.mhst1-0207 |pmid=23268770}}</ref> [[Fayil:Humorism.svg|thumb|Abubuwa 4 na Barkwanci yayin da suke da alaƙa da abubuwan zahiri da halayensu]] Sauran tsarin magunguna suna danganta kuzari da makamashi, kamar Qi a China da Prana a Indiya, kuma suna ɗaukar jikin ɗan adam a matsayin ƙaramin ɓangare na sararin samaniya mai girma wanda ke da alaƙa ta hanyar kuzari da ruhi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">buƙatar</span></nowiki>''</sup> magani na gargajiya na ƙasar Sin yana amfani da qigong, ko kuma aikin kula da Qi (ko Chi, duka suna furta Chee) a matsayin makamashin rayuwa mai mahimmanci wanda ke tallafawa lafiya ta hanyar haɗin jiki, numfashi, da tunani. Rashin lafiya yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sami katsewar Qi ga gabobin jiki da tsarin jiki, ko dai sakamakon yawan Qi ko rashin Qi, yayin da lafiya ke faruwa lokacin da Qi ya daidaita kuma ya isa. Akwai nau'ikan Qi guda biyu: Qi mara sabuntawa, wanda kuma ake kira prenatal ko na asali, da Qi mai sabuntawa wanda za'a iya samu ta hanyar abinci, iska, yanayi, tunani, da sauransu. Qi yana yawo a cikin jiki ta hanyar meridians yana samar da wuraren acupuncture waɗanda za'a iya ƙarfafa su don yin tasiri ga aikin gabobin har ma da epigenetics. An gano cewa ƙarfafa waɗannan wuraren suna da mahimmanci a asibiti wajen inganta [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], rashin lafiyan jiki, tashin zuciya, zafi, damuwa da damuwa, da aikin koda da hanta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Penelope |last2=Picard |first2=George |last3=Baumgarden |first3=Joseph |last4=Schneider |first4=Roger |date=2017 |title=Meditative Movement, Energetic, and Physical Analyses of Three Qigong Exercises: Unification of Eastern and Western Mechanistic Exercise Theory |journal=Medicines |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=69 |doi=10.3390/medicines4040069 |pmc=5750593 |pmid=28946612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, pranayama al'ada ce ta Indiya ta cimma da kuma haɓaka prana . A Indiya, makamashin rayuwa mai mahimmanci wanda ke tallafawa warkarwa lokacin da aka daidaita kuma yana haifar da cututtuka lokacin da ba a daidaita ba ana kiransa prana. Kamar Qi, yana amfani da jiki da tunani don samar da makamashi mai mahimmanci ga gabobin ta hanyar hanyoyin da ake kira chakras, kamar meridians a cikin qigong. An yi amfani da ra'ayin makamashi mai mahimmanci kamar Qi da prana a cikin magungunan Koriya, Japan, Girka-Musulunci da Tibet. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin likitanci ana iya yaɗa su ta hanyar al'adu ta hanyar wakilan jihohi, masu sayar da ganyen magani, mahajjata na ruhaniya, ko masu warkarwa na ciki waɗanda ke tafiya tsakanin al'ummomi. Ayurveda wani tsohon tsarin likitanci ne na Indiya wanda ke danganta rashin lafiya da rashin daidaito ko damuwa a cikin sani. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin halitta da cikakke na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali wanda haɗin kai na duniya, prakriti, ko tsarin jiki, da doshas, ko ƙarfin rayuwa, sune manyan fannoni. Yana amfani da samfuran daga tsire-tsire, ma'adanai, da dabbobi da sauransu, da kuma abinci, motsa jiki, da salon rayuwa don sake samun daidaito tsakanin hankali, jiki, ruhu, da muhalli. Maganin Ayurvedic yana ƙoƙarin kawar da ƙazanta, rage alamun, ƙara juriya ga cututtuka da damuwa, da inganta jituwa a rayuwa ta hanyar tsarin tsarkakewa, abinci, motsa jiki, tunani, da sauran ayyukan gabaɗaya. Duk da haka, an yi gwaje-gwaje kaɗan na asibiti don gwada ingancin Ayurveda a ƙasashen yamma kuma saboda tasirinsa ba a tabbatar da shi a Amurka ba, ana sayar da magungunan Ayurvedic da yawa azaman kari maimakon magunguna. == Abubuwan al'adu == === Hasashen === Dalilin rashin lafiya, da kuma ka'idojin da suka dace na maganin halitta da na mutum, suna da alaƙa da warkarwa, ganewar asali, rigakafin cututtuka da ake amfani da su a cikin mahallin zamantakewa da al'adu mai faɗi. A cikin shekarun da aka fara amfani da ilimin ɗan adam na likitanci, an sami ƙaramin tattaunawa tsakanin masana ilimin ɗan adam waɗanda ke nazarin maganin da ba na Yammacin duniya ba, wanda ya haifar da sanya wa ayyukan da ba na biomedical da yawa suna a matsayin na farko. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoster1976">Foster, George M. (1976). "Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems". ''American Anthropologist''. '''78''' (4): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>782. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030|10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/675143 675143].</cite></ref> Akasin haka, tsarin ka'idar cututtuka na halitta yana da alaƙa da ayyuka da bayanai da aka shahara a cikin tsoffin wayewar gargajiya, kamar Girka (barkwanci), Roma (barkwanci & ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta), Indiya (Ayurveda da prana), da China (Qi). Ra'ayoyin zamani, musamman a tunanin Yamma suna bayyana maganin halitta a matsayin na zamani yayin da vitalism ya zama kamar ragowar abubuwan da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benton |first=E. |date=1974 |title=Vitalism in nineteenth-century scientific thought: A typology and reassessment |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=17–48 |bibcode=1974SHPSA...5...17B |doi=10.1016/0039-3681(74)90017-x |pmid=11609221}}</ref> Tsarin horo da haɓakawa na yanzu na duk maganin halitta yana nuna matsayin duniya a cikin zamani. === Cuta da rashin lafiya === Ko dai an duba ta hanyar tabarau na halitta ko na mutum, ana ɗaukar cutar a matsayin wata alama ta cututtuka, ta zahiri, ko ta halitta ta "rashin daidaituwa" yayin da cututtukan da ake gani galibi suna da alaƙa da al'ada. Rashin lafiya fahimta ce ta mutum ko abubuwan da suka shafi cuta kuma galibi suna bambanta dangane da fahimtar mutum game da rashin lafiya a cikin mahallin biomedical, mai mahimmanci, ko na ruhaniya. Kodayake cuta na iya zama abin da aka fuskanta a duk duniya, [[Culture-bound syndrome|cututtukan da suka shafi al'ada]] suna fassara bayyanar rashin lafiya a cikin mahallin yanayin zamantakewa da tunani. Abin lura, ana kallon [[cutar Dhat]] a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a matsayin bayyanar jiki ta damuwa bayan rashin ƙarfin jima'i. Bayyanar jiki ana fuskantar ta a duk duniya a matsayin rashin ƙarfi a duk faɗin duniya, amma ana ɗaukar cutar Dhat a matsayin al'ada sakamakon rashin daidaito a cikin ruwa mai mahimmanci da aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin ka'idar barkwanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Sathya |last2=Sharan |first2=Pratap |last3=Sood |first3=Mamta |date=2016 |title=A study on phenomenology of Dhat syndrome in men in a general medical setting |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=129–141 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.183776 |pmc=4919955 |pmid=27385844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa ma'anar ta dogara ne akan dalilin halitta kuma ba ta da ƙimar ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a ta zahiri, ka'idodin halitta na cututtuka suna ɗauke da ma'anar al'adu. Misali, abin da al'ada ko ƙasa za ta iya rarrabawa a matsayin cuta da ta samo asali daga rashin daidaito na ciki za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin hali na al'ada a cikin wata al'ada daban. Bugu da ƙari, ko da a cikin wata al'ada da aka bayar, lokaci yana taka rawa wajen bayyana cututtuka da ƙarfin yanayi da rashin daidaito ke haifarwa. Misali, kwanan nan a ƙarni na 20 , ƙungiyar likitocin tabin hankali ta Amurka da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] sun ɗauki luwaɗi a matsayin cuta da ta samo asali daga ilimin halitta bisa ga zamantakewa maimakon yanayin cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Russell |last2=Scarffe |first2=Eric |date=2019 |title='Rethinking "Disease": A fresh diagnosis and a new philosophical treatment' |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=579–588 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2019-105465 |pmid=31266819}}</ref> === Aikace-aikace na zamani === A duk duniya, makarantun likitanci 1,900 a ƙasashe 166 suna horar da ƙwararrun likitocin likitanci da kuma ƙarin cibiyoyin horar da Osteopathic da ake samu a ƙasashen duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulet |first=John |last2=Bede |first2=Carole |last3=McKinley |first3=Danette |last4=Norcini |first4=John |date=2007 |title=An overview of the world's medical schools |journal=Medical Teacher |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=20–26 |doi=10.1080/01421590601131823 |pmid=17538826}}</ref> Waɗannan shirye-shiryen horar da likitocin allopathic gabaɗaya an tsara su bisa tsari tare da manyan cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Duk da cewa a wasu lokutan ba su da cibiyoyin horarwa da aka amince da su a hukumance, maganin halitta yana da babban iko a al'adu a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya. A Najeriya kaɗai, kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasa suna samun ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ne kawai ta hanyar irin waɗannan masu warkarwa na gargajiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oyebola |first=D.D.O. |date=1980 |title=The method of training traditional healers and midwives among the yoruba of Nigeria |journal=Social Science & Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology |volume=14 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1016/s0271-7123(80)90696-3}}</ref> ma'ana waɗannan masu aikin suna da alaƙa mai zurfi da al'adu da lafiyar al'ummomin yankin. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatocin Afirka da su amince da ayyukan maganin gargajiya a cikin al'adun gida. Ana ɗaukar masu ba da sabis na likitanci na gargajiya a matsayin masu babban iko wajen ba wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya damar cimma [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|burinta na ci gaba mai ɗorewa]] . Ta hanyar ba da matsayi da iko a hukumance ga waɗannan ayyukan halitta, waɗanda ba na likitanci ba, WHO ta yi niyyar ƙara samun dama ga masu samar da lafiya a cikin gida da kuma kuɗaɗen shiga. Ayyukan halitta marasa ilimin halitta sun kuma ƙaru a tsakanin masu arziki a faɗin duniya. Masu kuɗi na Yammacin duniya, waɗanda wasu suka gaji da maganin likitanci, an san su da neman madadin magani kamar Qi a China. Wannan "gwaji" tare da ka'idojin magani na halitta daban-daban ya zama abin dogaro a wasu irin waɗannan da'irori don zama wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin gida. Muhimmancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ayyukan likitanci na halitta sun tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin da'irori na duniya a waje da fannoni na "gargajiya". Ana ganin wannan tare da har zuwa 70% na 'yan Kanada suna ba da rahoton cewa sun yi amfani da magunguna "madadin" a wajen rarraba magungunan likitanci. == Iyakokin kalmomi da kuma rarrabawa daban == Tsarin kalmomin biyu na sanadin cututtuka - na halitta ko na mutum - yana da iyaka a cikin zato cewa kowace al'ada tana ɗaure kanta ga wata ka'ida ta musamman. Duk da haka, al'adu da yawa suna yarda da asarar mutum da kuma asarar halitta, musamman a lokutan rikicewar motsin rai da cututtuka. Wani misali da waɗannan layukan suka nuna a cikin rikicewar motsin rai na Latin Amurka da aka sani da susto, ko "tsoro". A wannan yanayin, idan za a iya gano tsoro zuwa ga wani abu da ya yi niyya ga cutarwa, ana iya rarraba shi ta hanyar sanadin mutum. Koyaya, idan tsoro ya samo asali ne daga faruwar kwatsam wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ta halitta, misali zamewa a kan dutse kusa da ruwa da tsoron nutsewa, ya fi dacewa da sanadin halitta. Wani ƙarin bambanci a cikin kalmomin biyu shine cewa yayin da ka'idodin halitta za su iya magance rashin lafiya kawai, ana iya amfani da ka'idodin mutum ga rashin sa'o'i tare da dalilai masu yawa, ba kawai na halitta ba. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoster1976">Foster, George M. (1976). "Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems". ''American Anthropologist''. '''78''' (4): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>782. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030|10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/675143 675143].</cite></ref> Linda Garro a cikin nazarinta kan ilimin halittar ɗan adam da ka'idojin rashin lafiya ta gano cewa tsarin kwatantawa na waɗannan ka'idojin ba su da tushe kuma suna da ma'ana, amma suna da amfani wajen magance rashin tabbas a cikin rashin lafiya a cikin mahallin al'adu daban-daban. Yayin da ilimin halittar ɗan adam na likitanci ya zama abin sha'awa, ra'ayoyi daban-daban na rashin lafiya sun haɗu kuma sun haifar da haɓaka rarrabuwar ka'idoji na halitta da na mutum. Masanin ilimin halittar ɗan adam George Murdock a cikin 1980 ya gabatar da nau'ikan ka'idar cuta guda biyu: sanadin halitta shine cuta da "kimiyyar likitanci ta zamani" ta bayyana, da kuma sanadin allahntaka, waɗanda suka ƙunshi tushen cututtuka na asiri, sihiri, da na animistic. Wani sanannen rarrabuwa na cutar da aka rarraba a lokacin a matsayin ciki, yana nufin dogaro da bayanan ilimin halittar jiki, kamar yadda aka misalta ta hanyar maganin halittu, idan aka kwatanta da fitar da waje, yana nufin rashin lafiya da aka danganta da lalacewar dangantaka ta waje. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garro |first=Linda C. |date=2000 |title=Cultural Meaning, Explanations of Illness, and the Development of Comparative Frameworks |journal=Ethnology |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.2307/3774049 |jstor=3774049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0z11jyf228dj88l0o5fc7kpuxarlsbp 858908 858907 2026-06-16T13:12:47Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 858908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A fannin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|ilmin halittar ɗan adam]] na likitanci, '''ka'idojin cututtukan halitta''' su ne waɗannan ka'idoji, waɗanda ke cikin al'ada, waɗanda ke bayyana cututtuka da cututtuka a cikin kalmomin da ba na mutum ba. George Foster ya bayyana ka'idar cututtukan halitta a matsayin bin "tsarin daidaito" wanda lafiya ke haifarwa daga daidaiton lafiya mai kyau wanda ya dace da shekaru, yanayin mutum, da muhallinsa. Rashin daidaito a cikin waɗannan tsarin yana haifar da rashin lafiya ta hanyar hanyoyin da ba na mutum ba da tsarin. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}</ref> Misali ɗaya na ka'idar cututtukan halitta shine ka'idar da aka bayyana a cikin maganin yamma ko maganin halittu, wanda ke haɗa cuta da rashin lafiya da dalilai na kimiyya. Wannan ya bar duk wani alhakin mutum na cutar daga lissafi, kuma ana danganta cututtukan ga ƙwayoyin cuta kamar [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ko ƙwayoyin cuta, haɗari, ko [[Dafi|abubuwa masu guba]] . Wasu al'adu sun ƙirƙiro ka'idojin cututtukan halitta daban-daban. Misali ɗaya na musamman yana cikin al'adun Latin, waɗanda ke sanya rarrabuwar "zafi" ko "sanyi" akan abubuwa kamar abinci, abin sha, da yanayin muhalli. Sun yi imanin cewa haɗuwar abubuwa masu zafi da sanyi zai haifar da rashin daidaito wanda ke haifar da cututtuka. Saboda haka, ana sa ran mutum ba zai sha ruwan sanyi ba bayan ya yi wanka mai zafi. Sauran misalan ka'idar cututtukan halitta sun haɗa da maganin halittu da kuma rayuwa. Cututtukan da ba a ɗauka a matsayin sanadin su ba sun faɗi ƙarƙashin rukunin ka'idar cututtukan halitta. Wannan ka'idar tana ɗaukar rashin lafiya a matsayin sakamakon wani abu kai tsaye kamar ƙarfin allahntaka, sihiri, ko mugun ido . == Mahalli == === Ilimin halittar ɗan adam na likitanci === Masana ilmin halittar dan adam na likitanci sun bayyana ka'idojin cututtuka na halitta da na mutumtaka ta hanyar masana ilmin halittar dan adam na likitanci wadanda ke nazarin tsarin lafiya da warkarwa a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu a duk fadin duniya a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata da na zamani. Ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci yana nazarin lafiya, rashin lafiya, da warkarwa ta amfani da ka'idojin ilmin halittar dan adam da hanyoyin da za a kara koyo game da abubuwan da ke tasiri ga yaduwar lafiya da rashin lafiya, yadda mutane ke fuskanta, hanawa, da kuma magance rashin lafiya, hanyoyin warkar da su da kuma dangantakar zamantakewa, mahimmancin al'adu, da kuma amfani da tsarin likitanci. Yawancin sassan ilmin halittar dan adam suna nazarin dan adam da dangantakarsa, don haka ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci yana yin nazari sosai kan yadda lafiyar mutane, al'ummomi, da muhalli ke shafar dangantaka, al'adun zamantakewa, siyasa, da kuma hada kan duniya. Duk da haka, ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci dole ne ya yi nazarin tasirin lafiyar halittu, saboda al'adu da ilmin halittar dan adam suna shafar lafiya da walwala a hade. Wannan ya haifar da masana ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci suna tattaunawa kan lafiya dangane da rashin lafiya da cututtuka, inda rashin lafiya shine kwarewa da fahimtar rashin lafiya wanda abubuwan zamantakewa suka fi tasiri, kuma cuta shine bayyanar asibiti na wannan cutar a matsayin aikin jiki da aka canza. Masana ilimin halittar dan adam na likitanci sun kirkiro nau'ikan ka'idoji na halitta da na mutumtaka na lafiya, rashin lafiya, da cuta bisa ga wadannan hanyoyin nazarin tsarin lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ana buƙata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Nau'ikan ka'idojin cututtukan halitta == === Maganin Halittu === Maganin halittu sau da yawa yana nufin tsarin likitanci na gargajiya na Yamma wanda ke tabbatar da cewa rashin lafiya sakamakon karkacewa ne daga ƙa'idodin halittu da ake gani. <ref name="Mallee 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Mallee |first=Hein |date=2017 |title=The evolution of health as an ecological concept |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |volume=25 |pages=28–32 |bibcode=2017COES...25...28M |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009}}</ref> Tsarin ilimin halittu ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin halitta game da jiki; a cikin wannan hanyar, ana tsammanin cututtuka suna tasowa ne daga wani takamaiman wakili kuma wanda za a iya gane shi. Kamar yadda ake yi a Amurka, maganin halittu yana bayyana lafiya a matsayin rashin cuta, musamman ban da tasirin da zamantakewa da/ko lafiyar ruhaniya ke da shi akan lafiya. Don haka, yayin da mutanen da ke bin maganin halittu na iya samun taimako daga halittu masu rai, misali ta hanyar addu'a, ba a gane abin da aka haifar da shi a matsayin abin da ke haifar da cuta ba, don haka yana bambanta kasancewar allahntaka daga alaƙarta da ka'idar cututtukan mutum. <ref name="Foster 1976" /> Wani muhimmin zato da za a yi la'akari da shi shi ne cewa maganin halittu yana ɗaukar rashin lafiya, ka'idojin likitanci, kimiyya, da aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su a matsayin halaltacciyar al'ada da kuma na duniya baki ɗaya, kuma yana ɗaukar cewa jikin jiki iri ɗaya ne a duniya baki ɗaya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Ana buƙatar<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bugu da ƙari, an ga maganin halittu a matsayin maganin al'adu, yayin da aka ga samfuran likitanci a wasu wurare suna da alaƙa da al'adu kuma ba su da alaƙa da kimiyya; ta haka suna ba da izinin wasu samfuran likitanci da kuma la'akari da ƙwarewar rashin lafiya a matsayin wanda ba shi da tasiri ga mahallin gida. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin farko na maganin halittu shine Ka'idar Cututtuka ta Kwayar cuta . A cewar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa suna faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa a cikin jiki. A da, ana tsammanin cutar ta samo asali ne daga miasma, ko mummunan iska, kuma yayin da aka gano ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ba a san su da haifar da cututtuka ba. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta taimaka wajen canza tunanin likita da fasahar ayyukan tiyata. A zahiri, ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta kawo sauyi ga rayuwar mutane don bin ƙa'idodin tsafta na zamani. Ya yi tasiri ga yadda mutane ke tsaftace gidajensu, yadda mutane ke samar da abinci da shirya abincinsu, da kuma yadda mutane ke mu'amala da juna. Bugu da ƙari, ganin cewa ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta ba da damar sanya sunayen takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta, samfurin ilimin halittu ya fara kallon cututtuka a matsayin rukuni na duniya tare da takamaiman dalilai. <ref name="Mallee 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Mallee |first=Hein |date=2017 |title=The evolution of health as an ecological concept |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |volume=25 |pages=28–32 |bibcode=2017COES...25...28M |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMallee2017">Mallee, Hein (2017). "The evolution of health as an ecological concept". ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability''. '''25''': <span class="nowrap">28–</span>32. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017COES...25...28M 2017COES...25...28M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009|10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.009]].</cite></ref> A zahiri, kulawar likita ta mayar da hankali kan takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtuka maimakon mai da hankali kan mutum da muhallin zamantakewa da na halitta. Kafin bayyanar ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, sau da yawa ana ƙirƙirar ayyukan tsafta ne bisa ga ra'ayoyin addini na tsarkin al'ada. Ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta ta haifar da sabbin halaye na al'ada waɗanda ke neman hana mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda tun daga lokacin suka zama daidaitacce, aiki, na duniya, na hankali, da na kimiyya. Maganin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta yawanci ya ƙunshi mutum ya je wurin ƙwararre wanda ke da ra'ayin dalilin tushen rashin lafiya da neman magani wanda zai dawo da lafiya da daidaiton halittu. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoster1976">Foster, George M. (1976). "Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems". ''American Anthropologist''. '''78''' (4): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>782. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030|10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/675143 675143].</cite></ref> === Vitalism === Vitalism ya dogara ne akan imani cewa ƙarfin halitta a cikin jiki yana bayyana lafiyar mutum. Idan waɗannan ƙarfin suna da jituwa, to jiki yana da lafiya, amma idan sun lalace, suna haifar da rashin lafiya da cututtuka har sai an dawo da kwararar su ta al'ada. Wasu misalan waɗannan ƙarfin vitalism sune barkwanci guda 5, Qi da prana, Ayurveda, da yin da yang . Barkwanci wata hanya ce ta likitanci da ta dogara da daidaiton abubuwa guda huɗu: jini, ƙashi, rawayar bile, da baƙin bile, da kuma salon rayuwa da muhalli. Daidaiton waɗannan abubuwan jiki, waɗanda suka dace da abubuwan jiki na ƙasa, iska, wuta, da ruwa, na iya bambanta dangane da yanayi, abinci, motsa jiki, da sauran abubuwan waje. Kamar sauran ka'idoji masu mahimmanci, rashin daidaito yana haifar da cututtuka. Maganin barkwanci ya ƙunshi dawo da daidaito, don haka lafiya, ta hanyar cire abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri. Duk da cewa an karyata barkwanci tun daga lokacin a matsayin ka'idar magani, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a matsayin hanyar likita ta farko don la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka na halitta, maimakon na allahntaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lagay |first=Faith |date=July 1, 2002 |title=The Legacy of Humoral Medicine |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=4 |issue=7 |doi=10.1001/virtualmentor.2002.4.7.mhst1-0207 |pmid=23268770}}</ref> [[Fayil:Humorism.svg|thumb|Abubuwa 4 na Barkwanci yayin da suke da alaƙa da abubuwan zahiri da halayensu]] Sauran tsarin magunguna suna danganta kuzari da makamashi, kamar Qi a China da Prana a Indiya, kuma suna ɗaukar jikin ɗan adam a matsayin ƙaramin ɓangare na sararin samaniya mai girma wanda ke da alaƙa ta hanyar kuzari da ruhi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">buƙatar</span></nowiki>''</sup> magani na gargajiya na ƙasar Sin yana amfani da qigong, ko kuma aikin kula da Qi (ko Chi, duka suna furta Chee) a matsayin makamashin rayuwa mai mahimmanci wanda ke tallafawa lafiya ta hanyar haɗin jiki, numfashi, da tunani. Rashin lafiya yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sami katsewar Qi ga gabobin jiki da tsarin jiki, ko dai sakamakon yawan Qi ko rashin Qi, yayin da lafiya ke faruwa lokacin da Qi ya daidaita kuma ya isa. Akwai nau'ikan Qi guda biyu: Qi mara sabuntawa, wanda kuma ake kira prenatal ko na asali, da Qi mai sabuntawa wanda za'a iya samu ta hanyar abinci, iska, yanayi, tunani, da sauransu. Qi yana yawo a cikin jiki ta hanyar meridians yana samar da wuraren acupuncture waɗanda za'a iya ƙarfafa su don yin tasiri ga aikin gabobin har ma da epigenetics. An gano cewa ƙarfafa waɗannan wuraren suna da mahimmanci a asibiti wajen inganta [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], rashin lafiyan jiki, tashin zuciya, zafi, damuwa da damuwa, da aikin koda da hanta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Penelope |last2=Picard |first2=George |last3=Baumgarden |first3=Joseph |last4=Schneider |first4=Roger |date=2017 |title=Meditative Movement, Energetic, and Physical Analyses of Three Qigong Exercises: Unification of Eastern and Western Mechanistic Exercise Theory |journal=Medicines |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=69 |doi=10.3390/medicines4040069 |pmc=5750593 |pmid=28946612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, pranayama al'ada ce ta Indiya ta cimma da kuma haɓaka prana . A Indiya, makamashin rayuwa mai mahimmanci wanda ke tallafawa warkarwa lokacin da aka daidaita kuma yana haifar da cututtuka lokacin da ba a daidaita ba ana kiransa prana. Kamar Qi, yana amfani da jiki da tunani don samar da makamashi mai mahimmanci ga gabobin ta hanyar hanyoyin da ake kira chakras, kamar meridians a cikin qigong. An yi amfani da ra'ayin makamashi mai mahimmanci kamar Qi da prana a cikin magungunan Koriya, Japan, Girka-Musulunci da Tibet. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin likitanci ana iya yaɗa su ta hanyar al'adu ta hanyar wakilan jihohi, masu sayar da ganyen magani, mahajjata na ruhaniya, ko masu warkarwa na ciki waɗanda ke tafiya tsakanin al'ummomi. Ayurveda wani tsohon tsarin likitanci ne na Indiya wanda ke danganta rashin lafiya da rashin daidaito ko damuwa a cikin sani. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin halitta da cikakke na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali wanda haɗin kai na duniya, prakriti, ko tsarin jiki, da doshas, ko ƙarfin rayuwa, sune manyan fannoni. Yana amfani da samfuran daga tsire-tsire, ma'adanai, da dabbobi da sauransu, da kuma abinci, motsa jiki, da salon rayuwa don sake samun daidaito tsakanin hankali, jiki, ruhu, da muhalli. Maganin Ayurvedic yana ƙoƙarin kawar da ƙazanta, rage alamun, ƙara juriya ga cututtuka da damuwa, da inganta jituwa a rayuwa ta hanyar tsarin tsarkakewa, abinci, motsa jiki, tunani, da sauran ayyukan gabaɗaya. Duk da haka, an yi gwaje-gwaje kaɗan na asibiti don gwada ingancin Ayurveda a ƙasashen yamma kuma saboda tasirinsa ba a tabbatar da shi a Amurka ba, ana sayar da magungunan Ayurvedic da yawa azaman kari maimakon magunguna. == Abubuwan al'adu == === Hasashen === Dalilin rashin lafiya, da kuma ka'idojin da suka dace na maganin halitta da na mutum, suna da alaƙa da warkarwa, ganewar asali, rigakafin cututtuka da ake amfani da su a cikin mahallin zamantakewa da al'adu mai faɗi. A cikin shekarun da aka fara amfani da ilimin ɗan adam na likitanci, an sami ƙaramin tattaunawa tsakanin masana ilimin ɗan adam waɗanda ke nazarin maganin da ba na Yammacin duniya ba, wanda ya haifar da sanya wa ayyukan da ba na biomedical da yawa suna a matsayin na farko. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoster1976">Foster, George M. (1976). "Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems". ''American Anthropologist''. '''78''' (4): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>782. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030|10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/675143 675143].</cite></ref> Akasin haka, tsarin ka'idar cututtuka na halitta yana da alaƙa da ayyuka da bayanai da aka shahara a cikin tsoffin wayewar gargajiya, kamar Girka (barkwanci), Roma (barkwanci & ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta), Indiya (Ayurveda da prana), da China (Qi). Ra'ayoyin zamani, musamman a tunanin Yamma suna bayyana maganin halitta a matsayin na zamani yayin da vitalism ya zama kamar ragowar abubuwan da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benton |first=E. |date=1974 |title=Vitalism in nineteenth-century scientific thought: A typology and reassessment |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=17–48 |bibcode=1974SHPSA...5...17B |doi=10.1016/0039-3681(74)90017-x |pmid=11609221}}</ref> Tsarin horo da haɓakawa na yanzu na duk maganin halitta yana nuna matsayin duniya a cikin zamani. === Cuta da rashin lafiya === Ko dai an duba ta hanyar tabarau na halitta ko na mutum, ana ɗaukar cutar a matsayin wata alama ta cututtuka, ta zahiri, ko ta halitta ta "rashin daidaituwa" yayin da cututtukan da ake gani galibi suna da alaƙa da al'ada. Rashin lafiya fahimta ce ta mutum ko abubuwan da suka shafi cuta kuma galibi suna bambanta dangane da fahimtar mutum game da rashin lafiya a cikin mahallin biomedical, mai mahimmanci, ko na ruhaniya. Kodayake cuta na iya zama abin da aka fuskanta a duk duniya, [[Culture-bound syndrome|cututtukan da suka shafi al'ada]] suna fassara bayyanar rashin lafiya a cikin mahallin yanayin zamantakewa da tunani. Abin lura, ana kallon [[cutar Dhat]] a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a matsayin bayyanar jiki ta damuwa bayan rashin ƙarfin jima'i. Bayyanar jiki ana fuskantar ta a duk duniya a matsayin rashin ƙarfi a duk faɗin duniya, amma ana ɗaukar cutar Dhat a matsayin al'ada sakamakon rashin daidaito a cikin ruwa mai mahimmanci da aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin ka'idar barkwanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Sathya |last2=Sharan |first2=Pratap |last3=Sood |first3=Mamta |date=2016 |title=A study on phenomenology of Dhat syndrome in men in a general medical setting |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=129–141 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.183776 |pmc=4919955 |pmid=27385844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa ma'anar ta dogara ne akan dalilin halitta kuma ba ta da ƙimar ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a ta zahiri, ka'idodin halitta na cututtuka suna ɗauke da ma'anar al'adu. Misali, abin da al'ada ko ƙasa za ta iya rarrabawa a matsayin cuta da ta samo asali daga rashin daidaito na ciki za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin hali na al'ada a cikin wata al'ada daban. Bugu da ƙari, ko da a cikin wata al'ada da aka bayar, lokaci yana taka rawa wajen bayyana cututtuka da ƙarfin yanayi da rashin daidaito ke haifarwa. Misali, kwanan nan a ƙarni na 20 , ƙungiyar likitocin tabin hankali ta Amurka da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] sun ɗauki luwaɗi a matsayin cuta da ta samo asali daga ilimin halitta bisa ga zamantakewa maimakon yanayin cututtuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Russell |last2=Scarffe |first2=Eric |date=2019 |title='Rethinking "Disease": A fresh diagnosis and a new philosophical treatment' |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=579–588 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2019-105465 |pmid=31266819}}</ref> === Aikace-aikace na zamani === A duk duniya, makarantun likitanci 1,900 a ƙasashe 166 suna horar da ƙwararrun likitocin likitanci da kuma ƙarin cibiyoyin horar da Osteopathic da ake samu a ƙasashen duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulet |first=John |last2=Bede |first2=Carole |last3=McKinley |first3=Danette |last4=Norcini |first4=John |date=2007 |title=An overview of the world's medical schools |journal=Medical Teacher |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=20–26 |doi=10.1080/01421590601131823 |pmid=17538826}}</ref> Waɗannan shirye-shiryen horar da likitocin allopathic gabaɗaya an tsara su bisa tsari tare da manyan cibiyoyin kula da lafiya. Duk da cewa a wasu lokutan ba su da cibiyoyin horarwa da aka amince da su a hukumance, maganin halitta yana da babban iko a al'adu a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya. A Najeriya kaɗai, kashi 80% na 'yan ƙasa suna samun ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ne kawai ta hanyar irin waɗannan masu warkarwa na gargajiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oyebola |first=D.D.O. |date=1980 |title=The method of training traditional healers and midwives among the yoruba of Nigeria |journal=Social Science & Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology |volume=14 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1016/s0271-7123(80)90696-3}}</ref> ma'ana waɗannan masu aikin suna da alaƙa mai zurfi da al'adu da lafiyar al'ummomin yankin. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatocin Afirka da su amince da ayyukan maganin gargajiya a cikin al'adun gida. Ana ɗaukar masu ba da sabis na likitanci na gargajiya a matsayin masu babban iko wajen ba wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya damar cimma [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|burinta na ci gaba mai ɗorewa]] . Ta hanyar ba da matsayi da iko a hukumance ga waɗannan ayyukan halitta, waɗanda ba na likitanci ba, WHO ta yi niyyar ƙara samun dama ga masu samar da lafiya a cikin gida da kuma kuɗaɗen shiga. Ayyukan halitta marasa ilimin halitta sun kuma ƙaru a tsakanin masu arziki a faɗin duniya. Masu kuɗi na Yammacin duniya, waɗanda wasu suka gaji da maganin likitanci, an san su da neman madadin magani kamar Qi a China. Wannan "gwaji" tare da ka'idojin magani na halitta daban-daban ya zama abin dogaro a wasu irin waɗannan da'irori don zama wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin gida. Muhimmancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ayyukan likitanci na halitta sun tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin da'irori na duniya a waje da fannoni na "gargajiya". Ana ganin wannan tare da har zuwa 70% na 'yan Kanada suna ba da rahoton cewa sun yi amfani da magunguna "madadin" a wajen rarraba magungunan likitanci. == Iyakokin kalmomi da kuma rarrabawa daban == Tsarin kalmomin biyu na sanadin cututtuka - na halitta ko na mutum - yana da iyaka a cikin zato cewa kowace al'ada tana ɗaure kanta ga wata ka'ida ta musamman. Duk da haka, al'adu da yawa suna yarda da asarar mutum da kuma asarar halitta, musamman a lokutan rikicewar motsin rai da cututtuka. Wani misali da waɗannan layukan suka nuna a cikin rikicewar motsin rai na Latin Amurka da aka sani da susto, ko "tsoro". A wannan yanayin, idan za a iya gano tsoro zuwa ga wani abu da ya yi niyya ga cutarwa, ana iya rarraba shi ta hanyar sanadin mutum. Koyaya, idan tsoro ya samo asali ne daga faruwar kwatsam wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ta halitta, misali zamewa a kan dutse kusa da ruwa da tsoron nutsewa, ya fi dacewa da sanadin halitta. Wani ƙarin bambanci a cikin kalmomin biyu shine cewa yayin da ka'idodin halitta za su iya magance rashin lafiya kawai, ana iya amfani da ka'idodin mutum ga rashin sa'o'i tare da dalilai masu yawa, ba kawai na halitta ba. <ref name="Foster 1976">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=George M. |date=1976 |title=Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=773–782 |doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030 |jstor=675143}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoster1976">Foster, George M. (1976). "Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems". ''American Anthropologist''. '''78''' (4): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>782. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030|10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00030]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/675143 675143].</cite></ref> Linda Garro a cikin nazarinta kan ilimin halittar ɗan adam da ka'idojin rashin lafiya ta gano cewa tsarin kwatantawa na waɗannan ka'idojin ba su da tushe kuma suna da ma'ana, amma suna da amfani wajen magance rashin tabbas a cikin rashin lafiya a cikin mahallin al'adu daban-daban. Yayin da ilimin halittar ɗan adam na likitanci ya zama abin sha'awa, ra'ayoyi daban-daban na rashin lafiya sun haɗu kuma sun haifar da haɓaka rarrabuwar ka'idoji na halitta da na mutum. Masanin ilimin halittar ɗan adam George Murdock a cikin 1980 ya gabatar da nau'ikan ka'idar cuta guda biyu: sanadin halitta shine cuta da "kimiyyar likitanci ta zamani" ta bayyana, da kuma sanadin allahntaka, waɗanda suka ƙunshi tushen cututtuka na asiri, sihiri, da na animistic. Wani sanannen rarrabuwa na cutar da aka rarraba a lokacin a matsayin ciki, yana nufin dogaro da bayanan ilimin halittar jiki, kamar yadda aka misalta ta hanyar maganin halittu, idan aka kwatanta da fitar da waje, yana nufin rashin lafiya da aka danganta da lalacewar dangantaka ta waje. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garro |first=Linda C. |date=2000 |title=Cultural Meaning, Explanations of Illness, and the Development of Comparative Frameworks |journal=Ethnology |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=305–334 |doi=10.2307/3774049 |jstor=3774049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0pcfshvn4npfimkc8sho833zdcngzd2 0 158056 858918 2026-06-16T13:39:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255396728|Rwegura Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Rwegura''' ( French {{Convert|18|MW}} ) tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a lardin Cibitoke na Burundi. == Ci gaba == An ba da kuɗin aikin madatsar ruwan Rwegura da tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar rancen [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] . An amince da aikin a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1982, tare da shirin kammala shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1988. Ya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 18 kuma ya samar da jimillar wutar lantarki ta GWH 64. {{Sfn|Burundi - Rwegura Hydro-Electric Project AFDB}} Madatsar ruwan Rwegura ta kama [[Kogin Kitenge]] {{Efn|Some sources give the river's name as Gitenge rather than Kitenge.{{sfn|Kuriyo|2020}}}}, wanda ke kwarara daga Lardin Kayanza . {{Sfn|Poindexter|2016}} Tafkin yana da tsayin sama da {{Convert|2000|m}} . {{Sfn|Ndayiragije|1991}} == Ayyuka == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwegura ta fara aiki a shekarar 1986. {{Sfn|Kuriyo|2020}} Tashar tana samar da wutar lantarki ga yankin da ke kewaye, birnin Bujumbura, Ngozi da Kayanza a arewacin ƙasar da kuma gonakin shayi masu tsayi a Rwegura da Tora. {{Sfn|Ndayiragije|1991}} Tashar wutar lantarki ta ''Regie de Production et de Distribution d'Eau et d'Electricite'' ( [[REGIDESO Burundi|REGIDESO]] ) ce ke gudanar da ita. Tana da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 18, tare da janareto uku masu karfin MW 6, ita ce mafi girma a ƙasar a shekarar 2016 kuma ta samar da rabin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 32 na Burundi. {{Sfn|Poindexter|2016}} A watan Satumba na 2011, an ruwaito cewa matakin ruwan da ke cikin ma'ajiyar ya yi ƙasa da matakin da aka saba. Yawanci ma'ajiyar ya kamata ta samar da KWh 150 a kowace rana, amma tana aiki sama da KWh 200 a kowace rana don biyan buƙata. {{Sfn|Électricité : dans le noir}} Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2016 ma'ajiyar ta faɗi da {{Convert|3|m}} a cikin shekarar zuwa yanzu, amma ana sa ran zai ƙaru a watan Satumba ko Oktoba lokacin da damina ta fara. {{Sfn|Poindexter|2016}} Tsakanin 2016 da 2018, masana'antar ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 8 zuwa 12 MW kawai saboda tsoffin kayan aiki da zaizayar ƙasa da ke shafar ƙarfin madatsar ruwa. {{Sfn|Kuriyo|2018}} A watan Janairun 2017, babban daraktan REGIDESO ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa matakin ruwan ya ragu da {{Convert|8|m}} saboda rashin ruwan sama, kuma masana'antar tana samar da wutar lantarki ta MW 4 kawai. Ya kamata masu amfani da wutar lantarki su kasance cikin shiri don dogon lokacin zubar da kaya. {{Sfn|Buzuguri|2017}} == Manazarta == pr0lyzulooq4ocqhjeluurfiunuyj2u 858919 858918 2026-06-16T13:40:00Z Engineer014 44591 858919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Rwegura''' ( French {{Convert|18|MW}} ) tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a lardin Cibitoke na Burundi. == Ci gaba == An ba da kuɗin aikin madatsar ruwan Rwegura da tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar rancen [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] . An amince da aikin a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1982, tare da shirin kammala shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1988. Ya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 18 kuma ya samar da jimillar wutar lantarki ta GWH 64. {{Sfn|Burundi - Rwegura Hydro-Electric Project AFDB}} Madatsar ruwan Rwegura ta kama [[Kogin Kitenge]] {{Efn|Some sources give the river's name as Gitenge rather than Kitenge.{{sfn|Kuriyo|2020}}}}, wanda ke kwarara daga Lardin Kayanza . {{Sfn|Poindexter|2016}} Tafkin yana da tsayin sama da {{Convert|2000|m}} . {{Sfn|Ndayiragije|1991}} == Ayyuka == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Rwegura ta fara aiki a shekarar 1986. {{Sfn|Kuriyo|2020}} Tashar tana samar da wutar lantarki ga yankin da ke kewaye, birnin Bujumbura, Ngozi da Kayanza a arewacin ƙasar da kuma gonakin shayi masu tsayi a Rwegura da Tora. {{Sfn|Ndayiragije|1991}} Tashar wutar lantarki ta ''Regie de Production et de Distribution d'Eau et d'Electricite'' ( [[REGIDESO Burundi|REGIDESO]] ) ce ke gudanar da ita. Tana da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 18, tare da janareto uku masu karfin MW 6, ita ce mafi girma a ƙasar a shekarar 2016 kuma ta samar da rabin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 32 na Burundi. {{Sfn|Poindexter|2016}} A watan Satumba na 2011, an ruwaito cewa matakin ruwan da ke cikin ma'ajiyar ya yi ƙasa da matakin da aka saba. Yawanci ma'ajiyar ya kamata ta samar da KWh 150 a kowace rana, amma tana aiki sama da KWh 200 a kowace rana don biyan buƙata. {{Sfn|Électricité : dans le noir}} Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2016 ma'ajiyar ta faɗi da {{Convert|3|m}} a cikin shekarar zuwa yanzu, amma ana sa ran zai ƙaru a watan Satumba ko Oktoba lokacin da damina ta fara. {{Sfn|Poindexter|2016}} Tsakanin 2016 da 2018, masana'antar ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 8 zuwa 12 MW kawai saboda tsoffin kayan aiki da zaizayar ƙasa da ke shafar ƙarfin madatsar ruwa. {{Sfn|Kuriyo|2018}} A watan Janairun 2017, babban daraktan REGIDESO ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa matakin ruwan ya ragu da {{Convert|8|m}} saboda rashin ruwan sama, kuma masana'antar tana samar da wutar lantarki ta MW 4 kawai. Ya kamata masu amfani da wutar lantarki su kasance cikin shiri don dogon lokacin zubar da kaya. {{Sfn|Buzuguri|2017}} == Manazarta == dnef236owml856rzn5y50j17qvtksyn 0 158057 858921 2026-06-16T13:41:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339221979|Mavuzi Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858921 wikitext text/x-wiki Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta '''Mavuzi Hydroelectric Power Station''' tana aiki {{Convert|41|MW}} aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . An fara kafa tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1957, <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Rajan Gupta |date=21 February 2015 |title=Profile of Mavuzi Hydroelectric Power Plant Mozambique |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/40386 |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref> an yi gyare-gyare da gyaranta a shekarar 2017, inda aka daidaita karfin samar da wutar lantarki, daga megawatts 52 zuwa megawatts 41, tare da tsawaita tsawon rayuwarta da wasu shekaru talatin. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Club of Mozambique |date=28 February 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Club of Mozambique}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyukan ''Maria'' da ''Costina'', a Lardin Manica, a gefen ''Kogin Revue'', a ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chicamba . Wannan wurin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|132|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Manica, inda babban birnin lardin yake. Costina tana da nisan {{Convert|64|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu da birnin Chimoio, birni mafi girma a Lardin Manica. Mavuzi HPP na yankin sune: 19°31'34.0"S, 33°29'35.0"E (Latitude:-19.526111, Longitude:33.493056). == Bayani == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mavuzi (megawatts 41), tare da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chicamba da ke kusa (megawatts 44), dukkansu suna cikin Lardin Manica, an yi niyya ne don samar da wutar lantarki ga lardunan Manica da Sofala maƙwabta, tare da ƙarin wutar lantarki da aka samu daga [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|Madatsar Ruwa ta Cahora Bassa]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Club of Mozambique |date=28 February 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Club of Mozambique}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClub_of_Mozambique2017">Club of Mozambique (28 February 2017). [https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ "Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete"]. Maputo: Club of Mozambique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Saboda shekarunsu; An ƙaddamar da Mavuzi HPP a shekarar 1957, kuma an kafa Chicamba HPP a shekarar 1968, ba a samun kayan maye gurbin da yawa a kasuwa kuma gyara ya zama ƙalubale a ƙarni na 21. Tsawon shekaru 3.5, tun daga shekarar 2013 har zuwa Fabrairu 2017, duka tashoshin sun yi gyare-gyare da haɓakawa, inda ɗan kwangilar kera sabbin kayan aiki don maye gurbin abin da ba za a iya saya a kasuwa ba. <ref name="2R" /> == Gyara da haɓakawa == An bai wa wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi Rainpower, wani kamfanin samar da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki [[Norway|na ƙasar Norway]] da kuma Cegelec, wani kamfanin injiniya [[Faransa|na Faransa]] kwangilar gyaran. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da ''Hydrokarst'', wani kamfanin Faransa da ke hulɗa da masu duba da shigarwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Hyydrokarst |date=November 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba hydroelectric power plants rehabilitation |url=https://www.hydrokarst.fr/wp-.hydrokarst.content/uploads/2017/11/FicheDeChantierMozambique_UK.pdf |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Hydrokarst}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> == Kudin gini == An ambaci kudirin gyara a shekarar 2017 ga duka Mavuzi HPP da Chicamba HPP a matsayin dala miliyan 120 (€ miliyan 90 a wancan lokacin). <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Club of Mozambique |date=28 February 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Club of Mozambique}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClub_of_Mozambique2017">Club of Mozambique (28 February 2017). [https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ "Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete"]. Maputo: Club of Mozambique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> An kwatanta hanyoyin samun kuɗi a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa: <ref name="2R" /> == Manazarta == fjsnt67c63psvval2g1xfwtkp7za948 858922 858921 2026-06-16T13:41:49Z Engineer014 44591 858922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta '''Mavuzi Hydroelectric Power Station''' tana aiki {{Convert|41|MW}} aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . An fara kafa tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1957, <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Rajan Gupta |date=21 February 2015 |title=Profile of Mavuzi Hydroelectric Power Plant Mozambique |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/40386 |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Global Energy Observatory}}</ref> an yi gyare-gyare da gyaranta a shekarar 2017, inda aka daidaita karfin samar da wutar lantarki, daga megawatts 52 zuwa megawatts 41, tare da tsawaita tsawon rayuwarta da wasu shekaru talatin. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Club of Mozambique |date=28 February 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Club of Mozambique}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyukan ''Maria'' da ''Costina'', a Lardin Manica, a gefen ''Kogin Revue'', a ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chicamba . Wannan wurin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|132|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Manica, inda babban birnin lardin yake. Costina tana da nisan {{Convert|64|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu da birnin Chimoio, birni mafi girma a Lardin Manica. Mavuzi HPP na yankin sune: 19°31'34.0"S, 33°29'35.0"E (Latitude:-19.526111, Longitude:33.493056). == Bayani == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mavuzi (megawatts 41), tare da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chicamba da ke kusa (megawatts 44), dukkansu suna cikin Lardin Manica, an yi niyya ne don samar da wutar lantarki ga lardunan Manica da Sofala maƙwabta, tare da ƙarin wutar lantarki da aka samu daga [[Dam din Cahora Bassa|Madatsar Ruwa ta Cahora Bassa]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Club of Mozambique |date=28 February 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Club of Mozambique}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClub_of_Mozambique2017">Club of Mozambique (28 February 2017). [https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ "Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete"]. Maputo: Club of Mozambique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Saboda shekarunsu; An ƙaddamar da Mavuzi HPP a shekarar 1957, kuma an kafa Chicamba HPP a shekarar 1968, ba a samun kayan maye gurbin da yawa a kasuwa kuma gyara ya zama ƙalubale a ƙarni na 21. Tsawon shekaru 3.5, tun daga shekarar 2013 har zuwa Fabrairu 2017, duka tashoshin sun yi gyare-gyare da haɓakawa, inda ɗan kwangilar kera sabbin kayan aiki don maye gurbin abin da ba za a iya saya a kasuwa ba. <ref name="2R" /> == Gyara da haɓakawa == An bai wa wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi Rainpower, wani kamfanin samar da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki [[Norway|na ƙasar Norway]] da kuma Cegelec, wani kamfanin injiniya [[Faransa|na Faransa]] kwangilar gyaran. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da ''Hydrokarst'', wani kamfanin Faransa da ke hulɗa da masu duba da shigarwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Hyydrokarst |date=November 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba hydroelectric power plants rehabilitation |url=https://www.hydrokarst.fr/wp-.hydrokarst.content/uploads/2017/11/FicheDeChantierMozambique_UK.pdf |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Hydrokarst}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> == Kudin gini == An ambaci kudirin gyara a shekarar 2017 ga duka Mavuzi HPP da Chicamba HPP a matsayin dala miliyan 120 (€ miliyan 90 a wancan lokacin). <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Club of Mozambique |date=28 February 2017 |title=Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=Club of Mozambique}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClub_of_Mozambique2017">Club of Mozambique (28 February 2017). [https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mavuzi-chicamba-power-stations-manica-us120-million-rehabilitation-complete/ "Mavuzi and Chicamba power stations in Manica: US$120 million rehabilitation complete"]. Maputo: Club of Mozambique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> An kwatanta hanyoyin samun kuɗi a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa: <ref name="2R" /> == Manazarta == gjmcrydzsgybpxg6jopdrz1s3gl1edo 0 158058 858925 2026-06-16T13:44:14Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298011911|Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858925 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin samar da '''wutar lantarki ta ruwa na Mpatamanga Hydro Power Project''' wani aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai karfin MW 350 ne da ake ci gaba da ginawa a Mpatamanga da ke kan kogin Shire, a Malawi. Aikin zai kunshi Babban Tashar Wutar Lantarki da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Madatsar Ruwa ta Daidaito. An kafa Mpatamanga Hydro Power Limited (MHPL), wata mota ta musamman, don manufar aikin wanda zai sayar da kashi 100 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa na Malawi, ESCOM, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a karkashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 30 (PPA). Aikin zai taimaka wa Gwamnatin Malawi wajen biyan bukatun wutar lantarki da ake da su a lokacin kololuwa da kuma lokacin da ba a cika ba, wanda hakan zai zama babban tushen samar da wutar lantarki. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=7 September 2022 |title=Malawi: EDF And Scatec Sign PPP For Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-edf-and-scatec-sign-ppp-for-mpatamanga-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Mpatamanga ba wai kawai zai ninka karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a Malawi ba, har ma zai inganta tsaron samar da wutar lantarki, ya samar da damammaki ga karuwar karfin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a kasar, sannan kuma zai bayar da gudummawa wajen sarrafa kwararar ruwan kogin Shire da ke karkashin tashar samar da wutar lantarki. Mpatamanga zai samar da wutar lantarki ga kimanin mutane miliyan biyu, sannan kuma zai adana tan 520,000 na hayakin _CO2 a kowace shekara. Ana sa ran aikin zai taimaka wajen rage karancin makamashi da kuma inganta tsaron makamashi a Malawi. <ref name="IfcR">{{Cite web |last=Devon Maylie |date=6 September 2022 |title=The Government of Malawi, IFC, Scatec JV and EDF Sign a Binding Agreement to Develop the Mpatamanga Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.ifc.org/en/pressroom/2022/the-government-of-malawi-ifc-scatec-jv-and-edf-sign-a-binding-agreement-to-develop-the-mpatamanga-hydropower-plant |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[International Finance Corporation]]}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a Mpatamanga, a kan [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Blantyre, a yankin Kudancin Malawi. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|53|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da birnin Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. Daidaito na ƙauyen Mpatamanga sune: 15°43'11.0"S, 34°43'35.0"E (Latitude:-15.719722; Longitude:34.726389). == Bayani == Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 350 za ta kasance irinta ta farko a Malawi kuma cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki za ta kunshi tasoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu. Babban madatsar ruwan zai samar da wutar lantarki mai sassauci har zuwa karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 309 da aka sanya. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarkin a lokacin da wutar lantarki ta kai kololuwa har zuwa awanni tara a rana don biyan bukatun da ake bukata. Madatsar ruwan mai kula da wutar lantarki, 7&nbsp;Ana sa ran kilomita da ke ƙasa, za ta dawo da kwararar kogin zuwa matakinsa na halitta, wanda hakan zai rage tasirin Muhalli da zamantakewa (E&S). Za a gina ƙarin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na MW 52 (gudun kogin) a madatsar ruwa mai kula da ruwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara a 1,470 GWh[FO1], wanda daga ciki ana sa ran za a samar da kashi 70 cikin ɗari a lokacin da ake yawan samun wutar lantarki, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kashi 49 cikin ɗari. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Maurice Nkwawihe |date=5 April 2017 |title=Egenco in Multi-Billion Electricity Projects |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/egenco-multibillion-electricity-projects-tedzani-iv-solar-power/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Nyasa Times]]}}</ref> Babban madatsar ruwa ya ƙunshi {{Convert|50|m|0}} madatsar ruwa mai ƙarfi (RCC) da kuma hanyar magudanar ruwa da aka haɗa don ƙirƙirar {{Convert|19|km2|0}} ma'ajiyar ajiya mai ƙarfin ajiya na {{Convert|261000000|m3|0}} , wanda daga ciki {{Convert|59000000|m3|0}} za a samu kowace rana. Wani ɓangare na ƙirar akwai ramin juyawa ɗaya, {{Convert|920|m|0}} dogayen ramukan tsere masu hawa da kuma ramukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma wani babban ƙarfin lantarki mai injinan Francis guda huɗu a tsaye. Madatsar ruwan da ke kula da shi ta ƙunshi {{Convert|35|m|0}} madatsar siminti mai tsayi da kuma hanyar magudanar ruwa, wanda ke ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwa mai tsari tare da {{Convert|8200000|m3|0}} wurin ajiya mai aiki da kuma ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki da aka haɗa a cikin madatsar ruwa tare da injinan kwan fitila guda biyu masu kwance. Haɗin ya ƙunshi: (a) gina layin watsawa mai ƙarfin 400 kV mai tsawon {{Convert|64|km|0}} (b) madaurin layin watsawa mai karfin 132 kV mai tsawon {{Convert|11.4|km|0}} zuwa wurin canza layin wutar lantarki mai karfin 132 kV zuwa Tedzani/Kapichira. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tsarin lokaci == Ana ci gaba da nazarin fasaha a halin yanzu don sanar da ƙirar injiniya ta ƙarshe ta Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mpatamanga. Waɗannan su ne: Nazarin Hydrology; Nazarin sauyin yanayi; Binciken ƙasa/bathymetry/gano haske da kuma bincike mai zurfi (LIDAR); Nazarin ƙasa; da nazarin ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ana shirin gudanar da gina hanyoyin shiga daga kwata na huɗu na 2025. An kiyasta jadawalin gini na shekaru huɗu don Aikin, wanda zai fara daga 2026. Ya kamata a gudanar da aikin tashoshin wutar lantarki a kwata na huɗu na 2030. A watan Agusta na 2024, an zaɓi kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyi da dama don yin gasa don kwangilolin EPC a cikin rukunan (a) ayyukan farar hula (b) ayyukan lantarki da (c) layukan watsawa da tashoshin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wannan bayanin. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Carrieann Stocks |date=15 August 2024 |title=MHPL announces shortlisted companies for Mpatamanga Hydropower Project, Malawi |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/mhpl-announces-shortlisted-companies-for-mpatamanga-hydropower-project-malawi/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Water Power Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == sn08soqh6m0ye8qk457chhq5bkef5oq 858926 858925 2026-06-16T13:47:01Z Engineer014 44591 858926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Aikin samar da '''wutar lantarki ta ruwa na Mpatamanga Hydro Power Project''' wani aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai karfin MW 350 ne da ake ci gaba da ginawa a Mpatamanga da ke kan kogin Shire, a Malawi. Aikin zai kunshi Babban Tashar Wutar Lantarki da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Madatsar Ruwa ta Daidaito. An kafa Mpatamanga Hydro Power Limited (MHPL), wata mota ta musamman, don manufar aikin wanda zai sayar da kashi 100 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki ga kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa na Malawi, ESCOM, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a karkashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki ta shekaru 30 (PPA). Aikin zai taimaka wa Gwamnatin Malawi wajen biyan bukatun wutar lantarki da ake da su a lokacin kololuwa da kuma lokacin da ba a cika ba, wanda hakan zai zama babban tushen samar da wutar lantarki. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=7 September 2022 |title=Malawi: EDF And Scatec Sign PPP For Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-edf-and-scatec-sign-ppp-for-mpatamanga-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Mpatamanga ba wai kawai zai ninka karfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya a Malawi ba, har ma zai inganta tsaron samar da wutar lantarki, ya samar da damammaki ga karuwar karfin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a kasar, sannan kuma zai bayar da gudummawa wajen sarrafa kwararar ruwan kogin Shire da ke karkashin tashar samar da wutar lantarki. Mpatamanga zai samar da wutar lantarki ga kimanin mutane miliyan biyu, sannan kuma zai adana tan 520,000 na hayakin _CO2 a kowace shekara. Ana sa ran aikin zai taimaka wajen rage karancin makamashi da kuma inganta tsaron makamashi a Malawi. <ref name="IfcR">{{Cite web |last=Devon Maylie |date=6 September 2022 |title=The Government of Malawi, IFC, Scatec JV and EDF Sign a Binding Agreement to Develop the Mpatamanga Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.ifc.org/en/pressroom/2022/the-government-of-malawi-ifc-scatec-jv-and-edf-sign-a-binding-agreement-to-develop-the-mpatamanga-hydropower-plant |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[International Finance Corporation]]}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a Mpatamanga, a kan [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Blantyre, a yankin Kudancin Malawi. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|53|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da birnin Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. Daidaito na ƙauyen Mpatamanga sune: 15°43'11.0"S, 34°43'35.0"E (Latitude:-15.719722; Longitude:34.726389). == Bayani == Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 350 za ta kasance irinta ta farko a Malawi kuma cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki za ta kunshi tasoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu. Babban madatsar ruwan zai samar da wutar lantarki mai sassauci har zuwa karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 309 da aka sanya. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarkin a lokacin da wutar lantarki ta kai kololuwa har zuwa awanni tara a rana don biyan bukatun da ake bukata. Madatsar ruwan mai kula da wutar lantarki, 7&nbsp;Ana sa ran kilomita da ke ƙasa, za ta dawo da kwararar kogin zuwa matakinsa na halitta, wanda hakan zai rage tasirin Muhalli da zamantakewa (E&S). Za a gina ƙarin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na MW 52 (gudun kogin) a madatsar ruwa mai kula da ruwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara a 1,470 GWh[FO1], wanda daga ciki ana sa ran za a samar da kashi 70 cikin ɗari a lokacin da ake yawan samun wutar lantarki, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kashi 49 cikin ɗari. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Maurice Nkwawihe |date=5 April 2017 |title=Egenco in Multi-Billion Electricity Projects |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/egenco-multibillion-electricity-projects-tedzani-iv-solar-power/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Nyasa Times]]}}</ref> Babban madatsar ruwa ya ƙunshi {{Convert|50|m|0}} madatsar ruwa mai ƙarfi (RCC) da kuma hanyar magudanar ruwa da aka haɗa don ƙirƙirar {{Convert|19|km2|0}} ma'ajiyar ajiya mai ƙarfin ajiya na {{Convert|261000000|m3|0}} , wanda daga ciki {{Convert|59000000|m3|0}} za a samu kowace rana. Wani ɓangare na ƙirar akwai ramin juyawa ɗaya, {{Convert|920|m|0}} dogayen ramukan tsere masu hawa da kuma ramukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma wani babban ƙarfin lantarki mai injinan Francis guda huɗu a tsaye. Madatsar ruwan da ke kula da shi ta ƙunshi {{Convert|35|m|0}} madatsar siminti mai tsayi da kuma hanyar magudanar ruwa, wanda ke ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwa mai tsari tare da {{Convert|8200000|m3|0}} wurin ajiya mai aiki da kuma ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki da aka haɗa a cikin madatsar ruwa tare da injinan kwan fitila guda biyu masu kwance. Haɗin ya ƙunshi: (a) gina layin watsawa mai ƙarfin 400 kV mai tsawon {{Convert|64|km|0}} (b) madaurin layin watsawa mai karfin 132 kV mai tsawon {{Convert|11.4|km|0}} zuwa wurin canza layin wutar lantarki mai karfin 132 kV zuwa Tedzani/Kapichira. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tsarin lokaci == Ana ci gaba da nazarin fasaha a halin yanzu don sanar da ƙirar injiniya ta ƙarshe ta Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mpatamanga. Waɗannan su ne: Nazarin Hydrology; Nazarin sauyin yanayi; Binciken ƙasa/bathymetry/gano haske da kuma bincike mai zurfi (LIDAR); Nazarin ƙasa; da nazarin ƙasa da na ƙasa. Ana shirin gudanar da gina hanyoyin shiga daga kwata na huɗu na 2025. An kiyasta jadawalin gini na shekaru huɗu don Aikin, wanda zai fara daga 2026. Ya kamata a gudanar da aikin tashoshin wutar lantarki a kwata na huɗu na 2030. A watan Agusta na 2024, an zaɓi kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyi da dama don yin gasa don kwangilolin EPC a cikin rukunan (a) ayyukan farar hula (b) ayyukan lantarki da (c) layukan watsawa da tashoshin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wannan bayanin. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Carrieann Stocks |date=15 August 2024 |title=MHPL announces shortlisted companies for Mpatamanga Hydropower Project, Malawi |url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/mhpl-announces-shortlisted-companies-for-mpatamanga-hydropower-project-malawi/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Water Power Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == gm91l8hfe7wkiod5kixki5c13u2o29k 0 158059 858929 2026-06-16T13:55:50Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290300025|Songwe Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe Hydroelectric''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe''', wani matattarar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tare da shirin shigar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|180|MW}} lokacin da aka kammala. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=US Government |date=22 February 2017 |title=Malawi Country Commercial Guide: Malawi Energy: Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Department of Commerce, United States Government}}</ref> Sauran ci gaba masu alaƙa sun haɗa da haɓaka ƙarin madatsun ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ayyukan ban ruwa, da kuma ƙirƙirar Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin. <ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=Lahmeyer International |date=20 February 2013 |title=Songwe River Basin Development Programme between Malawi and Tanzania |url=https://www.lahmeyer.de/en/item/article/songwe-river-basin-development-programme-between-malawi-and-tanzania/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Lahmeyer International}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[kogin Songwe]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]] . Wurin da take a kudu da garin Itumba, kimanin {{Convert|115|km|0}}, kudu da Mbeya, hedkwatar gundumar Mbeya . == Bayani == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta farko da Hukumar Hadin Gwiwa ta Kogin Songwe ta ƙirƙiro, wacce Gwamnatin Tanzania da Gwamnatin Malawi suka mallaka tare. <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=24 May 2017 |title=MOU Signed to Develop Songwe River Basin Program, including 180-MW Hydropower Facility |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/05/mou-signed-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-program-including-180-mw-hydropower-facility.html |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> Tsarin tashar wutar lantarkin yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa, don amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ban ruwa a ƙasashen biyu. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2017, an kammala nazarin yiwuwar aiki da kuma [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|kimanta tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa]] (ESIA). An amince da tsarin ƙarshe. Ana neman alƙawarin samar da kuɗi daga masu zuba jari. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB) ne ya dauki nauyin nazarin yiwuwar da kuma zane . An yi tsammanin rahoton zane na ƙarshe zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2015. Ana sa ran sauran batutuwan gudanarwa da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa za su ƙare a 2016. Ana sa ran fara ginin bayan haka kuma zai ƙare a 2022. Za a bai wa kowace ƙasa {{Convert|90|MW}} daga wannan aikin. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=US Government |date=22 February 2017 |title=Malawi Country Commercial Guide: Malawi Energy: Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Department of Commerce, United States Government}}</ref> An kiyasta jimillar kuɗin aikin a kan dala miliyan 829, wanda ƙasashen biyu za su raba daidai wa daida. Bankin AfDB ya nuna sha'awarsa ta samar da wannan aikin. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice}}</ref> <ref name="FundR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=22 March 2019 |title=Malawi/Tanzania: Alliance for Songwe River Basin development |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-tanzania-alliance-for-songwe-river-basin-development/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Manazarta == jf11zq3f1zp71nh6u64u5lkuhsih40c 858930 858929 2026-06-16T13:56:22Z Engineer014 44591 858930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe Hydroelectric''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Songwe''', wani matattarar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tare da shirin shigar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|180|MW}} lokacin da aka kammala. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=US Government |date=22 February 2017 |title=Malawi Country Commercial Guide: Malawi Energy: Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Department of Commerce, United States Government}}</ref> Sauran ci gaba masu alaƙa sun haɗa da haɓaka ƙarin madatsun ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ayyukan ban ruwa, da kuma ƙirƙirar Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin. <ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=Lahmeyer International |date=20 February 2013 |title=Songwe River Basin Development Programme between Malawi and Tanzania |url=https://www.lahmeyer.de/en/item/article/songwe-river-basin-development-programme-between-malawi-and-tanzania/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Lahmeyer International}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a kan [[kogin Songwe]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]] . Wurin da take a kudu da garin Itumba, kimanin {{Convert|115|km|0}}, kudu da Mbeya, hedkwatar gundumar Mbeya . == Bayani == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta farko da Hukumar Hadin Gwiwa ta Kogin Songwe ta ƙirƙiro, wacce Gwamnatin Tanzania da Gwamnatin Malawi suka mallaka tare. <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=24 May 2017 |title=MOU Signed to Develop Songwe River Basin Program, including 180-MW Hydropower Facility |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/05/mou-signed-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-program-including-180-mw-hydropower-facility.html |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> Tsarin tashar wutar lantarkin yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa, don amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ban ruwa a ƙasashen biyu. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Mayu na 2017, an kammala nazarin yiwuwar aiki da kuma [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|kimanta tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa]] (ESIA). An amince da tsarin ƙarshe. Ana neman alƙawarin samar da kuɗi daga masu zuba jari. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB) ne ya dauki nauyin nazarin yiwuwar da kuma zane . An yi tsammanin rahoton zane na ƙarshe zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2015. Ana sa ran sauran batutuwan gudanarwa da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa za su ƙare a 2016. Ana sa ran fara ginin bayan haka kuma zai ƙare a 2022. Za a bai wa kowace ƙasa {{Convert|90|MW}} daga wannan aikin. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=US Government |date=22 February 2017 |title=Malawi Country Commercial Guide: Malawi Energy: Mpatamanga Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |access-date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Department of Commerce, United States Government}}</ref> An kiyasta jimillar kuɗin aikin a kan dala miliyan 829, wanda ƙasashen biyu za su raba daidai wa daida. Bankin AfDB ya nuna sha'awarsa ta samar da wannan aikin. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Malawi Voice |date=18 May 2017 |title=Unity Of Purpose: Malawi, Tanzania Agree To develop Songwe River Basin Into Economic Hub, Court Donors |url=http://www.malawivoice.com/unity-of-purpose-malawi-tanzania-agree-to-develop-songwe-river-basin-into-economic-hub-court-donors-2/comment-page-2/ |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=Malawi Voice}}</ref> <ref name="FundR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=22 March 2019 |title=Malawi/Tanzania: Alliance for Songwe River Basin development |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-tanzania-alliance-for-songwe-river-basin-development/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> == Manazarta == pd71yrx3iimz59njbl35i34amvn90ue 0 158060 858932 2026-06-16T13:59:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305269947|Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Complex''', wani hadadden masana'antar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric stations a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] a [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|111.7|MW}}, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda huɗu da ke kusa da juna, suna raba wasu daga cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa na zahiri da haɗin lantarki. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=16 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Hydroelectric Power Station: Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200442/http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}</ref> An ƙera rukunin samar da wutar lantarki a matakai, inda aka kammala mataki na farko na Tedzani na ɗaya a shekarar 1973, <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> da kuma na baya-bayan nan, Tedzani na huɗu, wanda ya cimma nasarar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2021. <ref name="TedR">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=8 June 2021 |title=19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated |url=https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashoshin wutar lantarki na wannan rukunin samar da wutar lantarki suna a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Chikwawa, a yankin Kudancin Malawi, kimanin {{Convert|7|km|0}}, ƙasan [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkhula B|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkhula B.]] <ref name="1R" /> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|65|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. Daidaito na yanki na tashoshin wutar lantarki na Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Complex sune: 15°33'34.0"S, 34°46'38.0"E (Latitude:-15.559444; Longitude:34.777222). == Tashoshin wutar lantarki == === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani I === An kawo Tedzani I, na farko da aka ƙirƙiro ta intanet a shekarar 1973. Ya ƙunshi injinan turbine guda biyu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|10|MW}}, wanda ya kawo jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|20|MW}} . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElectricity_Supply_Commission_of_Malawi2015">Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (24 September 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php "Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System"]. ''[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]]''. Blantyre. Archived from [http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php the original] <span class="cs1-format">(Archived from the Original)</span> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani II === An kammala ginin Tedzani II a shekarar 1977, yana da na'urori biyu masu samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|10|MW}} kowannensu, wanda hakan ke kawo karfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|20|MW}} . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElectricity_Supply_Commission_of_Malawi2015">Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (24 September 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php "Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System"]. ''[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]]''. Blantyre. Archived from [http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php the original] <span class="cs1-format">(Archived from the Original)</span> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani III === Tedzani III shine tashar wutar lantarki ta uku a cikin rukunin da aka kammala, wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1996. Ya ƙunshi janareto biyu masu ƙarfin {{Convert|26.35|MW}} kowannensu, wanda hakan ya kawo karfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|52.7|MW}} . <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=16 April 2018 |title=Tedzani Hydro Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations/tedzani-power-station |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}</ref> === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani ta IV === A watan Yulin 2017, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Malawi Limited (Egenco) ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da Kamfanin Mitsubishi da kuma Calik Enerji, domin gina Tedzani IV. {{Convert|19|MW}}An gina tashar wutar lantarki da tallafin tallafin dala miliyan 52 da aka samu daga Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan da kuma jarin hannun jari na dala miliyan 4.8 da gwamnatin Malawi ta zuba (jimillar dala miliyan 56.8). An cimma nasarar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2021. <ref name="TedR">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=8 June 2021 |title=19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated |url=https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElectricity_Generation_Company_Malawi_Limited2021">Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (8 June 2021). [https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ "19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated"]. ''[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]''. Blantyre, Malawi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == ebathe2lw5jem886r44mwuyzhee4lza 858933 858932 2026-06-16T13:59:37Z Engineer014 44591 858933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Complex''', wani hadadden masana'antar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric stations a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] a [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|111.7|MW}}, tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda huɗu da ke kusa da juna, suna raba wasu daga cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa na zahiri da haɗin lantarki. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=16 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Hydroelectric Power Station: Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200442/http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}</ref> An ƙera rukunin samar da wutar lantarki a matakai, inda aka kammala mataki na farko na Tedzani na ɗaya a shekarar 1973, <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> da kuma na baya-bayan nan, Tedzani na huɗu, wanda ya cimma nasarar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2021. <ref name="TedR">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=8 June 2021 |title=19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated |url=https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashoshin wutar lantarki na wannan rukunin samar da wutar lantarki suna a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a gundumar Chikwawa, a yankin Kudancin Malawi, kimanin {{Convert|7|km|0}}, ƙasan [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkhula B|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nkhula B.]] <ref name="1R" /> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|65|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da Blantyre, babban birnin kuɗi kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar. Daidaito na yanki na tashoshin wutar lantarki na Tedzani Hydroelectric Power Complex sune: 15°33'34.0"S, 34°46'38.0"E (Latitude:-15.559444; Longitude:34.777222). == Tashoshin wutar lantarki == === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani I === An kawo Tedzani I, na farko da aka ƙirƙiro ta intanet a shekarar 1973. Ya ƙunshi injinan turbine guda biyu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|10|MW}}, wanda ya kawo jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|20|MW}} . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElectricity_Supply_Commission_of_Malawi2015">Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (24 September 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php "Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System"]. ''[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]]''. Blantyre. Archived from [http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php the original] <span class="cs1-format">(Archived from the Original)</span> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani II === An kammala ginin Tedzani II a shekarar 1977, yana da na'urori biyu masu samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|10|MW}} kowannensu, wanda hakan ke kawo karfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|20|MW}} . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] |format=Archived from the Original}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElectricity_Supply_Commission_of_Malawi2015">Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (24 September 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php "Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System"]. ''[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]]''. Blantyre. Archived from [http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php the original] <span class="cs1-format">(Archived from the Original)</span> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani III === Tedzani III shine tashar wutar lantarki ta uku a cikin rukunin da aka kammala, wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1996. Ya ƙunshi janareto biyu masu ƙarfin {{Convert|26.35|MW}} kowannensu, wanda hakan ya kawo karfin wutar lantarki a wannan tashar wutar lantarki zuwa {{Convert|52.7|MW}} . <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=16 April 2018 |title=Tedzani Hydro Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations/tedzani-power-station |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}</ref> === Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Tedzani ta IV === A watan Yulin 2017, Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Malawi Limited (Egenco) ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da Kamfanin Mitsubishi da kuma Calik Enerji, domin gina Tedzani IV. {{Convert|19|MW}}An gina tashar wutar lantarki da tallafin tallafin dala miliyan 52 da aka samu daga Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan da kuma jarin hannun jari na dala miliyan 4.8 da gwamnatin Malawi ta zuba (jimillar dala miliyan 56.8). An cimma nasarar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a watan Mayu na 2021. <ref name="TedR">{{Cite web |last=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited |date=8 June 2021 |title=19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated |url=https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFElectricity_Generation_Company_Malawi_Limited2021">Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (8 June 2021). [https://www.egenco.mw/19-megawatts-tedzani-iv-inaugurated/ "19 Megawatts Tedzani IV Inaugurated"]. ''[[Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited]]''. Blantyre, Malawi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == j90een9diw78itjmver07l7hd39bylo 0 158061 858934 2026-06-16T14:01:03Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255407107|Wovwe Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wovwe''', wacce kuma ita '''ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wovwe''', tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a Kogin Wovwe da ke [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|4.35|MW}}, tare da na'urori uku na samar da wutar lantarki na megawatts 1.45 kowannensu. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=ESCOM |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] (ESCOM) |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan Kogin Wovwe, a gundumar Karonga ta yankin Arewacin Malawi. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Egenco |date=17 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Hydroelectric Power Stations: Wovwe Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations?limitstart=0 |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (Egenco)}}</ref> A kan hanya, tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}} arewacin Mzuzu, babban birnin yankin Arewacin Malawi <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=17 April 2018 |title=Distance between Uliwa Trading Center, Karonga, Malawi and Mzuzu, Malawi |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Malawi_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Uliwa%20Trading%20Center%2C%20Karonga%2C%20Malawi&toplace=Mzuzu%2C%20Malawi&dt1=ChIJMxzqYx1pAhkRtxFcYfmAWRA&dt2=ChIJaRIP8WA6HRkRwnDP_QlhcdY |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Bayani == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta samu gudummawa ne daga gwamnatin Jamus . Ta ƙunshi injunan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku masu ƙarfin megawatts 1.35. Ana iya sarrafa tashar wutar lantarki ta Wovwe a kan wutar lantarki da/ko kuma a wajen wutar lantarki. <ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=EGENCO |date=17 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Wovwe Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations/wovwe-power-station |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (EGENCO)}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Malawi * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka == Manazarta == ixexj7yd5pk83mhdjuukrb70wvw5lti 858935 858934 2026-06-16T14:01:24Z Engineer014 44591 858935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wovwe''', wacce kuma ita '''ce Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wovwe''', tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a Kogin Wovwe da ke [[Malawi]] . Tana da karfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|4.35|MW}}, tare da na'urori uku na samar da wutar lantarki na megawatts 1.45 kowannensu. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=ESCOM |date=24 September 2015 |title=Hydropower Generation: Existing ESCOM Limited Generation System |url=http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201223/http://www.escommw.com/power_generation.php |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] (ESCOM) |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan Kogin Wovwe, a gundumar Karonga ta yankin Arewacin Malawi. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Egenco |date=17 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Hydroelectric Power Stations: Wovwe Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations?limitstart=0 |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (Egenco)}}</ref> A kan hanya, tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}} arewacin Mzuzu, babban birnin yankin Arewacin Malawi <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=17 April 2018 |title=Distance between Uliwa Trading Center, Karonga, Malawi and Mzuzu, Malawi |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Malawi_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Uliwa%20Trading%20Center%2C%20Karonga%2C%20Malawi&toplace=Mzuzu%2C%20Malawi&dt1=ChIJMxzqYx1pAhkRtxFcYfmAWRA&dt2=ChIJaRIP8WA6HRkRwnDP_QlhcdY |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Bayani == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta samu gudummawa ne daga gwamnatin Jamus . Ta ƙunshi injunan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku masu ƙarfin megawatts 1.35. Ana iya sarrafa tashar wutar lantarki ta Wovwe a kan wutar lantarki da/ko kuma a wajen wutar lantarki. <ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=EGENCO |date=17 April 2018 |title=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited: Wovwe Hydroelectric Power Station |url=http://www.egenco.mw/power-stations/wovwe-power-station |access-date=17 April 2018 |publisher=Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (EGENCO)}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Malawi * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka == Manazarta == t0cgcowvleg5flv82kdatt1fzpbb0il 0 158062 858936 2026-06-16T14:02:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329002955|Driekloof Dam]]" 858936 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Driekloof''' ƙaramin sashe ne na [[Dam ɗin Sterkfontein|Madatsar ruwan Sterkfontein]], Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An ware wani ɓangare na madatsar ruwan Sterkfontein bayan gina '''Madatsar ruwan Driekloof''', wannan ƙaramin madatsar ruwan yana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|35.6|e6m3|acre.ft}} ., <ref name="dawf-sterkfontein">{{Cite web |title=STERKFONTEIN DAM |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/sterkfon.htm |access-date=19 December 2009 |publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]}}</ref> tare da [[Kilburn Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Kilburn]] kusan {{Convert|500|m}} ƙasa, Driekloof ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Shirin Adanawa na Drakensberg|Tsarin Ajiye Man Fetur na Drakensberg]] na Eskom da [[Tugela-Vaal Water Project|Aikin Ruwa na Tugela-Vaal]], kuma yana samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa {{Convert|27.6|GWh}} na ajiyar wutar lantarki a cikin nau'in {{Convert|275|e6m3}} na ruwa. Ana tura ruwan zuwa Driekloof a lokacin ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙasa (galibi a ƙarshen mako) sannan a sake shi zuwa Kilburn ta hanyar {{Convert|250|MW}} injinan samar da injinan turbine a lokutan da ake buƙatar wutar lantarki mai yawa Ana gudanar da tsarin ta yadda za a sami famfo mai yawa har zuwa {{Convert|631|e6m3|acre.ft}} /annum ya danganta da samuwar ruwan da ke cikin magudanar ruwa ta Tugela ( Madatsar Ruwa ta Woodstock ) da kuma buƙatar ƙarawa a magudanar [[Rashin ruwa na Vaal|ruwa ta Vaal]] . An ƙaddamar da madatsar ruwan Driekloof a shekarar 1979, tana da ƙarfin {{Convert|32071|m3|acre.ft}}, da kuma faɗin fili mai girman {{Convert|1.906|km2}}, katangar Madatsar Ruwa {{Convert|47|m}} mai tsayi. == Manazarta == 9zw9zfuq7ryppmva4re3fdof2prkvd7 858937 858936 2026-06-16T14:03:06Z Engineer014 44591 858937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Driekloof''' ƙaramin sashe ne na [[Dam ɗin Sterkfontein|Madatsar ruwan Sterkfontein]], Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An ware wani ɓangare na madatsar ruwan Sterkfontein bayan gina '''Madatsar ruwan Driekloof''', wannan ƙaramin madatsar ruwan yana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|35.6|e6m3|acre.ft}} ., <ref name="dawf-sterkfontein">{{Cite web |title=STERKFONTEIN DAM |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/sterkfon.htm |access-date=19 December 2009 |publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]}}</ref> tare da [[Kilburn Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Kilburn]] kusan {{Convert|500|m}} ƙasa, Driekloof ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Shirin Adanawa na Drakensberg|Tsarin Ajiye Man Fetur na Drakensberg]] na Eskom da [[Tugela-Vaal Water Project|Aikin Ruwa na Tugela-Vaal]], kuma yana samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa {{Convert|27.6|GWh}} na ajiyar wutar lantarki a cikin nau'in {{Convert|275|e6m3}} na ruwa. Ana tura ruwan zuwa Driekloof a lokacin ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙasa (galibi a ƙarshen mako) sannan a sake shi zuwa Kilburn ta hanyar {{Convert|250|MW}} injinan samar da injinan turbine a lokutan da ake buƙatar wutar lantarki mai yawa Ana gudanar da tsarin ta yadda za a sami famfo mai yawa har zuwa {{Convert|631|e6m3|acre.ft}} /annum ya danganta da samuwar ruwan da ke cikin magudanar ruwa ta Tugela ( Madatsar Ruwa ta Woodstock ) da kuma buƙatar ƙarawa a magudanar [[Rashin ruwa na Vaal|ruwa ta Vaal]] . An ƙaddamar da madatsar ruwan Driekloof a shekarar 1979, tana da ƙarfin {{Convert|32071|m3|acre.ft}}, da kuma faɗin fili mai girman {{Convert|1.906|km2}}, katangar Madatsar Ruwa {{Convert|47|m}} mai tsayi. == Manazarta == 9uqtwtstfko1pach0c9v9wooyd2wvsm 0 158063 858938 2026-06-16T14:04:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353395179|Jiji Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 858938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jiji Hydroelectric Plant Power Plant''' ( French ) tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da aka gina a Lardin Burunga, a cikin tsohuwar Lardin Bururi na Burundi. An kaddamar da ita a hukumance a matsayin Shugaba [[Evariste ndayishmiye|Évariste Ndayishimiye]] a ranar 24 ga Yuni 2025 . == Wuri == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Jiji tana aiki ne a kan tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta kogin a yankin Songa na lardin Bururi a kudancin Burundi. {{Sfn|Projet Hydroélectrique Jiji et Murembwe}} Tana kan [[kogin Jiji]], kusa da inda kogin Jiji ya haɗu da [[Kogin Murembwe]] . {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} Madatsar ruwan Jiji tana sama, tana jagorantar ruwa ta hanyar hanyar samar da ruwa zuwa wani rami da ke kaiwa ga gaba. Daga nan sai wani bututun ruwa ya kai ruwan zuwa tashar wutar lantarki. {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} An gina tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Jiji da Murembwe . [[REGIDESO Burundi]] ce ke da kuma gudanar da ita, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Kula da Hydraulics, Makamashi da Ma'adanai. {{Sfn|Projet Hydroélectrique Jiji et Murembwe}} == Fasaha == Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Jiji Hydroelectric Power Plant ya yi amfani da tsayin kan sa na {{Convert|434|m}} mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki na MW 32.5. {{Sfn|Projet Hydroélectrique Jiji et Murembwe}} Madatsar ruwa ta Jiji tana sama, kuma tana ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa. Ana tura ruwa daga wannan ma'ajiyar ta hanyar tarko mai ƙura don cire abubuwa masu tauri, sannan ta hanyar {{Convert|1100|m}} rami zuwa kan bututun. {{Sfn|Jiji-Mulembwe: Pas à pas}} Daga gaba, bututun yana ɗauke da ruwan zuwa tashar wutar lantarki. {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} Layin wutar lantarki mai karfin 110 kV yana tafiyar {{Convert|5.5|km}} arewa daga tashar Jiji har zuwa Kogin Mulembwe zuwa Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Murembwe, inda aka haɗa ta da layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 110 kV daga wannan tashar. Layukan biyu suna tafiya gabas {{Convert|2.3|km}} zuwa wurin canza hanya na Horezo akan babbar hanyar RP 403. Daga nan, layukan suna tafiya arewa zuwa Kabezi da Bujumbura, da kuma kudu maso gabas zuwa Bururi. {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} == Manazarta == 66cwndt33ey4mkpf2e2nhzozbmtttj4 858939 858938 2026-06-16T14:05:03Z Engineer014 44591 858939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jiji Hydroelectric Plant Power Plant''' ( French ) tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da aka gina a Lardin Burunga, a cikin tsohuwar Lardin Bururi na Burundi. An kaddamar da ita a hukumance a matsayin Shugaba [[Evariste ndayishmiye|Évariste Ndayishimiye]] a ranar 24 ga Yuni 2025 . == Wuri == Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Jiji tana aiki ne a kan tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta kogin a yankin Songa na lardin Bururi a kudancin Burundi. {{Sfn|Projet Hydroélectrique Jiji et Murembwe}} Tana kan [[kogin Jiji]], kusa da inda kogin Jiji ya haɗu da [[Kogin Murembwe]] . {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} Madatsar ruwan Jiji tana sama, tana jagorantar ruwa ta hanyar hanyar samar da ruwa zuwa wani rami da ke kaiwa ga gaba. Daga nan sai wani bututun ruwa ya kai ruwan zuwa tashar wutar lantarki. {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} An gina tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Jiji da Murembwe . [[REGIDESO Burundi]] ce ke da kuma gudanar da ita, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Kula da Hydraulics, Makamashi da Ma'adanai. {{Sfn|Projet Hydroélectrique Jiji et Murembwe}} == Fasaha == Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Jiji Hydroelectric Power Plant ya yi amfani da tsayin kan sa na {{Convert|434|m}} mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki na MW 32.5. {{Sfn|Projet Hydroélectrique Jiji et Murembwe}} Madatsar ruwa ta Jiji tana sama, kuma tana ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwa. Ana tura ruwa daga wannan ma'ajiyar ta hanyar tarko mai ƙura don cire abubuwa masu tauri, sannan ta hanyar {{Convert|1100|m}} rami zuwa kan bututun. {{Sfn|Jiji-Mulembwe: Pas à pas}} Daga gaba, bututun yana ɗauke da ruwan zuwa tashar wutar lantarki. {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} Layin wutar lantarki mai karfin 110 kV yana tafiyar {{Convert|5.5|km}} arewa daga tashar Jiji har zuwa Kogin Mulembwe zuwa Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Murembwe, inda aka haɗa ta da layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 110 kV daga wannan tashar. Layukan biyu suna tafiya gabas {{Convert|2.3|km}} zuwa wurin canza hanya na Horezo akan babbar hanyar RP 403. Daga nan, layukan suna tafiya arewa zuwa Kabezi da Bujumbura, da kuma kudu maso gabas zuwa Bururi. {{Sfn|Faller|2014}} == Manazarta == 5m4u0coc4lqnbwfrg320bl73hceoub1 0 158064 858947 2026-06-16T15:37:55Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292649244|Sleep epidemiology]]" 858947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilimin cututtuka na barci''' wani reshe ne mai tasowa a fannin ilimin cututtuka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferrie |first=J. E |last2=Kumari |first2=M |last3=Salo |first3=P |last4=Singh-Manoux |first4=A |author-link4=Archana Singh-Manoux |last5=Kivimaki |first5=M |year=2011 |title=Sleep epidemiology--a rapidly growing field |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1431–7 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyr203 |pmc=3655374 |pmid=22158659}}</ref> Wani fanni ne da ke ci gaba da bunkasa a fannin binciken kimiyya, inda aka gudanar da binciken cututtuka na zamani na farko da aka rubuta a shekarar 1979. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bixler |first=E. O |last2=Kales |first2=A |last3=Soldatos |first3=C. R |last4=Kales |first4=J. D |last5=Healey |first5=S |year=1979 |title=Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=136 |issue=10 |pages=1257–62 |doi=10.1176/ajp.136.10.1257 |pmid=314756}}</ref> Akwai sha'awar bincike kan barci sosai a Burtaniya, Turai da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. A Burtaniya da Amurka wannan yana bayyana kansa a cibiyoyin bincike waɗanda galibi suna da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na barci inda za a iya lura da yanayin barci da yanayin mutane, da kuma tasirin magunguna daban-daban. Hakazalika, kimantawa da magance matsalolin barci suna bayyana a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na asibiti, wani lokacin tare da haɗin gwiwa da jami'o'i. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Gabatarwa == Ana ƙara fahimtar muhimmancin barci ga lafiyarmu da walwalarmu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohayon |first=Maurice M |last2=Guilleminault |first2=Christian |last3=Chokroverty |first3=Sudhansu |year=2010 |title=Sleep epidemiology 30 years later: Where are we? |journal=Sleep Medicine |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=961–2 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2010.10.001 |pmid=21084223}}</ref> Fannin bincike kan barci galibi yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, misali, yana mai da hankali kan barcin da ke motsa ido cikin sauri, [[mafarki]] da nazarin haɗa ƙwaƙwalwa . Ƙwararrun likitoci da na asibiti ba su da sha'awar abubuwan da ke haifar da barci mai kyau da mara kyau. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi azaman alamar cututtuka da ke akwai, kamar baƙin ciki . Kwanan nan, [[Cututtukan kirji|Pulmonology]] ta ƙirƙiro hanyoyi don gano numfashi da ke da matsala a barci, kamar toshewar numfashi a lokacin barci . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sakamakon haka, fannin maganin barci ya zama wani fanni na musamman a fannin likitanci. Domin samar da shaida ga wannan fannin likitanci, ilimin cututtukan barci yana ba da bayanai kan yawan barci mai kyau da mara kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar tattara shaidu kan dalilai da sakamakon adadi da ingancin barci a cikin jama'a. Nazarin ya ba da jagora ga bincike kan hanyoyin magance barci don inganta [[lafiya]] da walwala . Amurka ce ke mamaye wannan fanni. Ilimin cututtukan barci ya bayar da shaida kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin [[Bacci|barci]] da cututtuka daban-daban, musamman cututtukan metabolism da na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, kamar [[ciwon suga]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaggi |first=H. K |last2=Araujo |first2=A. B |last3=McKinlay |first3=J. B |year=2006 |title=Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16505522 |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=657–61 |doi=10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-0879 |pmid=16505522 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=}}</ref> da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badran |first=Mohammad |last2=Yassin |first2=Bishr Abu |last3=Fox |first3=Nurit |last4=Laher |first4=Ismail |last5=Ayas |first5=Najib |year=2015 |title=Epidemiology of Sleep Disturbances and Cardiovascular Consequences |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=873–9 |doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2015.03.011 |pmid=26037823}}</ref> Hakanan yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da aka sani na haɗari ga cututtuka kamar [[kiba]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cappuccio |first=Francesco P |last2=Taggart |first2=Frances M |last3=Kandala |first3=Ngianga-Bakwin |last4=Currie |first4=Andrew |last5=Peile |first5=Ed |last6=Stranges |first6=Saverio |last7=Miller |first7=Michelle A |year=2008 |title=Meta-Analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults |journal=Sleep |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=619–26 |doi=10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 |pmc=2398753 |pmid=18517032}}</ref> == Filaye masu alaƙa == Ilimin cututtuka na barci ya dogara ne akan fannoni kamar: maganin barci, ƙididdiga, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], ilimin cututtuka, tattalin arziki, [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], da [[Lissafi|lissafi.]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}} == Mujallu == * Mujallar Stanford ta Ilimin Barci [http://www.sleepepidemiojournal.org/] == Manazarta == e6czp4phwiwu9qrm92y6le04k1o3pwp 858948 858947 2026-06-16T15:38:23Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 858948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin cututtuka na barci''' wani reshe ne mai tasowa a fannin ilimin cututtuka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferrie |first=J. E |last2=Kumari |first2=M |last3=Salo |first3=P |last4=Singh-Manoux |first4=A |author-link4=Archana Singh-Manoux |last5=Kivimaki |first5=M |year=2011 |title=Sleep epidemiology--a rapidly growing field |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1431–7 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyr203 |pmc=3655374 |pmid=22158659}}</ref> Wani fanni ne da ke ci gaba da bunkasa a fannin binciken kimiyya, inda aka gudanar da binciken cututtuka na zamani na farko da aka rubuta a shekarar 1979. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bixler |first=E. O |last2=Kales |first2=A |last3=Soldatos |first3=C. R |last4=Kales |first4=J. D |last5=Healey |first5=S |year=1979 |title=Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=136 |issue=10 |pages=1257–62 |doi=10.1176/ajp.136.10.1257 |pmid=314756}}</ref> Akwai sha'awar bincike kan barci sosai a Burtaniya, Turai da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. A Burtaniya da Amurka wannan yana bayyana kansa a cibiyoyin bincike waɗanda galibi suna da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na barci inda za a iya lura da yanayin barci da yanayin mutane, da kuma tasirin magunguna daban-daban. Hakazalika, kimantawa da magance matsalolin barci suna bayyana a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na asibiti, wani lokacin tare da haɗin gwiwa da jami'o'i. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Gabatarwa == Ana ƙara fahimtar muhimmancin barci ga lafiyarmu da walwalarmu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohayon |first=Maurice M |last2=Guilleminault |first2=Christian |last3=Chokroverty |first3=Sudhansu |year=2010 |title=Sleep epidemiology 30 years later: Where are we? |journal=Sleep Medicine |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=961–2 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2010.10.001 |pmid=21084223}}</ref> Fannin bincike kan barci galibi yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, misali, yana mai da hankali kan barcin da ke motsa ido cikin sauri, [[mafarki]] da nazarin haɗa ƙwaƙwalwa . Ƙwararrun likitoci da na asibiti ba su da sha'awar abubuwan da ke haifar da barci mai kyau da mara kyau. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi azaman alamar cututtuka da ke akwai, kamar baƙin ciki . Kwanan nan, [[Cututtukan kirji|Pulmonology]] ta ƙirƙiro hanyoyi don gano numfashi da ke da matsala a barci, kamar toshewar numfashi a lokacin barci . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sakamakon haka, fannin maganin barci ya zama wani fanni na musamman a fannin likitanci. Domin samar da shaida ga wannan fannin likitanci, ilimin cututtukan barci yana ba da bayanai kan yawan barci mai kyau da mara kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar tattara shaidu kan dalilai da sakamakon adadi da ingancin barci a cikin jama'a. Nazarin ya ba da jagora ga bincike kan hanyoyin magance barci don inganta [[lafiya]] da walwala . Amurka ce ke mamaye wannan fanni. Ilimin cututtukan barci ya bayar da shaida kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin [[Bacci|barci]] da cututtuka daban-daban, musamman cututtukan metabolism da na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, kamar [[ciwon suga]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yaggi |first=H. K |last2=Araujo |first2=A. B |last3=McKinlay |first3=J. B |year=2006 |title=Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16505522 |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=657–61 |doi=10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-0879 |pmid=16505522 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=}}</ref> da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badran |first=Mohammad |last2=Yassin |first2=Bishr Abu |last3=Fox |first3=Nurit |last4=Laher |first4=Ismail |last5=Ayas |first5=Najib |year=2015 |title=Epidemiology of Sleep Disturbances and Cardiovascular Consequences |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=873–9 |doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2015.03.011 |pmid=26037823}}</ref> Hakanan yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da aka sani na haɗari ga cututtuka kamar [[kiba]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cappuccio |first=Francesco P |last2=Taggart |first2=Frances M |last3=Kandala |first3=Ngianga-Bakwin |last4=Currie |first4=Andrew |last5=Peile |first5=Ed |last6=Stranges |first6=Saverio |last7=Miller |first7=Michelle A |year=2008 |title=Meta-Analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults |journal=Sleep |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=619–26 |doi=10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 |pmc=2398753 |pmid=18517032}}</ref> == Filaye masu alaƙa == Ilimin cututtuka na barci ya dogara ne akan fannoni kamar: maganin barci, ƙididdiga, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], ilimin cututtuka, tattalin arziki, [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], da [[Lissafi|lissafi.]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}} == Mujallu == * Mujallar Stanford ta Ilimin Barci [http://www.sleepepidemiojournal.org/] == Manazarta == 0qgl5hhd55ly1i849yevquioalk8x3o 0 158065 858954 2026-06-16T16:01:39Z Mustysummy 21281 SABUWAR FASSARA 858954 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance wani ɓangare na annobar cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) wanda ya haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi mai tsanani coronavirus 2 (S A ranar 5 ga Maris 2020, Ministan Lafiya Zweli Mkhize ya tabbatar da yaduwar kwayar cutar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mai haƙuri na farko da aka sani shine ɗan ƙasa namiji wanda ya kamu da cutar a lokacin da ya dawo daga Italiya.[1] A ranar 15 ga Maris 2020, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, Cyril Ramaphosa, ya ayyana yanayin bala'i na kasa, kuma ya sanar da matakan kamar ƙuntataccen tafiye-tafiye da rufe makarantu daga 18 ga Maris.[2][3] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris, an kafa Majalisar Kwamandan Coronavirus ta Kasa, "don jagorantar shirin kasar don hana yaduwar da kuma rage mummunan tasirin coronavirus".[4][5] A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, an sanar da kulle-kulle na kasa, wanda ya fara a ranar 27 ga watan Maris 2020. [6] An bayar da rahoton mutuwar farko daga cutar a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020.[7] A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, an ba da sanarwar karfafawa ta rand biliyan 500 don mayar da martani ga annobar.[8] Ramaphosa ya ba da sanarwar cewa daga 1 ga Mayu 2020, za a fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa a hankali, rage matakin faɗakarwa na ƙasa zuwa 4.[9] Daga 1 ga Yuni, an saukar da ƙuntatawa na ƙasa zuwa matakin 3. [10][11] An saukar da ƙuntatawa zuwa matakin faɗakarwa na 2 a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2020.[12] Daga 21 ga Satumba 2020, an saukar da ƙuntatawa zuwa matakin faɗakarwa 1.[13]  rhy4pns1hm5g9g3alpsjj4ddi7v1dx4 858955 858954 2026-06-16T16:07:19Z Mustysummy 21281 DAKA MANAZARTA 858955 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance wani ɓangare na annobar cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) wanda ya haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi mai tsanani coronavirus 2 (S A ranar 5 ga Maris 2020, Ministan Lafiya Zweli Mkhize ya tabbatar da yaduwar kwayar cutar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mai haƙuri na farko da aka sani shine ɗan ƙasa namiji wanda ya kamu da cutar a lokacin da ya dawo daga Italiya.<ref>https://www.gov.za/speeches/health-reports-first-case-covid-19-coronavirus-5-mar-2020-0000</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 2020, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, Cyril Ramaphosa, ya ayyana yanayin bala'i na kasa, kuma ya sanar da matakan kamar ƙuntataccen tafiye-tafiye da rufe makarantu daga 18 ga Maris.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200620233243/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-president-cyril-ramaphosa-measures-combat-covid-19-epidemic.</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Maris, an kafa Majalisar Kwamandan Coronavirus ta Kasa, "don jagorantar shirin kasar don hana yaduwar da kuma rage mummunan tasirin coronavirus". A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, an sanar da kulle-kulle na kasa, wanda ya fara a ranar 27 ga watan Maris 2020. An bayar da rahoton mutuwar farko daga cutar a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, an ba da sanarwar karfafawa ta rand biliyan 500 don mayar da martani ga annobar. Ramaphosa ya ba da sanarwar cewa daga 1 ga Mayu 2020, za a fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa a hankali, rage matakin faɗakarwa na ƙasa zuwa 4. Daga 1 ga Yuni, an saukar da ƙuntatawa na ƙasa zuwa matakin 3. An saukar da ƙuntatawa zuwa matakin faɗakarwa na 2 a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2020. Daga 21 ga Satumba 2020, an saukar da ƙuntatawa zuwa matakin faɗakarwa 1.<ref>https://businesstech.co.za/news/trending/433943/south-africa-moves-to-lockdown-level-1-here-are-the-changes/</ref> ==mANAZARTA== spaspdzzuukik9o36l4gjkwmjf57ncy 858956 858955 2026-06-16T16:09:01Z Mustysummy 21281 SAKA DATABOX 858956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance wani ɓangare na annobar cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) wanda ya haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi mai tsanani coronavirus 2 (S A ranar 5 ga Maris 2020, Ministan Lafiya Zweli Mkhize ya tabbatar da yaduwar kwayar cutar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mai haƙuri na farko da aka sani shine ɗan ƙasa namiji wanda ya kamu da cutar a lokacin da ya dawo daga Italiya.<ref>https://www.gov.za/speeches/health-reports-first-case-covid-19-coronavirus-5-mar-2020-0000</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 2020, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, Cyril Ramaphosa, ya ayyana yanayin bala'i na kasa, kuma ya sanar da matakan kamar ƙuntataccen tafiye-tafiye da rufe makarantu daga 18 ga Maris.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200620233243/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/statement-president-cyril-ramaphosa-measures-combat-covid-19-epidemic.</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Maris, an kafa Majalisar Kwamandan Coronavirus ta Kasa, "don jagorantar shirin kasar don hana yaduwar da kuma rage mummunan tasirin coronavirus". A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, an sanar da kulle-kulle na kasa, wanda ya fara a ranar 27 ga watan Maris 2020. An bayar da rahoton mutuwar farko daga cutar a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, an ba da sanarwar karfafawa ta rand biliyan 500 don mayar da martani ga annobar. Ramaphosa ya ba da sanarwar cewa daga 1 ga Mayu 2020, za a fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa a hankali, rage matakin faɗakarwa na ƙasa zuwa 4. Daga 1 ga Yuni, an saukar da ƙuntatawa na ƙasa zuwa matakin 3. An saukar da ƙuntatawa zuwa matakin faɗakarwa na 2 a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2020. Daga 21 ga Satumba 2020, an saukar da ƙuntatawa zuwa matakin faɗakarwa 1.<ref>https://businesstech.co.za/news/trending/433943/south-africa-moves-to-lockdown-level-1-here-are-the-changes/</ref> ==mANAZARTA== 9etjk66pgffskbbugb02capmi1xnmg3 0 158066 858958 2026-06-16T16:14:18Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357484148|Rufiji River]]" 858958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Rufiji''' ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo a cikin ƙasar, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Kogin Ulanga|Kiloombero]] da kogin Luwegu. Yana da kimanin kilomita 600 (370 tsawo, tare da tushe a kudu maso yammacin Tanzania, yana ƙare a [[Tekun Indiya]], a gaban Tsibirin Mafia, a Yankin Pwani. Babban mai ba da gudummawa shine [[Babban Kogin Ruaha]] . Yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita 100 (62 . Kogin Rufiji yana da kusan kilomita 200 (120 kudu da [[Dar es Salaam]] . Kogin ya ƙunshi mafi girman gandun daji a gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Downstream and Coastal Impacts of Damming and Water Abstraction in Africa", ''Environmental Management'', authored by Maria Snoussi, Johnson Kitheka, Yohanna Shaghude, Alioune Kane, Russell Arthurton, Martin Le Tissier, and Hassan Virji, 2007, volume 39, page 589 |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041140/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-21 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani reshe na tsoffin hanyoyin teku ya kai gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka da ake kira "Azania" da Helenawa da Romawa a ƙarni na 1 AZ kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean (kuma, mai yiwuwa, Sinanci: 澤散 a ƙarni ya 3 ta Sinanci), <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2004 |title=The Peoples of the West |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |access-date=2009-04-18 |website=from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 |publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref> aƙalla har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da Romawa suka sani da Rhapta, wanda mai yiwuwa yana cikin delta na Kogin Rufiji a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta zamani.<ref>"The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Felix A. Chami. In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp. 93-104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, daga Oktoba 1914 zuwa Yuli 1915, yankin bakin kogin (delta) ya kasance wurin da aka gudanar da wani dogon farmakin sojojin ruwa. Wannan ya haɗa da yunƙurin da daga baya ya yi nasara na Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Birtaniya (Royal Navy) na kawar da barazanar da kuma lalata jirgin ruwan yaƙin Jamus mai suna Königsberg. == Rashin ruwa == Rashin ruwa na Rufiji River yana da kilomita 177,429 (68,506 sq . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large-scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2015-10-18 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="3" style="margin-right: 3em;" |+Yankin Rufiji Basin ! scope="col" |Kogin ! scope="col" |Yankin M²<br /> ! scope="col" |Kashi na yanki<br /> ! scope="col" |Kashi na tseren<br /> |- ! scope="row" |Babban Ruaha | align="right" |     83,970&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | align="right" |47 | align="right" |15 |- ! scope="row" |Kiloombero | align="right" |39,990 | align="right" |23 | align="right" |62 |- ! scope="row" |Luwegu | align="right" |26,300 | align="right" |15 | align="right" |18 |- ! scope="row" |Rufiji (kogi na ƙasa) | align="right" |27,160 | align="right" |15 | align="right" |5 |- |- ! scope="row" |Jimillar | align="right" |      177,429&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | align="right" |100 | align="right" |100 |} == Shirin Hydroelectric == Shugaban Tanzania John Magufuli ya amince da gina sabon madatsar ruwa da Tashar wutar lantarki mai rikitarwa a kan kogi a Stiegler's Gorge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoag |first=Heather J. |last2=Öhman |first2=May-Britt |year=2008 |title=Turning water into power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945-1985 |url=https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hist |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=624–651 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0061 |pmid=18831291 |s2cid=27222691 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal|edition=Katharine}}</ref> Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da 2,100 megawatts na wutar lantarki, fiye da sau uku na wutar lantarki ta Tanzania na 562 megawatts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tairo |first=Apolinari |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Tanzania launches Rufiji power plant |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Construction-of-Tanzania-hydro-plant-begins/2560-5211880-ig941w/index.html |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> Ginin madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019, kuma ana sa ran zai kasance a shirye a shekara ta 2022.<ref name="Takouleu2">{{Cite news |last=Takouleu |first=Jean Marie |date=24 July 2019 |title=Stiegler's Gorge dam construction begins on July 26 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/tanzania-stieglers-gorge-dam-construction-begins-on-july-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725050527/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/tanzania-stieglers-gorge-dam-construction-begins-on-july-26/ |archive-date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Afrik 21}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Rufiji_River_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg|Sun poking through the clouds along the river. Fayil:Rufiji_River,_Selous.jpg|Rufiji River at Selous Game Reserve. Fayil:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|Elephants along the river. Fayil:Along_the_Rufiji_River_in_Selous_Game_Reserve_(3)_(28420159914).jpg|The river bank </gallery> == Manazarta == b9cnp08k54atkblnjcz2gnfzi7fjx0p 858959 858958 2026-06-16T16:15:05Z Bembety 20498 858959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Rufiji''' ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo a cikin ƙasar, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Kogin Ulanga|Kiloombero]] da kogin Luwegu. Yana da kimanin kilomita 600 (370 tsawo, tare da tushe a kudu maso yammacin Tanzania, yana ƙare a [[Tekun Indiya]], a gaban Tsibirin Mafia, a Yankin Pwani. Babban mai ba da gudummawa shine [[Babban Kogin Ruaha]] . Yana iya tafiya kusan kilomita 100 (62 . Kogin Rufiji yana da kusan kilomita 200 (120 kudu da [[Dar es Salaam]] . Kogin ya ƙunshi mafi girman gandun daji a gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Downstream and Coastal Impacts of Damming and Water Abstraction in Africa", ''Environmental Management'', authored by Maria Snoussi, Johnson Kitheka, Yohanna Shaghude, Alioune Kane, Russell Arthurton, Martin Le Tissier, and Hassan Virji, 2007, volume 39, page 589 |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041140/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-21 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani reshe na tsoffin hanyoyin teku ya kai gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka da ake kira "Azania" da Helenawa da Romawa a ƙarni na 1 AZ kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean (kuma, mai yiwuwa, Sinanci: 澤散 a ƙarni ya 3 ta Sinanci), <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2004 |title=The Peoples of the West |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |access-date=2009-04-18 |website=from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 |publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref> aƙalla har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da Romawa suka sani da Rhapta, wanda mai yiwuwa yana cikin delta na Kogin Rufiji a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta zamani.<ref>"The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Felix A. Chami. In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp. 93-104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, daga Oktoba 1914 zuwa Yuli 1915, yankin bakin kogin (delta) ya kasance wurin da aka gudanar da wani dogon farmakin sojojin ruwa. Wannan ya haɗa da yunƙurin da daga baya ya yi nasara na Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Birtaniya (Royal Navy) na kawar da barazanar da kuma lalata jirgin ruwan yaƙin Jamus mai suna Königsberg. == Rashin ruwa == Rashin ruwa na Rufiji River yana da kilomita 177,429 (68,506 sq . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large-scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2015-10-18 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="3" style="margin-right: 3em;" |+Yankin Rufiji Basin ! scope="col" |Kogin ! scope="col" |Yankin M²<br /> ! scope="col" |Kashi na yanki<br /> ! scope="col" |Kashi na tseren<br /> |- ! scope="row" |Babban Ruaha | align="right" |     83,970&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | align="right" |47 | align="right" |15 |- ! scope="row" |Kiloombero | align="right" |39,990 | align="right" |23 | align="right" |62 |- ! scope="row" |Luwegu | align="right" |26,300 | align="right" |15 | align="right" |18 |- ! scope="row" |Rufiji (kogi na ƙasa) | align="right" |27,160 | align="right" |15 | align="right" |5 |- |- ! scope="row" |Jimillar | align="right" |      177,429&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | align="right" |100 | align="right" |100 |} == Shirin Hydroelectric == Shugaban Tanzania John Magufuli ya amince da gina sabon madatsar ruwa da Tashar wutar lantarki mai rikitarwa a kan kogi a Stiegler's Gorge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoag |first=Heather J. |last2=Öhman |first2=May-Britt |year=2008 |title=Turning water into power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945-1985 |url=https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hist |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=624–651 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0061 |pmid=18831291 |s2cid=27222691 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal|edition=Katharine}}</ref> Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da 2,100 megawatts na wutar lantarki, fiye da sau uku na wutar lantarki ta Tanzania na 562 megawatts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tairo |first=Apolinari |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Tanzania launches Rufiji power plant |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Construction-of-Tanzania-hydro-plant-begins/2560-5211880-ig941w/index.html |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> Ginin madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019, kuma ana sa ran zai kasance a shirye a shekara ta 2022.<ref name="Takouleu2">{{Cite news |last=Takouleu |first=Jean Marie |date=24 July 2019 |title=Stiegler's Gorge dam construction begins on July 26 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/tanzania-stieglers-gorge-dam-construction-begins-on-july-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725050527/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/tanzania-stieglers-gorge-dam-construction-begins-on-july-26/ |archive-date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Afrik 21}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Rufiji_River_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg|Sun poking through the clouds along the river. Fayil:Rufiji_River,_Selous.jpg|Rufiji River at Selous Game Reserve. Fayil:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|Elephants along the river. Fayil:Along_the_Rufiji_River_in_Selous_Game_Reserve_(3)_(28420159914).jpg|The river bank </gallery> == Manazarta == t0hi5sayc9zxvrdfyw15l6bctn374qm 0 158067 858960 2026-06-16T16:15:15Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 858960 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin ilimin lissafi, rashin ruwa a Jiki shine rashin cikakken ruwa na jiki wanda ke rushe Hanyoyin metabolism.[1] Yana faruwa ne lokacin da asarar ruwa kyauta ta wuce cin abinci, sau da yawa sakamakon gumi mai yawa, yanayin kiwon lafiya, ko rashin isasshen amfani da ruwa. Hakanan ana iya haifar da rashin ruwa ta hanyar diuresis na nutsewa, wanda zai iya ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiya a cikin masu nutsewa. Yawancin mutane na iya jure raguwar 3-4% a cikin ruwa na jiki ba tare da wahala ko mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya ba. Ragewa 5-8% na iya haifar da Gajiya da damuwa. Rashin sama da kashi 10% na ruwan jiki na iya haifar da lalacewar jiki da tunani, tare da ƙishirwa mai tsanani. Mutuwa tana faruwa ne tare da asarar ruwa na jiki 15 zuwa 25% . [1] Rashin ruwa mai sauƙi yawanci yana warwarewa tare da sake ruwa na baki, amma lokuta masu tsanani na iya buƙatar ruwa mai narkewa. Rashin ruwa na iya haifar da hypernatremia (matakan sodium ions a cikin jini). Wannan ya bambanta da hypovolemia (asarar yawan jini, musamman plasma na jini). Rashin ruwa na yau da kullun na iya haifar da duwatsun koda da kuma ci gaban cututtukan koda na yau da kullum.[1][2] j5qqlnjtz0sohj07w0znz2ckzzelamf 858961 858960 2026-06-16T16:17:21Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 858961 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin ilimin lissafi, rashin ruwa a Jiki shine rashin cikakken ruwa na jiki wanda ke rushe Hanyoyin metabolism. Yana faruwa ne lokacin da asarar ruwa kyauta ta wuce cin abinci, sau da yawa sakamakon gumi mai yawa, yanayin kiwon lafiya, ko rashin isasshen amfani da ruwa. Hakanan ana iya haifar da rashin ruwa ta hanyar diuresis na nutsewa, wanda zai iya ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiya a cikin masu nutsewa. Yawancin mutane na iya jure raguwar 3-4% a cikin ruwa na jiki ba tare da wahala ko mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya ba. Ragewa 5-8% na iya haifar da Gajiya da damuwa. Rashin sama da kashi 10% na ruwan jiki na iya haifar da lalacewar jiki da tunani, tare da ƙishirwa mai tsanani. Mutuwa tana faruwa ne tare da asarar ruwa na jiki 15 zuwa 25% .<ref>https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00020</ref> Rashin ruwa mai sauƙi yawanci yana warwarewa tare da sake ruwa na baki, amma lokuta masu tsanani na iya buƙatar ruwa mai narkewa. Rashin ruwa na iya haifar da hypernatremia (matakan sodium ions a cikin jini). Wannan ya bambanta da hypovolemia (asarar yawan jini, musamman plasma na jini). Rashin ruwa na yau da kullun na iya haifar da duwatsun koda da kuma ci gaban cututtukan koda na yau da kullum.<ref>https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128145562000117</ref> ==Manazarta== 0lv7nwshr7wv5kbeprl35rafc4skydo 858963 858961 2026-06-16T16:18:40Z Mustysummy 21281 saka data box 858963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A cikin ilimin lissafi, rashin ruwa a Jiki shine rashin cikakken ruwa na jiki wanda ke rushe Hanyoyin metabolism. Yana faruwa ne lokacin da asarar ruwa kyauta ta wuce cin abinci, sau da yawa sakamakon gumi mai yawa, yanayin kiwon lafiya, ko rashin isasshen amfani da ruwa. Hakanan ana iya haifar da rashin ruwa ta hanyar diuresis na nutsewa, wanda zai iya ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiya a cikin masu nutsewa. Yawancin mutane na iya jure raguwar 3-4% a cikin ruwa na jiki ba tare da wahala ko mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya ba. Ragewa 5-8% na iya haifar da Gajiya da damuwa. Rashin sama da kashi 10% na ruwan jiki na iya haifar da lalacewar jiki da tunani, tare da ƙishirwa mai tsanani. Mutuwa tana faruwa ne tare da asarar ruwa na jiki 15 zuwa 25% .<ref>https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00020</ref> Rashin ruwa mai sauƙi yawanci yana warwarewa tare da sake ruwa na baki, amma lokuta masu tsanani na iya buƙatar ruwa mai narkewa. Rashin ruwa na iya haifar da hypernatremia (matakan sodium ions a cikin jini). Wannan ya bambanta da hypovolemia (asarar yawan jini, musamman plasma na jini). Rashin ruwa na yau da kullun na iya haifar da duwatsun koda da kuma ci gaban cututtukan koda na yau da kullum.<ref>https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128145562000117</ref> ==Manazarta== inpyxq4nya0lt7nzflnerjjvxsp50gc 0 158068 858964 2026-06-16T16:22:04Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 858964 wikitext text/x-wiki hanyar numfashi ita ce rarraba tsarin numfashi da ke da alaƙa da aiwatar da iska zuwa alveoli don dalilan musayar gas a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.[1] Hanyar numfashi tana da alaƙa da epithelium na numfashi a matsayin mucosa na numfashi.[2] Ana numfasawa iska ta hanyar hanci zuwa rami na hanci, inda wani nau'i na mucosa na hanci ke aiki a matsayin matattara kuma yana kama gurbataccen abu da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa da aka samu a cikin iska. Turbinates suna ƙara Ramin hanci, suna taimaka masa dumi, sanyaya, da kuma tace iska mai shigowa (Sobiesk & Munakomi, 2023). Bayan haka, iska tana motsawa cikin pharynx, wani sashi wanda ke ƙunshe da tsinkaye tsakanin esophagus da larynx. Budewar larynx yana da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta musamman, epiglottis, wanda ke buɗewa don ba da izinin iska ta wuce amma yana rufewa don hana abinci daga motsawa cikin hanyar iska. Hanyoyin huhu waɗanda ke ciki Ramin kirji, ana kare su daga lalacewar jiki ta hanyar haƙarƙari. A gindin huhu akwai takardar tsoka da ake kira diaphragm. Diaphragm ya raba huhu daga ciki da hanji. Diaphragm kuma shine babban tsoka na numfashi wanda ke da alaƙa da numfashi, kuma Tsarin juyayi na tausayi ne ke sarrafa shi. ekpawyksjbtftkdn7wbkzmy1yfr1ulm 858965 858964 2026-06-16T16:23:12Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 858965 wikitext text/x-wiki hanyar numfashi ita ce rarraba tsarin numfashi da ke da alaƙa da aiwatar da iska zuwa alveoli don dalilan musayar gas a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> Hanyar numfashi tana da alaƙa da epithelium na numfashi a matsayin mucosa na numfashi.<ref>https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020545</ref> Ana numfasawa iska ta hanyar hanci zuwa rami na hanci, inda wani nau'i na mucosa na hanci ke aiki a matsayin matattara kuma yana kama gurbataccen abu da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa da aka samu a cikin iska. Turbinates suna ƙara Ramin hanci, suna taimaka masa dumi, sanyaya, da kuma tace iska mai shigowa (Sobiesk & Munakomi, 2023). Bayan haka, iska tana motsawa cikin pharynx, wani sashi wanda ke ƙunshe da tsinkaye tsakanin esophagus da larynx. Budewar larynx yana da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta musamman, epiglottis, wanda ke buɗewa don ba da izinin iska ta wuce amma yana rufewa don hana abinci daga motsawa cikin hanyar iska. Hanyoyin huhu waɗanda ke ciki Ramin kirji, ana kare su daga lalacewar jiki ta hanyar haƙarƙari. A gindin huhu akwai takardar tsoka da ake kira diaphragm. Diaphragm ya raba huhu daga ciki da hanji. Diaphragm kuma shine babban tsoka na numfashi wanda ke da alaƙa da numfashi, kuma Tsarin juyayi na tausayi ne ke sarrafa shi. pkit869n6pnjj5450v47dtfctd5dmwh 858966 858965 2026-06-16T16:24:09Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 858966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}hanyar numfashi ita ce rarraba tsarin numfashi da ke da alaƙa da aiwatar da iska zuwa alveoli don dalilan musayar gas a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> Hanyar numfashi tana da alaƙa da epithelium na numfashi a matsayin mucosa na numfashi.<ref>https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020545</ref> Ana numfasawa iska ta hanyar hanci zuwa rami na hanci, inda wani nau'i na mucosa na hanci ke aiki a matsayin matattara kuma yana kama gurbataccen abu da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa da aka samu a cikin iska. Turbinates suna ƙara Ramin hanci, suna taimaka masa dumi, sanyaya, da kuma tace iska mai shigowa (Sobiesk & Munakomi, 2023). Bayan haka, iska tana motsawa cikin pharynx, wani sashi wanda ke ƙunshe da tsinkaye tsakanin esophagus da larynx. Budewar larynx yana da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta musamman, epiglottis, wanda ke buɗewa don ba da izinin iska ta wuce amma yana rufewa don hana abinci daga motsawa cikin hanyar iska. Hanyoyin huhu waɗanda ke ciki Ramin kirji, ana kare su daga lalacewar jiki ta hanyar haƙarƙari. A gindin huhu akwai takardar tsoka da ake kira diaphragm. Diaphragm ya raba huhu daga ciki da hanji. Diaphragm kuma shine babban tsoka na numfashi wanda ke da alaƙa da numfashi, kuma Tsarin juyayi na tausayi ne ke sarrafa shi. oi41qkap4uubx0rvzjf1ax9hf4xd4qh 858967 858966 2026-06-16T16:26:06Z Mustysummy 21281 saka hoto 858967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Adult and pediatric airway anatomy.png|thumb|Hanyar Lumfashi ta manya]] hanyar numfashi ita ce rarraba tsarin numfashi da ke da alaƙa da aiwatar da iska zuwa alveoli don dalilan musayar gas a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> Hanyar numfashi tana da alaƙa da epithelium na numfashi a matsayin mucosa na numfashi.<ref>https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020545</ref> Ana numfasawa iska ta hanyar hanci zuwa rami na hanci, inda wani nau'i na mucosa na hanci ke aiki a matsayin matattara kuma yana kama gurbataccen abu da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa da aka samu a cikin iska. Turbinates suna ƙara Ramin hanci, suna taimaka masa dumi, sanyaya, da kuma tace iska mai shigowa (Sobiesk & Munakomi, 2023). Bayan haka, iska tana motsawa cikin pharynx, wani sashi wanda ke ƙunshe da tsinkaye tsakanin esophagus da larynx. Budewar larynx yana da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta musamman, epiglottis, wanda ke buɗewa don ba da izinin iska ta wuce amma yana rufewa don hana abinci daga motsawa cikin hanyar iska. Hanyoyin huhu waɗanda ke ciki Ramin kirji, ana kare su daga lalacewar jiki ta hanyar haƙarƙari. A gindin huhu akwai takardar tsoka da ake kira diaphragm. Diaphragm ya raba huhu daga ciki da hanji. Diaphragm kuma shine babban tsoka na numfashi wanda ke da alaƙa da numfashi, kuma Tsarin juyayi na tausayi ne ke sarrafa shi. rx6oh17g14hmzp97oma0gppr0qsr407 0 158069 858969 2026-06-16T16:34:21Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 858969 wikitext text/x-wiki Huhu wasu tsokoki na ciki a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke shimfiɗa a ƙasan Ramin kirji.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> Diaphragm shine mafi mahimmancin tsoka na numfashi, kuma yana raba Ramin kirji, wanda ke dauke da zuciya da huhu, daga Ramin ciki: yayin da diaphragm ke kwangila, girman ramin kirjin yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da matsin lamba a can, wanda ke jawo iska a cikin huhu. Ana lura da yawan amfani da iskar oxygen ta hanyar mitochondria da capillaries da ke akwai; fiye da kowane tsoka.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> 2rbm4ekj6fto1rgoio6nbhhog4spqh5 858970 858969 2026-06-16T16:35:00Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 858970 wikitext text/x-wiki Huhu wasu tsokoki na ciki a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke shimfiɗa a ƙasan Ramin kirji.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> Diaphragm shine mafi mahimmancin tsoka na numfashi, kuma yana raba Ramin kirji, wanda ke dauke da zuciya da huhu, daga Ramin ciki: yayin da diaphragm ke kwangila, girman ramin kirjin yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da matsin lamba a can, wanda ke jawo iska a cikin huhu. Ana lura da yawan amfani da iskar oxygen ta hanyar mitochondria da capillaries da ke akwai; fiye da kowane tsoka.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613399</ref> ==Manazarta== 97jo1bbnjodvj024anjjvse8eon6px6 0 158070 858973 2026-06-16T16:43:53Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298095770|Sezibwa River]]" 858973 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Sezibwa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ssezibwa_Falls.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="7" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Sezibwa River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Sezibwa River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[32.735,1.4],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Sezibwa River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magana | class="infobox-data" |"Sizibwa" (L[[Luganda|Uganda]]):.. ''Ba za a iya toshe hanyarsu ba''. |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Birane | class="infobox-data" |[[Ngogwe]], [[Kayunga]], [[Galiraya]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |Ngogwe, Gundumar Buikwe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=00_16_12_N_33_00_18_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°16′12′′N</span> <span class="longitude">33°00′18′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.27000°N 33.00500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0.27000; 33.00500</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,200 m (3,900 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Tafkin Kyoga]], Gundumar Kayunga, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00′′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1,40000°N 32,73500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.40000°N 32.73500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,140 m (3,740 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |150 km (93 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kogin Sezibwa kogi ne da ke yankin tsakiyar ƙasar Uganda, a gabashin nahiyar Afirka. Sunan kogin ya samo asali ne daga kalmar yaren Luganda "sizibirwa kkubo", wadda ke nufin "ba za a iya toshe mini hanya ba" ko kuma "hanyata ba za a iya katse ta ba."(())translates into "my path cannot be blocked". == Wurin da yake == Kogin Sezibwa yana cikin kudancin tsakiyar [[Uganda]] . Ya fara ne daga wuraren da ke tsakanin [[Tafkin Victoria]] da [[Tafkin Kyoga]], yammacin [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] kuma yana gudana a cikin hanyar arewa don ya kwashe zuwa Tafkin Kyog. Tushen Kogin Sezibwa yana cikin Gundumar Buikwe, kusa da garin Ngogwe, tare da daidaitattun: Latitude:0.2700; Longitude:33.0050. Sezibwa ya shiga Tafkin Kyoga a cikin Gundumar Kayunga, kusa da garin Galilaya, tare da daidaitattun: Latitude:1.3700; Longitude:32.8150. Tsawon Kogin Sezibwa kusan kilomita 150 ne (93 daga tushe zuwa baki.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Ngogwe%20(Mukono)&toplace=Galiraya%20(Nakasongola)&fromlat=0.2391667&tolat=1.3130556&fromlng=32.9708333&tolng=32.8675 Approximate Distance between Ngogwe and Galilaya with Map]</ref>Tsakanin asalinsa a Gundumar Buikwe, amma kafin ya shiga Gundumar Kayunga, kogin yana gudana ta Gundumar Mukono. == Labari == A cewar labari, [[Kogi|Kogin]] Ssezibwa ba wani abu ne na halitta ba, amma zuriyar wata mace mai ciki da ake kira Nakangu, wacce ta rayu daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata kuma ta kasance cikin dangin Kibe (fox). Ana sa ran ta haifi tagwaye, amma a maimakon haka abin da ya zubo daga mahaifarta koguna ne. Ruhohin yaran da ba a haifa ba na Nakangu - an yi imanin Ssezibwa da Mubeeya don hana koguna biyu saboda wannan dalili ya kasance al'ada ga kowane Muganda da ya wuce asalin kogin a Namukono, kimanin kilomita 20 zuwa gabas, don jefa ɗan ciyawa ko duwatsu cikin kogi don sa'a. Har ma a yau, ana yin hadaya ta godiya ta barkcloth, giya da zakara a asalin kogin a kowace shekara, yawanci jagorancin Ssalongo (mahaifin tagwaye).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2020|isbn=9781784776428|location=England|pages=180|language=English}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ssezibwa_Falls1.jpg|thumb|Sisa ya faɗi]] == Sezibwa Falls == [[Fayil:Sezibwa_falls.jpg|alt=River Sezibwa|thumb|Kogin Sezibwa]] Sezibwa Falls kusan kilomita 20 ne (32 , gabashin [[Kampala]], babban birnin [[Uganda]], tare da Kampala-Jinja Highway. Shafin yanar gizon shi ne Shafin Tarihin [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] . An yi alama da tsaunuka masu kaifi da kuma sauti mai kyau na ruwa mai kwantar da hankali da ke gudana a kan duwatsu masu tsawo. Falls suna cikin Gundumar Mukono . A cewar labari na gargajiya, koguna biyu da ake kira Ssezibwa da ɗan'uwanta Bwanda, wata mace ce ta haife su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Kavuma Bukunja. Matar, Nakangu Tebateesa, wanda ake kira mijinta Nsubuga Ssebwaato, ta haifi tagwaye a cikin ruwa, inda Sezibwa ya gudana zuwa yamma, ya wuce matsaloli da yawa kuma ya sami sunansa, yayin da Bwanda ya gudana daga gabas, zuwa Nyenga. Mutane da yawa suna zuwa wurin don mu'ujizai saboda sun yi imanin cewa shafin yana da ikon allahntaka. Ruwan yana da mita 7 (23 a tsawo. Hawan dutse da kallon [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] sune manyan ayyukan a shafin. Masana ilimin ƙasa da sauran masana kimiyya suma suna yawan zuwa shafin. Dabbobin daji a cikin gandun daji da ke kewaye da su sun haɗa da birai, birai masu jan wutsi da sauran dabbobi da tsuntsaye.<ref>[http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls The Hidden Treasures of Sezibwa Falls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723145504/http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls|date=2011-07-23}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafkin Victoria]] * [[Tafkin Kyoga]] * [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] * Kayunga == Manazarta == mtiti84vhk96kct3k0vp0pd2ecjqk89 858975 858973 2026-06-16T16:44:38Z Bembety 20498 858975 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Sezibwa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ssezibwa_Falls.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="7" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Sezibwa River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Sezibwa River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[32.735,1.4],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Sezibwa River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magana | class="infobox-data" |"Sizibwa" (L[[Luganda|Uganda]]):.. ''Ba za a iya toshe hanyarsu ba''. |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Birane | class="infobox-data" |[[Ngogwe]], [[Kayunga]], [[Galiraya]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |Ngogwe, Gundumar Buikwe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=00_16_12_N_33_00_18_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°16′12′′N</span> <span class="longitude">33°00′18′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.27000°N 33.00500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0.27000; 33.00500</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,200 m (3,900 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Tafkin Kyoga]], Gundumar Kayunga, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00′′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1,40000°N 32,73500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.40000°N 32.73500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,140 m (3,740 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |150 km (93 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kogin Sezibwa kogi ne da ke yankin tsakiyar ƙasar Uganda, a gabashin nahiyar Afirka. Sunan kogin ya samo asali ne daga kalmar yaren Luganda "sizibirwa kkubo", wadda ke nufin "ba za a iya toshe mini hanya ba" ko kuma "hanyata ba za a iya katse ta ba." == Wurin da yake == Kogin Sezibwa yana cikin kudancin tsakiyar [[Uganda]] . Ya fara ne daga wuraren da ke tsakanin [[Tafkin Victoria]] da [[Tafkin Kyoga]], yammacin [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] kuma yana gudana a cikin hanyar arewa don ya kwashe zuwa Tafkin Kyog. Tushen Kogin Sezibwa yana cikin Gundumar Buikwe, kusa da garin Ngogwe, tare da daidaitattun: Latitude:0.2700; Longitude:33.0050. Sezibwa ya shiga Tafkin Kyoga a cikin Gundumar Kayunga, kusa da garin Galilaya, tare da daidaitattun: Latitude:1.3700; Longitude:32.8150. Tsawon Kogin Sezibwa kusan kilomita 150 ne (93 daga tushe zuwa baki.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Ngogwe%20(Mukono)&toplace=Galiraya%20(Nakasongola)&fromlat=0.2391667&tolat=1.3130556&fromlng=32.9708333&tolng=32.8675 Approximate Distance between Ngogwe and Galilaya with Map]</ref>Tsakanin asalinsa a Gundumar Buikwe, amma kafin ya shiga Gundumar Kayunga, kogin yana gudana ta Gundumar Mukono. == Labari == A cewar labari, [[Kogi|Kogin]] Ssezibwa ba wani abu ne na halitta ba, amma zuriyar wata mace mai ciki da ake kira Nakangu, wacce ta rayu daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata kuma ta kasance cikin dangin Kibe (fox). Ana sa ran ta haifi tagwaye, amma a maimakon haka abin da ya zubo daga mahaifarta koguna ne. Ruhohin yaran da ba a haifa ba na Nakangu - an yi imanin Ssezibwa da Mubeeya don hana koguna biyu saboda wannan dalili ya kasance al'ada ga kowane Muganda da ya wuce asalin kogin a Namukono, kimanin kilomita 20 zuwa gabas, don jefa ɗan ciyawa ko duwatsu cikin kogi don sa'a. Har ma a yau, ana yin hadaya ta godiya ta barkcloth, giya da zakara a asalin kogin a kowace shekara, yawanci jagorancin Ssalongo (mahaifin tagwaye).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2020|isbn=9781784776428|location=England|pages=180|language=English}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ssezibwa_Falls1.jpg|thumb|Sisa ya faɗi]] == Sezibwa Falls == [[Fayil:Sezibwa_falls.jpg|alt=River Sezibwa|thumb|Kogin Sezibwa]] Sezibwa Falls kusan kilomita 20 ne (32 , gabashin [[Kampala]], babban birnin [[Uganda]], tare da Kampala-Jinja Highway. Shafin yanar gizon shi ne Shafin Tarihin [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] . An yi alama da tsaunuka masu kaifi da kuma sauti mai kyau na ruwa mai kwantar da hankali da ke gudana a kan duwatsu masu tsawo. Falls suna cikin Gundumar Mukono . A cewar labari na gargajiya, koguna biyu da ake kira Ssezibwa da ɗan'uwanta Bwanda, wata mace ce ta haife su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Kavuma Bukunja. Matar, Nakangu Tebateesa, wanda ake kira mijinta Nsubuga Ssebwaato, ta haifi tagwaye a cikin ruwa, inda Sezibwa ya gudana zuwa yamma, ya wuce matsaloli da yawa kuma ya sami sunansa, yayin da Bwanda ya gudana daga gabas, zuwa Nyenga. Mutane da yawa suna zuwa wurin don mu'ujizai saboda sun yi imanin cewa shafin yana da ikon allahntaka. Ruwan yana da mita 7 (23 a tsawo. Hawan dutse da kallon [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] sune manyan ayyukan a shafin. Masana ilimin ƙasa da sauran masana kimiyya suma suna yawan zuwa shafin. Dabbobin daji a cikin gandun daji da ke kewaye da su sun haɗa da birai, birai masu jan wutsi da sauran dabbobi da tsuntsaye.<ref>[http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls The Hidden Treasures of Sezibwa Falls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723145504/http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls|date=2011-07-23}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafkin Victoria]] * [[Tafkin Kyoga]] * [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] * Kayunga == Manazarta == 3yht59fgkttsv3rir6fan6hqzxrrs5r 0 158071 858974 2026-06-16T16:44:07Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 858974 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar koda mai tsanani (CKD) wani nau'in cutar koda ne na dogon lokaci, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ci gaba da aiki na koda da / ko tsarin koda.<ref>https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086#:~:text=Dehydration%20occurs%20when%20you%20use,fluids%2C%20you%20will%20get%20dehydrated</ref> Don saduwa da ka'idojin CKD, dole ne rashin daidaituwa ya kasance aƙalla watanni uku. Da farko a cikin CKD, marasa lafiya yawanci ba su da alamomi, amma ana iya gano su ta hanyar proteinuria. A matakai na baya, alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi a kafa, jin gajiya, amai, rashin abinci, da rikicewa.[1] Matsalar na iya danganta da rashin jini na hormonal na koda kuma sun haɗa da hawan jini mai yawa (sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da kunna tsarin renin-angiotensin), juriya na insulin, Cutar ƙashi, da ƙarancin jini. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya na CKD sun karu da rikice-rikice na zuciya tare da karuwar haɗarin mutuwa da kwantar da hankali a asibiti.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207053</ref> CKD na iya haifar da gazawar koda na ƙarshe wanda ke buƙatar dialysis na koda ko transplantation na koda. Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar koda sun haɗa da Ciwon sukari, hawan jini, glomerulonephritis, da Cutar koda ta polycystic. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tarihin iyali na cututtukan koda na yau da kullun] Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na jini don auna ƙididdigar ƙarancin glomerular (eGFR), da gwajin fitsari don auna albumin. Ana iya yin Ultrasound ko biopsy na koda don tantance ainihin dalilin. Ana amfani da tsarin tsayayya da yawa. 8zo8yxht3l8l3dwku0yyrm0zcoaoy6k 858976 858974 2026-06-16T16:44:39Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 858976 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar koda mai tsanani (CKD) wani nau'in cutar koda ne na dogon lokaci, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ci gaba da aiki na koda da / ko tsarin koda.<ref>https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086#:~:text=Dehydration%20occurs%20when%20you%20use,fluids%2C%20you%20will%20get%20dehydrated</ref> Don saduwa da ka'idojin CKD, dole ne rashin daidaituwa ya kasance aƙalla watanni uku. Da farko a cikin CKD, marasa lafiya yawanci ba su da alamomi, amma ana iya gano su ta hanyar proteinuria. A matakai na baya, alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi a kafa, jin gajiya, amai, rashin abinci, da rikicewa.[1] Matsalar na iya danganta da rashin jini na hormonal na koda kuma sun haɗa da hawan jini mai yawa (sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da kunna tsarin renin-angiotensin), juriya na insulin, Cutar ƙashi, da ƙarancin jini. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya na CKD sun karu da rikice-rikice na zuciya tare da karuwar haɗarin mutuwa da kwantar da hankali a asibiti.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207053</ref> CKD na iya haifar da gazawar koda na ƙarshe wanda ke buƙatar dialysis na koda ko transplantation na koda. Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar koda sun haɗa da Ciwon sukari, hawan jini, glomerulonephritis, da Cutar koda ta polycystic. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tarihin iyali na cututtukan koda na yau da kullun] Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na jini don auna ƙididdigar ƙarancin glomerular (eGFR), da gwajin fitsari don auna albumin. Ana iya yin Ultrasound ko biopsy na koda don tantance ainihin dalilin. Ana amfani da tsarin tsayayya da yawa. ==Manzarata== iwsbq11zntlage2lvrvhl8m5zqpfnkb 858977 858976 2026-06-16T16:49:58Z Mustysummy 21281 gyara 858977 wikitext text/x-wiki Cutar koda mai tsanani (CKD) wani nau'in cutar koda ne na dogon lokaci, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ci gaba da aiki na koda da / ko tsarin koda.<ref>https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/what-is-chronic-kidney-disease</ref> <ref>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474</ref> Don saduwa da ka'idojin CKD, dole ne rashin daidaituwa ya kasance aƙalla watanni uku. Da farko a cikin CKD, marasa lafiya yawanci ba su da alamomi, amma ana iya gano su ta hanyar proteinuria. A matakai na baya, alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi a kafa, jin gajiya, amai, rashin abinci, da rikicewa. Matsalar na iya danganta da rashin jini na hormonal na koda kuma sun haɗa da hawan jini mai yawa (sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da kunna tsarin renin-angiotensin), juriya na insulin, Cutar ƙashi, da ƙarancin jini. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya na CKD sun karu da rikice-rikice na zuciya tare da karuwar haɗarin mutuwa da kwantar da hanka CKD na iya haifar da gazawar koda na ƙarshe wanda ke buƙatar dialysis na koda ko transplantation na koda.<ref>https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar koda sun haɗa da Ciwon sukari, hawan jini, glomerulonephritis, da Cutar koda ta polycystic. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tarihin iyali na cututtukan koda na yau da kullun] Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na jini don auna ƙididdigar ƙarancin glomerular (eGFR), da gwajin fitsari don auna albumin. Ana iya yin Ultrasound ko biopsy na koda don tantance ainihin dalilin. Ana amfani da tsarin tsayayya da yawa. ==Manzarata== dq23fzkiv491tgu8ivyek1zhf15sfej 858979 858977 2026-06-16T16:51:44Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 858979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Cutar koda mai tsanani (CKD) wani nau'in cutar koda ne na dogon lokaci, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ci gaba da aiki na koda da / ko tsarin koda.<ref>https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/what-is-chronic-kidney-disease</ref> <ref>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/kidney_and_urinary_system_disorders/end_stage_renal_disease_esrd_85,P01474</ref> Don saduwa da ka'idojin CKD, dole ne rashin daidaituwa ya kasance aƙalla watanni uku. Da farko a cikin CKD, marasa lafiya yawanci ba su da alamomi, amma ana iya gano su ta hanyar proteinuria. A matakai na baya, alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi a kafa, jin gajiya, amai, rashin abinci, da rikicewa. Matsalar na iya danganta da rashin jini na hormonal na koda kuma sun haɗa da hawan jini mai yawa (sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da kunna tsarin renin-angiotensin), juriya na insulin, Cutar ƙashi, da ƙarancin jini. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya na CKD sun karu da rikice-rikice na zuciya tare da karuwar haɗarin mutuwa da kwantar da hanka CKD na iya haifar da gazawar koda na ƙarshe wanda ke buƙatar dialysis na koda ko transplantation na koda.<ref>https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar koda sun haɗa da Ciwon sukari, hawan jini, glomerulonephritis, da Cutar koda ta polycystic. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tarihin iyali na cututtukan koda na yau da kullun] Ana gano shi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na jini don auna ƙididdigar ƙarancin glomerular (eGFR), da gwajin fitsari don auna albumin. Ana iya yin Ultrasound ko biopsy na koda don tantance ainihin dalilin. Ana amfani da tsarin tsayayya da yawa. ==Manzarata== 8xx3nd04dlp1uz8yem7fppj0ol1mctm 0 158072 858978 2026-06-16T16:50:31Z Bembety 20498 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Setlagoli River | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | native_name = Setlagodirivier | other_name = Setlagole River | location = [[North West (South African province)|North West]], [[South Africa]] | pushpin_map = South Africa | river_system = [[Molopo River]] | mouth = [[Molopo River]] | country = [[South Africa]] }} '''Setlagoli River''' (wanda ake kira '''Setlagole River''' ko '''Setlagodirivier''') wani ƙaramin kogi ne da ke gudana a la... 858978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Setlagoli River | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | native_name = Setlagodirivier | other_name = Setlagole River | location = [[North West (South African province)|North West]], [[South Africa]] | pushpin_map = South Africa | river_system = [[Molopo River]] | mouth = [[Molopo River]] | country = [[South Africa]] }} '''Setlagoli River''' (wanda ake kira '''Setlagole River''' ko '''Setlagodirivier''') wani ƙaramin kogi ne da ke gudana a lardin [[North West (South African province)|North West]] na [[South Africa]]. Kogin yana daga cikin manyan rafukan da ke ciyar da [[Molopo River]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna a kudancin Afirka. Yankin kogin yana cikin ƙaramar hukumar Ratlou a gundumar Ngaka Modiri Molema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Setlagole, North West, South Africa |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-956338.html |publisher=Mindat |access-date=16 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Setlagoli River yana gudana a yankin savanna mai yanayin zafi da ƙarancin ruwan sama. Kogin yana kusa da ƙauyukan Setlagole da Masamane, kuma yana da tsayin kusan mita 1,097 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Setlagole Map |url=https://mapcarta.com/14258354 |publisher=Mapcarta |access-date=16 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Dangantaka da Molopo River == Setlagoli River na daga cikin rafukan da ke ciyar da [[Molopo River]]. Molopo River yana ratsa ƙasashen [[South Africa]], [[Botswana]] da [[Namibia]], kuma yana daga cikin muhimman kogunan yankin Kalahari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Molopo River |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molopo_River |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=16 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Kodayake Setlagoli River ba ya daga cikin manyan kogunan Afirka, yana da muhimmanci wajen ciyar da Molopo River da kuma tallafawa yanayin muhalli da namun daji a yankin. A lokacin damina, kogin yana taimakawa wajen samar da ruwa ga tsirrai da dabbobi na yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Molopo River Basin |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molopo_River |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=16 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Molopo River]] * [[List of rivers of South Africa]] * [[North West (South African province)]] * [[South Africa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rivers of South Africa]] [[Category:North West (South African province)]] [[Category:Tributaries of the Molopo River]] [[Category:Landforms of South Africa]] 8osj0tfvgyd3z9kpsja6kitn4ax3ctl 0 158073 858980 2026-06-16T16:56:06Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350790785|Oze River]]" 858980 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kogin Oze<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Ƙananan ƙwayoyin</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ose_River_in_2007_Japan.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Kogin Oze a cikin 2007</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe height="250" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoline", "properties": { "stroke": "#66F", "stroke-width": 2 }, "query": "SELECT ?id ?geo ?idLabel (?idLabel as ?title) WHERE { ?id wdt:P403 wd:Q11462758 . SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en'. } }" }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoline", "properties": { "stroke": "#555", "stroke-width": 2 }, "query": "SELECT ?id ?geo ?idLabel (?idLabel as ?title) WHERE { ?id wdt:P885 wd:Q11462758 . SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en'. } }" }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoline", "properties": { "title": "Oze River", "stroke": "#05F", "stroke-width": 4 }, "ids": "Q11462758" } ]</mapframe> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Oze River is located in Japan]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:73.543%;left:19.05%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Oze River]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Wurin da yake |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Japan]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Jiha | class="infobox-data" |[[Honshu]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Hiroshima, Yamaguchi |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Halayen jiki&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tushen | class="infobox-data" |[[Onigajoyama]] (鬼ヶ城山) <ref name="kotobank">{{Cite web |title=小瀬川(おぜがわ)とは - コトバンク |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E7%80%AC%E5%B7%9D-1046007 |access-date=December 31, 2017 |publisher=kotobank |language=ja}}</ref> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima<ref name="mlit2" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; tsawo&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,031 m (3,383 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bakin | class="infobox-data" |Tekun Cikin Gida na Seto<ref name="mlit2" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; wurin&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Waki, Yamaguchi; Ōtake, Hiroshima <ref name="mlit2" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ma'auni&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oze_River&params=34.2108_N_132.2463_E_type:river_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°12′39′′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°14′47′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.2108°N 132.2463°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.2108; 132.2463</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oze_River&params=34.2108_N_132.2463_E_type:river_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°12′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">132°14′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.2108°N 132.2463°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.2108; 132.2463</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |59 km (37 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Girman kwandon</div> | class="infobox-data" |340 km² (130 sq mi) <ref name="mlit" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} Kogin Oze<nowiki>'''</nowiki> (da Jafananci: 小瀬川, Ozegawa) wani babban kogi ne na Class A da ke cikin lardunan Hiroshima Prefecture da Yamaguchi Prefecture a ƙasar Japan. Kogin yana zama wani ɓangare na iyakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan larduna guda biyu, wadda a da ita ce iyakar tsoffin lardunan Suō Province da Aki Province. Ana kuma kiran kogin da suna Kono River (木野川).jdj<ref name="kotobank">{{Cite web |title=小瀬川(おぜがわ)とは - コトバンク |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E7%80%AC%E5%B7%9D-1046007 |access-date=December 31, 2017 |publisher=kotobank |language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E7%80%AC%E5%B7%9D-1046007 "小瀬川(おぜがわ)とは - コトバンク"] (in Japanese). kotobank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin ruwa na Ozegawa * Rashin ruwa na Yasaka == Manazarta == od6oids5l9a0bmifnx5mmvis0vwzmc3 858984 858980 2026-06-16T16:59:49Z Bembety 20498 Replaced content with "{{databox}} Kogin Oze<nowiki>'''</nowiki> (da Jafananci: 小瀬川, Ozegawa) wani babban kogi ne na Class A da ke cikin lardunan Hiroshima Prefecture da Yamaguchi Prefecture a ƙasar Japan. Kogin yana zama wani ɓangare na iyakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan larduna guda biyu, wadda a da ita ce iyakar tsoffin lardunan Suō Province da Aki Province. Ana kuma kiran kogin da suna Kono River (木野川).<ref>http://www.cgr.mlit.go.jp/ootagawa/ozegawaseibi/planan/plan.htm</re..." 858984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kogin Oze<nowiki>'''</nowiki> (da Jafananci: 小瀬川, Ozegawa) wani babban kogi ne na Class A da ke cikin lardunan Hiroshima Prefecture da Yamaguchi Prefecture a ƙasar Japan. Kogin yana zama wani ɓangare na iyakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan larduna guda biyu, wadda a da ita ce iyakar tsoffin lardunan Suō Province da Aki Province. Ana kuma kiran kogin da suna Kono River (木野川).<ref>http://www.cgr.mlit.go.jp/ootagawa/ozegawaseibi/planan/plan.htm</ref><ref>http://www.mlit.go.jp/river/toukei_chousa/kasen/jiten/nihon_kawa/0708_ozegawa/0708_ozegawa_00.html</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin ruwa na Ozegawa * Rashin ruwa na Yasaka == Manazarta == 9lejr4yxsd7x71bqpcjjgrjgnudux6h 0 158074 858988 2026-06-16T17:04:01Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 858988 wikitext text/x-wiki Dysmenorrhea, wanda aka fi sani da ciwo na lokaci, lokaci mai zafi ko ciwo na haila, ciwo ne a lokacin haila.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/periodpain.html</ref> Farkonsa na yau da kullun yana faruwa a lokacin da haila ta fara. Alamomin yawanci suna wucewa kasa da kwana uku. Ciwon yawanci yana cikin kwatangwalo ko ƙananan ciki. Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da ciwon baya, zawo ko ƙishirwa.<ref></ref> Dysmenorrhea can occur without an underlying problem.<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html?from=AtoZ</ref> Underlying issues that can cause dysmenorrhea include uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, and most commonly, endometriosis. It is more common among those with heavy periods, irregular periods, those whose periods started before twelve years of age and those who have a low body weight. A pelvic exam and ultrasound in individuals who are sexually active may be useful for diagnosis. Conditions that should be ruled out include ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, interstitial cystitis and chronic pelvic pain ==Manzarta== 4rjtlrdnnk4q3l4k9vkkfca81d5joxx 858989 858988 2026-06-16T17:04:51Z Mustysummy 21281 858989 wikitext text/x-wiki Dysmenorrhea, wanda aka fi sani da ciwo na lokaci, lokaci mai zafi ko ciwo na haila, ciwo ne a lokacin haila.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/periodpain.html</ref> Farkonsa na yau da kullun yana faruwa a lokacin da haila ta fara. Alamomin yawanci suna wucewa kasa da kwana uku. Ciwon yawanci yana cikin kwatangwalo ko ƙananan ciki. Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da ciwon baya, zawo ko ƙishirwa. Dysmenorrhea can occur without an underlying problem.<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html?from=AtoZ</ref> Underlying issues that can cause dysmenorrhea include uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, and most commonly, endometriosis. It is more common among those with heavy periods, irregular periods, those whose periods started before twelve years of age and those who have a low body weight. A pelvic exam and ultrasound in individuals who are sexually active may be useful for diagnosis. Conditions that should be ruled out include ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, interstitial cystitis and chronic pelvic pain ==Manzarta== fg3trx5mw4chs629qhyb0qhyono85kh 858992 858989 2026-06-16T17:08:09Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 858992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dysmenorrhea, wanda aka fi sani da ciwo na lokaci, lokaci mai zafi ko ciwo na haila, ciwo ne a lokacin haila.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/periodpain.html</ref> Farkonsa na yau da kullun yana faruwa a lokacin da haila ta fara. Alamomin yawanci suna wucewa kasa da kwana uku. Ciwon yawanci yana cikin kwatangwalo ko ƙananan ciki. Sauran alamun na iya haɗawa da ciwon baya, zawo ko ƙishirwa. Dysmenorrhea can occur without an underlying problem.<ref>https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html?from=AtoZ</ref> Underlying issues that can cause dysmenorrhea include uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, and most commonly, endometriosis. It is more common among those with heavy periods, irregular periods, those whose periods started before twelve years of age and those who have a low body weight. A pelvic exam and ultrasound in individuals who are sexually active may be useful for diagnosis. Conditions that should be ruled out include ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, interstitial cystitis and chronic pelvic pain ==Manzarta== hn8ujr5diuhebbg854rxe9wwx0xq09d 0 158075 858990 2026-06-16T17:06:38Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313728887|Ozegawa Dam]]" 858990 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Rashin ruwa na Ozegawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ozegawa-2071-r1.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Ozegawa Dam","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q7116544"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Ozegawa Dam"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q7116544"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[132.12338888888888,34.308055555555555],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Ozegawa Dam","marker-symbol":"dam"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa na madatsar ruwan Ozegawa</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Hiroshima, [[Japan]]. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozegawa_Dam&params=34_18_29.0_N_132_07_24.2_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°18′29.0′′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°07′24.2′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.308056°N 132.123389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.308056; 132.123389</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozegawa_Dam&params=34_18_29.0_N_132_07_24.2_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°18′29.0″N</span> <span class="longitude">132°07′24.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.308056°N 132.123389°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.308056; 132.123389</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An fara gini&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1958 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1964 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam da hanyoyin zubar da ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Abubuwan da ake zargi da su | class="infobox-data" |[[Oze River|Kogin Oze]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |Mita 49 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |158 m |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cikakken iyawa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |11,400,000 m³ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ruwan ruwa|Yankin da aka kama shi&nbsp;]] | class="infobox-data" |135.0 km² |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin saman&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |hekta 90 |} Dam din Ozegawa [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a yankin Hiroshima, [[Japan]] . Gshhshhshhs q59nf6srsqi7hkt7d8gruby7q2t0ew9 858991 858990 2026-06-16T17:07:09Z Bembety 20498 858991 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Rashin ruwa na Ozegawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ozegawa-2071-r1.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Ozegawa Dam","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q7116544"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Ozegawa Dam"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q7116544"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[132.12338888888888,34.308055555555555],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Ozegawa Dam","marker-symbol":"dam"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa na madatsar ruwan Ozegawa</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Hiroshima, [[Japan]]. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozegawa_Dam&params=34_18_29.0_N_132_07_24.2_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°18′29.0′′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°07′24.2′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.308056°N 132.123389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.308056; 132.123389</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozegawa_Dam&params=34_18_29.0_N_132_07_24.2_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°18′29.0″N</span> <span class="longitude">132°07′24.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.308056°N 132.123389°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.308056; 132.123389</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An fara gini&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1958 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1964 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam da hanyoyin zubar da ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Abubuwan da ake zargi da su | class="infobox-data" |[[Oze River|Kogin Oze]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |Mita 49 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |158 m |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cikakken iyawa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |11,400,000 m³ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ruwan ruwa|Yankin da aka kama shi&nbsp;]] | class="infobox-data" |135.0 km² |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin saman&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |hekta 90 |} Dam din Ozegawa [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a yankin Hiroshima, [[Japan]] . 66msmx0vbbtaggrb804mbdqxnewb3kq 0 158076 858995 2026-06-16T17:12:11Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312091340|Yasaka Dam]]" 858995 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Rashin ruwa na Yasaka |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Yasaka-1996-r1.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Yasaka Dam","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q8049636"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Yasaka Dam"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q8049636"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[132.1625,34.233333333333334],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Yasaka Dam","marker-symbol":"dam"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa na madatsar ruwan Yasaka</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Hiroshima, [[Japan]]. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yasaka_Dam&params=34_14_00_N_132_09_45_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°14′00′′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°09′45′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.23333°N 132.16250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.23333; 132.16250</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yasaka_Dam&params=34_14_00_N_132_09_45_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°14′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">132°09′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.23333°N 132.16250°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.23333; 132.16250</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An fara gini&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1971 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1991 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam da hanyoyin zubar da ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Abubuwan da ake zargi da su | class="infobox-data" |[[Oze River|Kogin Oze]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |120 m |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |540 m |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cikakken iyawa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |112,000,000 m³ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ruwan ruwa|Yankin da aka kama shi&nbsp;]] | class="infobox-data" |301 km² |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin saman&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Hectare 360hekta |} GshshYasaka Dam wani [[madatsar ruwa]] ne a cikin Hiroshima Prefecture na [[Japan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydropower & Dams in South and East Asia |url=http://www.hydropower-dams.com/d/d_S&East_Asia_Map.pdf |access-date=3 October 2010 |publisher=Hydropower and Dams |page=9}}</ref> == Manazarta == oswv0o2vvz4q3crfdlgexliaky52n5f 858996 858995 2026-06-16T17:12:34Z Bembety 20498 858996 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Rashin ruwa na Yasaka |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Yasaka-1996-r1.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Yasaka Dam","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q8049636"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Yasaka Dam"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q8049636"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[132.1625,34.233333333333334],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Yasaka Dam","marker-symbol":"dam"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa na madatsar ruwan Yasaka</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Hiroshima, [[Japan]]. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yasaka_Dam&params=34_14_00_N_132_09_45_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°14′00′′N</span> <span class="longitude">132°09′45′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.23333°N 132.16250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.23333; 132.16250</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yasaka_Dam&params=34_14_00_N_132_09_45_E_type:landmark_region:JP <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°14′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">132°09′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.23333°N 132.16250°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.23333; 132.16250</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An fara gini&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1971 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1991 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam da hanyoyin zubar da ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Abubuwan da ake zargi da su | class="infobox-data" |[[Oze River|Kogin Oze]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |120 m |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |540 m |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cikakken iyawa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |112,000,000 m³ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ruwan ruwa|Yankin da aka kama shi&nbsp;]] | class="infobox-data" |301 km² |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin saman&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Hectare 360hekta |} Yasaka Dam wani [[madatsar ruwa]] ne a cikin Hiroshima Prefecture na [[Japan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydropower & Dams in South and East Asia |url=http://www.hydropower-dams.com/d/d_S&East_Asia_Map.pdf |access-date=3 October 2010 |publisher=Hydropower and Dams |page=9}}</ref> == Manazarta == 744rlilxf9u3gi7fukko7s9dwhumcrx 0 158077 858999 2026-06-16T17:23:42Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350996057|Kayunga]]" 858999 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Kayunga</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Uganda_Kayunga.png|251x251px|Kayunga]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Kayunga</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Uganda_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|254x254px|Kayunga is located in Uganda]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:61.237%;left:60.715%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Kayunga]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kayunga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Taswirar Uganda da ke nuna wurin Kayunga.</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 00°42′12′′N 32°54′13′′E / 0.70333°N 32.90361°E / 0.90333; 32.90361.<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kayunga&params=00_42_12_N_32_54_13_E_region:UG_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°42′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°54′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.70333°N 32.90361°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">0.70333; 32.90361</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Uganda]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Tsakiya na Uganda |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Kayunga |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Ntenjeru |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |1,063 m (3,488 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020 Kimanin) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |30,000<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |date=14 June 2020 |title=The population development of Kayunga as well as related information and services |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/central/admin/kayunga/SC0462__kayunga/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Citypopulation.de |format=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+3 (EAT) |} '''Kayunga''' wani gari ne da ke a Yankin Tsakiya (Central Region) na ƙasar Uganda. Shi ne babban cibiyar birni, cibiyar gudanarwa, da kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ta Gundumar Kayunga (Kayunga District). <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Fred Muzaale |date=24 April 2018 |title=Kayunga Town is the United nations of Uganda |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/homes-and-property/kayunga-town-is-the-united-nations-of-uganda--1752496 |access-date=6 Jun 2021}}</ref> the main municipal, administrative, and commercial center == Wurin da yake == Kayunga yana da kusan kilomita 72 (45 arewa maso gabashin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma, a kan babbar hanyar tarmac.<ref name="3R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Uganda+Post+Office,+Plot+35+Kampala+Road,+Kampala+P.O.BOX+7106,+KAMPALA/Kayunga/@0.5069007,32.60385,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc808cc2ab43:0x7dd3e9e39634c3b!2m2!1d32.581301!2d0.3133395!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c2353e453606d:0xe2c9e2157350fda8!2m2!1d32.9029088!2d0.7013707!3e0|title=Road Distance Between Central Kampala, Uganda And Kayunga, Uganda With Map|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 49 (30 arewa maso yammacin birnin Jinja, birni na biyu na masana'antu na Uganda, kuma a kan babbar hanyar tarmac.<ref name="4R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jinja,+Uganda/Kayunga,+Uganda/@0.5703703,32.7728917,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x177e7b862c391f47:0x300fe90f956a9f4a!2m2!1d33.2026122!2d0.4478566!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c2353e453606d:0xe2c9e2157350fda8!2m2!1d32.9029088!2d0.7013707|title=Road Distance Between Jinja, Uganda And Kayunga, Uganda With Map|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Ma'aunin garin shine 0°42'12.0"N, 32°54'13.0"E (Latitude:0.703333; Longitude:32.903611). Kayunga Town yana zaune a matsakaicin tsawo na mita 1,063 (3,488 sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]].<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Floodmap |date=6 Jun 2021 |title=Elevation of Kayunga, Uganda |url=https://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=231696 |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Floodmap.net}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Dangane da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta ƙarshe ta 2002, garin Kayunga yana da yawan jama'ar kusan 19,800. A cikin 2010, Ofishin Kididdiga na Uganda (UBOS) ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a 23,100. A cewar UBOS, an kiyasta yawan mutanen tsakiyar shekara a 23,600 a cikin 2011.<ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |date=2012 |title==Estimated Population of Kayunga In 2002, 2010 & 2011 |url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707231502/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-07 |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=[[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]] |format=Archived from the original on 7 July 2014}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta ƙasa ta sanya yawan jama'ar a 26,588. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=UBOS |date=27 August 2014 |title=The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants |url=http://citypopulation.de/Uganda-Cities.html |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015 UBOS ta kiyasta yawan mutanen Kayunga Town a 27,400. A cikin 2020, hukumar yawan jama'a ta kiyasta yawan jama'ar shekara a mutane 30,000. Daga cikin wadannan, 15,600 (kashi 52) mata ne kuma 14,400 (kashi 48) maza ne. UBOS ta lissafa yawan ci gaban yawan mutanen Kayunga zuwa matsakaicin kashi 1.8 a kowace shekara, tsakanin 2015 da 2020.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |date=14 June 2020 |title=The population development of Kayunga as well as related information and services |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/central/admin/kayunga/SC0462__kayunga/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Citypopulation.de |format=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUganda_Bureau_of_Statistics2020">Uganda Bureau of Statistics (14 June 2020). [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/central/admin/kayunga/SC0462__kayunga/ "The population development of Kayunga as well as related information and services"] <span class="cs1-format">(Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]])</span>. Citypopulation.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>{{Historical populations|2002|19,800|2010|23,100|2011|23,600|2014|26,588|2015|27,400|2020|30,000||}} == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna cikin ko kusa da iyakokin gari:<ref name="5R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B042'12.0%22N+32%C2%B054'13.0%22E/@0.7035808,32.9004985,15.28z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0?hl=en|title=Location of Kayunga, Buganda Region, Uganda|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Ofisoshin Majalisar Birnin Kayunga da Gwamnatin Gundumar Kayunga suna cikin tsakiyar gari. Har ila yau, a nan akwai babban ofishin Kayunga Journalists Association da hedikwatar Rural Initiative for Development and Empowerment (RIDE-UGANDA), Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba, da kuma Kayunga Central Market . A tsakiyar garin, akwai asibitin Bayar da Yanki na Kayunga mai gado 200. An gyara kuma an faɗaɗa wurin tsakanin 2018 da 2021, a farashin USh70 biliyan (kimanin dala miliyan 20 a wannan lokacin).<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |date=2 July 2020 |title=Ministry of Health to elevate Kayunga general hospital |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/ministry-of-health-to-elevate-kayunga-general-hospital/ |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Fred Muzaale |date=5 January 2021 |title=Kayunga hospital not yet fully equipped, officials say |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kayunga-hospital-not-yet-fully-equipped-officials-say-3247780 |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> Ƙarshen kudancin Hanyar Kayunga-Galiraya yana cikin tsakiyar gari. Har ila yau, ƙarshen yammacin Kayunga-Busaana-Nabuganyi Road yana cikin Kayunga . [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba]] ta 183 megawatts tana da nisan kilomita 21 (13 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso gabashin garin Kayunga.<ref name="11R">{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kayunga, Uganda And Isimba Dam, Uganda |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kayunga/183MW+Isimba+Hydroelectric+Power+Station,+Unnamed+Rd,/@0.7334535,32.8850151,11.5z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c2353e453606d:0xe2c9e2157350fda8!2m2!1d32.9029088!2d0.7013707!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c1f9b87719633:0xaaf239c1a11a8a63!2m2!1d33.0404753!2d0.770428 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == smlbw8uwdtjko4d0e9lzt32pmxa5xox 859002 858999 2026-06-16T17:24:23Z Bembety 20498 859002 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Kayunga</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Uganda_Kayunga.png|251x251px|Kayunga]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Kayunga</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Uganda_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|254x254px|Kayunga is located in Uganda]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:61.237%;left:60.715%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Kayunga]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kayunga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Taswirar Uganda da ke nuna wurin Kayunga.</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 00°42′12′′N 32°54′13′′E / 0.70333°N 32.90361°E / 0.90333; 32.90361.<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kayunga&params=00_42_12_N_32_54_13_E_region:UG_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°42′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°54′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.70333°N 32.90361°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">0.70333; 32.90361</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Uganda]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Tsakiya na Uganda |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Kayunga |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Ntenjeru |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |1,063 m (3,488 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020 Kimanin) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |30,000<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |date=14 June 2020 |title=The population development of Kayunga as well as related information and services |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/central/admin/kayunga/SC0462__kayunga/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Citypopulation.de |format=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+3 (EAT) |} '''Kayunga''' wani gari ne da ke a Yankin Tsakiya (Central Region) na ƙasar Uganda. Shi ne babban cibiyar birni, cibiyar gudanarwa, da kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ta Gundumar Kayunga (Kayunga District). <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Fred Muzaale |date=24 April 2018 |title=Kayunga Town is the United nations of Uganda |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/homes-and-property/kayunga-town-is-the-united-nations-of-uganda--1752496 |access-date=6 Jun 2021}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Kayunga yana da kusan kilomita 72 (45 arewa maso gabashin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma, a kan babbar hanyar tarmac.<ref name="3R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Uganda+Post+Office,+Plot+35+Kampala+Road,+Kampala+P.O.BOX+7106,+KAMPALA/Kayunga/@0.5069007,32.60385,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc808cc2ab43:0x7dd3e9e39634c3b!2m2!1d32.581301!2d0.3133395!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c2353e453606d:0xe2c9e2157350fda8!2m2!1d32.9029088!2d0.7013707!3e0|title=Road Distance Between Central Kampala, Uganda And Kayunga, Uganda With Map|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 49 (30 arewa maso yammacin birnin Jinja, birni na biyu na masana'antu na Uganda, kuma a kan babbar hanyar tarmac.<ref name="4R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jinja,+Uganda/Kayunga,+Uganda/@0.5703703,32.7728917,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x177e7b862c391f47:0x300fe90f956a9f4a!2m2!1d33.2026122!2d0.4478566!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c2353e453606d:0xe2c9e2157350fda8!2m2!1d32.9029088!2d0.7013707|title=Road Distance Between Jinja, Uganda And Kayunga, Uganda With Map|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Ma'aunin garin shine 0°42'12.0"N, 32°54'13.0"E (Latitude:0.703333; Longitude:32.903611). Kayunga Town yana zaune a matsakaicin tsawo na mita 1,063 (3,488 sama da [[Sea level|matsakaicin matakin teku]].<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Floodmap |date=6 Jun 2021 |title=Elevation of Kayunga, Uganda |url=https://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=231696 |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Floodmap.net}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Dangane da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta ƙarshe ta 2002, garin Kayunga yana da yawan jama'ar kusan 19,800. A cikin 2010, Ofishin Kididdiga na Uganda (UBOS) ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a 23,100. A cewar UBOS, an kiyasta yawan mutanen tsakiyar shekara a 23,600 a cikin 2011.<ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |date=2012 |title==Estimated Population of Kayunga In 2002, 2010 & 2011 |url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707231502/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-07 |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=[[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]] |format=Archived from the original on 7 July 2014}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta ƙasa ta sanya yawan jama'ar a 26,588. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=UBOS |date=27 August 2014 |title=The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants |url=http://citypopulation.de/Uganda-Cities.html |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015 UBOS ta kiyasta yawan mutanen Kayunga Town a 27,400. A cikin 2020, hukumar yawan jama'a ta kiyasta yawan jama'ar shekara a mutane 30,000. Daga cikin wadannan, 15,600 (kashi 52) mata ne kuma 14,400 (kashi 48) maza ne. UBOS ta lissafa yawan ci gaban yawan mutanen Kayunga zuwa matsakaicin kashi 1.8 a kowace shekara, tsakanin 2015 da 2020.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |date=14 June 2020 |title=The population development of Kayunga as well as related information and services |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/central/admin/kayunga/SC0462__kayunga/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Citypopulation.de |format=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFUganda_Bureau_of_Statistics2020">Uganda Bureau of Statistics (14 June 2020). [https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/central/admin/kayunga/SC0462__kayunga/ "The population development of Kayunga as well as related information and services"] <span class="cs1-format">(Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]])</span>. Citypopulation.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>{{Historical populations|2002|19,800|2010|23,100|2011|23,600|2014|26,588|2015|27,400|2020|30,000||}} == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna cikin ko kusa da iyakokin gari:<ref name="5R2">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B042'12.0%22N+32%C2%B054'13.0%22E/@0.7035808,32.9004985,15.28z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0?hl=en|title=Location of Kayunga, Buganda Region, Uganda|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> Ofisoshin Majalisar Birnin Kayunga da Gwamnatin Gundumar Kayunga suna cikin tsakiyar gari. Har ila yau, a nan akwai babban ofishin Kayunga Journalists Association da hedikwatar Rural Initiative for Development and Empowerment (RIDE-UGANDA), Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba, da kuma Kayunga Central Market . A tsakiyar garin, akwai asibitin Bayar da Yanki na Kayunga mai gado 200. An gyara kuma an faɗaɗa wurin tsakanin 2018 da 2021, a farashin USh70 biliyan (kimanin dala miliyan 20 a wannan lokacin).<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=[[Uganda Radio Network]] |date=2 July 2020 |title=Ministry of Health to elevate Kayunga general hospital |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/ministry-of-health-to-elevate-kayunga-general-hospital/ |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Fred Muzaale |date=5 January 2021 |title=Kayunga hospital not yet fully equipped, officials say |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kayunga-hospital-not-yet-fully-equipped-officials-say-3247780 |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> Ƙarshen kudancin Hanyar Kayunga-Galiraya yana cikin tsakiyar gari. Har ila yau, ƙarshen yammacin Kayunga-Busaana-Nabuganyi Road yana cikin Kayunga . [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Isimba]] ta 183 megawatts tana da nisan kilomita 21 (13 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso gabashin garin Kayunga.<ref name="11R">{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kayunga, Uganda And Isimba Dam, Uganda |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kayunga/183MW+Isimba+Hydroelectric+Power+Station,+Unnamed+Rd,/@0.7334535,32.8850151,11.5z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c2353e453606d:0xe2c9e2157350fda8!2m2!1d32.9029088!2d0.7013707!1m5!1m1!1s0x177c1f9b87719633:0xaaf239c1a11a8a63!2m2!1d33.0404753!2d0.770428 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == gyijiisi9kwumqpmbnt83b1ffab6v6s 0 158078 859000 2026-06-16T17:23:50Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1198902868|Steenbras Power Station]]" 859000 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Steenbras''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Famfon Ruwa ta Steenbras''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin famfo mai ƙarfin MW 180 da aka fara aiki da ita a shekarar 1979 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tashar wutar lantarki tana tsakanin [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da ƙaramin madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa a gefen dutse. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=December 2015 |title=Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Journals.co.za}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin tsarin adana makamashi, ta hanyar adana ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa ta sama a lokutan da ba a cika yin aiki ba da kuma fitar da wannan ruwan don samar da wutar lantarki a lokutan da ake yawan cunkoso. Birnin Cape Town yana amfani da tashar wutar lantarki don daidaita kaya da kuma rage yawan lodi da matsalar makamashi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta haifar. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Victoria O'Regan and Onke Ngcuka |date=30 Jun 2022 |title=How the City of Cape Town managed to avoid Stage 6 load shedding thanks to hydroelectric scheme |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-30-how-the-city-of-cape-town-managed-to-avoid-stage-6-load-shedding-thanks-to-hydroelectric-scheme/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka gina da famfo a nahiyar [[Afirka]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=CCH South Africa |date=3 May 2019 |title=Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy |url=https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)}}</ref> == Wuri == [[Fayil:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar tsarin Steenbras, gami da madatsun ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki.]] [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras Upper]] ta mamaye Kogin Steenbras a tsayin kimanin mita 375 a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland, sama da [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras]] ta asali (wanda ba ta cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa). Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Steenbras da kuma madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan wannan shiri suna kan ƙananan gangaren dutsen a tsayin kusan mita 100, kusa da garin Gordon's Bay da kuma {{Convert|50|km|-1}} zuwa kudu maso gabas na tsakiyar birnin Cape Town. Jerin ramukan sun haɗa ma'ajiyar ruwa ta sama da tashar wutar lantarki. == Aiki == Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta birnin Cape Town ce ke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=City of Cape Town |date=1 July 2022 |title=About Steenbras Dams |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/general/steenbras-dams |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[City of Cape Town]]}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi injinan wutar lantarki guda huɗu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin MW 45, wanda ke da ƙarfin MW 180. A lokacin da ake yawan aiki, ana amfani da ruwa daga ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki ta sama don juya injinan wutar lantarki don samar da makamashi mai tsabta. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=CCH South Africa |date=3 May 2019 |title=Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy |url=https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCCH_South_Africa2019">CCH South Africa (3 May 2019). [https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ "Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy"]. ''Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)''. Cape Town, South Arica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da babu cunkoso (daga ƙarfe 11 na dare har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na safe), kayan aikin iri ɗaya, a wannan lokacin suna aiki kamar famfunan wutar lantarki, suna amfani da wutar lantarki da aka saya daga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa don tura ruwa daga ƙaramin ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki zuwa babban ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki. Ana maimaita wannan tsari, kamar yadda buƙatar ta taso kuma kamar yadda ƙarfin hydrodynamic ya ba da dama. <ref name="2R" /> Galibi ana iyakance fitar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar {{Convert|3560|Ml}} ƙarfin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa. A matsakaicin fitarwa, tashar za ta iya aiki na kimanin awanni goma sha biyu kafin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa ta cika; a aikace yawanci ana yin ta na tsawon awanni huɗu zuwa biyar a rana. A lokacin hunturu, wanda shine lokacin damina a wannan ɓangaren Afirka ta Kudu, idan magudanar ruwa ta sama ta cika sosai, za a iya fitar da ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa zuwa aikin tace ruwan Faure maimakon a sake tura shi == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == qddeatmjdhfm9f4ufxvilqkvb4jmflt 859001 859000 2026-06-16T17:24:12Z Engineer014 44591 859001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Steenbras''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Famfon Ruwa ta Steenbras''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin famfo mai ƙarfin MW 180 da aka fara aiki da ita a shekarar 1979 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tashar wutar lantarki tana tsakanin [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da ƙaramin madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa a gefen dutse. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=December 2015 |title=Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Journals.co.za}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin tsarin adana makamashi, ta hanyar adana ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa ta sama a lokutan da ba a cika yin aiki ba da kuma fitar da wannan ruwan don samar da wutar lantarki a lokutan da ake yawan cunkoso. Birnin Cape Town yana amfani da tashar wutar lantarki don daidaita kaya da kuma rage yawan lodi da matsalar makamashi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta haifar. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Victoria O'Regan and Onke Ngcuka |date=30 Jun 2022 |title=How the City of Cape Town managed to avoid Stage 6 load shedding thanks to hydroelectric scheme |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-30-how-the-city-of-cape-town-managed-to-avoid-stage-6-load-shedding-thanks-to-hydroelectric-scheme/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka gina da famfo a nahiyar [[Afirka]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=CCH South Africa |date=3 May 2019 |title=Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy |url=https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)}}</ref> == Wuri == [[Fayil:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar tsarin Steenbras, gami da madatsun ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki.]] [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras Upper]] ta mamaye Kogin Steenbras a tsayin kimanin mita 375 a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland, sama da [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras]] ta asali (wanda ba ta cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa). Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Steenbras da kuma madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan wannan shiri suna kan ƙananan gangaren dutsen a tsayin kusan mita 100, kusa da garin Gordon's Bay da kuma {{Convert|50|km|-1}} zuwa kudu maso gabas na tsakiyar birnin Cape Town. Jerin ramukan sun haɗa ma'ajiyar ruwa ta sama da tashar wutar lantarki. == Aiki == Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta birnin Cape Town ce ke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=City of Cape Town |date=1 July 2022 |title=About Steenbras Dams |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/general/steenbras-dams |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[City of Cape Town]]}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi injinan wutar lantarki guda huɗu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin MW 45, wanda ke da ƙarfin MW 180. A lokacin da ake yawan aiki, ana amfani da ruwa daga ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki ta sama don juya injinan wutar lantarki don samar da makamashi mai tsabta. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=CCH South Africa |date=3 May 2019 |title=Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy |url=https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCCH_South_Africa2019">CCH South Africa (3 May 2019). [https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ "Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy"]. ''Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)''. Cape Town, South Arica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da babu cunkoso (daga ƙarfe 11 na dare har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na safe), kayan aikin iri ɗaya, a wannan lokacin suna aiki kamar famfunan wutar lantarki, suna amfani da wutar lantarki da aka saya daga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa don tura ruwa daga ƙaramin ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki zuwa babban ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki. Ana maimaita wannan tsari, kamar yadda buƙatar ta taso kuma kamar yadda ƙarfin hydrodynamic ya ba da dama. <ref name="2R" /> Galibi ana iyakance fitar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar {{Convert|3560|Ml}} ƙarfin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa. A matsakaicin fitarwa, tashar za ta iya aiki na kimanin awanni goma sha biyu kafin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa ta cika; a aikace yawanci ana yin ta na tsawon awanni huɗu zuwa biyar a rana. A lokacin hunturu, wanda shine lokacin damina a wannan ɓangaren Afirka ta Kudu, idan magudanar ruwa ta sama ta cika sosai, za a iya fitar da ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa zuwa aikin tace ruwan Faure maimakon a sake tura shi == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == olh23ubb0r59c34l8xwd9fooall5hwh 859008 859001 2026-06-16T17:29:58Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1198902868|Steenbras Power Station]]" 859008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Steenbras''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Famfon Ruwa ta Steenbras''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin famfo mai ƙarfin MW 180 da aka fara aiki da ita a shekarar 1979 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tashar wutar lantarki tana tsakanin [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da ƙaramin madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa a gefen dutse. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=December 2015 |title=Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Journals.co.za}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin tsarin adana makamashi, ta hanyar adana ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa ta sama a lokutan da ba a cika yin aiki ba da kuma fitar da wannan ruwan don samar da wutar lantarki a lokutan da ake yawan cunkoso. Birnin Cape Town yana amfani da tashar wutar lantarki don daidaita kaya da kuma rage yawan lodi da matsalar makamashi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta haifar. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Victoria O'Regan and Onke Ngcuka |date=30 Jun 2022 |title=How the City of Cape Town managed to avoid Stage 6 load shedding thanks to hydroelectric scheme |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-30-how-the-city-of-cape-town-managed-to-avoid-stage-6-load-shedding-thanks-to-hydroelectric-scheme/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka gina da famfo a nahiyar [[Afirka]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=CCH South Africa |date=3 May 2019 |title=Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy |url=https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)}}</ref> == Wuri == [[Fayil:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar tsarin Steenbras, gami da madatsun ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki.]] [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras]] ta mamaye kogin Steenbras a tsayin kimanin mita 375 a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland, sama da [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras]] ta asali (wanda ba ta cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa). Tashar wutar lantarki ta Steenbras da kuma madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan wannan tsari suna kan ƙananan gangaren dutsen a tsayin kusan mita 100, kusa da garin Gordon's Bay da kuma {{Convert|50|km|-1}} zuwa kudu maso gabas na tsakiyar birnin Cape Town. Jerin ramukan sun haɗa ma'ajiyar ruwa ta sama da tashar wutar lantarki. == Aiki == Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta birnin Cape Town ce ke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=City of Cape Town |date=1 July 2022 |title=About Steenbras Dams |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/general/steenbras-dams |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[City of Cape Town]]}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi injinan wutar lantarki guda huɗu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin MW 45, wanda ke da ƙarfin MW 180. A lokacin da ake yawan aiki, ana amfani da ruwa daga ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki ta sama don juya injinan wutar lantarki don samar da makamashi mai tsabta. <ref name="2R" /> A lokacin da babu cunkoso (daga ƙarfe 11 na dare har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na safe), kayan aikin iri ɗaya, a wannan lokacin suna aiki kamar famfunan wutar lantarki, suna amfani da wutar lantarki da aka saya daga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa don tura ruwa daga ƙaramin ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki zuwa babban ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki. Ana maimaita wannan tsari, kamar yadda buƙatar ta taso kuma kamar yadda ƙarfin hydrodynamic ya ba da dama. <ref name="2R" /> Galibi ana iyakance fitar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar {{Convert|3560|Ml}} ƙarfin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa. A matsakaicin fitarwa, tashar za ta iya aiki na kimanin awanni goma sha biyu kafin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa ta cika; a aikace yawanci ana yin ta na tsawon awanni huɗu zuwa biyar a rana. A lokacin hunturu, wanda shine lokacin damina a wannan ɓangaren Afirka ta Kudu, idan magudanar ruwa ta sama ta cika sosai, za a iya fitar da ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa zuwa aikin tace ruwan Faure maimakon a sake tura shi sama. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=December 2015 |title=Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Journals.co.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_Water_Wheel2015">The Water Wheel (December 2015). [https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 "Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City"]. ''Journals.co.za''. Cape Town, South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == ciqvqyqf2x0l8p0u8ao7jqohpy04yf5 859009 859008 2026-06-16T17:30:22Z Engineer014 44591 859009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Steenbras''', wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Famfon Ruwa ta Steenbras''', tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin famfo mai ƙarfin MW 180 da aka fara aiki da ita a shekarar 1979 a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tashar wutar lantarki tana tsakanin [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar Ruwa ta Steenbras]] da ƙaramin madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa a gefen dutse. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=December 2015 |title=Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Journals.co.za}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin tsarin adana makamashi, ta hanyar adana ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa ta sama a lokutan da ba a cika yin aiki ba da kuma fitar da wannan ruwan don samar da wutar lantarki a lokutan da ake yawan cunkoso. Birnin Cape Town yana amfani da tashar wutar lantarki don daidaita kaya da kuma rage yawan lodi da matsalar makamashi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta haifar. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Victoria O'Regan and Onke Ngcuka |date=30 Jun 2022 |title=How the City of Cape Town managed to avoid Stage 6 load shedding thanks to hydroelectric scheme |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-30-how-the-city-of-cape-town-managed-to-avoid-stage-6-load-shedding-thanks-to-hydroelectric-scheme/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka gina da famfo a nahiyar [[Afirka]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=CCH South Africa |date=3 May 2019 |title=Steenbras Plant Ready To Provide Alternative Energy |url=https://www.cch.co.za/news/steenbras-plant-ready-to-provide-alternative-energy/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Cape Costal Homes/City Country Homes South Africa (CCH South Africa)}}</ref> == Wuri == [[Fayil:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar tsarin Steenbras, gami da madatsun ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki.]] [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras]] ta mamaye kogin Steenbras a tsayin kimanin mita 375 a tsaunukan Hottentots Holland, sama da [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|madatsar ruwa ta Steenbras]] ta asali (wanda ba ta cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa). Tashar wutar lantarki ta Steenbras da kuma madatsar ruwa ta ƙasan wannan tsari suna kan ƙananan gangaren dutsen a tsayin kusan mita 100, kusa da garin Gordon's Bay da kuma {{Convert|50|km|-1}} zuwa kudu maso gabas na tsakiyar birnin Cape Town. Jerin ramukan sun haɗa ma'ajiyar ruwa ta sama da tashar wutar lantarki. == Aiki == Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta birnin Cape Town ce ke gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=City of Cape Town |date=1 July 2022 |title=About Steenbras Dams |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/general/steenbras-dams |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[City of Cape Town]]}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi injinan wutar lantarki guda huɗu, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin MW 45, wanda ke da ƙarfin MW 180. A lokacin da ake yawan aiki, ana amfani da ruwa daga ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki ta sama don juya injinan wutar lantarki don samar da makamashi mai tsabta. <ref name="2R" /> A lokacin da babu cunkoso (daga ƙarfe 11 na dare har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na safe), kayan aikin iri ɗaya, a wannan lokacin suna aiki kamar famfunan wutar lantarki, suna amfani da wutar lantarki da aka saya daga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa don tura ruwa daga ƙaramin ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki zuwa babban ma'ajiyar wutar lantarki. Ana maimaita wannan tsari, kamar yadda buƙatar ta taso kuma kamar yadda ƙarfin hydrodynamic ya ba da dama. <ref name="2R" /> Galibi ana iyakance fitar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar {{Convert|3560|Ml}} ƙarfin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa. A matsakaicin fitarwa, tashar za ta iya aiki na kimanin awanni goma sha biyu kafin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa ta cika; a aikace yawanci ana yin ta na tsawon awanni huɗu zuwa biyar a rana. A lokacin hunturu, wanda shine lokacin damina a wannan ɓangaren Afirka ta Kudu, idan magudanar ruwa ta sama ta cika sosai, za a iya fitar da ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa zuwa aikin tace ruwan Faure maimakon a sake tura shi sama. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=December 2015 |title=Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Journals.co.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThe_Water_Wheel2015">The Water Wheel (December 2015). [https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179550 "Water and Energy: Hydropower – Keeping The Lights On In The Mother City"]. ''Journals.co.za''. Cape Town, South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == 0mmnd8wtwbtvec5fr1e00fud2haw6yo 0 158079 859004 2026-06-16T17:26:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346088742|Colley Wobbles Power Station]]" 859004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Colley Wobbles''' wani wurin samar da wutar lantarki ne na hydroelectric wanda ke da nisan mil 30.&nbsp;kilomita gabas da Dutywa a gundumar Amathole da ke gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana ɗebo ruwa daga bayan wani madatsar ruwa da ke kan [[kogin Mbhashe]] sannan a karkatar da shi ta cikin wani bututu zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta Colley Wobbles. Tashar wutar lantarki tana kwarara zuwa Kogin Mbhashe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Presentation to: 29 July 2014 Portfolio Committee on Energy, Portfolio Committee on Public Enterprises and Select Committee on Economic and Business Development |url=http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/140729eskom.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=Eskom}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Ci gaba === Kogin Mbhashe yana tashi a tsaunukan kudancin Drakensberg, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin wani tudun ciyawa mai cike da ruwa a bakin teku, har sai da ya wuce ta hanyar ƙasa ta N2, kogin ya haɗu da kudu maso yammacin Elliotdale da arewa maso gabashin Dutywa, ƙasa mafi tsauri ta Tekun Daji, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga cikin 64.&nbsp;jerin juyi mai tsawon kilomita da yawa da aka sani da Collywobbles kafin a ci gaba da kwantar da hankali don a fitar da su zuwa Tekun Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2012 |title=Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report |url=https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd}}</ref> <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}</ref> A shekarar 1980, tsohuwar gwamnatin Transkei ta fara haɓaka tsarin samar da wutar lantarki guda huɗu a Gabashin Cape, wato Colley Wobbles, First Falls a [[kogin Mthatha]], Second Falls a kogin ɗaya da kuma [[Rashin ruwa na Ncora|Ncora]] a [[kogin Tsomo]] . Kamfanin Transkei Electricity Supply Corporation (TESCOR) ne ya mallaki kuma ya sarrafa tashoshin wutar lantarki, har zuwa watan Afrilun 1995 aka mayar da dukkan su huɗu zuwa Eskom . <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> === Kare Ambaliyar Ruwa === Bayan ƙaddamar da Colley Wobbles, sai ya bayyana bayan ambaliyar ruwa da dama cewa ba a gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan kwararar ruwa a magudanar ruwa ba. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ambaliyar ruwa ta kai 2,000, daga baya kuma a wannan shekarar, 3,000 ta biyo baya a shekarar 1986, ambaliyar ruwa ta kai 1,000, duk sama da ambaliyar ruwa da aka kiyasta ta kai shekaru 100. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye tashar, kuma ya zama dole a yi amfani da wutar lantarki wajen kare ta a ambaliyar ruwa a kan kuɗi mai yawa. <ref name="PetersonStephenson" /> == Zane == Jerin juye-juye da juyawa da Kogin Mbhashe ya bi ta Collywobbles yana nufin cewa a wani lokaci a kan kogin inda ya karkata kusa da juna, wani madatsar siminti a gefen arewa ya ba da damar kama kogin ya samar da tafki wanda ruwa ke juyawa ta hanyar 1.4.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita da diamita na mita 4.6, rami mai layi biyu yana aiki a sanduna 14 zuwa ga wutar lantarki a kan lanƙwasa ta kudu. <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}</ref> A cikin lokacin matsakaicin kan mita 135, ana samunsa ta hanyar ketare 34&nbsp;kilomita wanda kogin ke ratsawa tsakanin madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> Gidan wutar lantarkin yana ɗauke da injinan turbine guda uku na Boving Francis kowannensu yana tuƙa janareta mai ƙarfin MW 14, 11 kV wanda ke ba da jimlar ƙarfin tashar na MW 42. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoltt2011">Boltt, Derrick (September 19, 2011). [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf "Hydro Power in the S/Region"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESI South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Tashar wutar lantarki tana da tanadi don shigar da injin na huɗu a nan gaba. Saboda ƙirar bututun da aka zana da kuma tsarin bayan gida, na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki ba su da ikon samar da tallafin wutar lantarki ta hanyar aiki azaman mai haɗa na'urar haɗin gwiwa (yanayin SCO). A lokacin da aka cika caji, tashar wutar lantarki tana cinye cumecs 38 na ruwa. An ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki na janareta mai ƙarfin lantarki zuwa 66 kV. An haɗa tsarin 66 kV ta hanyar na'urar canza wutar lantarki mai haɗin 66/132 kV don rarrabawa a yankuna tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki na Butterworth Substation, First Falls, Second Falls da Ncora. <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoltt2011">Boltt, Derrick (September 19, 2011). [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf "Hydro Power in the S/Region"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESI South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Gyara === A shekarar 1985, tsagewar ta samo asali a cikin mita 50 na farko na ramin da aka yi da siminti, wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar ruwa wanda ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa. An haƙa ramukan rijiyoyi a gefen tudu don hana taruwar ruwa amma bai yi nasara ba. Sakamakon haka, an sanya wa ramin ƙarin rufin ƙarfe mai tsawon mita 70 don rufe tsagewar simintin. <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoltt2011">Boltt, Derrick (September 19, 2011). [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf "Hydro Power in the S/Region"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESI South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Aiki == Da farko an yi niyya ne a yi amfani da tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin tashar [[Nauyin kaya|ɗaukar kaya]] a lokacin bazara da kuma a matsayin tashar da ke kaiwa kololuwa a lokacin hunturu. Mbhashe yana samar da kwararar kusan cumecs guda biyu wanda ya ba tashar wutar lantarki damar adana wutar lantarki mai inganci na 2.5 GWh, wanda yayi daidai da awanni 60 na aiki tare da dukkan injinan turbine guda uku da ke samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> Domin ƙara yawan fitar da wutar lantarki daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Ncora a kogin Tsomo da ke maƙwabtaka da babban magudanar ruwa na Greater Kei, da kuma wani ramin karkatarwa daga tafkin da ke bayan magudanar ruwa ta Ncora, wanda ke ratsa tashar wutar lantarki ta Ncora. Ruwan da aka karkatar da shi a magudanar ruwa ta Ncora yana ɗaukar kimanin kwana biyu kafin ya isa Colley Wobbles. Wannan canja wurin ruwa tsakanin magudanar ruwa ya kai tsakanin kimanin mita cubic miliyan 115 zuwa 150 kowace shekara a cikin shekaru huɗu da suka gabata kafin 2008. <ref name="Matthews" /> Ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwan Mbhashe tana da saurin zaftarewa, wanda hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon yawan kiwo . Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1984, tafkin da ke bayan madatsar ruwan yana da tsarin adanawa na mita cubic miliyan tara. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1989, wannan ya ragu zuwa mita cubic miliyan 7.5 <ref name="IAHS">{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=D. |last2=Taylor |first2=R. W. |year=1989 |title=Data telemetry for operation of a reservoir |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a178/iahs_178_0129.pdf |journal=Remote Data Transmission (Proceedings of the Vancouver Workshop) |publisher=IAHS}}</ref> kuma cikin shekaru uku da aka ƙaddamar da shi, ya ƙaru da kashi 25%, kuma zuwa 2011 ya ragu zuwa mita cubic miliyan 0.5. <ref name="Chapman">{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Claire |date=October 2011 |title=Environmental Observations of Hydropower Plants in Africa and Norway Report |url=https://www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/default/files/migrated-reports/883_1.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref> Baya ga rage ƙarfin ajiya, ƙwayoyin da ke shiga cikin ramin da ke ratsawa suna ƙara lalacewa da tsagewa a kan injinan turbines. Sakamakon haka, ya zama dole a zubar da ma'adanin ruwa aƙalla sau biyu a shekara don bincika laka. <ref name="Chapman" /> Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki da kashi 70% na amfani, wanda kashi 100% yana cikin lokacin rani mai danshi, da kuma kashi 30% a lokacin lokacin hunturu mai bushewa (sauran kuma suna daidaita ƙarfin lantarki). <ref name="Chapman" /> Tunda an rasa isasshen wurin ajiya saboda zaftarewar ƙasa, tashar wutar lantarki yawanci tana aiki dare da rana a lokacin bazara, amma a lokacin hunturu akwai isasshen wurin ajiya don ba da damar na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu daga cikin uku su yi aiki a lokutan safe da yamma. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jeeterb5mq9nwgtvico6ad3d9npei3i 859005 859004 2026-06-16T17:27:04Z Engineer014 44591 859005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Colley Wobbles''' wani wurin samar da wutar lantarki ne na hydroelectric wanda ke da nisan mil 30.&nbsp;kilomita gabas da Dutywa a gundumar Amathole da ke gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Ana ɗebo ruwa daga bayan wani madatsar ruwa da ke kan [[kogin Mbhashe]] sannan a karkatar da shi ta cikin wani bututu zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta Colley Wobbles. Tashar wutar lantarki tana kwarara zuwa Kogin Mbhashe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Presentation to: 29 July 2014 Portfolio Committee on Energy, Portfolio Committee on Public Enterprises and Select Committee on Economic and Business Development |url=http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/140729eskom.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=Eskom}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Ci gaba === Kogin Mbhashe yana tashi a tsaunukan kudancin Drakensberg, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin wani tudun ciyawa mai cike da ruwa a bakin teku, har sai da ya wuce ta hanyar ƙasa ta N2, kogin ya haɗu da kudu maso yammacin Elliotdale da arewa maso gabashin Dutywa, ƙasa mafi tsauri ta Tekun Daji, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga cikin 64.&nbsp;jerin juyi mai tsawon kilomita da yawa da aka sani da Collywobbles kafin a ci gaba da kwantar da hankali don a fitar da su zuwa Tekun Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2012 |title=Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report |url=https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2019 |publisher=Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd}}</ref> <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}</ref> A shekarar 1980, tsohuwar gwamnatin Transkei ta fara haɓaka tsarin samar da wutar lantarki guda huɗu a Gabashin Cape, wato Colley Wobbles, First Falls a [[kogin Mthatha]], Second Falls a kogin ɗaya da kuma [[Rashin ruwa na Ncora|Ncora]] a [[kogin Tsomo]] . Kamfanin Transkei Electricity Supply Corporation (TESCOR) ne ya mallaki kuma ya sarrafa tashoshin wutar lantarki, har zuwa watan Afrilun 1995 aka mayar da dukkan su huɗu zuwa Eskom . <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> === Kare Ambaliyar Ruwa === Bayan ƙaddamar da Colley Wobbles, sai ya bayyana bayan ambaliyar ruwa da dama cewa ba a gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan kwararar ruwa a magudanar ruwa ba. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ambaliyar ruwa ta kai 2,000, daga baya kuma a wannan shekarar, 3,000 ta biyo baya a shekarar 1986, ambaliyar ruwa ta kai 1,000, duk sama da ambaliyar ruwa da aka kiyasta ta kai shekaru 100. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye tashar, kuma ya zama dole a yi amfani da wutar lantarki wajen kare ta a ambaliyar ruwa a kan kuɗi mai yawa. <ref name="PetersonStephenson" /> == Zane == Jerin juye-juye da juyawa da Kogin Mbhashe ya bi ta Collywobbles yana nufin cewa a wani lokaci a kan kogin inda ya karkata kusa da juna, wani madatsar siminti a gefen arewa ya ba da damar kama kogin ya samar da tafki wanda ruwa ke juyawa ta hanyar 1.4.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita da diamita na mita 4.6, rami mai layi biyu yana aiki a sanduna 14 zuwa ga wutar lantarki a kan lanƙwasa ta kudu. <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}</ref> A cikin lokacin matsakaicin kan mita 135, ana samunsa ta hanyar ketare 34&nbsp;kilomita wanda kogin ke ratsawa tsakanin madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> Gidan wutar lantarkin yana ɗauke da injinan turbine guda uku na Boving Francis kowannensu yana tuƙa janareta mai ƙarfin MW 14, 11 kV wanda ke ba da jimlar ƙarfin tashar na MW 42. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoltt2011">Boltt, Derrick (September 19, 2011). [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf "Hydro Power in the S/Region"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESI South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Tashar wutar lantarki tana da tanadi don shigar da injin na huɗu a nan gaba. Saboda ƙirar bututun da aka zana da kuma tsarin bayan gida, na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki ba su da ikon samar da tallafin wutar lantarki ta hanyar aiki azaman mai haɗa na'urar haɗin gwiwa (yanayin SCO). A lokacin da aka cika caji, tashar wutar lantarki tana cinye cumecs 38 na ruwa. An ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki na janareta mai ƙarfin lantarki zuwa 66 kV. An haɗa tsarin 66 kV ta hanyar na'urar canza wutar lantarki mai haɗin 66/132 kV don rarrabawa a yankuna tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki na Butterworth Substation, First Falls, Second Falls da Ncora. <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoltt2011">Boltt, Derrick (September 19, 2011). [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf "Hydro Power in the S/Region"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESI South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Gyara === A shekarar 1985, tsagewar ta samo asali a cikin mita 50 na farko na ramin da aka yi da siminti, wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar ruwa wanda ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa. An haƙa ramukan rijiyoyi a gefen tudu don hana taruwar ruwa amma bai yi nasara ba. Sakamakon haka, an sanya wa ramin ƙarin rufin ƙarfe mai tsawon mita 70 don rufe tsagewar simintin. <ref name="Boltt">{{Cite web |last=Boltt |first=Derrick |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Hydro Power in the S/Region |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=ESI South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoltt2011">Boltt, Derrick (September 19, 2011). [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Derrick_Boltt.pdf "Hydro Power in the S/Region"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ESI South Africa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Aiki == Da farko an yi niyya ne a yi amfani da tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin tashar [[Nauyin kaya|ɗaukar kaya]] a lokacin bazara da kuma a matsayin tashar da ke kaiwa kololuwa a lokacin hunturu. Mbhashe yana samar da kwararar kusan cumecs guda biyu wanda ya ba tashar wutar lantarki damar adana wutar lantarki mai inganci na 2.5 GWh, wanda yayi daidai da awanni 60 na aiki tare da dukkan injinan turbine guda uku da ke samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> Domin ƙara yawan fitar da wutar lantarki daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Ncora a kogin Tsomo da ke maƙwabtaka da babban magudanar ruwa na Greater Kei, da kuma wani ramin karkatarwa daga tafkin da ke bayan magudanar ruwa ta Ncora, wanda ke ratsa tashar wutar lantarki ta Ncora. Ruwan da aka karkatar da shi a magudanar ruwa ta Ncora yana ɗaukar kimanin kwana biyu kafin ya isa Colley Wobbles. Wannan canja wurin ruwa tsakanin magudanar ruwa ya kai tsakanin kimanin mita cubic miliyan 115 zuwa 150 kowace shekara a cikin shekaru huɗu da suka gabata kafin 2008. <ref name="Matthews" /> Ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwan Mbhashe tana da saurin zaftarewa, wanda hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon yawan kiwo . Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1984, tafkin da ke bayan madatsar ruwan yana da tsarin adanawa na mita cubic miliyan tara. <ref name="Matthews">{{Cite magazine|url-status=22–24}}<cite class="citation magazine cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatthews2008">Matthews, Sue (2008). [http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf "Harnessing the Collywobbles"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''The Water Wheel''. No.&nbsp;November/December. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">22–</span>24.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1989, wannan ya ragu zuwa mita cubic miliyan 7.5 <ref name="IAHS">{{Cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=D. |last2=Taylor |first2=R. W. |year=1989 |title=Data telemetry for operation of a reservoir |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a178/iahs_178_0129.pdf |journal=Remote Data Transmission (Proceedings of the Vancouver Workshop) |publisher=IAHS}}</ref> kuma cikin shekaru uku da aka ƙaddamar da shi, ya ƙaru da kashi 25%, kuma zuwa 2011 ya ragu zuwa mita cubic miliyan 0.5. <ref name="Chapman">{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Claire |date=October 2011 |title=Environmental Observations of Hydropower Plants in Africa and Norway Report |url=https://www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/default/files/migrated-reports/883_1.pdf |access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref> Baya ga rage ƙarfin ajiya, ƙwayoyin da ke shiga cikin ramin da ke ratsawa suna ƙara lalacewa da tsagewa a kan injinan turbines. Sakamakon haka, ya zama dole a zubar da ma'adanin ruwa aƙalla sau biyu a shekara don bincika laka. <ref name="Chapman" /> Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki da kashi 70% na amfani, wanda kashi 100% yana cikin lokacin rani mai danshi, da kuma kashi 30% a lokacin lokacin hunturu mai bushewa (sauran kuma suna daidaita ƙarfin lantarki). <ref name="Chapman" /> Tunda an rasa isasshen wurin ajiya saboda zaftarewar ƙasa, tashar wutar lantarki yawanci tana aiki dare da rana a lokacin bazara, amma a lokacin hunturu akwai isasshen wurin ajiya don ba da damar na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu daga cikin uku su yi aiki a lokutan safe da yamma. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pn3vfni71feno0b2n48tb9izfqiuuw3 0 158080 859006 2026-06-16T17:28:00Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282457504|Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme]]" 859006 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Ajiye Motoci na Palmiet''' ya ƙunshi {{Convert|200|MW}}injinan injina na {{Convert|2|km}} sama da madatsar ruwa ta Kogelberg da ke kan [[kogin Palmiet]] kusa da [[Cape Town]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme |url=http://www.eskom.co.za/Whatweredoing/ElectricityGeneration/PowerStations/Pages/Palmiet_Pumped_Storage_Scheme.aspx |publisher=Eskom}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta famfo tana da ikon mayar da martani ga karuwar bukatar wutar lantarki cikin mintuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC SCHEMES AND WATER TRANSFER |url=http://www.eskom.co.za/AboutElectricity/FactsFigures/Documents/HY_0001PumpedStorageSchemeWaterTransferRev7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111253/http://www.eskom.co.za/AboutElectricity/FactsFigures/Documents/HY_0001PumpedStorageSchemeWaterTransferRev7.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-27 |access-date=2015-04-20 |publisher=Eskom}}</ref> Da daddare, ana amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa a kan layin wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin kwal da na nukiliya don tura ruwa zuwa [[Rockview Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Rockview]] da ke kallon gabar ruwa ta Gordon . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin a matsayin wanda ya riga ya zama [[injiniyan muhalli]] . Duk wurin Palmiet yanki ne na kiyaye muhalli kuma a watan Disamba na 1998 [[UNESCO]] ta ayyana yankin a matsayin [[Ajiyyayyen yanayi|Wurin Ajiye Halittu]] - na farko a Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == 9l2rq9v1yhju9y5jk73ovwuuczf2xri 859007 859006 2026-06-16T17:28:32Z Engineer014 44591 859007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin Ajiye Motoci na Palmiet''' ya ƙunshi {{Convert|200|MW}}injinan injina na {{Convert|2|km}} sama da madatsar ruwa ta Kogelberg da ke kan [[kogin Palmiet]] kusa da [[Cape Town]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme |url=http://www.eskom.co.za/Whatweredoing/ElectricityGeneration/PowerStations/Pages/Palmiet_Pumped_Storage_Scheme.aspx |publisher=Eskom}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta famfo tana da ikon mayar da martani ga karuwar bukatar wutar lantarki cikin mintuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC SCHEMES AND WATER TRANSFER |url=http://www.eskom.co.za/AboutElectricity/FactsFigures/Documents/HY_0001PumpedStorageSchemeWaterTransferRev7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111253/http://www.eskom.co.za/AboutElectricity/FactsFigures/Documents/HY_0001PumpedStorageSchemeWaterTransferRev7.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-27 |access-date=2015-04-20 |publisher=Eskom}}</ref> Da daddare, ana amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa a kan layin wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin kwal da na nukiliya don tura ruwa zuwa [[Rockview Dam|madatsar ruwa ta Rockview]] da ke kallon gabar ruwa ta Gordon . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin a matsayin wanda ya riga ya zama [[injiniyan muhalli]] . Duk wurin Palmiet yanki ne na kiyaye muhalli kuma a watan Disamba na 1998 [[UNESCO]] ta ayyana yankin a matsayin [[Ajiyyayyen yanayi|Wurin Ajiye Halittu]] - na farko a Afirka ta Kudu. == Manazarta == ijttno8wbk2r4vhq4atfl0e7jbt4rmp 0 158081 859010 2026-06-16T17:43:16Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317464217|Toktogul Dam]]" 859010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Toktogul madatsar ruwa''' ce ta samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa a kogin Naryn a lardin Jalal-Abad na [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] . Madatsar ruwa ce ta siminti mai tsayin {{Convert|215|m}} da tsawon {{Convert|292.5|m}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of major hydroelectric facilities Kyrgyzskoy Republic |url=http://www.cawater-info.net/analysis/register/pdf/hps_kg_r.pdf |access-date=24 February 2012 |publisher=CA Water |language=ru}}</ref> Wani ɓangare ne na cascade na Naryn-Syr Darya. An sanya masa suna bayan Toktogul Satilganov . Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Toktogul tana da karfin wutar lantarki 1,260&nbsp;MW, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki a kasar. Tana da injinan turbine guda hudu. Tafkin Toktogul ( Kyrgyz сактагычы), ; Russian ) ita ce mafi girma daga cikin madatsun ruwa da ke kan hanyar Kogin Naryn, wani magudanar ruwa ta arewa ta Syr Darya . Madatsar ruwan tana da jimillar ƙarfin {{Convert|19.5|km3|acre feet}}, wanda daga ciki {{Convert|14|km3|acre feet}} yana da ƙarfin aiki. Tsawonsa {{Convert|65|km}} kuma faɗin samansa {{Convert|284.3|km2}} . Zurfin ma'adanin ruwa mafi girma shine {{Convert|120|m}} . Birnin Kara-Köl, kudu da madatsar ruwa (ƙasa da madatsar ruwan) yana ɗauke da ma'aikatan ginin madatsar ruwa, kuma a halin yanzu ma'aikatan tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ne. Birnin Toktogul yana arewacin madatsar ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da Zamantakewa == An ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1976 bayan an kammala ayyukan gini a kan madatsar ruwan kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye [[Ketmen-Tobo Valley|kwarin Ketmen-Tobo]] . Madatsar ruwan ta mamaye filaye sama da hekta dubu 26, wanda daga cikinsu aka kori hekta dubu 21.2 na ƙasar noma, al'ummomi 26 ciki har da babban matsuguni na Toktogul, kuma an sake tura babbar hanyar da ke ratsa yankin. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun tono ramuka daga lokacin Saka kafin wuraren su lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toktogul travel guide |url=https://caravanistan.com/kyrgyzstan/center/toktogul/ |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=Caravanistan |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikicin 2009 == Madatsar ruwan Toktogul ta yi ƙarancin ruwa sosai a shekarar 2009. Lokacin sanyi mai bushewa, tare da sayar da ruwa ga ƙasashen waje da kuma ƙaruwar buƙatar ruwa a cikin gida, ya bar madatsar ruwan a ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfinsa. Dole ne a yi amfani da raba wutar lantarki a duk faɗin ƙasar tare da katsewar wutar lantarki har zuwa awanni 11 a kowace rana. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == 8fpyhc7h62goo8iyqoqfpcodqyk772h 859011 859010 2026-06-16T17:43:37Z Engineer014 44591 859011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Toktogul madatsar ruwa''' ce ta samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa a kogin Naryn a lardin Jalal-Abad na [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] . Madatsar ruwa ce ta siminti mai tsayin {{Convert|215|m}} da tsawon {{Convert|292.5|m}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of major hydroelectric facilities Kyrgyzskoy Republic |url=http://www.cawater-info.net/analysis/register/pdf/hps_kg_r.pdf |access-date=24 February 2012 |publisher=CA Water |language=ru}}</ref> Wani ɓangare ne na cascade na Naryn-Syr Darya. An sanya masa suna bayan Toktogul Satilganov . Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Toktogul tana da karfin wutar lantarki 1,260&nbsp;MW, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki a kasar. Tana da injinan turbine guda hudu. Tafkin Toktogul ( Kyrgyz сактагычы), ; Russian ) ita ce mafi girma daga cikin madatsun ruwa da ke kan hanyar Kogin Naryn, wani magudanar ruwa ta arewa ta Syr Darya . Madatsar ruwan tana da jimillar ƙarfin {{Convert|19.5|km3|acre feet}}, wanda daga ciki {{Convert|14|km3|acre feet}} yana da ƙarfin aiki. Tsawonsa {{Convert|65|km}} kuma faɗin samansa {{Convert|284.3|km2}} . Zurfin ma'adanin ruwa mafi girma shine {{Convert|120|m}} . Birnin Kara-Köl, kudu da madatsar ruwa (ƙasa da madatsar ruwan) yana ɗauke da ma'aikatan ginin madatsar ruwa, kuma a halin yanzu ma'aikatan tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ne. Birnin Toktogul yana arewacin madatsar ruwa. == Tasirin Muhalli da Zamantakewa == An ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1976 bayan an kammala ayyukan gini a kan madatsar ruwan kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye [[Ketmen-Tobo Valley|kwarin Ketmen-Tobo]] . Madatsar ruwan ta mamaye filaye sama da hekta dubu 26, wanda daga cikinsu aka kori hekta dubu 21.2 na ƙasar noma, al'ummomi 26 ciki har da babban matsuguni na Toktogul, kuma an sake tura babbar hanyar da ke ratsa yankin. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun tono ramuka daga lokacin Saka kafin wuraren su lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toktogul travel guide |url=https://caravanistan.com/kyrgyzstan/center/toktogul/ |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=Caravanistan |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikicin 2009 == Madatsar ruwan Toktogul ta yi ƙarancin ruwa sosai a shekarar 2009. Lokacin sanyi mai bushewa, tare da sayar da ruwa ga ƙasashen waje da kuma ƙaruwar buƙatar ruwa a cikin gida, ya bar madatsar ruwan a ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfinsa. Dole ne a yi amfani da raba wutar lantarki a duk faɗin ƙasar tare da katsewar wutar lantarki har zuwa awanni 11 a kowace rana. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == leekmb2to8esnbfolpbeqp57gy4759j 0 158082 859012 2026-06-16T17:44:47Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238216826|Lunsemfwa Lower Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lower Hydroelectric da ke Lunsemfwa, an tsara ta ne don gina tashar wutar lantarki''' {{Convert|255|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki ta a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Ana ci gaba da gina tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da ta ƙunshi Kamfanin Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company (LHPC), wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Zambia da kuma ''EleQtra'', wani kamfanin kuɗi da ci gaba da ke Burtaniya. Ana shirin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin Kogin Lunsemfwa, a lardin Tsakiyar Zambia, a gefen Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mulungushi mai karfin MW 40 da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lunsemfwa mai karfin MW 18. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarmen2021">Carmen (9 December 2021). [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ "Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia"]. ''Power-Technology.com''. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Tsarin ya buƙaci ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na megawatts 255. An tsara tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin aikin kogi, ba tare da babban tafki ba. An tsara babban kan ruwa na hydraulic a {{Convert|488|m|0}} . Fuskoki uku kowanne da diamita na {{Convert|2.2|m|ft}} da kuma {{Convert|1000|m|0}}Tsawon zai kai ruwa zuwa ga janareto uku na wutar lantarki, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin MW 85. Ana sa ran ZESCO za ta sayi 1,630 GWh da ake samarwa a nan kowace shekara don haɗa shi cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar Zambia. <ref name="1R" /> == Masu Haɓakawa == Tun daga shekarar 2010, Kamfanin Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company da InfraCo Africa Limited, sun yi shirin gina tashar wutar lantarki a Kogin Lunsemfwa. A wancan lokacin, ana sa ran aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 120 a kan farashin da aka kiyasta zai kai tsakanin dala miliyan 220 zuwa dala miliyan 275. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Chris Mfula |date=3 June 2010 |title=Zambia plans to build 120 MW power plant |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-electricity-zambia-plant-20100603-idAFJOE65208120100603/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}</ref> Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, an tsara shirin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 255 tare da InfraCo ta mika alhakin ga reshenta na EleQtra. Mai ita ya kasance LHPC. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarmen2021">Carmen (9 December 2021). [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ "Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia"]. ''Power-Technology.com''. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Kuɗi da lokacin aiki == An ruwaito cewa kudin ginin ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 300. Ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2023 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru uku. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarmen2021">Carmen (9 December 2021). [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ "Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia"]. ''Power-Technology.com''. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == nknpaflcimfxe7ut5ayz6e5o7cxdcfx 859013 859012 2026-06-16T17:45:08Z Engineer014 44591 859013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lower Hydroelectric da ke Lunsemfwa, an tsara ta ne don gina tashar wutar lantarki''' {{Convert|255|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki ta a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Ana ci gaba da gina tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da ta ƙunshi Kamfanin Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company (LHPC), wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na Zambia da kuma ''EleQtra'', wani kamfanin kuɗi da ci gaba da ke Burtaniya. Ana shirin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance a fadin Kogin Lunsemfwa, a lardin Tsakiyar Zambia, a gefen Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mulungushi mai karfin MW 40 da kuma Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Lunsemfwa mai karfin MW 18. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarmen2021">Carmen (9 December 2021). [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ "Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia"]. ''Power-Technology.com''. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Bayani == Tsarin ya buƙaci ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na megawatts 255. An tsara tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin aikin kogi, ba tare da babban tafki ba. An tsara babban kan ruwa na hydraulic a {{Convert|488|m|0}} . Fuskoki uku kowanne da diamita na {{Convert|2.2|m|ft}} da kuma {{Convert|1000|m|0}}Tsawon zai kai ruwa zuwa ga janareto uku na wutar lantarki, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin MW 85. Ana sa ran ZESCO za ta sayi 1,630 GWh da ake samarwa a nan kowace shekara don haɗa shi cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar Zambia. <ref name="1R" /> == Masu Haɓakawa == Tun daga shekarar 2010, Kamfanin Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company da InfraCo Africa Limited, sun yi shirin gina tashar wutar lantarki a Kogin Lunsemfwa. A wancan lokacin, ana sa ran aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 120 a kan farashin da aka kiyasta zai kai tsakanin dala miliyan 220 zuwa dala miliyan 275. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Chris Mfula |date=3 June 2010 |title=Zambia plans to build 120 MW power plant |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-electricity-zambia-plant-20100603-idAFJOE65208120100603/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=[[Reuters.com]]}}</ref> Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, an tsara shirin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 255 tare da InfraCo ta mika alhakin ga reshenta na EleQtra. Mai ita ya kasance LHPC. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarmen2021">Carmen (9 December 2021). [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ "Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia"]. ''Power-Technology.com''. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Kuɗi da lokacin aiki == An ruwaito cewa kudin ginin ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 300. Ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2023 kuma zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru uku. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Carmen |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarmen2021">Carmen (9 December 2021). [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ "Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia"]. ''Power-Technology.com''. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == rb2zegkj49mnboes4t0gy1wkh2j9oe5 0 158083 859014 2026-06-16T17:46:37Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303858991|Siti II Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti II''' {{Convert|16.5|MW}}, kwararar kogi, tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Gabashin [[Uganda]] . <ref name="What">{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin Kogin Siti, a ƙauyen Chesowari, gundumar Siti, gundumar Bukwo, tare da gangaren arewa maso gabashin [[Dutsen Elgon]] . Tana nan ƙasa da tashar wutar lantarki ta 'yar'uwarta, [[Siti I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I.]] <ref name="What">{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrontier2016">Frontier (August 2016). </cite></ref> Wannan wuri yana da kimanin {{Convert|16|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Majalisar Garin Bukwo, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Wannan kimanin {{Convert|145|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Mbale, birni mafi girma a Yankin Gabashin Uganda. == Bayani == Tashar wutar lantarki tana da ƙaramin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, mai ƙarfin {{Convert|16.5|MW|}} . Mai haɓaka ginin mallakar mai shi ne wanda shi ma ya mallaki kuma ya ƙera {{Convert|5.0|MW|}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Siti I. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Portland Inc. |date=2015 |title=Siti I and II – Mini Hydro |url=http://www.portlandic.com/pdfs/ENG/PIC5151SITI.pdf |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Portland Investment Counsel Inc. (Portland Inc.)}}</ref> An fara gina wannan aikin a watan Agusta na 2016, kuma ayyukan kasuwanci sun fara a rabin na biyu na 2018. Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar Layin Wutar Lantarki na 33kV Mbale-Bulambuli-Siti, wanda ke da {{Convert|125|km|0}} a tsawon. Ana sa ran za a samar da wannan layin wutar lantarki bayan an ƙaddamar da Siti II. A halin yanzu, [http://www.rea.or.ug/ Hukumar Lantarki ta Karkara ta Uganda] tana haɓaka wasu hanyoyin magance matsalolin wutar lantarki na ɗan lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFU |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFiT Uganda: Downloads: Annual Report 2016 |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/downloads/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda (GFU) |format=PDF}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2020, ''Afik21.africa'' ta ba da rahoton cewa [[Umeme]], wani kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki mallakar mai zaman kansa, ya shirya kashe dala miliyan 9.29 na Amurka (USh: biliyan 34 a lokacin) don gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai tsawon da'ira biyu na 33kV zuwa Mbale, inda makamashi zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. <ref name="EvacR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 August 2020 |title=Uganda: Umeme to use $9 million for electricity disposal from Siti 2's power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-umeme-to-use-9-million-for-electricity-disposal-from-siti-2s-power-plant/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Mallaka == Masu wannan aikin su ne "Elgon Hydro Siti Limited", wani kamfanin kera motoci na musamman da aka kafa musamman don haɓakawa, ginawa da gudanar da Siti I (5MW) da Siti II (16.5MW) a Gundumar Bukwo, Gabashin Uganda. Elgon Hydro wani reshe ne na "DI Frontier Market Energy and Carbon Fund K/S Fund", wani asusun hannun jari mai zaman kansa [[Denmark|na Denmark]] . <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=FMO |date=19 September 2016 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Limited: Project Details |url=https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/48986 |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=[[Netherlands Development Finance Company]] (FMO)}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == Wannan aikin ya sami rancen dala miliyan 24 na Amurka, daga FMO, wanda kashi 50 cikin 100 nasa an samo su ne daga Asusun Inganta Kayayyakin Afirka na Farko (EAIF). Za a yi amfani da wurin ba da rancen don gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Siti 2. FMO ta kuma ba da kuɗin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Siti I, wacce aka gina tsakanin Maris 2015 da Mayu 2017. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=FMO |date=19 September 2016 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Limited: Project Details |url=https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/48986 |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=[[Netherlands Development Finance Company]] (FMO)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFMO2016">FMO (19 September 2016). </cite></ref> * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda == Manazarta == mberfu3x2efp0lz6fcxpyiksct0wpeg 859015 859014 2026-06-16T17:47:30Z Engineer014 44591 859015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti II''' {{Convert|16.5|MW}}, kwararar kogi, tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Gabashin [[Uganda]] . <ref name="What">{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin Kogin Siti, a ƙauyen Chesowari, gundumar Siti, gundumar Bukwo, tare da gangaren arewa maso gabashin [[Dutsen Elgon]] . Tana nan ƙasa da tashar wutar lantarki ta 'yar'uwarta, [[Siti I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Siti I.]] <ref name="What">{{Cite web |last=Frontier |date=August 2016 |title=Siti 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/siti-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Frontier.dk (Fronter)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrontier2016">Frontier (August 2016). </cite></ref> Wannan wuri yana da kimanin {{Convert|16|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Majalisar Garin Bukwo, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Wannan kimanin {{Convert|145|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Mbale, birni mafi girma a Yankin Gabashin Uganda. == Bayani == Tashar wutar lantarki tana da ƙaramin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, mai ƙarfin {{Convert|16.5|MW|}} . Mai haɓaka ginin mallakar mai shi ne wanda shi ma ya mallaki kuma ya ƙera {{Convert|5.0|MW|}} Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Siti I. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Portland Inc. |date=2015 |title=Siti I and II – Mini Hydro |url=http://www.portlandic.com/pdfs/ENG/PIC5151SITI.pdf |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Portland Investment Counsel Inc. (Portland Inc.)}}</ref> An fara gina wannan aikin a watan Agusta na 2016, kuma ayyukan kasuwanci sun fara a rabin na biyu na 2018. Za a kwashe wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar Layin Wutar Lantarki na 33kV Mbale-Bulambuli-Siti, wanda ke da {{Convert|125|km|0}} a tsawon. Ana sa ran za a samar da wannan layin wutar lantarki bayan an ƙaddamar da Siti II. A halin yanzu, [http://www.rea.or.ug/ Hukumar Lantarki ta Karkara ta Uganda] tana haɓaka wasu hanyoyin magance matsalolin wutar lantarki na ɗan lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFU |date=31 December 2016 |title=GETFiT Uganda: Downloads: Annual Report 2016 |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/downloads/ |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=GETFit Uganda (GFU) |format=PDF}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2020, ''Afik21.africa'' ta ba da rahoton cewa [[Umeme]], wani kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki mallakar mai zaman kansa, ya shirya kashe dala miliyan 9.29 na Amurka (USh: biliyan 34 a lokacin) don gina layin watsa wutar lantarki mai tsawon da'ira biyu na 33kV zuwa Mbale, inda makamashi zai shiga layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. <ref name="EvacR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=19 August 2020 |title=Uganda: Umeme to use $9 million for electricity disposal from Siti 2's power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-umeme-to-use-9-million-for-electricity-disposal-from-siti-2s-power-plant/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa |place=Paris, France}}</ref> == Mallaka == Masu wannan aikin su ne "Elgon Hydro Siti Limited", wani kamfanin kera motoci na musamman da aka kafa musamman don haɓakawa, ginawa da gudanar da Siti I (5MW) da Siti II (16.5MW) a Gundumar Bukwo, Gabashin Uganda. Elgon Hydro wani reshe ne na "DI Frontier Market Energy and Carbon Fund K/S Fund", wani asusun hannun jari mai zaman kansa [[Denmark|na Denmark]] . <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=FMO |date=19 September 2016 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Limited: Project Details |url=https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/48986 |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=[[Netherlands Development Finance Company]] (FMO)}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == Wannan aikin ya sami rancen dala miliyan 24 na Amurka, daga FMO, wanda kashi 50 cikin 100 nasa an samo su ne daga Asusun Inganta Kayayyakin Afirka na Farko (EAIF). Za a yi amfani da wurin ba da rancen don gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Siti 2. FMO ta kuma ba da kuɗin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Siti I, wacce aka gina tsakanin Maris 2015 da Mayu 2017. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=FMO |date=19 September 2016 |title=Elgon Hydro Siti (Private) Limited: Project Details |url=https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/48986 |access-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=[[Netherlands Development Finance Company]] (FMO)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFMO2016">FMO (19 September 2016). </cite></ref> * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda == Manazarta == m6uesheyoq9uqbc499meg3ouldf0zed 0 158084 859019 2026-06-16T18:43:54Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1277157470|Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chishimba Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|15|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki wacce ke a fadin Kogin Luombe a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1959, an gyara ta kuma an faɗaɗa ta a shekarar 1971 sannan aka sake faɗaɗa ta kuma aka sabunta ta a shekarun 2020. Wannan tashar wutar lantarki mallakar Gwamnatin Zambia ce kuma Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ne ke gudanarwa kuma ke kula da ita. Ana rarraba wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a nan zuwa birnin Kasama da sauran sassan gundumar Kasama . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana nan ne a magudanar ruwa ta Chishimba, a fadin Kogin Luombe, a gundumar Kasama, a lardin Arewacin Zambia. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|40|km|mi}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da birnin Kasama, babban birnin gundumar da kuma lardin. Daidaito na yanki na Chishimba HPP sune: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444). == Tarihi == An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1959, inda ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ya kai 0.9 MW. An yi gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa tashar wutar lantarki, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1971, tare da sabon ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 6 MW. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Gyara da faɗaɗawa a cikin 2020s == A watan Nuwamba na 2020, ZESCO, wacce ke da kuma gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki, ta yi talla ga kamfanonin injiniya masu ba da shawara da suka cancanta don neman aikin ''Injiniyan Mai Gida'' a kan aikin gyaran tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 6 da kuma fadada ta zuwa sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 15. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}</ref> Aikin ya ƙunshi mayar da wani ɓangare na tsohon tashar wutar lantarki zuwa gidan tarihi na yawon buɗe ido. Za a sanya sabbin injinan wutar lantarki guda uku, kowannensu mai ƙarfin MW 5, don samar da ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙididdige a 73 GWh kowace shekara. Za a gina sabbin wuraren canza wutar lantarki guda biyu, ɗaya daga cikin 66 kV da ɗayan kuma na 33 kV kusa da wutar lantarki. Layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi za su haɗa waɗannan wuraren canza wutar lantarki zuwa tashar ƙasa ta Kasama da ke akwai, inda wutar za ta shiga cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar Zambia. An samo kuɗaɗen wannan aikin da aka ruwaito cewa ya kai dala miliyan 46 daga Bankin Raya Ƙasa na KfW . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 8t3fp8k45pqlx9n70i2k4ufbi7vq0q3 859020 859019 2026-06-16T18:44:20Z Engineer014 44591 859020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Chishimba Hydroelectric''' tana da {{Convert|15|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki wacce ke a fadin Kogin Luombe a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1959, an gyara ta kuma an faɗaɗa ta a shekarar 1971 sannan aka sake faɗaɗa ta kuma aka sabunta ta a shekarun 2020. Wannan tashar wutar lantarki mallakar Gwamnatin Zambia ce kuma Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na ƙasa ne ke gudanarwa kuma ke kula da ita. Ana rarraba wutar lantarki da ake samarwa a nan zuwa birnin Kasama da sauran sassan gundumar Kasama . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana nan ne a magudanar ruwa ta Chishimba, a fadin Kogin Luombe, a gundumar Kasama, a lardin Arewacin Zambia. Wannan yana da kimanin {{Convert|40|km|mi}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da birnin Kasama, babban birnin gundumar da kuma lardin. Daidaito na yanki na Chishimba HPP sune: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444). == Tarihi == An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1959, inda ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ya kai 0.9 MW. An yi gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa tashar wutar lantarki, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1971, tare da sabon ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 6 MW. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Gyara da faɗaɗawa a cikin 2020s == A watan Nuwamba na 2020, ZESCO, wacce ke da kuma gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki, ta yi talla ga kamfanonin injiniya masu ba da shawara da suka cancanta don neman aikin ''Injiniyan Mai Gida'' a kan aikin gyaran tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 6 da kuma fadada ta zuwa sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 15. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}</ref> Aikin ya ƙunshi mayar da wani ɓangare na tsohon tashar wutar lantarki zuwa gidan tarihi na yawon buɗe ido. Za a sanya sabbin injinan wutar lantarki guda uku, kowannensu mai ƙarfin MW 5, don samar da ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙididdige a 73 GWh kowace shekara. Za a gina sabbin wuraren canza wutar lantarki guda biyu, ɗaya daga cikin 66 kV da ɗayan kuma na 33 kV kusa da wutar lantarki. Layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi za su haɗa waɗannan wuraren canza wutar lantarki zuwa tashar ƙasa ta Kasama da ke akwai, inda wutar za ta shiga cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar Zambia. An samo kuɗaɗen wannan aikin da aka ruwaito cewa ya kai dala miliyan 46 daga Bankin Raya Ƙasa na KfW . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == as7h6aifgvlxk8zoz8cfqjtk7ug8xjw 0 158085 859021 2026-06-16T18:57:31Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265180543|Achwa 2 Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 2''' {{Convert|41|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, a [[Uganda]] . <ref name="On">{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Elizabeth |date=7 July 2016 |title=Voith supplying electromechanical equipment for 42-MW Achwa River hydro plant in Uganda |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/07/voith-supplying-electromechanical-equipment-for-42-mw-achwa-river-hydro-plant-in-uganda.html |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Akwa|Kogin Achwa]], a gundumar Gulu, Arewacin Uganda . Wannan wurin yana kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Gulu da Gundumar Pader, kimanin {{Convert|38|km|0}} arewacin matsugunin Aswa. <ref name="Study">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N |display-authors=et al |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[African Development Bank]]}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|50|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Gulu, birni mafi girma a Arewacin Uganda. Daidaito na yanki na tashar wutar lantarki sune: 03°08'55.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:3.148611; Longitude:32.518333). == Bayani == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana ɗaya daga cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyar da aka tsara a Kogin Achwa waɗanda jimillarsu ta kai {{Convert|109|MW}}, inda Achwa 2 shine farkon ginin da aka gina. <ref name="Study">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N |display-authors=et al |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[African Development Bank]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKinoshita,_N2016">Kinoshita, N; et&nbsp;al. (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Fund">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}</ref> Achwa 2 aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ne da ke gudana a kogi tare da shirin samar da wutar lantarki ta GWh 281 a kowace shekara. <ref name="Study" /> Za a kwashe wutar da aka samar ta hanyar layin watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kV zuwa wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke Lira, nisan da ya kai kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}}, inda za a sayar da shi ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda ("UETCL"). <ref name="Fund">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAfDB2016">AfDB (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da za a gina sun haɗa da {{Convert|9|km|0}} na hanyoyin sabis, {{Convert|38|km|0}} hanyar da za ta haɗa wurin da hanyar Gulu-Kitgum da kuma sansanin ma'aikatan gini. <ref name="Study">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N |display-authors=et al |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[African Development Bank]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKinoshita,_N2016">Kinoshita, N; et&nbsp;al. (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Fund" /> == Mallaka da kuɗaɗen tallafi == Kamfanin ARPE Limited ne ke da mallakin kuma ke haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=15 August 2014 |title=ERA Issues License to ARPE Limited |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/359-era-issues-license-to-arpe-limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075903/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/359-era-issues-license-to-arpe-limited |archive-date=7 September 2017 |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}</ref> An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala 78,808,400 na Amurka, wanda Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da rancen dala 14,330,754, sauran dala 64,477,646 kuma an aro su ne daga Delta da wasu majiyoyi. <ref name="Fund">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAfDB2016">AfDB (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> Kamfanin PAC SpA, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Italiya, shine mai kwangilar EPC don ayyukan farar hula, kuma an yi kwangilar Voith, wani kamfanin Jamus don samar da injinan turbines guda huɗu da sassan lantarki masu alaƙa. Kwantiragin ya haɗa da ƙira, kera, wadata, sufuri, ginawa, gwaji da kuma aiwatar da duk kayan aikin da aka bayar. == Kammalawa == Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2020, an gina tashar wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, ana kwashe megawatts 12 kacal daga cikin ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai megawatts 42 da ake da su ta hanyar layin wutar lantarki mai 33kV zuwa Kitgum da Layibi, wani yanki a birnin Gulu . <ref name="FractR">{{Cite web |last=The Independent |date=3 January 2020 |title=Achwa power station ready to generate power - UEDCL |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/achwa-power-station-ready-to-generate-power-uedcl/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> Shirin ginawa ya haɗa da gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki 132kV ta kamfanin Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), zuwa tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke Lira . Duk da haka, rashin jituwa kan biyan diyya ga layin wutar lantarki ya jinkirta aikin. An warware yawancin rashin jituwa kuma ana sa ran ginin zai ci gaba a shekarar 2020. Ana sa ran gwamnatin Uganda za ta biya kuɗin wutar lantarki mai megawatts 30 da ba a yi amfani da ita ba, har sai an fara aikin layin. <ref name="FractR" /> <ref name="11R">{{Cite web |last=Julius Ocungi |date=16 July 2019 |title=Pader Residents Demand Compensation from UEGCL |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/pader-residents-demand-compensation-from-uegcl |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Maris na 2022, manajan darakta/Shugaba na Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda (UETCL), hukumar gwamnati mai alhakin kwashe wutar lantarki daga wannan tashar wutar lantarki ya nuna cewa ana sa ran layin kwashe wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kV da kuma tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da ke hade da su za su kasance a shirye a farkon kwata na 2023. <ref name="12R">{{Cite web |last=Paul Busharizi |date=10 March 2022 |title=Land Owners hampering power grid extension - UETCL |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129024 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 1 * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda == Manazarta == s3mhmlcq0fd10cqd570agqex34m8j3b 859022 859021 2026-06-16T18:57:56Z Engineer014 44591 859022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 2''' {{Convert|41|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, a [[Uganda]] . <ref name="On">{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Elizabeth |date=7 July 2016 |title=Voith supplying electromechanical equipment for 42-MW Achwa River hydro plant in Uganda |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/07/voith-supplying-electromechanical-equipment-for-42-mw-achwa-river-hydro-plant-in-uganda.html |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin [[Kogin Akwa|Kogin Achwa]], a gundumar Gulu, Arewacin Uganda . Wannan wurin yana kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Gulu da Gundumar Pader, kimanin {{Convert|38|km|0}} arewacin matsugunin Aswa. <ref name="Study">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N |display-authors=et al |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[African Development Bank]]}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|50|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Gulu, birni mafi girma a Arewacin Uganda. Daidaito na yanki na tashar wutar lantarki sune: 03°08'55.0"N, 32°31'06.0"E (Latitude:3.148611; Longitude:32.518333). == Bayani == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana ɗaya daga cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyar da aka tsara a Kogin Achwa waɗanda jimillarsu ta kai {{Convert|109|MW}}, inda Achwa 2 shine farkon ginin da aka gina. <ref name="Study">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N |display-authors=et al |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[African Development Bank]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKinoshita,_N2016">Kinoshita, N; et&nbsp;al. (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Fund">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}</ref> Achwa 2 aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ne da ke gudana a kogi tare da shirin samar da wutar lantarki ta GWh 281 a kowace shekara. <ref name="Study" /> Za a kwashe wutar da aka samar ta hanyar layin watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kV zuwa wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke Lira, nisan da ya kai kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}}, inda za a sayar da shi ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda ("UETCL"). <ref name="Fund">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAfDB2016">AfDB (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da za a gina sun haɗa da {{Convert|9|km|0}} na hanyoyin sabis, {{Convert|38|km|0}} hanyar da za ta haɗa wurin da hanyar Gulu-Kitgum da kuma sansanin ma'aikatan gini. <ref name="Study">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N |display-authors=et al |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[African Development Bank]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKinoshita,_N2016">Kinoshita, N; et&nbsp;al. (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Fund" /> == Mallaka da kuɗaɗen tallafi == Kamfanin ARPE Limited ne ke da mallakin kuma ke haɓaka tashar wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=15 August 2014 |title=ERA Issues License to ARPE Limited |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/359-era-issues-license-to-arpe-limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075903/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/latest-news/359-era-issues-license-to-arpe-limited |archive-date=7 September 2017 |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}</ref> An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin a kan dala 78,808,400 na Amurka, wanda Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da rancen dala 14,330,754, sauran dala 64,477,646 kuma an aro su ne daga Delta da wasu majiyoyi. <ref name="Fund">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAfDB2016">AfDB (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> Kamfanin PAC SpA, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Italiya, shine mai kwangilar EPC don ayyukan farar hula, kuma an yi kwangilar Voith, wani kamfanin Jamus don samar da injinan turbines guda huɗu da sassan lantarki masu alaƙa. Kwantiragin ya haɗa da ƙira, kera, wadata, sufuri, ginawa, gwaji da kuma aiwatar da duk kayan aikin da aka bayar. == Kammalawa == Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2020, an gina tashar wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, ana kwashe megawatts 12 kacal daga cikin ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai megawatts 42 da ake da su ta hanyar layin wutar lantarki mai 33kV zuwa Kitgum da Layibi, wani yanki a birnin Gulu . <ref name="FractR">{{Cite web |last=The Independent |date=3 January 2020 |title=Achwa power station ready to generate power - UEDCL |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/achwa-power-station-ready-to-generate-power-uedcl/ |access-date=16 February 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> Shirin ginawa ya haɗa da gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki 132kV ta kamfanin Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), zuwa tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke Lira . Duk da haka, rashin jituwa kan biyan diyya ga layin wutar lantarki ya jinkirta aikin. An warware yawancin rashin jituwa kuma ana sa ran ginin zai ci gaba a shekarar 2020. Ana sa ran gwamnatin Uganda za ta biya kuɗin wutar lantarki mai megawatts 30 da ba a yi amfani da ita ba, har sai an fara aikin layin. <ref name="FractR" /> <ref name="11R">{{Cite web |last=Julius Ocungi |date=16 July 2019 |title=Pader Residents Demand Compensation from UEGCL |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/pader-residents-demand-compensation-from-uegcl |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Maris na 2022, manajan darakta/Shugaba na Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda (UETCL), hukumar gwamnati mai alhakin kwashe wutar lantarki daga wannan tashar wutar lantarki ya nuna cewa ana sa ran layin kwashe wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kV da kuma tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da ke hade da su za su kasance a shirye a farkon kwata na 2023. <ref name="12R">{{Cite web |last=Paul Busharizi |date=10 March 2022 |title=Land Owners hampering power grid extension - UETCL |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129024 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 1 * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda == Manazarta == 4vjejs3uy6t6b51jiqemb072qjp68w4 0 158086 859023 2026-06-16T18:59:19Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302239067|Achwa 1 Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 1''' (A1HPS), wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa I''', tashar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric a [[Uganda]], tare da shirin shigar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|41|MW}} . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Kurt Stumpo |date=4 November 2016 |title=Achwa Hydro Power Projects 1 and 2 |url=https://www.iflr1000.com/Deal/Profile/8235#undefined |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=IFLR1000}}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana a fadin [[Kogin Akwa|Kogin Achwa]], a gundumar Gulu, Arewacin Uganda . Wannan wurin yana kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Gulu da Gundumar Pader, kimanin {{Convert|38|km|0}} arewacin matsugunin Aswa. Wannan wuri yana kusa da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 2. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N. |display-authors=etal |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|65|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Gulu, birni mafi girma a Arewacin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=10 April 2018 |title=Distance between Gulu, Northern Region, Uganda and Atanga I, Northern Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Gulu%2C%20Northern%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Atanga%20I%2C%20Northern%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJJyrED1ymcRcRBg7Yw9Hzbs4&dt2=ChIJtY6NvCBdcRcR0NedrVvBq7U |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Bayani == Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Achwa 1 aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ne da ake shirin samarwa a kowace shekara, wanda zai kai GWh 274. Wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana daya daga cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyar da aka tsara a Kogin Achwa, wadanda jimillarsu ya kai {{Convert|109|MW}} . <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N. |display-authors=etal |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKinoshita,_N.2016">Kinoshita, N.; et&nbsp;al. (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}</ref> Za a sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar ga Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited, don haɗa shi cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=24 August 2014 |title=Electricity Regulatory Authority: Licensed Projects: Achwa 1 HPP & Achwa 2 HPP (83 Megawatts) |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/licences-permits/2013-10-15-15-43-41/licensed-projects?group_by=cr72x_projects___Project_Name |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013030143/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/licences-permits/2013-10-15-15-43-41/licensed-projects?group_by=cr72x_projects___Project_Name |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]]}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Za a kwashe wutar da aka samar ta hanyar Layin Wutar Lantarki Mai Girma na Lira-Gulu-Agago, wani layin watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kV, zuwa wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke Lira, nisan kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}}, inda za a sayar da shi ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda (“UETCL”). <ref name="Three" /> Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da za a gina sun haɗa da {{Convert|9|km|0}} na hanyoyin sabis, {{Convert|38|km|0}} hanyar sabis don haɗa wurin zuwa Titin Gulu-Kitgum da kuma sansanin ma'aikatan gini. <ref name="Two" /> <ref name="Three" /> A shekarar 2016, an yi tallan neman tayin yin kimanta yiwuwar da tasirin muhalli ga wannan tashar wutar lantarki. Haƙƙoƙin ci gaba mallakar ''Berkeley Energy'' ne, ta hannun reshenta na Uganda, ''Maji Power Limited'' . <ref name="Who">{{Cite web |last=Africa Energy Newsletter |date=23 June 2016 |title=Uganda: Technical study for Achwa I Hydro |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/article/uganda-technical-study-achwa-i-hydro |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=Africa-Energy.com}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa Janairun 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Body of Kenyan National Yet to be Recovered From River Achwa |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/body-of-kenyan-national-yet-to-be-recovered-from-river-achwa |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda * Makamashi a Uganda == Manazarta == 07megpjqdawrjwruaogc8oezuf4qb8i 859024 859023 2026-06-16T18:59:48Z Engineer014 44591 859024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 1''' (A1HPS), wacce kuma ita ce '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa I''', tashar wutar lantarki ce ta hydroelectric a [[Uganda]], tare da shirin shigar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|41|MW}} . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Kurt Stumpo |date=4 November 2016 |title=Achwa Hydro Power Projects 1 and 2 |url=https://www.iflr1000.com/Deal/Profile/8235#undefined |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=IFLR1000}}</ref> == Wuri == Cibiyar tana a fadin [[Kogin Akwa|Kogin Achwa]], a gundumar Gulu, Arewacin Uganda . Wannan wurin yana kan iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Gulu da Gundumar Pader, kimanin {{Convert|38|km|0}} arewacin matsugunin Aswa. Wannan wuri yana kusa da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Achwa 2. <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N. |display-authors=etal |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|65|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Gulu, birni mafi girma a Arewacin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=10 April 2018 |title=Distance between Gulu, Northern Region, Uganda and Atanga I, Northern Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Gulu%2C%20Northern%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Atanga%20I%2C%20Northern%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJJyrED1ymcRcRBg7Yw9Hzbs4&dt2=ChIJtY6NvCBdcRcR0NedrVvBq7U |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Bayani == Aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta Achwa 1 aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ne da ake shirin samarwa a kowace shekara, wanda zai kai GWh 274. Wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana daya daga cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyar da aka tsara a Kogin Achwa, wadanda jimillarsu ya kai {{Convert|109|MW}} . <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Kinoshita, N. |display-authors=etal |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Project: Achwa II Hydro Electric Power Project: Country: Uganda: Summary of Environmental and Social Assessment (ESIA) |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Uganda_-_ACHWA_II_Hydro_Electric_power_Project_%E2%80%93_Summary_ESIA.pdf |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKinoshita,_N.2016">Kinoshita, N.; et&nbsp;al. (14 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="Three">{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=14 December 2016 |title=African Development Bank: Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/p-ug-fab-007/ |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}</ref> Za a sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar ga Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited, don haɗa shi cikin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=24 August 2014 |title=Electricity Regulatory Authority: Licensed Projects: Achwa 1 HPP & Achwa 2 HPP (83 Megawatts) |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/licences-permits/2013-10-15-15-43-41/licensed-projects?group_by=cr72x_projects___Project_Name |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013030143/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/licences-permits/2013-10-15-15-43-41/licensed-projects?group_by=cr72x_projects___Project_Name |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]]}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Za a kwashe wutar da aka samar ta hanyar Layin Wutar Lantarki Mai Girma na Lira-Gulu-Agago, wani layin watsa wutar lantarki mai karfin 132kV, zuwa wani tashar samar da wutar lantarki da ke Lira, nisan kimanin {{Convert|140|km|0}}, inda za a sayar da shi ga Kamfanin Transmission Electricity na Uganda (“UETCL”). <ref name="Three" /> Sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa da za a gina sun haɗa da {{Convert|9|km|0}} na hanyoyin sabis, {{Convert|38|km|0}} hanyar sabis don haɗa wurin zuwa Titin Gulu-Kitgum da kuma sansanin ma'aikatan gini. <ref name="Two" /> <ref name="Three" /> A shekarar 2016, an yi tallan neman tayin yin kimanta yiwuwar da tasirin muhalli ga wannan tashar wutar lantarki. Haƙƙoƙin ci gaba mallakar ''Berkeley Energy'' ne, ta hannun reshenta na Uganda, ''Maji Power Limited'' . <ref name="Who">{{Cite web |last=Africa Energy Newsletter |date=23 June 2016 |title=Uganda: Technical study for Achwa I Hydro |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/article/uganda-technical-study-achwa-i-hydro |access-date=10 April 2018 |publisher=Africa-Energy.com}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa Janairun 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Body of Kenyan National Yet to be Recovered From River Achwa |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/body-of-kenyan-national-yet-to-be-recovered-from-river-achwa |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda * Makamashi a Uganda == Manazarta == tpak5mc64bpay607on8cg9b8tp50ofr 0 158087 859026 2026-06-16T19:00:52Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300351545|Kyambura Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kyambura''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kyambura''', tana da {{Convert|7.6|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Renewgen |date=September 2020 |title=Kyambura Small Hydro Power Project |url=http://www.renewgen.lk/upcoming-projects/Kyambura.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217052020/http://www.renewgen.lk/upcoming-projects/Kyambura.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=Renewgen.lk}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=GET-Fit Uganda |date=June 2017 |title=Kyambura Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/kyambura/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075330/http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/kyambura/ |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=GET-Fit Uganda Program Reports |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a yankin Kyambura, a hayin kogin Kyambura, a karamar hukumar Kiruggu, gundumar Rubirizi, kimanin {{Convert|10.5|km|0}}, arewacin garin Rubirizi, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Wannan kimanin {{Convert|107.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da Mbarara, birni mafi girma a Yankin Yammacin Uganda. Daidaito na yanki na tashar wutar lantarki sune: 00°12'39.0"S, 30°07'04.0"E (Latitude:-0.210833; Longitude:30.117778). == Bayani == Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki ne a cikin ruwa wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|7.6|MW}} da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara ta 36.7 GWh. <ref name="1R" /> Tsarin asali ya ƙunshi babban abin da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar "ramin tseren kai". A cikin sabon ƙirar, an maye gurbinsa da "tashar tseren kai". Wannan ya rage farashin aikin da lokacin gini. Kudin da aka tsara don ginawa shine dala miliyan 24. <ref name="2R" /> == Jadawalin lokacin gini == An fara ginin ne a farkon shekarar 2017 kuma an fara aikin a rabin shekarar 2019. 'Yan kwangilar farar hula uku [[Sri Lanka|na Sri Lanka]] ; KSJ Construction, SSP Engineers da Sanken Overseas Limited sun shiga cikin aikin sosai. An kammala ginin kuma an kammala gwaje-gwajen daidaitawa da layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa a watan Yulin 2019. An fara fitar da kayayyaki ta kasuwanci a watan Agustan 2019. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=GET-Fit Uganda |date=June 2020 |title=GET-Fit Uganda: 2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/annual-report-2019/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=GET-Fit Uganda Organization |place=Kampala}}</ref> <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=22 January 2020 |title=Uganda increases power generation with more dams |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1513829/uganda-increases-power-generation-dams |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> == Shirin GET-Fit na Uganda == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta amfana daga ''Shirin GET-Fit Uganda'', wanda KfW ke gudanarwa. Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kyambura ta sami tallafin GET-Fit na dala miliyan 2.4, daga cikin kuɗin gini na dala miliyan 24 na Amurka. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=GET-Fit Uganda |date=June 2020 |title=GET-Fit Uganda: 2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/annual-report-2019/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=GET-Fit Uganda Organization |place=Kampala}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGET-Fit_Uganda2020">GET-Fit Uganda (June 2020). [https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/annual-report-2019/ "GET-Fit Uganda: 2019 Annual Report"]. Kampala: GET-Fit Uganda Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == ami81op07s1w9qy4ymd38dq1gygbes2 859027 859026 2026-06-16T19:01:13Z Engineer014 44591 859027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kyambura''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kyambura''', tana da {{Convert|7.6|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Renewgen |date=September 2020 |title=Kyambura Small Hydro Power Project |url=http://www.renewgen.lk/upcoming-projects/Kyambura.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217052020/http://www.renewgen.lk/upcoming-projects/Kyambura.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=Renewgen.lk}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=GET-Fit Uganda |date=June 2017 |title=Kyambura Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/kyambura/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075330/http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/kyambura/ |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=GET-Fit Uganda Program Reports |place=Kampala}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a yankin Kyambura, a hayin kogin Kyambura, a karamar hukumar Kiruggu, gundumar Rubirizi, kimanin {{Convert|10.5|km|0}}, arewacin garin Rubirizi, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Wannan kimanin {{Convert|107.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, arewa maso yamma da Mbarara, birni mafi girma a Yankin Yammacin Uganda. Daidaito na yanki na tashar wutar lantarki sune: 00°12'39.0"S, 30°07'04.0"E (Latitude:-0.210833; Longitude:30.117778). == Bayani == Tashar wutar lantarki tana aiki ne a cikin ruwa wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|7.6|MW}} da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara ta 36.7 GWh. <ref name="1R" /> Tsarin asali ya ƙunshi babban abin da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar "ramin tseren kai". A cikin sabon ƙirar, an maye gurbinsa da "tashar tseren kai". Wannan ya rage farashin aikin da lokacin gini. Kudin da aka tsara don ginawa shine dala miliyan 24. <ref name="2R" /> == Jadawalin lokacin gini == An fara ginin ne a farkon shekarar 2017 kuma an fara aikin a rabin shekarar 2019. 'Yan kwangilar farar hula uku [[Sri Lanka|na Sri Lanka]] ; KSJ Construction, SSP Engineers da Sanken Overseas Limited sun shiga cikin aikin sosai. An kammala ginin kuma an kammala gwaje-gwajen daidaitawa da layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa a watan Yulin 2019. An fara fitar da kayayyaki ta kasuwanci a watan Agustan 2019. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=GET-Fit Uganda |date=June 2020 |title=GET-Fit Uganda: 2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/annual-report-2019/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=GET-Fit Uganda Organization |place=Kampala}}</ref> <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=22 January 2020 |title=Uganda increases power generation with more dams |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1513829/uganda-increases-power-generation-dams |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> == Shirin GET-Fit na Uganda == Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta amfana daga ''Shirin GET-Fit Uganda'', wanda KfW ke gudanarwa. Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kyambura ta sami tallafin GET-Fit na dala miliyan 2.4, daga cikin kuɗin gini na dala miliyan 24 na Amurka. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=GET-Fit Uganda |date=June 2020 |title=GET-Fit Uganda: 2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/annual-report-2019/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=GET-Fit Uganda Organization |place=Kampala}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGET-Fit_Uganda2020">GET-Fit Uganda (June 2020). [https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/annual-report-2019/ "GET-Fit Uganda: 2019 Annual Report"]. Kampala: GET-Fit Uganda Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == p8xl04044iuidhdcqz3y0m4gvwohtbl 0 158088 859028 2026-06-16T19:02:34Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354340997|Keith Conners]]" 859028 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Carmen Keith Conners''' (Maris 20, 1933 - Yuli 5, 2017) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da kafa ka'idoji na farko don gano cutar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD). An haifi Conners a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1933, a Bingham Canyon, Utah, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku na Michael Conners, masanin injiniya, da Merle Conners, wanda ke aiki a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Ya sami digiri daga Jami'ar Chicago (BA), [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (MA), da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (PhD). <ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite web |last=BENEDICT CAREY |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Keith Conners, Psychologist Who Set Standard for Diagnosing A.D.H.D., Dies at 84 - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/health/keith-conners-dead-psychologist-adhd-diagnosing.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yaba wa Conners kamar yadda ya sanya ADHD a taswirar a Amurka kuma ya taimaka wajen bunkasa kimantawa na farko don ADHD, <ref name="Frances 2016">{{Cite web |last=Frances |first=Allen |date=March 28, 2016 |title=Keith Conners, Father of ADHD, Regrets Its Current Misuse |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/allen-frances/keith-conners-father-of-adhd_b_9558252.html |website=[[HuffPost]] |publisher=}}</ref> gami da Conners Comprehensive Behaviour Rating Scale. <ref name="pmid4900822">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Conners CK |date=December 1969 |title=A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children |url= |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=884–8 |doi=10.1176/ajp.126.6.884 |pmid=4900822}}</ref><ref name="pmid3385082">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cohen M |date=April 1988 |title=The Revised Conners Parent Rating Scale: factor structure replication with a diversified clinical sample |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=187–96 |doi=10.1007/BF00913594 |pmid=3385082}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya nuna damuwa game da yawan ganewar asali na ADHD a Amurka idan aka kwatanta da Turai, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ana iya gano ADHD akai-akai a Amurka.<ref name="Frances 2016" /> Ya yi imanin cewa yawan gaske na ADHD na yara sun kasance 2-3% .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmerson |first=Jeff |date=July 8, 2017 |title=A founding father of the ADHD diagnosis wrote his own obituary to warn against current... |url=https://medium.com/@IAmJeffEmmerson/a-founding-father-of-the-adhd-diagnosis-wrote-his-own-obituary-to-warn-against-current-c54d2459e620 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230806/https://medium.com/@IAmJeffEmmerson/a-founding-father-of-the-adhd-diagnosis-wrote-his-own-obituary-to-warn-against-current-c54d2459e620 |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=September 9, 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> Conners ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2017, a Durham, North Carolina, yana da shekaru 84. <ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite web |last=BENEDICT CAREY |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Keith Conners, Psychologist Who Set Standard for Diagnosing A.D.H.D., Dies at 84 - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/health/keith-conners-dead-psychologist-adhd-diagnosing.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6d1n5vv9ogneep7d436raalc2cczp4i 0 158089 859029 2026-06-16T19:03:17Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/902567658|Nyamagasani II Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II''', wacce kuma ake kira ' '''Nyamagasani 2 Hydroelectric Power Station'''', tana da {{Convert|5|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ana gina ta a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyen ''Kyarumba'', a cikin cocin Kaghema, ƙaramin gundumar Kyarumba, a gundumar Kasese, a cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|45.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, babban gari mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Kyarumba, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&dt2=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II tana kusa da kuma nan take ƙasa da tashar 'yar'uwarta ta [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I|Nyamagasani I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric]], wacce masu haɓaka wannan ginin ke ci gaba da haɓakawa a lokaci guda. <ref name="One" /> Nyamagasani 2 tana da tsayin {{Convert|1392|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=23 December 2017 |title=Average Elevation of Kyarumba Village |url=https://mapcarta.com/12806424 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}</ref> == Bayani == Nyamagasani II HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi, wadda ƙarfin wutar lantarkinta ya kai MW 5. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> Kamfanin aikin, ''Nyamagasani 2 HPP Limited'', mallakar DI Frontier Market Energy & Carbon Fund ne, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari a fannin [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]] da ke Denmark. <ref name="Fin">{{Cite web |last=Frontier Energy |date=23 December 2017 |title=Nyamagasani 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/nyamagasani-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Frontier Investment Management ApS}}</ref> == Tsarin lokaci == Aikin ya sami amincewar GetFit a watan Yunin 2015, kuma an cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a shekarar 2016. An fara ginin a shekarar 2017. Da farko ana sa ran kammalawa a kwata na huɗu na shekarar 2018. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin 2019, ana sa ran kammalawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan a rabin na biyu na shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GET FiT Uganda |date=2019 |title=GET FiT Uganda - Annual Report 2018 |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/home/get-fit-annual-report-2018/ |access-date=19 June 2019 |publisher=GET FiT Uganda}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin don kashe dala miliyan 19.8 na Amurka, tare da tallafin GetFit na dala miliyan 3.7. Tallafin ya haɗa da kuɗin gina sabbin layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki 33 kV don kwashe wutar lantarki da ake samarwa zuwa ƙaramin tashar Nkenda, <ref name="One" /> kimanin {{Convert|36|km|0}}, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Kyarumba, yayin da hankaka ke tashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kyarumba, Uganda and Nkenda, Busongora, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Nkenda%2C%20Busongora%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&dt1=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY&dt2=ChIJ72BoP8X0YRcRBydR-eMj9-8 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da wutar lantarki da ake samarwa daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyamagasi 1 da ke kusa. <ref name="One" /> == Duba kuma == * Makamashi a Uganda * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda == Manazarta == 249splk24sfk0k951zbbp0vnbqd7wvx 859030 859029 2026-06-16T19:03:48Z Engineer014 44591 859030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II''', wacce kuma ake kira ' '''Nyamagasani 2 Hydroelectric Power Station'''', tana da {{Convert|5|MW}}tashar samar da wutar lantarki ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ana gina ta a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana kusa da ƙauyen ''Kyarumba'', a cikin cocin Kaghema, ƙaramin gundumar Kyarumba, a gundumar Kasese, a cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|45.5|km|0}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin Kasese, babban gari mafi kusa da kuma wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kasese, Western Region, Uganda and Kyarumba, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&dt1=ChIJ27nqCi3yYRcRcP7Ml11wWSQ&dt2=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani II tana kusa da kuma nan take ƙasa da tashar 'yar'uwarta ta [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nyamagasani I|Nyamagasani I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Hydroelectric]], wacce masu haɓaka wannan ginin ke ci gaba da haɓakawa a lokaci guda. <ref name="One" /> Nyamagasani 2 tana da tsayin {{Convert|1392|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=23 December 2017 |title=Average Elevation of Kyarumba Village |url=https://mapcarta.com/12806424 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}</ref> == Bayani == Nyamagasani II HEPS wani ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa da ke gudana a kogi, wadda ƙarfin wutar lantarkinta ya kai MW 5. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> Kamfanin aikin, ''Nyamagasani 2 HPP Limited'', mallakar DI Frontier Market Energy & Carbon Fund ne, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari a fannin [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]] da ke Denmark. <ref name="Fin">{{Cite web |last=Frontier Energy |date=23 December 2017 |title=Nyamagasani 2 Hydro Power Project |url=http://frontier.dk/nyamagasani-2-mini-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Frontier Investment Management ApS}}</ref> == Tsarin lokaci == Aikin ya sami amincewar GetFit a watan Yunin 2015, kuma an cimma yarjejeniyar rufe harkokin kuɗi a shekarar 2016. An fara ginin a shekarar 2017. Da farko ana sa ran kammalawa a kwata na huɗu na shekarar 2018. <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=GetFit Uganda |date=31 December 2016 |title=GetFit Uganda: 2016 Annual Report: Nyamagasani II Power Station |url=http://www.getfit-reports.com/2016/projects/nyamagasani-i-ii/ |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=GetFit Uganda}}</ref> Tun daga watan Yunin 2019, ana sa ran kammalawa da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan a rabin na biyu na shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GET FiT Uganda |date=2019 |title=GET FiT Uganda - Annual Report 2018 |url=https://www.getfit-uganda.org/home/get-fit-annual-report-2018/ |access-date=19 June 2019 |publisher=GET FiT Uganda}}</ref> == Tallafin Kuɗi == An ware kasafin kuɗin ginin don kashe dala miliyan 19.8 na Amurka, tare da tallafin GetFit na dala miliyan 3.7. Tallafin ya haɗa da kuɗin gina sabbin layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki 33 kV don kwashe wutar lantarki da ake samarwa zuwa ƙaramin tashar Nkenda, <ref name="One" /> kimanin {{Convert|36|km|0}}, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Kyarumba, yayin da hankaka ke tashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=23 December 2017 |title=Distance between Kyarumba, Uganda and Nkenda, Busongora, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kyarumba%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Nkenda%2C%20Busongora%2C%20Western%20Region%2C%20Uganda&dt1=ChIJY9_VW4vvYRcRWxQKY84NSQY&dt2=ChIJ72BoP8X0YRcRBydR-eMj9-8 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da wutar lantarki da ake samarwa daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Nyamagasi 1 da ke kusa. <ref name="One" /> == Duba kuma == * Makamashi a Uganda * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Uganda == Manazarta == kmur46d9w0n8hxjm6j9w9kxy2okl6v9 0 158090 859031 2026-06-16T19:04:39Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346020104|Charles Bradley (medical doctor)]]" 859031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Bradley''' (1 ga Disamba, 1902 - 31 ga Mayu, 1979) ya kasance likitan Amurka ne, likitan kwakwalwa na yara kuma farfesa wanda ya shahara da binciken da aka yi cewa amfani da Benzedrine a cikin yara tare da wasu matsalolin halayyar yana haifar da inganta aikin ilimi. Ayyukansa sun haifar da bincike daga baya game da batun wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da amfani da magunguna na yanzu a cikin maganin [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brian C. |date=2006 |title=Bradley Hospital - Legacy of Hope - 75 years of healing the hearts and minds of children and their families |url=http://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194955/https://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |access-date=September 27, 2011 |website=Lifespan.org |pages=44 & 59–60}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a cikin iyalin Bradley, Charles dan uwan George Bradley ne. Iyalin sananne ne saboda George Bradley da matarsa, Helen Bradley, na karshe wanda ya haifar da kafa Asibitin Emma Pendleton Bradley, asibitin yara na farko na Amurka, mai suna bayan 'yar George da Helen mai fama da rashin lafiya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brian C. |date=2006 |title=Bradley Hospital - Legacy of Hope - 75 years of healing the hearts and minds of children and their families |url=http://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194955/https://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |access-date=September 27, 2011 |website=Lifespan.org |pages=44 & 59–60}}</ref> Charles ya girma a Providence, Rhode Island tare da 'yan uwansa biyu, Horatio Hunt Bradley da George Lothrop Bradley . Mahaifinsa mai suna Charles Bradley, ya jagoranci aiki mai nasara a ofishin Pittsburgh na Kamfanin Telephone na Bell inda ya zama mai kula. Mahaifiyarsa, Helen Nancy Hunt Bradley, ta mallaki kantin sayar da littattafai, amma wani lokaci bayan ta zama gwauruwa a 1910, lokacin da mahaifin Charles ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga sepsis biyo bayan raunin hannu yana da shekaru 33, ta zama mara aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhode Island Historic Cemeteries - Person Details |url=https://rihistoriccemeteries.org/newgravedetails.aspx?ID=395906 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=rihistoriccemeteries.org}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} Bradley daga baya zai kammala karatunsa na likita a asibitin Philadelphia inda ya sami digiri na MD kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin 1930, Bradley ya auri mai binciken kimiyya Helen Katherine Teale tare da wanda zai haifi 'ya'ya 2, Charles Bradley Jr. da Marcy Bradley . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Bradley's story |url=https://www.archives.com/search/person?FirstName=Charles&LastName=Bradley&BirthYear=1877&UniqueId=24164272:6742:886&resultsurl=%2Fsearch%2Fcensus%2Fresults%3FFirstName%3DCharles%26LastName%3DBradley%26BirthYear%3D1877%26facetsurl%3D%252Fsearch%252Fcensus%252Fresults%253FFirstName%253DCharles%2526LastName%253DBradley%2526BirthYear%253D1877%2526PlaceIdFilter%253D42&recordurl=%2Fsearch%2Fcensus%2Frecord%3FFirstName%3DCharles%26LastName%3DBradley%26BirthYear%3D1877%26UniqueId%3D24164272:6742:886%26resultsurl%3D%252Fsearch%252Fcensus%252Fresults%253FFirstName%253DCharles%2526LastName%253DBradley%2526BirthYear%253D1877%2526facetsurl%253D%25252Fsearch%25252Fcensus%25252Fresults%25253FFirstName%25253DCharles%252526LastName%25253DBradley%252526BirthYear%25253D1877%252526PlaceIdFilter%25253D42&clusterGid=320562372:9009:66 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Archives}}</ref> == Ayyukan likita da rayuwarsu ta baya == A cikin 1932, shekara guda bayan an kirkiro Asibitin Bradley, darektan asibitoci, Arthur Ruggles ya hayar da Charles, aƙalla wani ɓangare saboda sunan Charles. Ruggles ya tura Bradley don neman ilimin jijiyoyi da ilimin yara maimakon ilimin jiki kuma shekara guda bayan haka, a 1933, Charles ya zama darektan asibitoci na biyu. A shekara ta 1943, bayan da mai kula da asibitoci na baya ya yi ritaya, Charles ya maye gurbin matsayin da ba shi da kyau kuma yana da alhakin canjin tsarin kula da asibiti. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1948, Bradley ya bar asibitin kuma ya shiga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Oregon a matsayin farfesa inda ya kafa, kuma ya kasance darektan, sashen ilimin halayyar yara.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brian C. |date=2006 |title=Bradley Hospital - Legacy of Hope - 75 years of healing the hearts and minds of children and their families |url=http://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194955/https://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |access-date=September 27, 2011 |website=Lifespan.org |pages=44 & 59–60}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Work |first=Henry |date=2001 |title=George Lathrop Bradley and the War over Ritalin |url=http://www.cosmosclub.org/web/journals/2001/work.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401205205/http://www.cosmosclub.org/web/journals/2001/work.html |archive-date=April 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Walter A. |title=Images in Psychiatry |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ajp.155.7.968 |doi=10.1176/ajp.155.7.968 |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 29, 2024}}</ref> A lokacin rayuwarsa, Bradley ya rubuta da yawa game da schizophrenia na yara kuma ya kasance jagora a cikin amfani da maganin zama ga yara da ke da matsalolin halayyar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PEP {{!}} Browse {{!}} Read - Schizophrenia in Childhood: By Charles Bradley, M.D. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1941. 152 pp. |url=https://pep-web.org/browse/document/paq.010.0482a |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=pep-web.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1979 Bradley ya mutu a Washington, matarsa ta mutu har zuwa 4 ga Disamba 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Security Death Index; death record. |url=https://www.archives.com/search/person?FirstName=Charles&LastName=Bradley&BirthYear=1877&UniqueId=24164272:6742:886&resultsurl=%2Fsearch%2Fcensus%2Fresults%3FFirstName%3DCharles%26LastName%3DBradley%26BirthYear%3D1877%26facetsurl%3D%252Fsearch%252Fcensus%252Fresults%253FFirstName%253DCharles%2526LastName%253DBradley%2526BirthYear%253D1877%2526PlaceIdFilter%253D42&recordurl=%2Fsearch%2Fcensus%2Frecord%3FFirstName%3DCharles%26LastName%3DBradley%26BirthYear%3D1877%26UniqueId%3D24164272:6742:886%26resultsurl%3D%252Fsearch%252Fcensus%252Fresults%253FFirstName%253DCharles%2526LastName%253DBradley%2526BirthYear%253D1877%2526facetsurl%253D%25252Fsearch%25252Fcensus%25252Fresults%25253FFirstName%25253DCharles%252526LastName%25253DBradley%252526BirthYear%25253D1877%252526PlaceIdFilter%25253D42&clusterGid=899434078:9009:66 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Archives.com |publisher=[[Social Security Administration]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1952–1953 |title=Social Security Death Index; death record |url=https://www.archives.com/search/person?FirstName=Charles&LastName=Bradley&BirthYear=1877&UniqueId=24164272:6742:886&resultsurl=%2Fsearch%2Fcensus%2Fresults%3FFirstName%3DCharles%26LastName%3DBradley%26BirthYear%3D1877%26facetsurl%3D%252Fsearch%252Fcensus%252Fresults%253FFirstName%253DCharles%2526LastName%253DBradley%2526BirthYear%253D1877%2526PlaceIdFilter%253D42&recordurl=%2Fsearch%2Fcensus%2Frecord%3FFirstName%3DCharles%26LastName%3DBradley%26BirthYear%3D1877%26UniqueId%3D24164272:6742:886%26resultsurl%3D%252Fsearch%252Fcensus%252Fresults%253FFirstName%253DCharles%2526LastName%253DBradley%2526BirthYear%253D1877%2526facetsurl%253D%25252Fsearch%25252Fcensus%25252Fresults%25253FFirstName%25253DCharles%252526LastName%25253DBradley%252526BirthYear%25253D1877%252526PlaceIdFilter%25253D42&clusterGid=320562372:9009:66 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Archives.com |publisher=[[Social Security Administration]]}}</ref> == Bincike == An yaba wa Charles Bradley da kirkirar "Air encephalography" wanda ya sa hotunan pneumoencephalographic suka fi kaifi ta hanyar fitar da ruwan Cerebrospinal da maye gurbinsa da iska. Bradley kuma ya sauƙaƙa hotunan X-ray ta hanyar tsara ƙaramin kujera mai girman yaro musamman don hanyoyin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brian C. |date=2006 |title=Bradley Hospital - Legacy of Hope - 75 years of healing the hearts and minds of children and their families |url=http://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194955/https://www.lifespan.org/bradley/about/history/legacyofhope.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |access-date=September 27, 2011 |website=Lifespan.org |pages=44 & 59–60}}</ref> === Binciken amphhetamine === Yayinda Bradley ke aiki a Asibitin Bradley, ya gudanar da ayyukan neurological masu yawa a kan marasa lafiya, wani ɓangare na waɗannan ayyukan shine pneumoencephalography. Wannan hanya sau da yawa tana haifar da ciwon kai mai tsanani wanda Dokta Bradley ya ɗauka, ya haifar da asarar ruwan Cerebrospinal. A cikin ƙoƙari na motsa choroid plexus da kuma samar da ƙarin ruwa Bradley ya ba da Benzedrine, sunan alama don Amphetamine da aka sayar a matsayin inhaler. Daga nan malamai da ma'aikatan jinya da suka kula da yara, da Bradley da kansa, sun lura cewa marasa lafiya da suka karɓi Benzedrine sun nuna ci gaba a cikin aikin ilimi da raguwar "rashin hankali" da tashin hankali. Wannan ya kasance a bayyane har ma ga yara, waɗanda suka fara kiran maganin "ƙwayoyin lissafi" sakamakon inganta aikin su na ilimi. Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru Dokta Bradley ya buga ayyuka da yawa game da tasirin halayyar Benzedrine a cikin sanannun mujallu da ke karɓar karbuwa mai matsakaici, duk da haka ya ɗauki shekaru 25 kafin kowa ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake maimaita sakamakon sa kuma wasu 25 kafin amphetamine ya zama samuwa don magani. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8mmrrh182n58d57k7e4r44cvtjcks5 0 158091 859032 2026-06-16T19:05:44Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337637812|Leopold Bellak]]" 859032 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Leopold Bellak''' (1916-2000) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne, masanin ilimin kwakwalwa, kuma masanin ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ya fara gwajin fahimtar yara (CAT) tare da haɗin gwiwar Sonya S. (Sorel) Bellak . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma hada kai a kan gwajin bayyanar cututtuka (TAT), a kan kimantawar ilimin halayyar asibiti, kuma ya fara fahimtar ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) a matsayin rikicewar kwayar halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=dictionary.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> Dokta Bellak ya kirkiro gidan wallafe-wallafen mai shekaru 67, [[Www.cpspublishinginc.com|CPS Publishing LLC]]. An haifi Bellak a [[Lima|Lima, Peru]] kuma a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira ya koma Amurka a 1939. Bugu da kari, shi ne marubucin littattafai da rubuce-rubuce da yawa. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajensa da littattafansa a jami'o'i, da kuma likitoci a duniya. Ya sami lambar yabo ta APA don Kyautattun Gudummawar Kwararru ga Binciken Aikace-aikace a shekarar 1979. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Bruno Klopfer a shekarar 1991. An ba shi waɗannan da sauransu da yawa saboda nasarorin da ya samu. Ya sami digiri na ilimi a Jami'ar Boston (MA), [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (MA), da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta New York . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=30 March 2000 |title=Leopold Bellak, 83; Expert on Psychological Tests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/30/us/leopold-bellak-83-expert-on-psychological-tests.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.psychologs.com/analysing-childrens-apperception-test-cat/?srsltid=AfmBOorSsYG_3QVU-ADvQGxXCPDW_VB7-49RSWacVXBSAGxJhirUBQzc Tarihi da Juyin Halitta na CAT] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellak, Leopoldo}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rolo563vnde670rb6wchhy7vvdyassz 0 158092 859033 2026-06-16T19:06:36Z Aisha Yahuza 14817 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342293224|Philip Asherson]]" 859033 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Philip J. Asherson''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asherson, Philip, 1960- |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2010071859.html |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=Library of Congress Name Authority File}}</ref> shi ne Farfesa na Molecular Psychiatry a Cibiyar MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center a Cibiyar Psychiatry, Psychology da Neuroscience, King's College London. An san shi da aikinsa a kan kwayar cutar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] a cikin manya da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Asherson |url=https://www.ukaan.org/philip-asherson |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=UK Adult ADHD Network |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/philip.asherson.html Shafin koyarwa] * Philip Ashersonwallafe-wallafen da aka jera taMasanin Google {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a2ikbd1rzva1g6mdhwxqxpw65x09a09 0 158093 859036 2026-06-16T19:08:58Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347269008|Umkomazi River]]" 859036 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Bakin Kogin uMkhomazi]] '''[[Kogi|kogin]] uMkhomazi''' wani kogi ne a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ya tashi a wasu daga cikin mafi girman gangaren da ke fuskantar gabas na tsaunukan Drakensberg, kusa da babbar Thabana Ntlenyana. Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar ruwa a Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), kimanin kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyinsa sune [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] da [[Xobho River|Kogin Xobho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> (((rises in some of the highest eastwards-facing slopes of the Drakensberg mountains, near the mighty Thabana Ntlenyana. The river flows southeastwards towards the Indian Ocean, which it enters through a navigable estuary at Umkomaas (eMtwo-day canoe (kayak) race is held on the river. "The Umko" is the second-oldest river marathon and the only one which neither starts nor finishes in a city or town. First held in 1966 the race was initially over three days. The overall distance has varied from 145 km down to the present length of 68 km. Famed as the roughest water race to be paddled in sprint boats which make negotiating the category 1 - 4 rapids tricky, it also had the longest daily sections when the distance was 130 km over two days. The race is held in a remote and rugged valley which makes access difficult and walking out a challenge if one should break a boat irreparably. Stories of paddlers spending a night in the valley before being able to walk out the next day have regularly made the national press and national radio. This premier wildwater race is organised by Kingfisher Canoe Club of Durban and attracts around 180 to 300kho)) Garuruwa a kan tafkin ruwa na uMkhomazi sun hada da Bulwer, Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn da Boston. A halin yanzu madatsar ruwa ce kawai a yankin da ke cikin shi shine madatsar ruwan Ixopo, amma ana shirin wasu madatsar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> uMkhomazi wani bangare ne na [[Mvoti zuwa Umzimkulu Gudanar da Ruwa|Mvoti zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Muhalli == [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Garin Jihar Mkhomazi]] da Yankin Hamada na Mkhomazi yankuna ne masu kariya a saman Kogin Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> kifi mai launin rawaya '' (Labeobarbus natalensis) '' kifi ne da aka samo a cikin Kogin uMkhomazi da kuma [[Kogin Umgeni|Umgeni]], [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Tugela|Tukhela]] da [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] . Yana da nau'in jinsuna na yau da kullun a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tuddai na Drakensberg da ƙasashen bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka a kan kogi == Ana gudanar da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu (kayak) a kan kogi. "The Umko" shine marathon na biyu mafi tsufa kuma shine kawai wanda ba ya farawa ko ƙare a cikin birni ko gari. Da farko an gudanar da tseren a shekarar 1966 da farko ya wuce kwanaki uku. Gabaɗaya nisan ya bambanta daga kilomita 145 zuwa tsawon yanzu na kilomita 68. An san shi a matsayin tseren ruwa mafi tsananin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tsere wanda ke sa tattaunawar rukuni na 1 - 4 ya zama da wahala, kuma yana da sassan yau da kullun mafi tsawo lokacin da nisan ya kasance kilomita 130 a cikin kwanaki biyu. Ana gudanar da tseren a cikin kwarin da ke nesa da kuma tsayi wanda ke sa samun dama ya zama da wahala kuma ya fita da ƙalubale idan mutum ya karya jirgin ruwa ba tare da gyarawa ba. Labaran masu tuka jirgin ruwa da ke kwana daya a kwarin kafin su iya fita washegari sun kasance a kai a kai a jaridu na kasa da rediyo na kasa. Wannan tseren ruwan daji na farko an shirya shi ne ta Kingfisher Canoe Club na Durban kuma yana jan hankalin masu tseren 180 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara. 2016 ya ga gudu na 50 na taron kuma, abin mamaki, shiga na 50 a jere na wanda ya lashe tseren farko, Charles Mason. Mason ya kammala marathons 49, ya kasa ne kawai a cikin taron 1970 lokacin da ya karya kilomita 19 cikin tseren kilomita 145 (ɗaya daga cikin "shekaru huɗu masu tsawo" wanda aka yi tafiya mafi tsawo daga Hella Hella zuwa teku).&nbsp;&nbsp; Gasar tana da matakai biyu na farawa: Josephine's Bridge a kan hanyar Richmond-Ixopo, da kuma Hella Hella bridge a kan hanyar Richard-Donnybrook. Kogin tsakanin Hella Hella da Number Eight mai sauri 20 km zuwa ƙasa yana da mafi tsayi (faduwar 7.6m a kowace kilomita) kuma yana ƙunshe da jerin rapids mafi wuya. An haɗa wannan ɓangaren a cikin mafi yawan, amma ba duka ba, tseren. Gasar ta sami maki da yawa a cikin shekaru dangane da yanayi, dabaru da kuma samun damar ƙasa.&nbsp; An gudanar da tseren na tsawon bazara 50 a jere. A lokacin rani na 1971/1972 an tura tseren zuwa Maris 1972 wanda ya haifar da babu tseren a cikin kalandar 1971, amma babu lokacin rani da aka rasa. Gwarzon Umko na yanzu Hank McGregor shi ne kuma Gwarzon Marathon na Duniya na yanzu, bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2016 a Brandenburg, Jamus. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Gudun ruwa a kusa da bakin Kogin uMkhomazi a eMkhomazi, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bakin teku mai aminci]] Tafiyar farko da aka rubuta a cikin kogi ta kasance a cikin 1951 lokacin da Ian Player da Fred Schmidt suka sauka daga gadar Josephine zuwa teku a ƙauyen Umkomaas inda kogin ke gudana cikin Tekun Indiya. Mai kunnawa ya kasance sananne a lokacin saboda ya lashe Dusi Canoe marathon na farko a farkon wannan shekarar kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a kiyaye namun daji, musamman don ya ceci fararen rhino daga halaka. Sun dauki kwanaki bakwai don kammala nisan kilomita 113 kuma mazaunan kwarin masu abokantaka sun goyi bayan su lokacin da suka ƙare kayan aiki. An gudanar da wasu tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da suka ƙare a cikin tafiye-tallace a cikin 1965 da 1966 da nufin musamman don yiwuwar gudanar da tseren, wanda ya bukaci bincika kogi da hanyoyi tare da bankunan don wuraren shakatawa biyu na dare. Charles Mason ya taimaka sosai a cikin wannan aikin, ya yi nasara a binciken kogin da hanyoyin shiga da kuma shawo kan masu iko-wanda zai zama don ba da izini ga sabon tseren a kan kalandar jirgin ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da lashe tseren farko tare da Tank Rogers, ya doke Paul Chalupsky da Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|title=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|work=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chalupsky ya ci gaba da lashe tseren sau bakwai har zuwa 1977. Sauran masu cin nasara da yawa sun hada da Tony Scott (sau shida zuwa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sau tara zuwa 2000); Deon Bruss (sau shida har zuwa 2008); Hank McGregor (sau bakwai zuwa 2016). Kasancewa da dare a sansanin wucin gadi a cikin kwarin mai nisa wani bangare ne na tilas na tseren shekaru da yawa amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya canza tare da tsayawar dare yanzu yana da sauƙin isa a gadar Hella Hella (yanzu farkon rana ta biyu a cikin tsarin tsari na baya tun 2009 wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙalubalen dabaru na tseren kuma da fatan tabbatar da rayuwarsa). == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r6e93ioocnu7mllkoy1jn73b36bs7e1 859037 859036 2026-06-16T19:10:02Z Bembety 20498 859037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Bakin Kogin uMkhomazi]] '''[[Kogi|kogin]] uMkhomazi''' wani kogi ne a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ya tashi a wasu daga cikin mafi girman gangaren da ke fuskantar gabas na tsaunukan Drakensberg, kusa da babbar Thabana Ntlenyana. Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar ruwa a Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), kimanin kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyinsa sune [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] da [[Xobho River|Kogin Xobho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Garuruwa a kan tafkin ruwa na uMkhomazi sun hada da Bulwer, Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn da Boston. A halin yanzu madatsar ruwa ce kawai a yankin da ke cikin shi shine madatsar ruwan Ixopo, amma ana shirin wasu madatsar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> uMkhomazi wani bangare ne na [[Mvoti zuwa Umzimkulu Gudanar da Ruwa|Mvoti zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Muhalli == [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Garin Jihar Mkhomazi]] da Yankin Hamada na Mkhomazi yankuna ne masu kariya a saman Kogin Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> kifi mai launin rawaya '' (Labeobarbus natalensis) '' kifi ne da aka samo a cikin Kogin uMkhomazi da kuma [[Kogin Umgeni|Umgeni]], [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Tugela|Tukhela]] da [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] . Yana da nau'in jinsuna na yau da kullun a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tuddai na Drakensberg da ƙasashen bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka a kan kogi == Ana gudanar da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu (kayak) a kan kogi. "The Umko" shine marathon na biyu mafi tsufa kuma shine kawai wanda ba ya farawa ko ƙare a cikin birni ko gari. Da farko an gudanar da tseren a shekarar 1966 da farko ya wuce kwanaki uku. Gabaɗaya nisan ya bambanta daga kilomita 145 zuwa tsawon yanzu na kilomita 68. An san shi a matsayin tseren ruwa mafi tsananin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tsere wanda ke sa tattaunawar rukuni na 1 - 4 ya zama da wahala, kuma yana da sassan yau da kullun mafi tsawo lokacin da nisan ya kasance kilomita 130 a cikin kwanaki biyu. Ana gudanar da tseren a cikin kwarin da ke nesa da kuma tsayi wanda ke sa samun dama ya zama da wahala kuma ya fita da ƙalubale idan mutum ya karya jirgin ruwa ba tare da gyarawa ba. Labaran masu tuka jirgin ruwa da ke kwana daya a kwarin kafin su iya fita washegari sun kasance a kai a kai a jaridu na kasa da rediyo na kasa. Wannan tseren ruwan daji na farko an shirya shi ne ta Kingfisher Canoe Club na Durban kuma yana jan hankalin masu tseren 180 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara. 2016 ya ga gudu na 50 na taron kuma, abin mamaki, shiga na 50 a jere na wanda ya lashe tseren farko, Charles Mason. Mason ya kammala marathons 49, ya kasa ne kawai a cikin taron 1970 lokacin da ya karya kilomita 19 cikin tseren kilomita 145 (ɗaya daga cikin "shekaru huɗu masu tsawo" wanda aka yi tafiya mafi tsawo daga Hella Hella zuwa teku).&nbsp;&nbsp; Gasar tana da matakai biyu na farawa: Josephine's Bridge a kan hanyar Richmond-Ixopo, da kuma Hella Hella bridge a kan hanyar Richard-Donnybrook. Kogin tsakanin Hella Hella da Number Eight mai sauri 20 km zuwa ƙasa yana da mafi tsayi (faduwar 7.6m a kowace kilomita) kuma yana ƙunshe da jerin rapids mafi wuya. An haɗa wannan ɓangaren a cikin mafi yawan, amma ba duka ba, tseren. Gasar ta sami maki da yawa a cikin shekaru dangane da yanayi, dabaru da kuma samun damar ƙasa.&nbsp; An gudanar da tseren na tsawon bazara 50 a jere. A lokacin rani na 1971/1972 an tura tseren zuwa Maris 1972 wanda ya haifar da babu tseren a cikin kalandar 1971, amma babu lokacin rani da aka rasa. Gwarzon Umko na yanzu Hank McGregor shi ne kuma Gwarzon Marathon na Duniya na yanzu, bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2016 a Brandenburg, Jamus. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Gudun ruwa a kusa da bakin Kogin uMkhomazi a eMkhomazi, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bakin teku mai aminci]] Tafiyar farko da aka rubuta a cikin kogi ta kasance a cikin 1951 lokacin da Ian Player da Fred Schmidt suka sauka daga gadar Josephine zuwa teku a ƙauyen Umkomaas inda kogin ke gudana cikin Tekun Indiya. Mai kunnawa ya kasance sananne a lokacin saboda ya lashe Dusi Canoe marathon na farko a farkon wannan shekarar kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a kiyaye namun daji, musamman don ya ceci fararen rhino daga halaka. Sun dauki kwanaki bakwai don kammala nisan kilomita 113 kuma mazaunan kwarin masu abokantaka sun goyi bayan su lokacin da suka ƙare kayan aiki. An gudanar da wasu tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da suka ƙare a cikin tafiye-tallace a cikin 1965 da 1966 da nufin musamman don yiwuwar gudanar da tseren, wanda ya bukaci bincika kogi da hanyoyi tare da bankunan don wuraren shakatawa biyu na dare. Charles Mason ya taimaka sosai a cikin wannan aikin, ya yi nasara a binciken kogin da hanyoyin shiga da kuma shawo kan masu iko-wanda zai zama don ba da izini ga sabon tseren a kan kalandar jirgin ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da lashe tseren farko tare da Tank Rogers, ya doke Paul Chalupsky da Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|title=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|work=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chalupsky ya ci gaba da lashe tseren sau bakwai har zuwa 1977. Sauran masu cin nasara da yawa sun hada da Tony Scott (sau shida zuwa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sau tara zuwa 2000); Deon Bruss (sau shida har zuwa 2008); Hank McGregor (sau bakwai zuwa 2016). Kasancewa da dare a sansanin wucin gadi a cikin kwarin mai nisa wani bangare ne na tilas na tseren shekaru da yawa amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya canza tare da tsayawar dare yanzu yana da sauƙin isa a gadar Hella Hella (yanzu farkon rana ta biyu a cikin tsarin tsari na baya tun 2009 wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙalubalen dabaru na tseren kuma da fatan tabbatar da rayuwarsa). == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9sd83tzvnrqlidfssfgpx90dwwhhbko 859039 859037 2026-06-16T19:20:14Z Bembety 20498 859039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Bakin Kogin uMkhomazi]] '''[[Kogi|kogin]] uMkhomazi''' wani kogi ne a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ya tashi a wasu daga cikin mafi girman gangaren da ke fuskantar gabas na tsaunukan Drakensberg, kusa da babbar Thabana Ntlenyana. Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar ruwa a Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), kimanin kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyinsa sune [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] da [[Xobho River|Kogin Xobho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Garuruwa a kan tafkin ruwa na uMkhomazi sun hada da Bulwer, Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn da Boston. A halin yanzu madatsar ruwa ce kawai a yankin da ke cikin shi shine madatsar ruwan Ixopo, amma ana shirin wasu madatsar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> uMkhomazi wani bangare ne na [[Mvoti zuwa Umzimkulu Gudanar da Ruwa|Mvoti zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Muhalli == [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Garin Jihar Mkhomazi]] da Yankin Hamada na Mkhomazi yankuna ne masu kariya a saman Kogin Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> kifi mai launin rawaya '' (Labeobarbus natalensis) '' kifi ne da aka samo a cikin Kogin uMkhomazi da kuma [[Kogin Umgeni|Umgeni]], [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Tugela|Tukhela]] da [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] . Yana da nau'in jinsuna na yau da kullun a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tuddai na Drakensberg da ƙasashen bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka a kan kogi == Ana gudanar da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu (kayak) a kan kogi. "The Umko" shine marathon na biyu mafi tsufa kuma shine kawai wanda ba ya farawa ko ƙare a cikin birni ko gari. Da farko an gudanar da tseren a shekarar 1966 da farko ya wuce kwanaki uku. Gabaɗaya nisan ya bambanta daga kilomita 145 zuwa tsawon yanzu na kilomita 68. An san shi a matsayin tseren ruwa mafi tsananin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tsere wanda ke sa tattaunawar rukuni na 1 - 4 ya zama da wahala, kuma yana da sassan yau da kullun mafi tsawo lokacin da nisan ya kasance kilomita 130 a cikin kwanaki biyu. Ana gudanar da tseren a cikin kwarin da ke nesa da kuma tsayi wanda ke sa samun dama ya zama da wahala kuma ya fita da ƙalubale idan mutum ya karya jirgin ruwa ba tare da gyarawa ba. Labaran masu tuka jirgin ruwa da ke kwana daya a kwarin kafin su iya fita washegari sun kasance a kai a kai a jaridu na kasa da rediyo na kasa. Wannan tseren ruwan daji na farko an shirya shi ne ta Kingfisher Canoe Club na Durban kuma yana jan hankalin masu tseren 180 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara. 2016 ya ga gudu na 50 na taron kuma, abin mamaki, shiga na 50 a jere na wanda ya lashe tseren farko, Charles Mason. Mason ya kammala marathons 49, ya kasa ne kawai a cikin taron 1970 lokacin da ya karya kilomita 19 cikin tseren kilomita 145 (ɗaya daga cikin "shekaru huɗu masu tsawo" wanda aka yi tafiya mafi tsawo daga Hella Hella zuwa teku).&nbsp;&nbsp; Gasar tana da matakai biyu na farawa: Josephine's Bridge a kan hanyar Richmond-Ixopo, da kuma Hella Hella bridge a kan hanyar Richard-Donnybrook. Kogin tsakanin Hella Hella da Number Eight mai sauri 20 km zuwa ƙasa yana da mafi tsayi (faduwar 7.6m a kowace kilomita) kuma yana ƙunshe da jerin rapids mafi wuya. An haɗa wannan ɓangaren a cikin mafi yawan, amma ba duka ba, tseren. Gasar ta sami maki da yawa a cikin shekaru dangane da yanayi, dabaru da kuma samun damar ƙasa.&nbsp; An gudanar da tseren na tsawon bazara 50 a jere. A lokacin rani na 1971/1972 an tura tseren zuwa Maris 1972 wanda ya haifar da babu tseren a cikin kalandar 1971, amma babu lokacin rani da aka rasa. Gwarzon Umko na yanzu Hank McGregor shi ne kuma Gwarzon Marathon na Duniya na yanzu, bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2016 a Brandenburg, Jamus. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Gudun ruwa a kusa da bakin Kogin uMkhomazi a eMkhomazi, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bakin teku mai aminci]] Tafiyar farko da aka rubuta a cikin kogi ta kasance a cikin 1951 lokacin da Ian Player da Fred Schmidt suka sauka daga gadar Josephine zuwa teku a ƙauyen Umkomaas inda kogin ke gudana cikin Tekun Indiya. Mai kunnawa ya kasance sananne a lokacin saboda ya lashe Dusi Canoe marathon na farko a farkon wannan shekarar kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a kiyaye namun daji, musamman don ya ceci fararen rhino daga halaka. Sun dauki kwanaki bakwai don kammala nisan kilomita 113 kuma mazaunan kwarin masu abokantaka sun goyi bayan su lokacin da suka ƙare kayan aiki. An gudanar da wasu tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da suka ƙare a cikin tafiye-tallace a cikin 1965 da 1966 da nufin musamman don yiwuwar gudanar da tseren, wanda ya bukaci bincika kogi da hanyoyi tare da bankunan don wuraren shakatawa biyu na dare. Charles Mason ya taimaka sosai a cikin wannan aikin, ya yi nasara a binciken kogin da hanyoyin shiga da kuma shawo kan masu iko-wanda zai zama don ba da izini ga sabon tseren a kan kalandar jirgin ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da lashe tseren farko tare da Tank Rogers, ya doke Paul Chalupsky da Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|title=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|work=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chalupsky ya ci gaba da lashe tseren sau bakwai har zuwa 1977. Sauran masu cin nasara da yawa sun hada da Tony Scott (sau shida zuwa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sau tara zuwa 2000); Deon Bruss (sau shida har zuwa 2008); Hank McGregor (sau bakwai zuwa 2016). Kasancewa da dare a sansanin wucin gadi a cikin kwarin mai nisa wani bangare ne na tilas na tseren shekaru da yawa amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya canza tare da tsayawar dare yanzu yana da sauƙin isa a gadar Hella Hella (yanzu farkon rana ta biyu a cikin tsarin tsari na baya tun 2009 wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙalubalen dabaru na tseren kuma da fatan tabbatar da rayuwarsa). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cignnlgjz2si9eis31xx2kjpmim436i 859051 859039 2026-06-16T20:00:10Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Hanyar da ake ciki */ 859051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Bakin Kogin uMkhomazi]] '''[[Kogi|kogin]] uMkhomazi''' wani kogi ne a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ya tashi a wasu daga cikin mafi girman gangaren da ke fuskantar gabas na tsaunukan Drakensberg, kusa da babbar Thabana Ntlenyana. Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar ruwa a Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), kimanin kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyinsa sune [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] da [[Xobho River|Kogin Xobho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Garuruwa a kan tafkin ruwa na uMkhomazi sun hada da Bulwer,Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn da Boston. A halin yanzu madatsar ruwa ce kawai a yankin da ke cikin shi shine madatsar ruwan Ixopo, amma ana shirin wasu madatsar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> uMkhomazi wani bangare ne na [[Mvoti zuwa Umzimkulu Gudanar da Ruwa|Mvoti zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Muhalli == [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Garin Jihar Mkhomazi]] da Yankin Hamada na Mkhomazi yankuna ne masu kariya a saman Kogin Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> kifi mai launin rawaya '' (Labeobarbus natalensis) '' kifi ne da aka samo a cikin Kogin uMkhomazi da kuma [[Kogin Umgeni|Umgeni]], [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Tugela|Tukhela]] da [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] . Yana da nau'in jinsuna na yau da kullun a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tuddai na Drakensberg da ƙasashen bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka a kan kogi == Ana gudanar da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu (kayak) a kan kogi. "The Umko" shine marathon na biyu mafi tsufa kuma shine kawai wanda ba ya farawa ko ƙare a cikin birni ko gari. Da farko an gudanar da tseren a shekarar 1966 da farko ya wuce kwanaki uku. Gabaɗaya nisan ya bambanta daga kilomita 145 zuwa tsawon yanzu na kilomita 68. An san shi a matsayin tseren ruwa mafi tsananin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tsere wanda ke sa tattaunawar rukuni na 1 - 4 ya zama da wahala, kuma yana da sassan yau da kullun mafi tsawo lokacin da nisan ya kasance kilomita 130 a cikin kwanaki biyu. Ana gudanar da tseren a cikin kwarin da ke nesa da kuma tsayi wanda ke sa samun dama ya zama da wahala kuma ya fita da ƙalubale idan mutum ya karya jirgin ruwa ba tare da gyarawa ba. Labaran masu tuka jirgin ruwa da ke kwana daya a kwarin kafin su iya fita washegari sun kasance a kai a kai a jaridu na kasa da rediyo na kasa. Wannan tseren ruwan daji na farko an shirya shi ne ta Kingfisher Canoe Club na Durban kuma yana jan hankalin masu tseren 180 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara. 2016 ya ga gudu na 50 na taron kuma, abin mamaki, shiga na 50 a jere na wanda ya lashe tseren farko, Charles Mason. Mason ya kammala marathons 49, ya kasa ne kawai a cikin taron 1970 lokacin da ya karya kilomita 19 cikin tseren kilomita 145 (ɗaya daga cikin "shekaru huɗu masu tsawo" wanda aka yi tafiya mafi tsawo daga Hella Hella zuwa teku).&nbsp;&nbsp; Gasar tana da matakai biyu na farawa: Josephine's Bridge a kan hanyar Richmond-Ixopo, da kuma Hella Hella bridge a kan hanyar Richard-Donnybrook. Kogin tsakanin Hella Hella da Number Eight mai sauri 20 km zuwa ƙasa yana da mafi tsayi (faduwar 7.6m a kowace kilomita) kuma yana ƙunshe da jerin rapids mafi wuya. An haɗa wannan ɓangaren a cikin mafi yawan, amma ba duka ba, tseren. Gasar ta sami maki da yawa a cikin shekaru dangane da yanayi, dabaru da kuma samun damar ƙasa.&nbsp; An gudanar da tseren na tsawon bazara 50 a jere. A lokacin rani na 1971/1972 an tura tseren zuwa Maris 1972 wanda ya haifar da babu tseren a cikin kalandar 1971, amma babu lokacin rani da aka rasa. Gwarzon Umko na yanzu Hank McGregor shi ne kuma Gwarzon Marathon na Duniya na yanzu, bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2016 a Brandenburg, Jamus. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Gudun ruwa a kusa da bakin Kogin uMkhomazi a eMkhomazi, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bakin teku mai aminci]] Tafiyar farko da aka rubuta a cikin kogi ta kasance a cikin 1951 lokacin da Ian Player da Fred Schmidt suka sauka daga gadar Josephine zuwa teku a ƙauyen Umkomaas inda kogin ke gudana cikin Tekun Indiya. Mai kunnawa ya kasance sananne a lokacin saboda ya lashe Dusi Canoe marathon na farko a farkon wannan shekarar kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a kiyaye namun daji, musamman don ya ceci fararen rhino daga halaka. Sun dauki kwanaki bakwai don kammala nisan kilomita 113 kuma mazaunan kwarin masu abokantaka sun goyi bayan su lokacin da suka ƙare kayan aiki. An gudanar da wasu tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da suka ƙare a cikin tafiye-tallace a cikin 1965 da 1966 da nufin musamman don yiwuwar gudanar da tseren, wanda ya bukaci bincika kogi da hanyoyi tare da bankunan don wuraren shakatawa biyu na dare. Charles Mason ya taimaka sosai a cikin wannan aikin, ya yi nasara a binciken kogin da hanyoyin shiga da kuma shawo kan masu iko-wanda zai zama don ba da izini ga sabon tseren a kan kalandar jirgin ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da lashe tseren farko tare da Tank Rogers, ya doke Paul Chalupsky da Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|title=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|work=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chalupsky ya ci gaba da lashe tseren sau bakwai har zuwa 1977. Sauran masu cin nasara da yawa sun hada da Tony Scott (sau shida zuwa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sau tara zuwa 2000); Deon Bruss (sau shida har zuwa 2008); Hank McGregor (sau bakwai zuwa 2016). Kasancewa da dare a sansanin wucin gadi a cikin kwarin mai nisa wani bangare ne na tilas na tseren shekaru da yawa amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya canza tare da tsayawar dare yanzu yana da sauƙin isa a gadar Hella Hella (yanzu farkon rana ta biyu a cikin tsarin tsari na baya tun 2009 wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙalubalen dabaru na tseren kuma da fatan tabbatar da rayuwarsa). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] irlkb3ggun6dsyv87a9ydjivzxzuntr 859052 859051 2026-06-16T20:01:13Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 859052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Bakin Kogin uMkhomazi]] '''[[Kogi|kogin]] uMkhomazi''' wani kogi ne a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ya tashi a wasu daga cikin mafi girman gangaren da ke fuskantar gabas na tsaunukan Drakensberg, kusa da babbar Thabana Ntlenyana. Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar ruwa a Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), kimanin kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyinsa sune [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] da [[Xobho River|Kogin Xobho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Garuruwa a kan tafkin ruwa na uMkhomazi sun hada da Bulwer,Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn da Boston. A halin yanzu madatsar ruwa ce kawai a yankin da ke cikin shi shine madatsar ruwan Ixopo, amma ana shirin wasu madatsar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> uMkhomazi wani bangare ne na [[Mvoti zuwa Umzimkulu Gudanar da Ruwa|Mvoti zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Muhalli == [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Garin Jihar Mkhomazi]] da Yankin Hamada na Mkhomazi yankuna ne masu kariya a saman Kogin Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> kifi mai launin rawaya '' (Labeobarbus natalensis) '' kifi ne da aka samo a cikin Kogin uMkhomazi da kuma [[Kogin Umgeni|Umgeni]], [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Tugela|Tukhela]] da [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] . Yana da nau'in jinsuna na yau da kullun a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tuddai na Drakensberg da ƙasashen bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka a kan kogi == Ana gudanar da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu (kayak) a kan kogi. "The Umko" shine marathon na biyu mafi tsufa kuma shine kawai wanda ba ya farawa ko ƙare a cikin birni ko gari. Da farko an gudanar da tseren a shekarar 1966 da farko ya wuce kwanaki uku. Gabaɗaya nisan ya bambanta daga kilomita 145 zuwa tsawon yanzu na kilomita 68. An san shi a matsayin tseren ruwa mafi tsananin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tsere wanda ke sa tattaunawar rukuni na 1 - 4 ya zama da wahala, kuma yana da sassan yau da kullun mafi tsawo lokacin da nisan ya kasance kilomita 130 a cikin kwanaki biyu. Ana gudanar da tseren a cikin kwarin da ke nesa da kuma tsayi wanda ke sa samun dama ya zama da wahala kuma ya fita da ƙalubale idan mutum ya karya jirgin ruwa ba tare da gyarawa ba. Labaran masu tuka jirgin ruwa da ke kwana daya a kwarin kafin su iya fita washegari sun kasance a kai a kai a jaridu na kasa da rediyo na kasa. Wannan tseren ruwan daji na farko an shirya shi ne ta Kingfisher Canoe Club na Durban kuma yana jan hankalin masu tseren 180 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara. 2016 ya ga gudu na 50 na taron kuma, abin mamaki, shiga na 50 a jere na wanda ya lashe tseren farko, Charles Mason. Mason ya kammala marathons 49, ya kasa ne kawai a cikin taron 1970 lokacin da ya karya kilomita 19 cikin tseren kilomita 145 (ɗaya daga cikin "shekaru huɗu masu tsawo" wanda aka yi tafiya mafi tsawo daga Hella Hella zuwa teku).&nbsp;&nbsp; Gasar tana da matakai biyu na farawa: Josephine's Bridge a kan hanyar Richmond-Ixopo, da kuma Hella Hella bridge a kan hanyar Richard-Donnybrook. Kogin tsakanin Hella Hella da Number Eight mai sauri 20 km zuwa ƙasa yana da mafi tsayi (faduwar 7.6m a kowace kilomita) kuma yana ƙunshe da jerin rapids mafi wuya. An haɗa wannan ɓangaren a cikin mafi yawan, amma ba duka ba, tseren. Gasar ta sami maki da yawa a cikin shekaru dangane da yanayi, dabaru da kuma samun damar ƙasa.&nbsp; An gudanar da tseren na tsawon bazara 50 a jere. A lokacin rani na 1971/1972 an tura tseren zuwa Maris 1972 wanda ya haifar da babu tseren a cikin kalandar 1971, amma babu lokacin rani da aka rasa. Gwarzon Umko na yanzu Hank McGregor shi ne kuma Gwarzon Marathon na Duniya na yanzu, bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2016 a Brandenburg, Jamus. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Gudun ruwa a kusa da bakin Kogin uMkhomazi a eMkhomazi, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bakin teku mai aminci]] Tafiyar farko da aka rubuta a cikin kogi ta kasance a cikin shekarar 1951 lokacin da Ian Player da Fred Schmidt suka sauka daga gadar Josephine zuwa teku a ƙauyen Umkomaas inda kogin ke gudana cikin Tekun Indiya. Mai kunnawa ya kasance sananne a lokacin saboda ya lashe Dusi Canoe marathon na farko a farkon wannan shekarar kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a kiyaye namun daji, musamman don ya ceci fararen rhino daga halaka. Sun dauki kwanaki bakwai don kammala nisan kilomita 113 kuma mazaunan kwarin masu abokantaka sun goyi bayan su lokacin da suka ƙare kayan aiki. An gudanar da wasu tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da suka ƙare a cikin tafiye-tallace a cikin 1965 da 1966 da nufin musamman don yiwuwar gudanar da tseren, wanda ya bukaci bincika kogi da hanyoyi tare da bankunan don wuraren shakatawa biyu na dare. Charles Mason ya taimaka sosai a cikin wannan aikin, ya yi nasara a binciken kogin da hanyoyin shiga da kuma shawo kan masu iko-wanda zai zama don ba da izini ga sabon tseren a kan kalandar jirgin ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da lashe tseren farko tare da Tank Rogers, ya doke Paul Chalupsky da Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|title=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|work=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chalupsky ya ci gaba da lashe tseren sau bakwai har zuwa 1977. Sauran masu cin nasara da yawa sun hada da Tony Scott (sau shida zuwa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sau tara zuwa 2000); Deon Bruss (sau shida har zuwa 2008); Hank McGregor (sau bakwai zuwa 2016). Kasancewa da dare a sansanin wucin gadi a cikin kwarin mai nisa wani bangare ne na tilas na tseren shekaru da yawa amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya canza tare da tsayawar dare yanzu yana da sauƙin isa a gadar Hella Hella (yanzu farkon rana ta biyu a cikin tsarin tsari na baya tun 2009 wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙalubalen dabaru na tseren kuma da fatan tabbatar da rayuwarsa). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gc5agoffc5f10zrhb9x2ujyqsexqdjv 859053 859052 2026-06-16T20:01:45Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 859053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Bakin Kogin uMkhomazi]] '''[[Kogi|kogin]] uMkhomazi''' wani kogi ne a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Ya tashi a wasu daga cikin mafi girman gangaren da ke fuskantar gabas na tsaunukan Drakensberg, kusa da babbar Thabana Ntlenyana. Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], wanda ya shiga ta hanyar hanyar ruwa a Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), kimanin kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Manyan hanyoyinsa sune [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] da [[Xobho River|Kogin Xobho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Garuruwa a kan tafkin ruwa na uMkhomazi sun hada da Bulwer,Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn da Boston. A halin yanzu madatsar ruwa ce kawai a yankin da ke cikin shi shine madatsar ruwan Ixopo, amma ana shirin wasu madatsar da ruwa.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> uMkhomazi wani bangare ne na [[Mvoti zuwa Umzimkulu Gudanar da Ruwa|Mvoti zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Muhalli == [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Garin Jihar Mkhomazi]] da Yankin Hamada na Mkhomazi yankuna ne masu kariya a saman Kogin Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> kifi mai launin rawaya '' (Labeobarbus natalensis) '' kifi ne da aka samo a cikin Kogin uMkhomazi da kuma [[Kogin Umgeni|Umgeni]], [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Tugela|Tukhela]] da [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] . Yana da nau'in jinsuna na yau da kullun a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tuddai na Drakensberg da ƙasashen bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == Ayyuka a kan kogi == Ana gudanar da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na kwana biyu (kayak) a kan kogi. "The Umko" shine marathon na biyu mafi tsufa kuma shine kawai wanda ba ya farawa ko ƙare a cikin birni ko gari. Da farko an gudanar da tseren a shekarar 1966 da farko ya wuce kwanaki uku. Gabaɗaya nisan ya bambanta daga kilomita 145 zuwa tsawon yanzu na kilomita 68. An san shi a matsayin tseren ruwa mafi tsananin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin jiragen ruwa masu tsere wanda ke sa tattaunawar rukuni na 1 - 4 ya zama da wahala, kuma yana da sassan yau da kullun mafi tsawo lokacin da nisan ya kasance kilomita 130 a cikin kwanaki biyu. Ana gudanar da tseren a cikin kwarin da ke nesa da kuma tsayi wanda ke sa samun dama ya zama da wahala kuma ya fita da ƙalubale idan mutum ya karya jirgin ruwa ba tare da gyarawa ba. Labaran masu tuka jirgin ruwa da ke kwana daya a kwarin kafin su iya fita washegari sun kasance a kai a kai a jaridu na kasa da rediyo na kasa. Wannan tseren ruwan daji na farko an shirya shi ne ta Kingfisher Canoe Club na Durban kuma yana jan hankalin masu tseren 180 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara. 2016 ya ga gudu na 50 na taron kuma, abin mamaki, shiga na 50 a jere na wanda ya lashe tseren farko, Charles Mason. Mason ya kammala marathons 49, ya kasa ne kawai a cikin taron 1970 lokacin da ya karya kilomita 19 cikin tseren kilomita 145 (ɗaya daga cikin "shekaru huɗu masu tsawo" wanda aka yi tafiya mafi tsawo daga Hella Hella zuwa teku).&nbsp;&nbsp; Gasar tana da matakai biyu na farawa: Josephine's Bridge a kan hanyar Richmond-Ixopo, da kuma Hella Hella bridge a kan hanyar Richard-Donnybrook. Kogin tsakanin Hella Hella da Number Eight mai sauri 20 km zuwa ƙasa yana da mafi tsayi (faduwar 7.6m a kowace kilomita) kuma yana ƙunshe da jerin rapids mafi wuya. An haɗa wannan ɓangaren a cikin mafi yawan, amma ba duka ba, tseren. Gasar ta sami maki da yawa a cikin shekaru dangane da yanayi, dabaru da kuma samun damar ƙasa.&nbsp; An gudanar da tseren na tsawon bazara 50 a jere. A lokacin rani na 1971/1972 an tura tseren zuwa Maris 1972 wanda ya haifar da babu tseren a cikin kalandar 1971, amma babu lokacin rani da aka rasa. Gwarzon Umko na yanzu Hank McGregor shi ne kuma Gwarzon Marathon na Duniya na yanzu, bayan ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2016 a Brandenburg, Jamus. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Gudun ruwa a kusa da bakin Kogin uMkhomazi a eMkhomazi, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bakin teku mai aminci]] Tafiyar farko da aka rubuta a cikin kogi ta kasance a cikin shekarar 1951 lokacin da Ian Player da Fred Schmidt suka sauka daga gadar Josephine zuwa teku a ƙauyen Umkomaas inda kogin ke gudana cikin Tekun Indiya. Mai kunnawa ya kasance sananne a lokacin saboda ya lashe Dusi Canoe marathon na farko a farkon wannan shekarar kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a kiyaye namun daji, musamman don ya ceci fararen rhino daga halaka. Sun dauki kwanaki bakwai don kammala nisan kilomita 113 kuma mazaunan kwarin masu abokantaka sun goyi bayan su lokacin da suka ƙare kayan aiki. An gudanar da wasu tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da suka ƙare a cikin tafiye-tallace a cikin 1965 da 1966 da nufin musamman don yiwuwar gudanar da tseren, wanda ya bukaci bincika kogi da hanyoyi tare da bankunan don wuraren shakatawa biyu na dare. Charles Mason ya taimaka sosai a cikin wannan aikin, ya yi nasara a binciken kogin da hanyoyin shiga da kuma shawo kan masu iko-wanda zai zama don ba da izini ga sabon tseren a kan kalandar jirgin ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da lashe tseren farko tare da Tank Rogers, ya doke Paul Chalupsky da Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|title=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|work=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chalupsky ya ci gaba da lashe tseren sau bakwai har zuwa shekarar 1977. Sauran masu cin nasara da yawa sun hada da Tony Scott (sau shida zuwa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sau tara zuwa 2000); Deon Bruss (sau shida har zuwa 2008); Hank McGregor (sau bakwai zuwa 2016). Kasancewa da dare a sansanin wucin gadi a cikin kwarin mai nisa wani bangare ne na tilas na tseren shekaru da yawa amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya canza tare da tsayawar dare yanzu yana da sauƙin isa a gadar Hella Hella (yanzu farkon rana ta biyu a cikin tsarin tsari na baya tun 2009 wanda ya sauƙaƙa ƙalubalen dabaru na tseren kuma da fatan tabbatar da rayuwarsa). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gmcuda0fjuvep8qiuq0fq28o1kl7xye 0 158094 859040 2026-06-16T19:22:37Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310769352|Kurumali River]]" 859040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Dawn_at_River_Kurumaly.JPG|thumb|Dawn a kogin Kurumaly]] [[Fayil:Kurumali_river.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Kogin Kurumali. Ra'ayi daga gadar jirgin kasa kusa da Pudukkad]] '''Kogin Kurumali''' babban yanki ne na Kogin Karuvannur a cikin Gundumar Thrissur ta Kerala . Ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Ghats a cikin Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary na Gundumar Thrissur . == Hanyar da ake ciki == Kogin Kurumali yana samo asali ne daga gangaren tsaunin Western Ghats a cikin Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary na gundumar Thrissur. An gina madatsar ruwa ta Chimmony (Chimmony Dam) a kan kogin Kurumali. Kogin Muply yana haɗuwa da Kogin Kurumali a Karikulam. Daga nan kogin yana wuce garuruwan Palappally, Vettingapadam, Varantharapally, Vellarampadam, Mupliyam, Panthallur, Nellayi, Nandikkara, Puthukad da Cheruvaal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Power|first=India Central Board of Irrigation and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEsFRFKn-sC&q=Kurumali+river|title=Publication|date=1972|publisher=The Board|language=en}}</ref> A ƙasa kaɗan daga kwaransa, Kogin Kurumali yana haɗuwa da Kogin Manali a Arattupuzha, inda suke haɗuwa su samar da Kogin Karuvannur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Rivers of Kerala |url=http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html |access-date=2012-07-31 |publisher=Tripod.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cheruval - ƙauye a bakin kogin * Chimmony Dam - daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa a Kerala yana sama da wannan kogi. == Manazarta == cksubg0ksnpvfsu1dd3r436qup402wb 0 158095 859042 2026-06-16T19:29:52Z Bembety 20498 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox biography | name = Phepane River | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | location = [[North West (South African province)|North West Province]], [[South Africa]] | coordinates = {{coord|25|49|38|S|22|47|03|E|type:river}} | elevation = 974 m (approx.) | type = Kogi mai yanayi (intermittent stream) | country = [[South Africa]] }} '''Phepane River''' wani ƙaramar kogi ne mai yanayi (intermittent stream) da ke cikin North West (South African province)|North West... 859042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Phepane River | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | location = [[North West (South African province)|North West Province]], [[South Africa]] | coordinates = {{coord|25|49|38|S|22|47|03|E|type:river}} | elevation = 974 m (approx.) | type = Kogi mai yanayi (intermittent stream) | country = [[South Africa]] }} '''Phepane River''' wani ƙaramar kogi ne mai yanayi (intermittent stream) da ke cikin [[North West (South African province)|North West Province]] a ƙasar [[South Africa]]. Yana daga cikin ƙananan rafukan yankin savanna da ke bushewa a wasu lokutan shekara, musamman a lokacin rani. Kogin Phepane yana cikin tsarin ƙananan rafuka na yankin kudancin Afirka, kuma yana da muhimmanci wajen tallafawa yanayin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa (groundwater) a lokacin damina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phepane River (Intermittent Stream) |url=https://mapcarta.com/14276666 |publisher=Mapcarta |access-date=16 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Phepane River yana gudana a yankin da ke da tsawo kusan mita 974 sama da matakin teku. Yankin yana da yanayin savanna da ƙarancin ruwan sama, wanda ke sa kogin ya kasance mai gudana ne kawai a lokutan damina. == Halaye == * Kogi mai yanayi (intermittent stream) * Yana bushewa a wasu lokuta na shekara * Yana gudana ne lokacin damina * Yana cikin yankin savanna na South Africa == Muhimmanci == Duk da ƙanƙantarsa, Phepane River yana da muhimmanci wajen: * Taimakawa ciyar da ruwan ƙasa * Tallafawa tsirrai da namun daji a lokacin damina * Taimakawa tsarin muhalli na yankin * Rage zaizayar ƙasa a lokacin ruwa == Yanayin muhalli == Yankin Phepane River yana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a, tare da ƙauyuka da ƙananan gonaki a kusa da shi. Wannan yana sa yanayin kogin ya kasance mai alaƙa da aikin noma na gargajiya da kiwon dabbobi. == Duba kuma == * [[Rivers of South Africa]] * [[North West (South African province)]] * [[Hydrology]] * [[Ephemeral river]] * [[Savanna]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rivers of South Africa]] [[Category:North West (South African province)]] [[Category:Ephemeral rivers]] [[Category:Geography of South Africa]] [[Category:Hydrology]] 5wovdtwcfjis2yzvjpeda5b4hz4f4r5 0 158096 859045 2026-06-16T19:49:54Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Maida ruwan sha ga hannun masu zaman kansu a Dar es Salaam''' ya fara ne da ba da kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2003 don birnin Dar es Salaam, babban birni mafi girma kuma tsohon babban birnin kasar Tanzania. An sanya wa hannu tsakanin gwamnatin Tanzania da City Water, wata ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ta haɗa da tsohon kamfanin Burtaniya Biwater, Gauff Engineers daga Jamus da wani kamfanin Tanzania mai suna Superdoll.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin Tanz... 859045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maida ruwan sha ga hannun masu zaman kansu a Dar es Salaam''' ya fara ne da ba da kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2003 don birnin Dar es Salaam, babban birni mafi girma kuma tsohon babban birnin kasar Tanzania. An sanya wa hannu tsakanin gwamnatin Tanzania da City Water, wata ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ta haɗa da tsohon kamfanin Burtaniya Biwater, Gauff Engineers daga Jamus da wani kamfanin Tanzania mai suna Superdoll.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin Tanzania ta soke kwangilar hayar a watan Mayun 2005 a tsakanin zarge-zargen juna na keta yarjejeniya, kuma ta kori manyan jami'an gudanarwa guda uku na City Water daga ƙasar.<ref name="GuardianJanuary2008" /> Kodayake manufofin da aka bayyana na mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu da buɗe kasuwa sune rage farashi da ƙara samun tsaftataccen ruwa, a zahiri Biwater ta sanya ƙarin haraji mai yawa kuma tana buƙatar ƙarin samar da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da rashin gaskiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bisa rahoton ActionAid, kafin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu "tsarin ruwa a Dar es Salaam ba samfuri ba ne na kyakkyawan aiki na sashen gwamnati." Har zuwa shekarar 1991, ana ba da ruwa kyauta, in ban da wasu yankuna na masu samun babban kuɗi. Tsarin yana da siffar "lalacewa, rashin saka jari, babban mataki na ɓarnatar da ruwa, da kuma ƙarancin hidima ga jama'a". A shekarar 1997 aka kafa hukumar DAWASA mai cin gashin kanta kuma aka gabatar da harajin ruwa ga duk masu amfani da shi. Bisa rahoton, "DAWASA ta kasance ba ta fi wacce ta gaje ta ba, kuma ɓarnatar da ruwa da lalacewa sun kai matakin babban rikici." Zuwa shekarar 2003 "gidaje 98,000 kacal a cikin birni mai mazauna miliyan 2.5 ke da haɗin rarraba ruwa na gida. Kashi 26% kacal na ruwan aka tura wa takaddar kuɗi, kashi 60% ya ɓace ta hanyar fashewar bututu, sabsabin kashi 13% ta hanyar amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfunan sata da waɗanda ba sa biya. Hatta waɗanda ke da haɗin ruwan sun kasance suna samun ruwa ne lokaci-lokaci, kuma ingancin ruwan yana da kyau ƙwarai. A yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, yawancin gidaje ba su da haɗin ruwa kwata-kwata, a maimakon haka sun dogara ne da siyan ruwa daga rumbunan sayar da ruwa (kiosks), masu siyar da ruwa ko maƙwabtan su, a kan farashi mai ninki uku."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 5 </ref> Bayanin Dublin na shekarar 1992 ya matsa lamba don ƙarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a a cikin tsara manufofin ruwa a ƙasashe na duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Woodhouse |first1=Philip |last2=Muller |first2=Mike |date=2017 |title=Water Governance—An Historical Perspective on Current Debates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |journal=World Development |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=225–241 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |issn= |via=Research Gate|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A Tanzania, an sanya idanu kan samun ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuɗɗan rance na ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa. A lokaci guda, duk duniya tana cikin rikicin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Fisher |first3=Michael |last4=Luyendijk |first4=Rolf |last5=Hossain |first5=Rifat |last6=Wardlaw |first6=Tessa |last7=Gordon |first7=Bruce |date=11 August 2014 |title=Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=8137–8165 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110808137 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4143854 |pmid=25116635}}</ref> Sai dai, Bankin Duniya ya tura Shirin Daidaita Tsari (Structural Adjustment Program) don rage radadin rikicin, wanda hakan ya kai ga mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar matakan talauci<ref>{{Cite book |title=Adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies |date=1994 |publisher=World Bank |isbn=978-0-8213-2787-6 |editor-last=Husain |editor-first=Ishrat |series=World Bank regional and sectoral studies |location=Washington, D.C. |editor-last2=Faruqee |editor-first2=Rashid}}</ref> 0jb586t3t290poq17nldz3n8z33lw1z 859046 859045 2026-06-16T19:51:24Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi */ 859046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maida ruwan sha ga hannun masu zaman kansu a Dar es Salaam''' ya fara ne da ba da kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2003 don birnin Dar es Salaam, babban birni mafi girma kuma tsohon babban birnin kasar Tanzania. An sanya wa hannu tsakanin gwamnatin Tanzania da City Water, wata ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ta haɗa da tsohon kamfanin Burtaniya Biwater, Gauff Engineers daga Jamus da wani kamfanin Tanzania mai suna Superdoll.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin Tanzania ta soke kwangilar hayar a watan Mayun 2005 a tsakanin zarge-zargen juna na keta yarjejeniya, kuma ta kori manyan jami'an gudanarwa guda uku na City Water daga ƙasar.<ref name="GuardianJanuary2008" /> Kodayake manufofin da aka bayyana na mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu da buɗe kasuwa sune rage farashi da ƙara samun tsaftataccen ruwa, a zahiri Biwater ta sanya ƙarin haraji mai yawa kuma tana buƙatar ƙarin samar da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da rashin gaskiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bisa rahoton ActionAid, kafin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu "tsarin ruwa a Dar es Salaam ba samfuri ba ne na kyakkyawan aiki na sashen gwamnati." Har zuwa shekarar 1991, ana ba da ruwa kyauta, in ban da wasu yankuna na masu samun babban kuɗi. Tsarin yana da siffar "lalacewa, rashin saka jari, babban mataki na ɓarnatar da ruwa, da kuma ƙarancin hidima ga jama'a". A shekarar 1997 aka kafa hukumar DAWASA mai cin gashin kanta kuma aka gabatar da harajin ruwa ga duk masu amfani da shi. Bisa rahoton, "DAWASA ta kasance ba ta fi wacce ta gaje ta ba, kuma ɓarnatar da ruwa da lalacewa sun kai matakin babban rikici." Zuwa shekarar 2003 "gidaje 98,000 kacal a cikin birni mai mazauna miliyan 2.5 ke da haɗin rarraba ruwa na gida. Kashi 26% kacal na ruwan aka tura wa takaddar kuɗi, kashi 60% ya ɓace ta hanyar fashewar bututu, sabsabin kashi 13% ta hanyar amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfunan sata da waɗanda ba sa biya. Hatta waɗanda ke da haɗin ruwan sun kasance suna samun ruwa ne lokaci-lokaci, kuma ingancin ruwan yana da kyau ƙwarai. A yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, yawancin gidaje ba su da haɗin ruwa kwata-kwata, a maimakon haka sun dogara ne da siyan ruwa daga rumbunan sayar da ruwa (kiosks), masu siyar da ruwa ko maƙwabtan su, a kan farashi mai ninki uku."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 5 </ref> Bayanin Dublin na shekarar 1992 ya matsa lamba don ƙarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a a cikin tsara manufofin ruwa a ƙasashe na duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Woodhouse |first1=Philip |last2=Muller |first2=Mike |date=2017 |title=Water Governance—An Historical Perspective on Current Debates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |journal=World Development |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=225–241 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |issn= |via=Research Gate|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A Tanzania, an sanya idanu kan samun ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuɗɗan rance na ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa. A lokaci guda, duk duniya tana cikin rikicin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Fisher |first3=Michael |last4=Luyendijk |first4=Rolf |last5=Hossain |first5=Rifat |last6=Wardlaw |first6=Tessa |last7=Gordon |first7=Bruce |date=11 August 2014 |title=Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=8137–8165 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110808137 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4143854 |pmid=25116635}}</ref> Sai dai, Bankin Duniya ya tura Shirin Daidaita Tsari (Structural Adjustment Program) don rage radadin rikicin, wanda hakan ya kai ga mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar matakan talauci<ref>{{Cite book |title=Adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies |date=1994 |publisher=World Bank |isbn=978-0-8213-2787-6 |editor-last=Husain |editor-first=Ishrat |series=World Bank regional and sectoral studies |location=Washington, D.C. |editor-last2=Faruqee |editor-first2=Rashid}}</ref> == Tallafin masu ba da taimako da sharudda == Zuba jarin masu ba da tallafi na waje ya samar da kwangilar hayar ta hanyar lamuni mai sauƙi na darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 145.5 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam wanda Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a shekarar 2003. Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 48, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai dalar Amurka miliyan 34, kuma Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 61.5. Kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya kamata ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 8.5 daga kuɗaɗen sa sannan gwamnatin Tanzania ta ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 12.6.<ref> Bankin Duniya: Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project, an duba ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2010 </ref> Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) sun sanya sharuɗɗa don ƙarin lamuni ga Tanzania dangane da mayar da ƙungiyoyin da gwamnati ke gudanarwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> Kamar yadda binciken ActionAid ya nuna, a shekarar 2000 "sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da izini wanda ke sanya kadarorin DAWASA (hukumar gwamnati ta Dar es Salaam) ga kamfanonin gudanarwa masu zaman kansu" an haɗa shi azaman sharɗi na rangwamen bashi a ƙarƙashin shirin Ƙasashe Masu fama da Bashi (HIPC). Lokacin da rashin sha'awar masu saka jari ya sa Tanzania ta kasa cika wannan sharɗi, masu ba da tallafi sun amince su janye shi. Daga nan sai suka nemi kwangilar haya maimakon izini (concession), wanda ke nufin gajeren lokacin kwangila da rage nauyin da aka mika wa kamfanin mai zaman kansa.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 3 </ref> Har yanzu bisa ga ActionAid "an sami ƙarancin shigar jama'a ko tuntuɓar su da ke da ma'ana, taƙaitaccen muhawarar jama'a, kuma babu gaskiya game da tsarin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu. Hatta 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka zaɓa na ƙasar an bar su cikin duhu."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 2 </ref> Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta biya Adam Smith International, ƙungiyar 'yar uwa ta cibiyar tunani ta manufofin Neoliberalism ta Burtaniya wato Adam Smith Institute, fiye da fam £500,000 don ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Tanzania. Fiye da fam £250,000 na wannan kuɗi ne Adam Smith International ta kashe a kan wani bidiyo wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin: "Tsofaffin masana'antunmu sun bushe kamar amfanin gona kuma mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu yana kawo ruwan sama."<ref name="Guardian 2005"> The Guardian: Flagship water privatisation fails in Tanzania, 25 May 2005</ref> An ba da kwangilar ne ta hanyar tuka gwanon duniya, amma City Water ita ce kaɗai kamfani da ya shigar da tayi. == Tasiri == Ruwa a Tanzania ya zama kayan masarufi mai tsada: yayin da suke biyan kuɗaɗen ruwa masu yawa, mutane da yawa sun tilastu siyan ruwa daga wasu masu siyarwa masu zaman kansu a kan farashi mafi girma.<ref name=":02">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> Idan abokan ciniki suka kasa biyan kuɗaɗen ruwan su, Jami'an Ruwa kan yanke musu layin samar da ruwa.<ref name=":02" /> ActionAid UK ta yi ikirarin cewa masu amfani da ruwa a Dar es Salaam sun fuskanci hauhawar kuɗaɗen fita da kuma katsewar ruwa mai yawa tun shekarar 2003. Ta kuma ce City Water ta katse daukacin yankuna a kokarinta na sanya mutanen da ke da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba su biya kuɗi. Sun gano cewa iyalai matalauta sun juya ga hanyoyin samar da ruwa marasa inganci maimakon su biya kuɗaɗen da aka ƙara. "Masu ba da tallafi sun tura wani aiki wanda kashi 98% na juri zai tafi yankunan da kashi 20% na mafi arziki a cikin al'umma ke zaune," in ji Billy Abimbilla, darektan ActionAid Tanzania.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 2 </ref> "Yankunan da ba sa kawo riba" – inda matalauta ke zaune – an ba da su ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) kuma ba sa cikin yankin da kamfani mai zaman kansa ke da alhakin sa. 92ebdb83seqxoi64q6pz1zqr1gu6zp5 859047 859046 2026-06-16T19:51:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasiri */ 859047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maida ruwan sha ga hannun masu zaman kansu a Dar es Salaam''' ya fara ne da ba da kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2003 don birnin Dar es Salaam, babban birni mafi girma kuma tsohon babban birnin kasar Tanzania. An sanya wa hannu tsakanin gwamnatin Tanzania da City Water, wata ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ta haɗa da tsohon kamfanin Burtaniya Biwater, Gauff Engineers daga Jamus da wani kamfanin Tanzania mai suna Superdoll.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin Tanzania ta soke kwangilar hayar a watan Mayun 2005 a tsakanin zarge-zargen juna na keta yarjejeniya, kuma ta kori manyan jami'an gudanarwa guda uku na City Water daga ƙasar.<ref name="GuardianJanuary2008" /> Kodayake manufofin da aka bayyana na mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu da buɗe kasuwa sune rage farashi da ƙara samun tsaftataccen ruwa, a zahiri Biwater ta sanya ƙarin haraji mai yawa kuma tana buƙatar ƙarin samar da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da rashin gaskiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bisa rahoton ActionAid, kafin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu "tsarin ruwa a Dar es Salaam ba samfuri ba ne na kyakkyawan aiki na sashen gwamnati." Har zuwa shekarar 1991, ana ba da ruwa kyauta, in ban da wasu yankuna na masu samun babban kuɗi. Tsarin yana da siffar "lalacewa, rashin saka jari, babban mataki na ɓarnatar da ruwa, da kuma ƙarancin hidima ga jama'a". A shekarar 1997 aka kafa hukumar DAWASA mai cin gashin kanta kuma aka gabatar da harajin ruwa ga duk masu amfani da shi. Bisa rahoton, "DAWASA ta kasance ba ta fi wacce ta gaje ta ba, kuma ɓarnatar da ruwa da lalacewa sun kai matakin babban rikici." Zuwa shekarar 2003 "gidaje 98,000 kacal a cikin birni mai mazauna miliyan 2.5 ke da haɗin rarraba ruwa na gida. Kashi 26% kacal na ruwan aka tura wa takaddar kuɗi, kashi 60% ya ɓace ta hanyar fashewar bututu, sabsabin kashi 13% ta hanyar amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfunan sata da waɗanda ba sa biya. Hatta waɗanda ke da haɗin ruwan sun kasance suna samun ruwa ne lokaci-lokaci, kuma ingancin ruwan yana da kyau ƙwarai. A yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, yawancin gidaje ba su da haɗin ruwa kwata-kwata, a maimakon haka sun dogara ne da siyan ruwa daga rumbunan sayar da ruwa (kiosks), masu siyar da ruwa ko maƙwabtan su, a kan farashi mai ninki uku."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 5 </ref> Bayanin Dublin na shekarar 1992 ya matsa lamba don ƙarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a a cikin tsara manufofin ruwa a ƙasashe na duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Woodhouse |first1=Philip |last2=Muller |first2=Mike |date=2017 |title=Water Governance—An Historical Perspective on Current Debates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |journal=World Development |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=225–241 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |issn= |via=Research Gate|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A Tanzania, an sanya idanu kan samun ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuɗɗan rance na ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa. A lokaci guda, duk duniya tana cikin rikicin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Fisher |first3=Michael |last4=Luyendijk |first4=Rolf |last5=Hossain |first5=Rifat |last6=Wardlaw |first6=Tessa |last7=Gordon |first7=Bruce |date=11 August 2014 |title=Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=8137–8165 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110808137 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4143854 |pmid=25116635}}</ref> Sai dai, Bankin Duniya ya tura Shirin Daidaita Tsari (Structural Adjustment Program) don rage radadin rikicin, wanda hakan ya kai ga mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar matakan talauci<ref>{{Cite book |title=Adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies |date=1994 |publisher=World Bank |isbn=978-0-8213-2787-6 |editor-last=Husain |editor-first=Ishrat |series=World Bank regional and sectoral studies |location=Washington, D.C. |editor-last2=Faruqee |editor-first2=Rashid}}</ref> == Tallafin masu ba da taimako da sharudda == Zuba jarin masu ba da tallafi na waje ya samar da kwangilar hayar ta hanyar lamuni mai sauƙi na darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 145.5 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam wanda Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a shekarar 2003. Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 48, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai dalar Amurka miliyan 34, kuma Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 61.5. Kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya kamata ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 8.5 daga kuɗaɗen sa sannan gwamnatin Tanzania ta ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 12.6.<ref> Bankin Duniya: Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project, an duba ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2010 </ref> Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) sun sanya sharuɗɗa don ƙarin lamuni ga Tanzania dangane da mayar da ƙungiyoyin da gwamnati ke gudanarwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> Kamar yadda binciken ActionAid ya nuna, a shekarar 2000 "sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da izini wanda ke sanya kadarorin DAWASA (hukumar gwamnati ta Dar es Salaam) ga kamfanonin gudanarwa masu zaman kansu" an haɗa shi azaman sharɗi na rangwamen bashi a ƙarƙashin shirin Ƙasashe Masu fama da Bashi (HIPC). Lokacin da rashin sha'awar masu saka jari ya sa Tanzania ta kasa cika wannan sharɗi, masu ba da tallafi sun amince su janye shi. Daga nan sai suka nemi kwangilar haya maimakon izini (concession), wanda ke nufin gajeren lokacin kwangila da rage nauyin da aka mika wa kamfanin mai zaman kansa.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 3 </ref> Har yanzu bisa ga ActionAid "an sami ƙarancin shigar jama'a ko tuntuɓar su da ke da ma'ana, taƙaitaccen muhawarar jama'a, kuma babu gaskiya game da tsarin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu. Hatta 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka zaɓa na ƙasar an bar su cikin duhu."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 2 </ref> Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta biya Adam Smith International, ƙungiyar 'yar uwa ta cibiyar tunani ta manufofin Neoliberalism ta Burtaniya wato Adam Smith Institute, fiye da fam £500,000 don ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Tanzania. Fiye da fam £250,000 na wannan kuɗi ne Adam Smith International ta kashe a kan wani bidiyo wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin: "Tsofaffin masana'antunmu sun bushe kamar amfanin gona kuma mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu yana kawo ruwan sama."<ref name="Guardian 2005"> The Guardian: Flagship water privatisation fails in Tanzania, 25 May 2005</ref> An ba da kwangilar ne ta hanyar tuka gwanon duniya, amma City Water ita ce kaɗai kamfani da ya shigar da tayi. == Tasiri == Ruwa a Tanzania ya zama kayan masarufi mai tsada: yayin da suke biyan kuɗaɗen ruwa masu yawa, mutane da yawa sun tilastu siyan ruwa daga wasu masu siyarwa masu zaman kansu a kan farashi mafi girma.<ref name=":02">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> Idan abokan ciniki suka kasa biyan kuɗaɗen ruwan su, Jami'an Ruwa kan yanke musu layin samar da ruwa.<ref name=":02" /> ActionAid UK ta yi ikirarin cewa masu amfani da ruwa a Dar es Salaam sun fuskanci hauhawar kuɗaɗen fita da kuma katsewar ruwa mai yawa tun shekarar 2003. Ta kuma ce City Water ta katse daukacin yankuna a kokarinta na sanya mutanen da ke da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba su biya kuɗi. Sun gano cewa iyalai matalauta sun juya ga hanyoyin samar da ruwa marasa inganci maimakon su biya kuɗaɗen da aka ƙara. "Masu ba da tallafi sun tura wani aiki wanda kashi 98% na juri zai tafi yankunan da kashi 20% na mafi arziki a cikin al'umma ke zaune," in ji Billy Abimbilla, darektan ActionAid Tanzania.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 2 </ref> "Yankunan da ba sa kawo riba" – inda matalauta ke zaune – an ba da su ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) kuma ba sa cikin yankin da kamfani mai zaman kansa ke da alhakin sa. WaterAid, CARE da Plan International ne za a ba su kwangilar a ƙarƙashin tallafin Bankin Duniya don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi waɗanda ba su da yuwuwar samun rarraba bututun ruwa na wani lokaci. Wannan ɓangare na aikin Bankin Duniya ya ƙunshi dalar Amurka miliyan $3-$4 kacal, ko kusan kashi 2% na jimillar kuɗaɗen aikin.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 16 </ref> Ministan ruwa na Tanzania, Edward Lowassa, ya ce babu wasu sabbin bututu da aka kafa, kamfanin bai kashe kuɗaɗen da ya yi alkawari ba, ingancin ruwa ya ragu, kuma kuɗaɗen shiga sun ragu.<ref name="Guardian 2005"/> A cewar Mussa Billegeya na Ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Tanzania (TANGO), Biwater kusan ba ta yi komai na abin da ya kamata ta yi ba. Ba su biya gwamnati kuɗin haya ba. Sun kasance suna bin gwamnati bashin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2005. A cewar Cliff Stone, babban jami'an gudanarwa na Burtaniya na City Water, gwamnati ce ta keta kwangilar hayar. Ya ce inganci da yawan ruwa sun inganta. Ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta ba kamfanin bayanan da ba daidai ba game da samar da ruwa kuma jinkirin ba laifin City Water ba ne. Ya kuma ce gwamnatin Tanzania tana bin kamfanin bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 3. Ya amince, duk da haka, cewa aikin ya yi jinkiri sosai kuma ba a kafa bututu ba.<ref name="Guardian 2005"/> Biwater ta ce ta zuba jarin fam miliyan £7 a City Water.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> == Sakamakon Shari'a == Wata kotu a London ta yi watsi da karar da CWS ta shigar a ƙarƙashin dokokin Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (UNCITRAL). Kotun, yayin da take ambaton shaidar Bankin Duniya, ta gano cewa hidimar ruwa da kwashe kazanta sun lalace a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar CWS. Ta ba da diyyar fam miliyan £3 ga DAWASA, hukumar ruwa ta Tanzania, da rabin miliyan na fam na kuɗaɗen shari'a. Ta yi nuni da wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2005 wanda ya kammala da cewa: "Babban zato a ɓangaren kusan duk waɗanda abin ya shafa, tabbas daga ɓangaren masu ba da tallafi, shi ne cewa zai kasance da wahala idan ba zai yiwu ba ga mai gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ya yi aiki mafi muni fiye da DAWASA, amma abin da ya faru ke nan."<ref name="GuardianJanuary2008"> The Guardian: Tanzania wins £3m damages from Biwater subsidiary, 11 January 2008 </ref> Tun da City Water ta rushe kuma ba ta da kadarori, ba a biya diyyar da kuɗaɗen shari'ar ba.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> A wata shari'ar daban, Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Warware Rikicin Zuba Jari (ICSID) ta yanke hukuncin cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta keta yarjejeniyar zuba jari ta juna da Burtaniya ta hanyar korar City Water a kan maki huɗu daban-daban: ƙwace kadarori ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, rashin ba da kyakkyawar kulawa da adalci, halayya mara ma'ana da nuna bambanci da kuma rashin ba da cikakken kariya da tsaro.<ref name="Biwater"> Biwater: Biwater Response to Outcome of ICSID Arbitration, 28 July 2008 </ref> Sai dai kuma, ta yi watsi da neman diyyar fam miliyan £10 da Biwater ta yi, tana mai cewa babu wata diyya da za a bayar domin darajar kamfanin ta kasance "babu komai" a lokacin da aka ƙwace shi. Hukuncin ICSID ya nuna cewa yayin da Biwater ta fito fili ta musanta laifin rashin ƙwazon City Water a lokacin, manyan jami'anta sun san gazawar kamfanin. "Ma'aikatanmu na City Water gaba ɗaya ba na ma'aikatan Biwater ba ne tare da raunin jagora, babu gajiyar gogewa ko tsarin kasuwanci da ya cancanta," in ji Adrian White, tsohon gwamnan BBC, wanda ke da mafi yawan hannun jari a Biwater, a farkon shekarar 2005.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"> The Guardian: Biwater fails in Tanzanian damages claim, 28 July 2008 </ref> Biwater ta mayar da martani ga shawarar ta hanyar cewa "shawarar Kotun na rashin ba da diyya ko kuɗaɗe (ga Biwater) ya aika da sako mara kyau sosai ga al'ummar zuba jari na duniya."<ref name="Biwater"/> == Duba kuma == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Tanzania == Ƙarin karatu == WaterAid: Private sector participation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, ca. 2001. Binciken yana nazarin halin da ake ciki a Dar es Salaam a lokacin da aka yanke shawarar shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ya haɗa da sakamakon bincike kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Temeke, ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi uku a yankin babban birnin Dar es Salaam. == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} 2xxgeou1ix6jczvlwt4a8uo457oevxv 859048 859047 2026-06-16T19:52:53Z Sirjat 20447 859048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maida ruwan sha ga hannun masu zaman kansu a Dar es Salaam''' ya fara ne da ba da kwangilar hayar shekaru 10 da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2003 don birnin Dar es Salaam, babban birni mafi girma kuma tsohon babban birnin kasar Tanzania. An sanya wa hannu tsakanin gwamnatin Tanzania da City Water, wata ƙungiyar kamfanoni da ta haɗa da tsohon kamfanin Burtaniya Biwater, Gauff Engineers daga Jamus da wani kamfanin Tanzania mai suna Superdoll.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin Tanzania ta soke kwangilar hayar a watan Mayun 2005 a tsakanin zarge-zargen juna na keta yarjejeniya, kuma ta kori manyan jami'an gudanarwa guda uku na City Water daga ƙasar.<ref name="GuardianJanuary2008" /> Kodayake manufofin da aka bayyana na mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu da buɗe kasuwa sune rage farashi da ƙara samun tsaftataccen ruwa, a zahiri Biwater ta sanya ƙarin haraji mai yawa kuma tana buƙatar ƙarin samar da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da rashin gaskiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> == Tarihi == Bisa rahoton ActionAid, kafin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu "tsarin ruwa a Dar es Salaam ba samfuri ba ne na kyakkyawan aiki na sashen gwamnati." Har zuwa shekarar 1991, ana ba da ruwa kyauta, in ban da wasu yankuna na masu samun babban kuɗi. Tsarin yana da siffar "lalacewa, rashin saka jari, babban mataki na ɓarnatar da ruwa, da kuma ƙarancin hidima ga jama'a". A shekarar 1997 aka kafa hukumar DAWASA mai cin gashin kanta kuma aka gabatar da harajin ruwa ga duk masu amfani da shi. Bisa rahoton, "DAWASA ta kasance ba ta fi wacce ta gaje ta ba, kuma ɓarnatar da ruwa da lalacewa sun kai matakin babban rikici." Zuwa shekarar 2003 "gidaje 98,000 kacal a cikin birni mai mazauna miliyan 2.5 ke da haɗin rarraba ruwa na gida. Kashi 26% kacal na ruwan aka tura wa takaddar kuɗi, kashi 60% ya ɓace ta hanyar fashewar bututu, sabsabin kashi 13% ta hanyar amfani ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, famfunan sata da waɗanda ba sa biya. Hatta waɗanda ke da haɗin ruwan sun kasance suna samun ruwa ne lokaci-lokaci, kuma ingancin ruwan yana da kyau ƙwarai. A yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, yawancin gidaje ba su da haɗin ruwa kwata-kwata, a maimakon haka sun dogara ne da siyan ruwa daga rumbunan sayar da ruwa (kiosks), masu siyar da ruwa ko maƙwabtan su, a kan farashi mai ninki uku."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 5 </ref> Bayanin Dublin na shekarar 1992 ya matsa lamba don ƙarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a a cikin tsara manufofin ruwa a ƙasashe na duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Woodhouse |first1=Philip |last2=Muller |first2=Mike |date=2017 |title=Water Governance—An Historical Perspective on Current Debates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |journal=World Development |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=225–241 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 |issn= |via=Research Gate|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A Tanzania, an sanya idanu kan samun ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sharuɗɗan rance na ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa. A lokaci guda, duk duniya tana cikin rikicin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Fisher |first3=Michael |last4=Luyendijk |first4=Rolf |last5=Hossain |first5=Rifat |last6=Wardlaw |first6=Tessa |last7=Gordon |first7=Bruce |date=11 August 2014 |title=Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=8137–8165 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110808137 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4143854 |pmid=25116635}}</ref> Sai dai, Bankin Duniya ya tura Shirin Daidaita Tsari (Structural Adjustment Program) don rage radadin rikicin, wanda hakan ya kai ga mayar da harkar ruwa ga masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙaruwar matakan talauci<ref>{{Cite book |title=Adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies |date=1994 |publisher=World Bank |isbn=978-0-8213-2787-6 |editor-last=Husain |editor-first=Ishrat |series=World Bank regional and sectoral studies |location=Washington, D.C. |editor-last2=Faruqee |editor-first2=Rashid}}</ref> == Tallafin masu ba da taimako da sharudda == Zuba jarin masu ba da tallafi na waje ya samar da kwangilar hayar ta hanyar lamuni mai sauƙi na darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 145.5 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Dar es Salaam wanda Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a shekarar 2003. Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 48, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai dalar Amurka miliyan 34, kuma Bankin Duniya ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 61.5. Kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya kamata ya ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 8.5 daga kuɗaɗen sa sannan gwamnatin Tanzania ta ba da dalar Amurka miliyan 12.6.<ref> Bankin Duniya: Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Project, an duba ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2010 </ref> Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) sun sanya sharuɗɗa don ƙarin lamuni ga Tanzania dangane da mayar da ƙungiyoyin da gwamnati ke gudanarwa ga masu zaman kansu.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> Kamar yadda binciken ActionAid ya nuna, a shekarar 2000 "sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da izini wanda ke sanya kadarorin DAWASA (hukumar gwamnati ta Dar es Salaam) ga kamfanonin gudanarwa masu zaman kansu" an haɗa shi azaman sharɗi na rangwamen bashi a ƙarƙashin shirin Ƙasashe Masu fama da Bashi (HIPC). Lokacin da rashin sha'awar masu saka jari ya sa Tanzania ta kasa cika wannan sharɗi, masu ba da tallafi sun amince su janye shi. Daga nan sai suka nemi kwangilar haya maimakon izini (concession), wanda ke nufin gajeren lokacin kwangila da rage nauyin da aka mika wa kamfanin mai zaman kansa.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 3 </ref> Har yanzu bisa ga ActionAid "an sami ƙarancin shigar jama'a ko tuntuɓar su da ke da ma'ana, taƙaitaccen muhawarar jama'a, kuma babu gaskiya game da tsarin mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu. Hatta 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka zaɓa na ƙasar an bar su cikin duhu."<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 2 </ref> Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta biya Adam Smith International, ƙungiyar 'yar uwa ta cibiyar tunani ta manufofin Neoliberalism ta Burtaniya wato Adam Smith Institute, fiye da fam £500,000 don ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Tanzania. Fiye da fam £250,000 na wannan kuɗi ne Adam Smith International ta kashe a kan wani bidiyo wanda ya haɗa da kalmomin: "Tsofaffin masana'antunmu sun bushe kamar amfanin gona kuma mayar da harkar ga masu zaman kansu yana kawo ruwan sama."<ref name="Guardian 2005"> The Guardian: Flagship water privatisation fails in Tanzania, 25 May 2005</ref> An ba da kwangilar ne ta hanyar tuka gwanon duniya, amma City Water ita ce kaɗai kamfani da ya shigar da tayi. == Tasiri == Ruwa a Tanzania ya zama kayan masarufi mai tsada: yayin da suke biyan kuɗaɗen ruwa masu yawa, mutane da yawa sun tilastu siyan ruwa daga wasu masu siyarwa masu zaman kansu a kan farashi mafi girma.<ref name=":02">{{Cite thesis |title=From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |publisher=Stockholm university, Department of human geography |date=2006 |place=Stockholm |isbn=9185445436 |first=Marianne |last=Kjellén}}</ref> Idan abokan ciniki suka kasa biyan kuɗaɗen ruwan su, Jami'an Ruwa kan yanke musu layin samar da ruwa.<ref name=":02" /> ActionAid UK ta yi ikirarin cewa masu amfani da ruwa a Dar es Salaam sun fuskanci hauhawar kuɗaɗen fita da kuma katsewar ruwa mai yawa tun shekarar 2003. Ta kuma ce City Water ta katse daukacin yankuna a kokarinta na sanya mutanen da ke da haɗin ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba su biya kuɗi. Sun gano cewa iyalai matalauta sun juya ga hanyoyin samar da ruwa marasa inganci maimakon su biya kuɗaɗen da aka ƙara. "Masu ba da tallafi sun tura wani aiki wanda kashi 98% na juri zai tafi yankunan da kashi 20% na mafi arziki a cikin al'umma ke zaune," in ji Billy Abimbilla, darektan ActionAid Tanzania.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 2 </ref> "Yankunan da ba sa kawo riba" – inda matalauta ke zaune – an ba da su ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) kuma ba sa cikin yankin da kamfani mai zaman kansa ke da alhakin sa. WaterAid, CARE da Plan International ne za a ba su kwangilar a ƙarƙashin tallafin Bankin Duniya don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa a yankunan masu ƙaramin ƙarfi waɗanda ba su da yuwuwar samun rarraba bututun ruwa na wani lokaci. Wannan ɓangare na aikin Bankin Duniya ya ƙunshi dalar Amurka miliyan $3-$4 kacal, ko kusan kashi 2% na jimillar kuɗaɗen aikin.<ref> Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 16 </ref> Ministan ruwa na Tanzania, Edward Lowassa, ya ce babu wasu sabbin bututu da aka kafa, kamfanin bai kashe kuɗaɗen da ya yi alkawari ba, ingancin ruwa ya ragu, kuma kuɗaɗen shiga sun ragu.<ref name="Guardian 2005"/> A cewar Mussa Billegeya na Ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta Tanzania (TANGO), Biwater kusan ba ta yi komai na abin da ya kamata ta yi ba. Ba su biya gwamnati kuɗin haya ba. Sun kasance suna bin gwamnati bashin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2005. A cewar Cliff Stone, babban jami'an gudanarwa na Burtaniya na City Water, gwamnati ce ta keta kwangilar hayar. Ya ce inganci da yawan ruwa sun inganta. Ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta ba kamfanin bayanan da ba daidai ba game da samar da ruwa kuma jinkirin ba laifin City Water ba ne. Ya kuma ce gwamnatin Tanzania tana bin kamfanin bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 3. Ya amince, duk da haka, cewa aikin ya yi jinkiri sosai kuma ba a kafa bututu ba.<ref name="Guardian 2005"/> Biwater ta ce ta zuba jarin fam miliyan £7 a City Water.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> == Sakamakon Shari'a == Wata kotu a London ta yi watsi da karar da CWS ta shigar a ƙarƙashin dokokin Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (UNCITRAL). Kotun, yayin da take ambaton shaidar Bankin Duniya, ta gano cewa hidimar ruwa da kwashe kazanta sun lalace a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar CWS. Ta ba da diyyar fam miliyan £3 ga DAWASA, hukumar ruwa ta Tanzania, da rabin miliyan na fam na kuɗaɗen shari'a. Ta yi nuni da wani binciken Bankin Duniya na shekarar 2005 wanda ya kammala da cewa: "Babban zato a ɓangaren kusan duk waɗanda abin ya shafa, tabbas daga ɓangaren masu ba da tallafi, shi ne cewa zai kasance da wahala idan ba zai yiwu ba ga mai gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ya yi aiki mafi muni fiye da DAWASA, amma abin da ya faru ke nan."<ref name="GuardianJanuary2008"> The Guardian: Tanzania wins £3m damages from Biwater subsidiary, 11 January 2008 </ref> Tun da City Water ta rushe kuma ba ta da kadarori, ba a biya diyyar da kuɗaɗen shari'ar ba.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"/> A wata shari'ar daban, Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Warware Rikicin Zuba Jari (ICSID) ta yanke hukuncin cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta keta yarjejeniyar zuba jari ta juna da Burtaniya ta hanyar korar City Water a kan maki huɗu daban-daban: ƙwace kadarori ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, rashin ba da kyakkyawar kulawa da adalci, halayya mara ma'ana da nuna bambanci da kuma rashin ba da cikakken kariya da tsaro.<ref name="Biwater"> Biwater: Biwater Response to Outcome of ICSID Arbitration, 28 July 2008 </ref> Sai dai kuma, ta yi watsi da neman diyyar fam miliyan £10 da Biwater ta yi, tana mai cewa babu wata diyya da za a bayar domin darajar kamfanin ta kasance "babu komai" a lokacin da aka ƙwace shi. Hukuncin ICSID ya nuna cewa yayin da Biwater ta fito fili ta musanta laifin rashin ƙwazon City Water a lokacin, manyan jami'anta sun san gazawar kamfanin. "Ma'aikatanmu na City Water gaba ɗaya ba na ma'aikatan Biwater ba ne tare da raunin jagora, babu gajiyar gogewa ko tsarin kasuwanci da ya cancanta," in ji Adrian White, tsohon gwamnan BBC, wanda ke da mafi yawan hannun jari a Biwater, a farkon shekarar 2005.<ref name="GuardianJuly2008"> The Guardian: Biwater fails in Tanzanian damages claim, 28 July 2008 </ref> Biwater ta mayar da martani ga shawarar ta hanyar cewa "shawarar Kotun na rashin ba da diyya ko kuɗaɗe (ga Biwater) ya aika da sako mara kyau sosai ga al'ummar zuba jari na duniya."<ref name="Biwater"/> == Duba kuma == Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Tanzania == Ƙarin karatu == WaterAid: Private sector participation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, ca. 2001. Binciken yana nazarin halin da ake ciki a Dar es Salaam a lokacin da aka yanke shawarar shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ya haɗa da sakamakon bincike kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Temeke, ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi uku a yankin babban birnin Dar es Salaam. == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} kt9sle4v55ar9xkdihmf64u31mj84o4 0 158097 859055 2026-06-16T20:02:47Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331901283|Bacteriotherapy]]" 859055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bacteriotherapy''' shine amfani da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ko samfuran su da gangan wajen magance wata cuta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Ronald |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), Bacteriotherapy |url=http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005134/http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |archive-date=23 June 2018 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=American College of Gastronomy}}</ref> Nau'ikan maganin bacteriotherapy sun haɗa da amfani da probiotics, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi ga lafiya lokacin da aka sha; dashen najasa (FMT) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}</ref> / dashen microbiota na hanji (IMT), <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}</ref> canja wurin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji daga najasa na masu ba da gudummawa masu lafiya zuwa ga marasa lafiya da aka karɓa don dawo da ƙwayoyin cuta ; <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> ko synbiotics waɗanda ke haɗa prebiotics, sinadaran da ba za a iya narkewa ba waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani, da probiotics. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}</ref> Ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji, al'ummar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 300-500 waɗanda ke zaune a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci na dabbobi waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci, adana makamashi, aikin garkuwar jiki da kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta, za a iya sake gina su da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyau, waɗanda kuma suna da tasirin warkewa. <ref name=":1" /> Ana amfani da dashen najasa a matsayin maganin rigakafi ga cututtukan ''C. masu wahala'', wata cuta ta ciki wadda ''Clostridioides difficile'' ke mamaye hanjin wani abu da ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton ƙwayoyin cuta <ref name=":1" /> da kuma haifar da gudawa wanda ka iya zama mai kisa. An kuma fara amfani da maganin bacteriotherapy wajen magance matsalolin kwakwalwa kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Anxiety|damuwa]], da kuma matsalar autism . Ana iya amfani da sake gina hanji yadda ya kamata wajen magance matsalolin kwakwalwa saboda kasancewar hanyar hanji-kwakwalwa, hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kwakwalwa da hanji, musamman ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cryan |first=JF |last2=Dinan |first2=TG |date=2012 |title=Mind altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=701–712 |doi=10.1038/nrn3346 |pmid=22968153 |s2cid=205508120}}</ref> == Dashen najasa (FMT) == An fara rubuta dashen najasa a jikin mutane a shekarar 1958. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta dauki dashen najasa a matsayin magani mai dacewa ga wasu marasa lafiya da ke dauke da ''cutar C. difficile'', <ref name=":0" /> musamman lokacin da maganin da aka saba bai yi nasara ba. <ref name=":1" /> Yana nuna nasarar kashi 90% a gwaje-gwajen asibiti don kamuwa da cutar ''C. difficile'' mai sake dawowa. Ga wasu cututtuka, ana daukarsa a matsayin magani na gwaji kuma ya kamata a yi shi ne kawai a cikin shirin bincike. <ref name=":0" /> Tsarin dashen najasa ya ƙunshi allurar ruwa mai hana ruwa shiga cikin hanjin mara lafiya. Dashen najasa ba ya buƙatar daidaitawa ko danne garkuwar jiki (ba kamar dashen najasa na yau da kullun ba). <ref name=":2" /> Ana iya yin dashen najasa ta hanyar shigar nasogastric, shigar nasojejunal, shigar nasoduodenal, shigar nasoduodenal ta sama, [[Enema|cirewar enema]], cirewar dubura mai laushi, ko kuma duban hanji . <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ana gudanar da bincike don ganin ko za a iya lulluɓe dashen najasa a sha ta baki a matsayin kwaya. <ref name=":0" /> Dashen najasa sabuwar hanya ce ta magani, tare da ƙarancin matsaloli da aka sani zuwa yanzu. An ruwaito ƙananan illoli kamar gudawa mai sauƙi, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}</ref> maƙogwaro, ciwon ciki, canje-canje a cikin hanji, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Ronald |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), Bacteriotherapy |url=http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005134/http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |archive-date=23 June 2018 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=American College of Gastronomy}}</ref> zubar jini a saman hanji, alamun IBS (ko mai yaɗuwa), maƙarƙashiya, da kuma ciwon hanji mai haushi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san komai ba game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar da ke ɗauke da garkuwar jiki na dogon lokaci. <ref name=":0" /> Ka'idoji sun bambanta dangane da adadin bayan gida da ake dasawa da kuma hanyar jiko. <ref name=":1" /> Ana amfani da sabbin samfuran bayan gida marasa daskarewa fiye da samfuran daskararre. Dashen samfurin da ba a daskarewa ba ya fi kyau a kammala shi cikin awanni 6. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCammarotaIaniroGasbarrini2014">Cammarota, G.; Ianiro, G; Gasbarrini, A (2014). "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection". ''J Clin Gastroenterol''. '''48''' (8): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>702. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046|10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24440934 24440934]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24339998 24339998].</cite></ref> Yawan wankewa da sake dawowa suma sun bambanta dangane da abubuwan da ake amfani da su don yin maganin dashen najasa (ruwa, saline, yogurt, madara ko saline tare da psyllium). Yawan wankewa ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar girma kuma yawan sake dawowa ya ƙaru tare da raguwar yawan dashen najasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoughShaikhManges2011">Gough, E.; Shaikh, H.; Manges, AR. (2011). [[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|"Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''53''' (10): <span class="nowrap">994–</span>1002. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|10.1093/cid/cir632]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22002980 22002980].</cite></ref> === Gudummawar dashen najasa === Dole ne masu bayar da gudummawa su guji amfani da maganin rigakafi na tsawon watanni biyu ko har zuwa watanni shida kafin bayar da bayan gida. Bugu da ƙari, masu bayar da gudummawa ba dole ba ne su kasance suna da tarihin cututtukan ciki. Ana amfani da gwajin jini don tantance masu bayar da gudummawa don [[Cutar hanta A|cutar hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B|B]] da [[Hepatitis C|C]], HIV, da [[Tunjere|syphilis]] . Gwaje-gwajen bayan gida na iya haɗawa da gubar CD, ovaries, da ƙwayoyin cuta . Mai bayarwa ɗaya yana ba da najasa ga majiyyaci fiye da ɗaya. Ya kamata a bayar da sabbin gudummawa a ranar magani. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCammarotaIaniroGasbarrini2014">Cammarota, G.; Ianiro, G; Gasbarrini, A (2014). "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection". ''J Clin Gastroenterol''. '''48''' (8): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>702. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046|10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24440934 24440934]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24339998 24339998].</cite></ref> Masu bayar da gudummawa da suka shafi waɗanda aka karɓa yawanci suna nuna ƙimar mafi girma (93%) idan aka kwatanta da masu ba da gudummawa marasa alaƙa (84%). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoughShaikhManges2011">Gough, E.; Shaikh, H.; Manges, AR. (2011). [[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|"Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''53''' (10): <span class="nowrap">994–</span>1002. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|10.1093/cid/cir632]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22002980 22002980].</cite></ref> ==== Damuwa da damuwa ==== Akwai manyan matakan rashin jituwa tsakanin wasu matsalolin kwakwalwa da matsalolin gastrointestinal. Wannan yana ba da goyon baya ga wanzuwar tsarin kwakwalwa-kwakwalwa, wanda ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji na iya yin tasiri ga ci gaban kwakwalwa, aiki, da hali, <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=JR |last2=Borre |first2=Y |last3=O'Brien |first3=C |last4=Patterson |first4=E |last5=El Aidy |first5=S |last6=Deane |first6=J |date=2016 |title=Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioral changes in the rat. |url=https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/11645232/ismej201772 |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=82 |pages=109–118 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019 |pmid=27491067 |s2cid=25368710}}</ref> kuma yana jaddada rawar da yake takawa a cikin cututtukan kwakwalwa, yana mai da dashen najasa hanya mai kyau ta magance wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cryan |first=JF |last2=Dinan |first2=TG |date=2012 |title=Mind altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=701–712 |doi=10.1038/nrn3346 |pmid=22968153 |s2cid=205508120}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCryanDinan2012">Cryan, JF; Dinan, TG (2012). "Mind altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior". ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''. '''13''' (10): <span class="nowrap">701–</span>712. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nrn3346|10.1038/nrn3346]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22968153 22968153]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205508120 205508120].</cite></ref> Microbiota yana daidaita yanayin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis]] (HPA axis), wanda ke sarrafa martani ga damuwa kuma yana daidaita narkewar abinci, tsarin garkuwar jiki, yanayi, da motsin rai. Bugu da ƙari, microbiota na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (CNS), kamar yadda bincike ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanji na iya kunna martanin damuwa ta hanyar jijiyar vagus, wata jijiyar kwanya da ke da alhakin hulɗa da hanyar narkewar abinci. Shaida ta nuna cewa yayin da damuwa na iya shafar abun da ke cikin microbiome, microbiome ɗin kuma yana da tasiri akan amsawar damuwa da hali. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=JA |last2=McVey Neufeld |first2=KA |date=2013 |title=Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=305–312 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 |pmid=23384445 |s2cid=14841718}}</ref> Bincike kan dashen najasa ya nuna cewa bayan an canja wurin najasa daga mai bayarwa zuwa ga wanda ba shi da ƙwayoyin cuta, dabbobin da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke rayuwa a cikinsu, mai karɓa ya fara kwaikwayon yanayin, halayen da ake iya gani, na mai bayarwa. A cikin gwaje-gwaje da aka yi da beraye, mai bayarwa mai kiba ya jagoranci linzamin kwamfuta mai karɓa ya ɗauki yanayin kiba, yayin da mai bayarwa mai ƙarancin nauyi ya haifar da ɗaukar yanayin kiba a cikin mai karɓa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Million |first=M |last2=Lagier |first2=JC |last3=Yahav |first3=D |last4=Paul |first4=M |date=2013 |title=Gut bacterial microbiota and obesity. |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=305–313 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12172 |pmid=23452229 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa ƙwayoyin cuta na mutanen da ke cikin damuwa suna nuna raguwar wadata da bambancin ra'ayi. Musamman ma, an gano lactobacillus da bifidobacterial a matsayin suna da rawar da za su taka wajen daidaita damuwa da halayen damuwa. Lokacin da aka canza abin da ke cikin najasa daga beraye masu baƙin ciki zuwa beraye masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, gwaje-gwajen ɗabi'a suna nuna rashin lafiyar jiki, wata alama ta baƙin ciki; bincike ya kuma gano cewa a cikin canja wurin ƙwayoyin cuta daga dabba mai damuwa zuwa wani magani, mai karɓar magani kuma yana nuna halayen damuwa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa wasu nau'ikan baƙin ciki da damuwa sun dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji, <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=JR |last2=Borre |first2=Y |last3=O'Brien |first3=C |last4=Patterson |first4=E |last5=El Aidy |first5=S |last6=Deane |first6=J |date=2016 |title=Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioral changes in the rat. |url=https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/11645232/ismej201772 |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=82 |pages=109–118 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019 |pmid=27491067 |s2cid=25368710}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKellyBorreO'BrienPatterson2016">Kelly, JR; Borre, Y; O'Brien, C; Patterson, E; El Aidy, S; Deane, J (2016). [https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/11645232/ismej201772 "Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioral changes in the rat"]. ''Journal of Psychiatric Research''. '''82''': <span class="nowrap">109–</span>118. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019|10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27491067 27491067]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25368710 25368710].</cite></ref> don haka ana iya canja su. ==== Autism ==== An danganta ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji da cutar autism (ASD) saboda yawan kamuwa da matsalolin ciki da ke da alaƙa da tsananin ASD. Samfuran beraye na ASD suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan da ba su dace ba a cikin hanji da kuma ɗabi'a. Wani gwaji na asibiti na yara 18 na ASD waɗanda aka yi musu maganin rigakafi na makonni 2, wanke hanji, sannan aka yi musu dashen najasa mai tsawo ya nuna raguwar alamun ciki da kashi 80%. Alamomin ASD na hali suma sun nuna ci gaba mai mahimmanci wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa makonni 8 bayan an gama magani. Waɗannan canje-canjen an danganta su da mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta masu bayarwa da canje-canje masu amfani a cikin yanayin hanji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=DW |last2=Adams |first2=JB |last3=Gregory |first3=AC |date=2017 |title=Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open label study. |journal=Microbiome |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7 |pmc=5264285 |pmid=28122648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Magungunan rigakafi === Probiotics ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu rai ko fungi waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi ga lafiya. Suna da hanyoyi guda uku na tasirin magani: tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfafa rufin hanji, da kuma daidaita garkuwar jiki. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna taimakawa wajen canza da kuma rarraba ƙwayoyin hanji don amfanar lafiyar gaba ɗaya. Tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta yana taimakawa wajen hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya. Probiotics kuma suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa matsewar haɗin gwiwa, hadaddun furotin masu yawa waɗanda ke rufe hanji (da sauran gabobin jiki da sassan jiki) don hana wucewar kayan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> ==== Amfani da lafiya ==== ===== Matsalolin ciki ===== An yi amfani da probiotics wajen magance ko hana ''C. difficile'', cututtukan hanji masu saurin fushi, ciwon hanji mai saurin fushi, rigakafin radiation ko [[chemotherapy]] da ke haifar da sakamako mai tsanani, necrotizing enterocolitis, hepatic encephalopathy, da atopic dermatitis . Nasarar magani ya dogara ne akan ko an ba da nau'ikan guda ɗaya ko gauraye, adadin da aka ɗauka, da takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta. Lactobacillus da Bifidobacterium sune nau'ikan probiotic da aka fi amfani da su. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> ===== Autism ===== Ana nazarin amfani da probiotics a yanayin tunani da autism kuma ya nuna cewa probiotics na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin tunani. An yi amfani da probiotics don canja wurin sinadarai masu jijiyoyi kamar GABA . Akwai shaida cewa katsewar microbiome na iya haɓaka yawan samar da ''Clostridium tetani'', wani ƙwayar cuta mai haifar da neurotoxin wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga alamun autism. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> Wani bincike da aka yi kan wani yaro ɗan shekara 12 da ke fama da ASD, nakasa mai tsanani ta fahimta, da cutar celiac wanda aka yi wa maganin probiotic don celiac ya nuna ci gaba ba zato ba tsammani a cikin alamun autism wanda ya ci gaba da watanni 4 bayan magani. Gudanar da Jadawalin Kula da Ganewar Autism (ADOS) ya nuna raguwar maki 3 (watau ci gaba a cikin alamun autism na asali) a cikin ɓangaren tasirin zamantakewa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Grossi |first=E |last2=Melli |first2=S |last3=Dunca |first3=D |last4=Terruzzi |first4=V |date=2016 |title=Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long term treatment with probiotics |journal=SAGE Open Medical Case Reports |volume=4 |pages=2050313X1666623 |doi=10.1177/2050313X16666231 |pmc=5006292 |pmid=27621806}}</ref> Sakamakon ADOS yawanci ma'auni ne na daidaito na tsananin autism, kuma canji ba zai yiwu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the ADOS |url=https://research.agre.org/program/aboutados.cfm |access-date=2018-06-22 |website=research.agre.org}}</ref> Rahotannin microbiota koyaushe suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin hanjin marasa lafiya da autism idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba sa autism. <ref name=":7" /> A cikin bincike da aka yi wa beraye, maganin probiotic ya rage damuwa da ɗabi'un damuwa, ya mayar da martani ga tasirin rabuwar uwa ga halayen damuwa, ya mayar da martani ga ɗabi'un kumburi da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Wannan shaidar ta nuna cewa maganin probiotic yana da tasirin rage damuwa da kuma rage damuwa . <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=JA |last2=McVey Neufeld |first2=KA |date=2013 |title=Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=305–312 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 |pmid=23384445 |s2cid=14841718}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFosterMcVey_Neufeld2013">Foster, JA; McVey Neufeld, KA (2013). "Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression". ''Trends in Neurosciences''. '''36''' (5): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>312. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005|10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23384445 23384445]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14841718 14841718].</cite></ref> === Sinadarin sinadarai === Sinadaran Synbiotics sun ƙunshi prebiotics da probiotics. Haɗa prebiotics da probiotics yana inganta rayuwa da aikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na probiotic. A cikin synbiotics, prebiotics da probiotics suna aiki tare don samar da fa'ida ta haɗin gwiwa fiye da abin da ɗayan zai iya bayarwa daban-daban. Sinadaran Synbiotics sun nuna sakamako mai kyau akan kiba, ciwon suga, cututtukan hanta mai kitse marasa giya, ciwon enterocolitis na necrotizing a cikin jarirai masu ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, da kuma ciwon hanta. Ana iya amfani da Sinadaran Synbiotics a matsayin matakan rigakafi da kuma maganin warkewa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8apvvt9ddwim6u8nsyfrpp7pqhkwjjo 859057 859055 2026-06-16T20:03:17Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bacteriotherapy''' shine amfani da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ko samfuran su da gangan wajen magance wata cuta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Ronald |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), Bacteriotherapy |url=http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005134/http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |archive-date=23 June 2018 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=American College of Gastronomy}}</ref> Nau'ikan maganin bacteriotherapy sun haɗa da amfani da probiotics, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi ga lafiya lokacin da aka sha; dashen najasa (FMT) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}</ref> / dashen microbiota na hanji (IMT), <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}</ref> canja wurin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji daga najasa na masu ba da gudummawa masu lafiya zuwa ga marasa lafiya da aka karɓa don dawo da ƙwayoyin cuta ; <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> ko synbiotics waɗanda ke haɗa prebiotics, sinadaran da ba za a iya narkewa ba waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani, da probiotics. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}</ref> Ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin, ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji, al'ummar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 300-500 waɗanda ke zaune a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci na dabbobi waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci, adana makamashi, aikin garkuwar jiki da kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta, za a iya sake gina su da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyau, waɗanda kuma suna da tasirin warkewa. <ref name=":1" /> Ana amfani da dashen najasa a matsayin maganin rigakafi ga cututtukan ''C. masu wahala'', wata cuta ta ciki wadda ''Clostridioides difficile'' ke mamaye hanjin wani abu da ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton ƙwayoyin cuta <ref name=":1" /> da kuma haifar da gudawa wanda ka iya zama mai kisa. An kuma fara amfani da maganin bacteriotherapy wajen magance matsalolin kwakwalwa kamar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Anxiety|damuwa]], da kuma matsalar autism . Ana iya amfani da sake gina hanji yadda ya kamata wajen magance matsalolin kwakwalwa saboda kasancewar hanyar hanji-kwakwalwa, hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kwakwalwa da hanji, musamman ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cryan |first=JF |last2=Dinan |first2=TG |date=2012 |title=Mind altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=701–712 |doi=10.1038/nrn3346 |pmid=22968153 |s2cid=205508120}}</ref> == Dashen najasa (FMT) == An fara rubuta dashen najasa a jikin mutane a shekarar 1958. <ref name=":1" /> Hukumar [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta dauki dashen najasa a matsayin magani mai dacewa ga wasu marasa lafiya da ke dauke da ''cutar C. difficile'', <ref name=":0" /> musamman lokacin da maganin da aka saba bai yi nasara ba. <ref name=":1" /> Yana nuna nasarar kashi 90% a gwaje-gwajen asibiti don kamuwa da cutar ''C. difficile'' mai sake dawowa. Ga wasu cututtuka, ana daukarsa a matsayin magani na gwaji kuma ya kamata a yi shi ne kawai a cikin shirin bincike. <ref name=":0" /> Tsarin dashen najasa ya ƙunshi allurar ruwa mai hana ruwa shiga cikin hanjin mara lafiya. Dashen najasa ba ya buƙatar daidaitawa ko danne garkuwar jiki (ba kamar dashen najasa na yau da kullun ba). <ref name=":2" /> Ana iya yin dashen najasa ta hanyar shigar nasogastric, shigar nasojejunal, shigar nasoduodenal, shigar nasoduodenal ta sama, [[Enema|cirewar enema]], cirewar dubura mai laushi, ko kuma duban hanji . <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ana gudanar da bincike don ganin ko za a iya lulluɓe dashen najasa a sha ta baki a matsayin kwaya. <ref name=":0" /> Dashen najasa sabuwar hanya ce ta magani, tare da ƙarancin matsaloli da aka sani zuwa yanzu. An ruwaito ƙananan illoli kamar gudawa mai sauƙi, <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}</ref> maƙogwaro, ciwon ciki, canje-canje a cikin hanji, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Ronald |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), Bacteriotherapy |url=http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005134/http://patients.gi.org/topics/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-fmt-bacteriotherapy/ |archive-date=23 June 2018 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=American College of Gastronomy}}</ref> zubar jini a saman hanji, alamun IBS (ko mai yaɗuwa), maƙarƙashiya, da kuma ciwon hanji mai haushi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san komai ba game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar da ke ɗauke da garkuwar jiki na dogon lokaci. <ref name=":0" /> Ka'idoji sun bambanta dangane da adadin bayan gida da ake dasawa da kuma hanyar jiko. <ref name=":1" /> Ana amfani da sabbin samfuran bayan gida marasa daskarewa fiye da samfuran daskararre. Dashen samfurin da ba a daskarewa ba ya fi kyau a kammala shi cikin awanni 6. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCammarotaIaniroGasbarrini2014">Cammarota, G.; Ianiro, G; Gasbarrini, A (2014). "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection". ''J Clin Gastroenterol''. '''48''' (8): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>702. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046|10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24440934 24440934]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24339998 24339998].</cite></ref> Yawan wankewa da sake dawowa suma sun bambanta dangane da abubuwan da ake amfani da su don yin maganin dashen najasa (ruwa, saline, yogurt, madara ko saline tare da psyllium). Yawan wankewa ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar girma kuma yawan sake dawowa ya ƙaru tare da raguwar yawan dashen najasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoughShaikhManges2011">Gough, E.; Shaikh, H.; Manges, AR. (2011). [[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|"Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''53''' (10): <span class="nowrap">994–</span>1002. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|10.1093/cid/cir632]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22002980 22002980].</cite></ref> === Gudummawar dashen najasa === Dole ne masu bayar da gudummawa su guji amfani da maganin rigakafi na tsawon watanni biyu ko har zuwa watanni shida kafin bayar da bayan gida. Bugu da ƙari, masu bayar da gudummawa ba dole ba ne su kasance suna da tarihin cututtukan ciki. Ana amfani da gwajin jini don tantance masu bayar da gudummawa don [[Cutar hanta A|cutar hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B|B]] da [[Hepatitis C|C]], HIV, da [[Tunjere|syphilis]] . Gwaje-gwajen bayan gida na iya haɗawa da gubar CD, ovaries, da ƙwayoyin cuta . Mai bayarwa ɗaya yana ba da najasa ga majiyyaci fiye da ɗaya. Ya kamata a bayar da sabbin gudummawa a ranar magani. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cammarota |first=G. |last2=Ianiro |first2=G |last3=Gasbarrini |first3=A |date=2014 |title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=J Clin Gastroenterol |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=693–702 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046 |pmid=24440934 |s2cid=24339998}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCammarotaIaniroGasbarrini2014">Cammarota, G.; Ianiro, G; Gasbarrini, A (2014). "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection". ''J Clin Gastroenterol''. '''48''' (8): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>702. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046|10.1097/MCG.0000000000000046]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24440934 24440934]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24339998 24339998].</cite></ref> Masu bayar da gudummawa da suka shafi waɗanda aka karɓa yawanci suna nuna ƙimar mafi girma (93%) idan aka kwatanta da masu ba da gudummawa marasa alaƙa (84%). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=E. |last2=Shaikh |first2=H. |last3=Manges |first3=AR. |date=2011 |title=Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=994–1002 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir632 |pmid=22002980 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGoughShaikhManges2011">Gough, E.; Shaikh, H.; Manges, AR. (2011). [[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|"Systematic Review of Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (Fecal Bacteriotherapy) for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection"]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''53''' (10): <span class="nowrap">994–</span>1002. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/cid/cir632|10.1093/cid/cir632]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22002980 22002980].</cite></ref> ==== Damuwa da damuwa ==== Akwai manyan matakan rashin jituwa tsakanin wasu matsalolin kwakwalwa da matsalolin gastrointestinal. Wannan yana ba da goyon baya ga wanzuwar tsarin kwakwalwa-kwakwalwa, wanda ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji na iya yin tasiri ga ci gaban kwakwalwa, aiki, da hali, <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=JR |last2=Borre |first2=Y |last3=O'Brien |first3=C |last4=Patterson |first4=E |last5=El Aidy |first5=S |last6=Deane |first6=J |date=2016 |title=Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioral changes in the rat. |url=https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/11645232/ismej201772 |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=82 |pages=109–118 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019 |pmid=27491067 |s2cid=25368710}}</ref> kuma yana jaddada rawar da yake takawa a cikin cututtukan kwakwalwa, yana mai da dashen najasa hanya mai kyau ta magance wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cryan |first=JF |last2=Dinan |first2=TG |date=2012 |title=Mind altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=701–712 |doi=10.1038/nrn3346 |pmid=22968153 |s2cid=205508120}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCryanDinan2012">Cryan, JF; Dinan, TG (2012). "Mind altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior". ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience''. '''13''' (10): <span class="nowrap">701–</span>712. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nrn3346|10.1038/nrn3346]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22968153 22968153]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205508120 205508120].</cite></ref> Microbiota yana daidaita yanayin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis]] (HPA axis), wanda ke sarrafa martani ga damuwa kuma yana daidaita narkewar abinci, tsarin garkuwar jiki, yanayi, da motsin rai. Bugu da ƙari, microbiota na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (CNS), kamar yadda bincike ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanji na iya kunna martanin damuwa ta hanyar jijiyar vagus, wata jijiyar kwanya da ke da alhakin hulɗa da hanyar narkewar abinci. Shaida ta nuna cewa yayin da damuwa na iya shafar abun da ke cikin microbiome, microbiome ɗin kuma yana da tasiri akan amsawar damuwa da hali. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=JA |last2=McVey Neufeld |first2=KA |date=2013 |title=Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=305–312 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 |pmid=23384445 |s2cid=14841718}}</ref> Bincike kan dashen najasa ya nuna cewa bayan an canja wurin najasa daga mai bayarwa zuwa ga wanda ba shi da ƙwayoyin cuta, dabbobin da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke rayuwa a cikinsu, mai karɓa ya fara kwaikwayon yanayin, halayen da ake iya gani, na mai bayarwa. A cikin gwaje-gwaje da aka yi da beraye, mai bayarwa mai kiba ya jagoranci linzamin kwamfuta mai karɓa ya ɗauki yanayin kiba, yayin da mai bayarwa mai ƙarancin nauyi ya haifar da ɗaukar yanayin kiba a cikin mai karɓa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Million |first=M |last2=Lagier |first2=JC |last3=Yahav |first3=D |last4=Paul |first4=M |date=2013 |title=Gut bacterial microbiota and obesity. |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=305–313 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12172 |pmid=23452229 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa ƙwayoyin cuta na mutanen da ke cikin damuwa suna nuna raguwar wadata da bambancin ra'ayi. Musamman ma, an gano lactobacillus da bifidobacterial a matsayin suna da rawar da za su taka wajen daidaita damuwa da halayen damuwa. Lokacin da aka canza abin da ke cikin najasa daga beraye masu baƙin ciki zuwa beraye masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, gwaje-gwajen ɗabi'a suna nuna rashin lafiyar jiki, wata alama ta baƙin ciki; bincike ya kuma gano cewa a cikin canja wurin ƙwayoyin cuta daga dabba mai damuwa zuwa wani magani, mai karɓar magani kuma yana nuna halayen damuwa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa wasu nau'ikan baƙin ciki da damuwa sun dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji, <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=JR |last2=Borre |first2=Y |last3=O'Brien |first3=C |last4=Patterson |first4=E |last5=El Aidy |first5=S |last6=Deane |first6=J |date=2016 |title=Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioral changes in the rat. |url=https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/11645232/ismej201772 |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=82 |pages=109–118 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019 |pmid=27491067 |s2cid=25368710}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKellyBorreO'BrienPatterson2016">Kelly, JR; Borre, Y; O'Brien, C; Patterson, E; El Aidy, S; Deane, J (2016). [https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/11645232/ismej201772 "Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioral changes in the rat"]. ''Journal of Psychiatric Research''. '''82''': <span class="nowrap">109–</span>118. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019|10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27491067 27491067]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25368710 25368710].</cite></ref> don haka ana iya canja su. ==== Autism ==== An danganta ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji da cutar autism (ASD) saboda yawan kamuwa da matsalolin ciki da ke da alaƙa da tsananin ASD. Samfuran beraye na ASD suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan da ba su dace ba a cikin hanji da kuma ɗabi'a. Wani gwaji na asibiti na yara 18 na ASD waɗanda aka yi musu maganin rigakafi na makonni 2, wanke hanji, sannan aka yi musu dashen najasa mai tsawo ya nuna raguwar alamun ciki da kashi 80%. Alamomin ASD na hali suma sun nuna ci gaba mai mahimmanci wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa makonni 8 bayan an gama magani. Waɗannan canje-canjen an danganta su da mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta masu bayarwa da canje-canje masu amfani a cikin yanayin hanji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=DW |last2=Adams |first2=JB |last3=Gregory |first3=AC |date=2017 |title=Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open label study. |journal=Microbiome |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7 |pmc=5264285 |pmid=28122648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Magungunan rigakafi === Probiotics ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu rai ko fungi waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi ga lafiya. Suna da hanyoyi guda uku na tasirin magani: tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfafa rufin hanji, da kuma daidaita garkuwar jiki. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna taimakawa wajen canza da kuma rarraba ƙwayoyin hanji don amfanar lafiyar gaba ɗaya. Tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta yana taimakawa wajen hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya. Probiotics kuma suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa matsewar haɗin gwiwa, hadaddun furotin masu yawa waɗanda ke rufe hanji (da sauran gabobin jiki da sassan jiki) don hana wucewar kayan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> ==== Amfani da lafiya ==== ===== Matsalolin ciki ===== An yi amfani da probiotics wajen magance ko hana ''C. difficile'', cututtukan hanji masu saurin fushi, ciwon hanji mai saurin fushi, rigakafin radiation ko [[chemotherapy]] da ke haifar da sakamako mai tsanani, necrotizing enterocolitis, hepatic encephalopathy, da atopic dermatitis . Nasarar magani ya dogara ne akan ko an ba da nau'ikan guda ɗaya ko gauraye, adadin da aka ɗauka, da takamaiman nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta. Lactobacillus da Bifidobacterium sune nau'ikan probiotic da aka fi amfani da su. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> ===== Autism ===== Ana nazarin amfani da probiotics a yanayin tunani da autism kuma ya nuna cewa probiotics na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin tunani. An yi amfani da probiotics don canja wurin sinadarai masu jijiyoyi kamar GABA . Akwai shaida cewa katsewar microbiome na iya haɓaka yawan samar da ''Clostridium tetani'', wani ƙwayar cuta mai haifar da neurotoxin wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga alamun autism. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> Wani bincike da aka yi kan wani yaro ɗan shekara 12 da ke fama da ASD, nakasa mai tsanani ta fahimta, da cutar celiac wanda aka yi wa maganin probiotic don celiac ya nuna ci gaba ba zato ba tsammani a cikin alamun autism wanda ya ci gaba da watanni 4 bayan magani. Gudanar da Jadawalin Kula da Ganewar Autism (ADOS) ya nuna raguwar maki 3 (watau ci gaba a cikin alamun autism na asali) a cikin ɓangaren tasirin zamantakewa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Grossi |first=E |last2=Melli |first2=S |last3=Dunca |first3=D |last4=Terruzzi |first4=V |date=2016 |title=Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long term treatment with probiotics |journal=SAGE Open Medical Case Reports |volume=4 |pages=2050313X1666623 |doi=10.1177/2050313X16666231 |pmc=5006292 |pmid=27621806}}</ref> Sakamakon ADOS yawanci ma'auni ne na daidaito na tsananin autism, kuma canji ba zai yiwu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the ADOS |url=https://research.agre.org/program/aboutados.cfm |access-date=2018-06-22 |website=research.agre.org}}</ref> Rahotannin microbiota koyaushe suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin hanjin marasa lafiya da autism idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba sa autism. <ref name=":7" /> A cikin bincike da aka yi wa beraye, maganin probiotic ya rage damuwa da ɗabi'un damuwa, ya mayar da martani ga tasirin rabuwar uwa ga halayen damuwa, ya mayar da martani ga ɗabi'un kumburi da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Wannan shaidar ta nuna cewa maganin probiotic yana da tasirin rage damuwa da kuma rage damuwa . <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=JA |last2=McVey Neufeld |first2=KA |date=2013 |title=Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=305–312 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 |pmid=23384445 |s2cid=14841718}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFosterMcVey_Neufeld2013">Foster, JA; McVey Neufeld, KA (2013). "Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression". ''Trends in Neurosciences''. '''36''' (5): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>312. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005|10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23384445 23384445]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14841718 14841718].</cite></ref> === Sinadarin sinadarai === Sinadaran Synbiotics sun ƙunshi prebiotics da probiotics. Haɗa prebiotics da probiotics yana inganta rayuwa da aikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na probiotic. A cikin synbiotics, prebiotics da probiotics suna aiki tare don samar da fa'ida ta haɗin gwiwa fiye da abin da ɗayan zai iya bayarwa daban-daban. Sinadaran Synbiotics sun nuna sakamako mai kyau akan kiba, ciwon suga, cututtukan hanta mai kitse marasa giya, ciwon enterocolitis na necrotizing a cikin jarirai masu ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, da kuma ciwon hanta. Ana iya amfani da Sinadaran Synbiotics a matsayin matakan rigakafi da kuma maganin warkewa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=R |last2=DuPont |first2=HL |date=2005 |title=New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ177 |pmc=4490231 |pmid=25922396}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatelDuPont2005">Patel, R; DuPont, HL (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 "New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''60''' (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>121. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ177|10.1093/cid/civ177]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490231 4490231]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922396 25922396].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d8nhhtj41nki0pvayadxti7074fr04k 0 158098 859061 2026-06-16T20:06:47Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347846526|Benefits of physical activity]]" 859061 wikitext text/x-wiki   Motsa jiki yana nufin duk wani motsi na jiki wanda ke kashe kuzari ta hanyar amfani da tsokoki na ƙashi. Wani ɓangare na motsa jiki, [[Motsa jiki]], an bayyana shi a matsayin motsi da aka tsara, tsari, da maimaitawa wanda aka yi niyya don inganta ko kula da lafiyar jiki da lafiyar gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2012 |title=Physical Activity |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/physical-activity-and-obesity/#references |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=Harvard School of Public Health}}</ref> Akwai fa'idodi da yawa na kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da motsa jiki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban abin da ke hana da kuma kula da yanayi daban-daban na lafiya. An nuna cewa motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana taimakawa wajen hana ko jinkirta cututtuka masu ɗorewa kamar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], [[Sankara|wasu cututtukan daji]], [[bugun jini]], da [[hawan jini]] . Hakanan yana da alaƙa da ingantattun sakamakon lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da rage alamun Damuwa da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Most Common Health Issues |url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/senior-health/common-issues/top-ten.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126062237/https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/senior-health/common-issues/top-ten.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=University of Rochester}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-10-29 |title=Benefits of Physical Activity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/benefits/index.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Physical Activity Basics |language=en-us}}</ref> == Adadin da aka ba da shawarar == Ana ba da shawarar yin motsa jiki na tsawon sa'o'i biyu da rabi a kowane mako don rage haɗarin matsalolin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-25 |title=Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64 |url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-guidelines/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=NHS |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=How much physical activity do adults need? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adults/index.htm |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical activity |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=WHO |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, ko da yin ƙaramin motsa jiki ya fi lafiya fiye da yin babu. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-08-14 |title=Small amounts of exercise protect against early death, heart disease and cancer |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/small-amounts-of-exercise-protect-against-early-death-heart-disease-and-cancer/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_59256 |s2cid=260908783 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia L, Pearce M, Abbas A, Mok A, Strain T, Ali S, Crippa A, Dempsey PC, Golubic R, Kelly P, Laird Y, McNamara E, Moore S, de Sa TH, Smith AD, Wijndaele K, Woodcock J, Brage S |date=August 2023 |title=Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of large prospective studies |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=57 |issue=15 |pages=979–989 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669 |pmc=10423495 |pmid=36854652}}</ref> == Fa'idodi nan take == Wasu daga cikin fa'idodin motsa jiki ga lafiyar kwakwalwa suna faruwa ne bayan zaman motsa jiki mai matsakaici zuwa mai ƙarfi. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da inganta tunani ko fahimta ga yara 'yan shekara 6-13, rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]] na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga manya, da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki ga tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Štajer V, Milovanović IM, Todorović N, Ranisavljev M, Pišot S, Drid P |date=2022 |title=Let's (Tik) Talk About Fitness Trends |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |bibcode=2022FrPH...1099949S |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.899949 |pmc=9310012 |pmid=35899151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Motsa jiki na yau da kullun na iya ci gaba da [[Tunani|yin tunani]], koyo, da kuma yanke hukunci mai kyau yayin da shekaru suka yi yawa. Hakanan yana iya rage haɗarin baƙin ciki da damuwa da inganta barci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity Guidelines |url=https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf#page=39 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=health.gov}}</ref> === Gudanar da nauyi === Cin abinci mai gina jiki da motsa jiki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jiki, ko kuma kiyaye nasarar rage kiba. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Physical Activity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=CDC}}</ref> Motsa jiki yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa nauyi ta hanyar amfani da adadin kuzari da ya wuce kima waɗanda da ace za a adana su a matsayin mai . Yawancin ayyuka suna ƙona adadin kuzari, gami da [[Bacci|barci]], [[numfashi]], da narke abinci. Daidaita adadin kuzari da ake sha da adadin kuzarin da ake ƙonawa ta hanyar motsa jiki zai kiyaye nauyin mutum. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Physical Activity and Weight Control |url=https://www.mentalhelp.net/weight-loss/physical-activity-and-weight-control/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=MentalHelp.net - An American Addiction Centers Resource}}</ref> == Fa'idodi na dogon lokaci == Yawan motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, [[Ciwon suga|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], da kuma wasu [[Sankara|cututtukan daji]] . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Physical Activity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=CDC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm "Benefits of Physical Activity"]. ''CDC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> [[Kiba]] cuta ce mai sarkakiya wadda ke shafar metabolism na dukkan jiki kuma tana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (CVD) da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 (T2D). Motsa jiki yana haifar da fa'idodi da yawa na lafiya kuma muhimmin kayan aiki ne don yaƙar [[kiba]] da cututtukan da ke tare da ita, gami da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Motsa jiki yana hana kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kuma muhimmin kayan aiki ne na warkewa don inganta sakamako ga marasa lafiya da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Wasu fa'idodin motsa jiki sun haɗa da haɓaka aikin mitochondrial, dawo da ƙarfi da haɓaka jijiyoyin jini, da kuma sakin myokines daga tsokar ƙashi wanda ke kiyaye ko haɓaka aikin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. A cikin wannan bita, za mu tattauna hanyoyin da motsa jiki ke haɓaka lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da tasiri mai amfani da yawa akan lafiya gaba ɗaya. Duk da cewa rage yawan jiki da ƙiba ba su ne manyan sakamakon motsa jiki ba, motsa jiki na iya magance cututtuka da dama waɗanda ke tare da kiba, gami da T2D da CVD. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa motsa jiki mai ɗorewa yana da alaƙa da raguwar alamun kumburi, inganta lafiyar metabolism, rage haɗarin gazawar zuciya, da inganta rayuwa gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stanford KI, Goodyear LJ |date=December 2014 |title=Exercise and type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle |journal=Advances in Physiology Education |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=308–314 |doi=10.1152/advan.00080.2014 |pmc=4315445 |pmid=25434013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A |year=2018 |title=Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=5 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135 |pmc=6172294 |pmid=30324108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke haifar da ci gaban CVD, amma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi shahara shine salon rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Rayuwa mai zaman kansa na iya kasancewa ta hanyar kiba da kuma ƙarancin motsa jiki akai-akai. Don haka, hanyoyin rayuwa waɗanda ke da nufin ƙara motsa jiki da rage kiba hanyoyi ne masu kyau na warkewa don yaƙar yawancin nau'ikan CVD waɗanda ba a haifa ba. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tasiri akan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini === Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da fa'idodi da yawa na kiwon lafiya don rage ci gaba da haɓaka cututtuka. Gwaje-gwaje da yawa na asibiti sun nuna cewa hanyoyin magance matsalolin rayuwa, gami da motsa jiki matsakaici da [[abinci mai kyau]], suna inganta lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗari. Mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan metabolism waɗanda suka shiga cikin shirin watanni 4 na ko dai abinci (ƙayyade kalori) ko motsa jiki sun rage kiba, raguwar hawan jini na systolic, diastolic, da matsakaicin hawan jini na jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ƙarancin bayanan lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) da ƙarancin yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. Duk hanyoyin magance matsalolin abinci da motsa jiki suna inganta waɗannan sakamakon cututtukan zuciya zuwa makamancin haka. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Nazarce-nazarce da dama da suka gabata sun binciki tasirin abinci da motsa jiki, kai tsaye ko a hade, akan lafiyar metabolism da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kuma sun tabbatar da cewa abinci, motsa jiki, ko hadewar abinci da motsa jiki yana haifar da raguwar nauyi, yana rage kiba, yana rage [[Triglyceride|triglycerides]] na plasma, glucose na plasma, matakan HDL, da hawan jini, kuma yana inganta VO2max. Nazarin ya nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya inganta lafiyar metabolism da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin nauyin jiki ba, gami da ingantaccen glucose homeostasis, aikin endothelial, hawan jini, da matakan HDL. Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna motsa jiki, ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin nauyin jiki ba, yana haifar da ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Kodayake cikakken bincike game da tasirin abinci akan lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ba ya cikin wannan bita, bai kamata a yi watsi da mahimmancin abinci da motsa jiki ba, kamar yadda bincike da yawa suka nuna cewa lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini yana inganta zuwa mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da shirye-shiryen abinci da motsa jiki na hade idan aka kwatanta da ko dai shiga tsakani kawai. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Motsa jiki yana da irin wannan tasiri akan ci gaban zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin mutanen da suka yi kiba da kuma waɗanda suka yi kiba. A cikin wani bincike na shekara 1 da aka yi wa mutanen da ba su da kiba, ƙaruwar kashi 16-20% a cikin kashe kuzari (na kowane irin motsa jiki) ba tare da wani taimakon abinci ba ya haifar da raguwar kitsen jiki da kashi 22.3% da raguwar LDL cholesterol, jimlar cholesterol/HDL rabo, da yawan furotin na C-reactive, duk abubuwan haɗari da ke da alaƙa da CVD. A cikin mutanen da suka yi kiba, watanni 7-9 na motsa jiki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (tafiya ~19)&nbsp;km a kowane mako a 40–55% VO2peak) ya ƙara ƙarfin numfashin zuciya sosai idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba sa motsa jiki. Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna cewa motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin ko tsananin CVD ga mutanen da suka yi kiba, masu kiba, ko kuma waɗanda ke da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> === Gyaran Zuciya === Motsa jiki kuma muhimmin magani ne ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini . Wani bita na tsari na bincike 63 ya gano cewa gyaran zuciya bisa motsa jiki ya inganta aikin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Waɗannan nazarin sun ƙunshi nau'ikan motsa jiki na motsa jiki daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban (daga kashi 50 zuwa 95% VO2), a cikin lokaci mai yawa (watanni 1-47). Gabaɗaya, motsa jiki ya rage mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da CVD sosai, ya rage haɗarin MI, da inganta ingancin rayuwa. Wani bincike ya duba musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da tiyatar atherosclerosis bayan sake fasalin jijiyoyin jini. Marasa lafiya da suka yi motsa jiki na mintuna 60 a kowace rana a kan na'urar auna bugun jini na tsawon makonni 4 sun sami ƙarin yawan kwararar jini (29%) da kuma inganta vasodilatation da ya dogara da endothelium. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shirye-shiryen gyaran motsa jiki na motsa jiki na musamman ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da mummunan bugun zuciya na tsawon shekara 1 bayan tiyatar jijiyoyin jini. Marasa lafiya da suka yi shirin gyaran jiki sun sami ƙaruwar raguwar fitar jini (60.81 vs. 53% ƙungiyar kulawa), ƙaruwar haƙurin motsa jiki, da rage abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini watanni 6 bayan fara shirin gyaran jiki. Wannan ci gaban lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da atherosclerosis ko bayan MI wataƙila sakamakon ƙaruwar bugun zuciya ne sakamakon motsa jiki, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar waɗannan hanyoyin sosai. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna [[gazawar zuciya]] shine rashin haƙuri ga motsa jiki, wanda ya haifar da takardar izinin hutawa ga waɗannan marasa lafiya har zuwa shekarun 1950. Duk da haka, yanzu an nuna cewa shirin gyaran zuciya mai kulawa ta amfani da motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi yana da aminci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya, kuma wannan yanzu ya zama magani mai mahimmanci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya. Nazarin meta da sake dubawa na tsarin sun nuna cewa horar da motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen rayuwa, rage haɗarin [[asibiti]] da raguwar mace-mace na dogon lokaci. Wani bincike da aka yi wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya ya gano cewa motsa jiki mai motsa jiki (tafiya ko hawa keke) a kashi 60-70% na ajiyar bugun zuciya sau 3-5 a mako na tsawon shekaru 3 ya haifar da ingantaccen lafiya da ingancin rayuwa gabaɗaya (wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar tambayar Kansas City Cardiomyopathy da kansa, tambaya mai tambayoyi 23 na takamaiman cuta). Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa gyaran jiki bisa ga motsa jiki a matsakaicin ƙarfi a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya yana inganta lafiyar zuciya kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin juriya da VO2max (ƙarin 12-31%). <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya binciki tasirin motsa jiki mai ƙarfi ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya. Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa makonni 12 na horo mai ƙarfi ( HIIT ) ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya (tare da raguwar <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> == Sauran fa'idodi == === Kasusuwa da tsokoki === Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci don gina ƙasusuwa da tsokoki masu ƙarfi a cikin yara, amma yana da mahimmanci ga tsofaffi. Ƙasusuwa da tsokoki suna aiki tare don tallafawa motsin yau da kullun. Motsa jiki yana ƙarfafa tsokoki. Ƙasusuwa suna daidaitawa ta hanyar gina ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma sakamakon haka, duka suna ƙaruwa. Ƙarfin ƙasusuwa da tsokoki suna kare daga rauni kuma suna inganta daidaito da daidaitawa. Bugu da ƙari, manya masu aiki suna fuskantar ƙarancin taurin haɗin gwiwa da ingantaccen sassauci. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman tare da tsufa, domin yana taimakawa hana faɗuwa da karyewar ƙasusuwa da ka iya faruwa. Ga waɗanda ke fama da ciwon gaɓoɓi, motsa jiki da ke sa tsokoki a kusa da haɗin gwiwa su yi ƙarfi zai iya aiki kamar takalmin gyaran kafa wanda zai mayar da martani ga motsi ba tare da amfani da takalmin gyaran kafa na gaske ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Physical Activity Strengthens Your Bones and Muscles |url=https://raleighboneandjoint.com/news/physical-activity-bones-muscles/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=theboneandjoint.com}}</ref> === Ayyukan yau da kullum === Ikon yin ayyukan yau da kullun da kuma kiyaye 'yancin kai yana buƙatar tsokoki masu ƙarfi, daidaito, da juriya. Motsa jiki ko motsa jiki akai-akai yana taimakawa wajen ingantawa da hana raguwar aikin tsoka, tashi daga kujera ko jingina don ɗaukar wani abu. Matsalolin daidaito na iya rage 'yancin kai ta hanyar tsoma baki cikin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun. Motsa jiki akai-akai na iya inganta daidaito da rage haɗarin faɗuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity and Fall Prevention |url=https://fallpreventiontaskforce.org/fall-prevention-topics/physical-activity-fall-prevention/ |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=Fall prevention task force}}</ref> Motsa jiki akai-akai yana da fa'idodi da yawa ga lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. === Ciwon daji === Motsa jiki yana ƙara damar tsira daga cutar kansa. Idan mutum yana motsa jiki a farkon matakan maganin cutar kansa, yana iya ba da lokaci don rage mummunan tasirin maganin chemotherapy. Hakanan yana inganta ayyukan jiki tare da rage damuwa da gajiya. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller R, Northey J, Toohey K |date=October 2020 |title=Physical Exercise and Cancer: Exploring Chemotherapy Infusion as an Opportunity for Movement |journal=Seminars in Oncology Nursing |volume=36 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.soncn.2020.151068 |pmid=33008684 |s2cid=222159770}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa motsa jiki yana da yuwuwar inganta shan magungunan chemotherapy, godiya ga ƙaruwar zagayawa na gefe. <ref name="auto2" /> Wannan kuma yana yin canje-canje ga jijiyoyin jini na ƙari saboda ƙaruwar bugun zuciya da hawan jini. === bugun jini === Motsa jiki akai-akai da motsa jiki suna rage haɗarin [[Bugun jini|bugun jini na ischemic]] da zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN |date=October 2003 |title=Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis |journal=Stroke |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2475–2481 |doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D |pmid=14500932 |s2cid=2332015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S |date=July 2010 |title=Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9735 |pages=112–123 |bibcode=2010Lanc..376..112O |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3 |pmid=20561675 |s2cid=2753073}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Palstam A, Nyberg F, Berg C, Lissner L, Sunnerhagen KS |date=May 2024 |title=Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Stroke in Sweden |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e2413453 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.13453 |pmc=11137634 |pmid=38809556}}</ref> Akwai alaƙa tsakanin amsawar allurai tsakanin ƙaruwar motsa jiki da haɗarin bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia L, Pearce M, Abbas A, Mok A, Strain T, Ali S, Crippa A, Dempsey PC, Golubic R, Kelly P, Laird Y, McNamara E, Moore S, de Sa TH, Smith AD, Wijndaele K, Woodcock J, Brage S |date=August 2023 |title=Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of large prospective studies |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=57 |issue=15 |pages=979–989 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669 |pmc=10423495 |pmid=36854652 |s2cid=247190993}}</ref> Yin motsa jiki kafin bugun jini yana da alaƙa da raguwar tsananin bugun jini da aka shigar da shi da kuma ingantattun sakamakon bayan bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Reinholdsson M, Danielsson A, Palstam A, Sunnerhagen KS |date=January 2022 |title=Pre-stroke physical activity in relation to post-stroke outcomes - linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): A scoping review |journal=Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine |volume=54 |pages=jrm00251 |doi=10.2340/jrm.v53.51 |pmc=8862654 |pmid=34904691}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke yin motsa jiki akai-akai kafin su fuskanci bugun jini suna nuna ƙarancin alamun bugun jini, ƙananan adadin bugun jini a cikin bugun jini na ischemic, ƙananan adadin hematoma a cikin zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa, da kuma yawan tsira bayan bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hung SH, Kramer S, Werden E, Campbell BC, Brodtmann A |date=2022-02-15 |title=Pre-stroke Physical Activity and Cerebral Collateral Circulation in Ischemic Stroke: A Potential Therapeutic Relationship? |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.804187 |pmc=8886237 |pmid=35242097 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Buvarp D, Reinholdsson M, Danielsson A, Palstam A, Stibrant Sunnerhagen K |date=November 2022 |title=Associations of Prestroke Physical Activity With Stroke Severity and Mortality After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Compared With Ischemic Stroke |journal=Neurology |volume=99 |issue=19 |pages=e2137–e2148 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000201097 |pmc=9651453 |pmid=36344278}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Buvarp D, Danielsson A, Skoglund T, S Sunnerhagen K |date=December 2023 |title=Prestroke physical activity is associated with admission haematoma volume and the clinical outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage |journal=Stroke and Vascular Neurology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=511–520 |doi=10.1136/svn-2023-002316 |pmc=10800276 |pmid=37137521 |s2cid=258464205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yin motsa jiki bayan bugun jini yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen murmurewa da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buvarp D, Viktorisson A, Axelsson F, Lehto E, Lindgren L, Lundström E, Sunnerhagen KS |date=May 2023 |title=Physical Activity Trajectories and Functional Recovery After Acute Stroke Among Adults in Sweden |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=e2310919 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.10919 |pmc=10152305 |pmid=37126346}}</ref> === Yanayin barci === Motsa jiki yana haifar da ƙaruwar zafin jiki, kuma raguwar zafin jiki bayan motsa jiki na iya haifar da yin barci. Motsa jiki kuma na iya rage rashin barci ta hanyar rage alamun tashin hankali, damuwa, da baƙin ciki. Rashin barci yawanci yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar sha'awa, damuwa, da baƙin ciki, kuma motsa jiki yana da tasiri kan rage waɗannan alamun a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exercise and Insomnia - Natural remedy |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/how-does-exercise-help-those-chronic-insomnia |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=sleepfoundation.org}}</ref> Waɗannan batutuwa suna cikin waɗanda suka fi yawa a tsakanin yawancin jama'a. Matsalolin damuwa sune cututtukan kwakwalwa da suka fi yawa a Amurka, suna shafar manya miliyan 40 a Amurka masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, ko kashi 18.1% na yawan jama'a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts & Statistics about anxiety and depression |url=https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=Anxiety and depression association of America}}</ref> Wani bita na 2010 ya nuna cewa motsa jiki gabaɗaya yana inganta barci ga yawancin mutane, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen rashin barci, amma babu isassun shaidu don yanke cikakken bayani game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin motsa jiki da barci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buman MP, King AC |date=2010 |title=Exercise as a Treatment to Enhance Sleep |journal=American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=500–514 |doi=10.1177/1559827610375532 |s2cid=73314918}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lang C, Brand S, Feldmeth AK, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Gerber M |date=August 2013 |title=Increased self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity predict sleep quality among adolescents |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=120 |pages=46–53 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.001 |pmid=23851332 |s2cid=25888079}}</ref> Wani bita da nazari na tsari na 2020 da meta-bincike sun nuna cewa motsa jiki ba shi da alaƙa da barci a cikin yara masu lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Antczak D, Lonsdale C, Lee J, Hilland T, Duncan MJ, Del Pozo Cruz B, Hulteen RM, Parker PD, Sanders T |date=June 2020 |title=Physical activity and sleep are inconsistently related in healthy children: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=51 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101278 |pmid=32155572 |s2cid=212664879}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai binciken bincike da yawa da ke nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan motsa jiki na iya inganta inganci da tsawon lokacin barci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Physical Activity & Sleep: How Sleep Affects the Body |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-activity |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}</ref> A gaskiya ma, wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jami'ar Tarayya ta São Paulo ya kammala da cewa matsakaicin motsa jiki yana haifar da ƙaruwar ingancin barci da tsawon lokacin da manya suka kamu da rashin barci . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=D'Aurea CV, Poyares D, Passos GS, Santana MG, Youngstedt SD, Souza AA, Bicudo J, Tufik S, de Mello MT |date=2018-10-11 |title=Effects of resistance exercise training and stretching on chronic insomnia |journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0030 |pmc=6781703 |pmid=30328967}}</ref> Tsawon lokacin yana nufin sa'o'in barcin da mutum ke yi kowace dare, yayin da ingancin yana nuna yadda yake da kyau ko isa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Quality vs. Sleep Quantity |url=https://www.sleep.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-quantity-different-sleep-quality/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Sleep.org |language=en}}</ref> Samun rashin ingancin barci na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar damuwa ta motsin rai da ƙarancin aiki. Matsalolin [[Magana da Jiki|zamantakewa]] da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan sakamakon na iya bambanta tsakanin manya, matasa, da yara. Wasu daga cikin illolin rashin ingancin barci na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da yanayi kamar hawan jini, ciwon metabolism, har ma da matsalolin da suka shafi nauyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME |date=2017-05-19 |title=Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption |journal=Nature and Science of Sleep |language=English |volume=9 |pages=151–161 |doi=10.2147/NSS.S134864 |pmc=5449130 |pmid=28579842 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9u3eflzysxjvuaongp7gf4yk1k48glv 859063 859061 2026-06-16T20:07:22Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Motsa jiki yana nufin duk wani motsi na jiki wanda ke kashe kuzari ta hanyar amfani da tsokoki na ƙashi. Wani ɓangare na motsa jiki, [[Motsa jiki]], an bayyana shi a matsayin motsi da aka tsara, tsari, da maimaitawa wanda aka yi niyya don inganta ko kula da lafiyar jiki da lafiyar gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2012 |title=Physical Activity |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/physical-activity-and-obesity/#references |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=Harvard School of Public Health}}</ref> Akwai fa'idodi da yawa na kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da motsa jiki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban abin da ke hana da kuma kula da yanayi daban-daban na lafiya. An nuna cewa motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana taimakawa wajen hana ko jinkirta cututtuka masu ɗorewa kamar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], [[Sankara|wasu cututtukan daji]], [[bugun jini]], da [[hawan jini]] . Hakanan yana da alaƙa da ingantattun sakamakon lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da rage alamun Damuwa da damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Most Common Health Issues |url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/senior-health/common-issues/top-ten.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126062237/https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/senior-health/common-issues/top-ten.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=University of Rochester}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-10-29 |title=Benefits of Physical Activity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/benefits/index.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Physical Activity Basics |language=en-us}}</ref> == Adadin da aka ba da shawarar == Ana ba da shawarar yin motsa jiki na tsawon sa'o'i biyu da rabi a kowane mako don rage haɗarin matsalolin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-25 |title=Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64 |url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/exercise-guidelines/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=NHS |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=How much physical activity do adults need? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adults/index.htm |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical activity |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=WHO |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, ko da yin ƙaramin motsa jiki ya fi lafiya fiye da yin babu. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-08-14 |title=Small amounts of exercise protect against early death, heart disease and cancer |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/small-amounts-of-exercise-protect-against-early-death-heart-disease-and-cancer/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_59256 |s2cid=260908783 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia L, Pearce M, Abbas A, Mok A, Strain T, Ali S, Crippa A, Dempsey PC, Golubic R, Kelly P, Laird Y, McNamara E, Moore S, de Sa TH, Smith AD, Wijndaele K, Woodcock J, Brage S |date=August 2023 |title=Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of large prospective studies |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=57 |issue=15 |pages=979–989 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669 |pmc=10423495 |pmid=36854652}}</ref> == Fa'idodi nan take == Wasu daga cikin fa'idodin motsa jiki ga lafiyar kwakwalwa suna faruwa ne bayan zaman motsa jiki mai matsakaici zuwa mai ƙarfi. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da inganta tunani ko fahimta ga yara 'yan shekara 6-13, rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]] na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga manya, da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki ga tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Štajer V, Milovanović IM, Todorović N, Ranisavljev M, Pišot S, Drid P |date=2022 |title=Let's (Tik) Talk About Fitness Trends |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=10 |bibcode=2022FrPH...1099949S |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.899949 |pmc=9310012 |pmid=35899151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Motsa jiki na yau da kullun na iya ci gaba da [[Tunani|yin tunani]], koyo, da kuma yanke hukunci mai kyau yayin da shekaru suka yi yawa. Hakanan yana iya rage haɗarin baƙin ciki da damuwa da inganta barci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity Guidelines |url=https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf#page=39 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=health.gov}}</ref> === Gudanar da nauyi === Cin abinci mai gina jiki da motsa jiki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jiki, ko kuma kiyaye nasarar rage kiba. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Physical Activity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=CDC}}</ref> Motsa jiki yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa nauyi ta hanyar amfani da adadin kuzari da ya wuce kima waɗanda da ace za a adana su a matsayin mai . Yawancin ayyuka suna ƙona adadin kuzari, gami da [[Bacci|barci]], [[numfashi]], da narke abinci. Daidaita adadin kuzari da ake sha da adadin kuzarin da ake ƙonawa ta hanyar motsa jiki zai kiyaye nauyin mutum. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Physical Activity and Weight Control |url=https://www.mentalhelp.net/weight-loss/physical-activity-and-weight-control/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=MentalHelp.net - An American Addiction Centers Resource}}</ref> == Fa'idodi na dogon lokaci == Yawan motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, [[Ciwon suga|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]], da kuma wasu [[Sankara|cututtukan daji]] . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Physical Activity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=CDC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm "Benefits of Physical Activity"]. ''CDC''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> [[Kiba]] cuta ce mai sarkakiya wadda ke shafar metabolism na dukkan jiki kuma tana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (CVD) da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 (T2D). Motsa jiki yana haifar da fa'idodi da yawa na lafiya kuma muhimmin kayan aiki ne don yaƙar [[kiba]] da cututtukan da ke tare da ita, gami da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Motsa jiki yana hana kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kuma muhimmin kayan aiki ne na warkewa don inganta sakamako ga marasa lafiya da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Wasu fa'idodin motsa jiki sun haɗa da haɓaka aikin mitochondrial, dawo da ƙarfi da haɓaka jijiyoyin jini, da kuma sakin myokines daga tsokar ƙashi wanda ke kiyaye ko haɓaka aikin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. A cikin wannan bita, za mu tattauna hanyoyin da motsa jiki ke haɓaka lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da tasiri mai amfani da yawa akan lafiya gaba ɗaya. Duk da cewa rage yawan jiki da ƙiba ba su ne manyan sakamakon motsa jiki ba, motsa jiki na iya magance cututtuka da dama waɗanda ke tare da kiba, gami da T2D da CVD. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa motsa jiki mai ɗorewa yana da alaƙa da raguwar alamun kumburi, inganta lafiyar metabolism, rage haɗarin gazawar zuciya, da inganta rayuwa gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stanford KI, Goodyear LJ |date=December 2014 |title=Exercise and type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle |journal=Advances in Physiology Education |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=308–314 |doi=10.1152/advan.00080.2014 |pmc=4315445 |pmid=25434013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A |year=2018 |title=Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=5 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135 |pmc=6172294 |pmid=30324108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da dama da ke haifar da ci gaban CVD, amma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi shahara shine salon rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Rayuwa mai zaman kansa na iya kasancewa ta hanyar kiba da kuma ƙarancin motsa jiki akai-akai. Don haka, hanyoyin rayuwa waɗanda ke da nufin ƙara motsa jiki da rage kiba hanyoyi ne masu kyau na warkewa don yaƙar yawancin nau'ikan CVD waɗanda ba a haifa ba. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tasiri akan abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini === Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da alaƙa da fa'idodi da yawa na kiwon lafiya don rage ci gaba da haɓaka cututtuka. Gwaje-gwaje da yawa na asibiti sun nuna cewa hanyoyin magance matsalolin rayuwa, gami da motsa jiki matsakaici da [[abinci mai kyau]], suna inganta lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗari. Mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan metabolism waɗanda suka shiga cikin shirin watanni 4 na ko dai abinci (ƙayyade kalori) ko motsa jiki sun rage kiba, raguwar hawan jini na systolic, diastolic, da matsakaicin hawan jini na jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ƙarancin bayanan lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) da ƙarancin yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa. Duk hanyoyin magance matsalolin abinci da motsa jiki suna inganta waɗannan sakamakon cututtukan zuciya zuwa makamancin haka. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Nazarce-nazarce da dama da suka gabata sun binciki tasirin abinci da motsa jiki, kai tsaye ko a hade, akan lafiyar metabolism da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kuma sun tabbatar da cewa abinci, motsa jiki, ko hadewar abinci da motsa jiki yana haifar da raguwar nauyi, yana rage kiba, yana rage [[Triglyceride|triglycerides]] na plasma, glucose na plasma, matakan HDL, da hawan jini, kuma yana inganta VO2max. Nazarin ya nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya inganta lafiyar metabolism da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin nauyin jiki ba, gami da ingantaccen glucose homeostasis, aikin endothelial, hawan jini, da matakan HDL. Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna motsa jiki, ba tare da la'akari da canje-canje a cikin nauyin jiki ba, yana haifar da ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Kodayake cikakken bincike game da tasirin abinci akan lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ba ya cikin wannan bita, bai kamata a yi watsi da mahimmancin abinci da motsa jiki ba, kamar yadda bincike da yawa suka nuna cewa lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini yana inganta zuwa mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da shirye-shiryen abinci da motsa jiki na hade idan aka kwatanta da ko dai shiga tsakani kawai. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Motsa jiki yana da irin wannan tasiri akan ci gaban zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin mutanen da suka yi kiba da kuma waɗanda suka yi kiba. A cikin wani bincike na shekara 1 da aka yi wa mutanen da ba su da kiba, ƙaruwar kashi 16-20% a cikin kashe kuzari (na kowane irin motsa jiki) ba tare da wani taimakon abinci ba ya haifar da raguwar kitsen jiki da kashi 22.3% da raguwar LDL cholesterol, jimlar cholesterol/HDL rabo, da yawan furotin na C-reactive, duk abubuwan haɗari da ke da alaƙa da CVD. A cikin mutanen da suka yi kiba, watanni 7-9 na motsa jiki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (tafiya ~19)&nbsp;km a kowane mako a 40–55% VO2peak) ya ƙara ƙarfin numfashin zuciya sosai idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba sa motsa jiki. Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna cewa motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin ko tsananin CVD ga mutanen da suka yi kiba, masu kiba, ko kuma waɗanda ke da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> === Gyaran Zuciya === Motsa jiki kuma muhimmin magani ne ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini . Wani bita na tsari na bincike 63 ya gano cewa gyaran zuciya bisa motsa jiki ya inganta aikin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Waɗannan nazarin sun ƙunshi nau'ikan motsa jiki na motsa jiki daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban (daga kashi 50 zuwa 95% VO2), a cikin lokaci mai yawa (watanni 1-47). Gabaɗaya, motsa jiki ya rage mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da CVD sosai, ya rage haɗarin MI, da inganta ingancin rayuwa. Wani bincike ya duba musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da tiyatar atherosclerosis bayan sake fasalin jijiyoyin jini. Marasa lafiya da suka yi motsa jiki na mintuna 60 a kowace rana a kan na'urar auna bugun jini na tsawon makonni 4 sun sami ƙarin yawan kwararar jini (29%) da kuma inganta vasodilatation da ya dogara da endothelium. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shirye-shiryen gyaran motsa jiki na motsa jiki na musamman ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da mummunan bugun zuciya na tsawon shekara 1 bayan tiyatar jijiyoyin jini. Marasa lafiya da suka yi shirin gyaran jiki sun sami ƙaruwar raguwar fitar jini (60.81 vs. 53% ƙungiyar kulawa), ƙaruwar haƙurin motsa jiki, da rage abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini watanni 6 bayan fara shirin gyaran jiki. Wannan ci gaban lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da atherosclerosis ko bayan MI wataƙila sakamakon ƙaruwar bugun zuciya ne sakamakon motsa jiki, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar waɗannan hanyoyin sosai. <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna [[gazawar zuciya]] shine rashin haƙuri ga motsa jiki, wanda ya haifar da takardar izinin hutawa ga waɗannan marasa lafiya har zuwa shekarun 1950. Duk da haka, yanzu an nuna cewa shirin gyaran zuciya mai kulawa ta amfani da motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi yana da aminci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya, kuma wannan yanzu ya zama magani mai mahimmanci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya. Nazarin meta da sake dubawa na tsarin sun nuna cewa horar da motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen rayuwa, rage haɗarin [[asibiti]] da raguwar mace-mace na dogon lokaci. Wani bincike da aka yi wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya ya gano cewa motsa jiki mai motsa jiki (tafiya ko hawa keke) a kashi 60-70% na ajiyar bugun zuciya sau 3-5 a mako na tsawon shekaru 3 ya haifar da ingantaccen lafiya da ingancin rayuwa gabaɗaya (wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar tambayar Kansas City Cardiomyopathy da kansa, tambaya mai tambayoyi 23 na takamaiman cuta). Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa gyaran jiki bisa ga motsa jiki a matsakaicin ƙarfi a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya yana inganta lafiyar zuciya kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin juriya da VO2max (ƙarin 12-31%). <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya binciki tasirin motsa jiki mai ƙarfi ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya. Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa makonni 12 na horo mai ƙarfi ( HIIT ) ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da gazawar zuciya (tare da raguwar <ref name="Pinckard_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI |year=2019 |title=Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health |journal=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069 |pmc=6557987 |pmid=31214598 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPinckardBaskinStanford2019">Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 "Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health"]. ''Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine''. '''6''' 69. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069|10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557987 6557987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31214598 31214598].</cite></ref> == Sauran fa'idodi == === Kasusuwa da tsokoki === Motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana da mahimmanci don gina ƙasusuwa da tsokoki masu ƙarfi a cikin yara, amma yana da mahimmanci ga tsofaffi. Ƙasusuwa da tsokoki suna aiki tare don tallafawa motsin yau da kullun. Motsa jiki yana ƙarfafa tsokoki. Ƙasusuwa suna daidaitawa ta hanyar gina ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma sakamakon haka, duka suna ƙaruwa. Ƙarfin ƙasusuwa da tsokoki suna kare daga rauni kuma suna inganta daidaito da daidaitawa. Bugu da ƙari, manya masu aiki suna fuskantar ƙarancin taurin haɗin gwiwa da ingantaccen sassauci. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman tare da tsufa, domin yana taimakawa hana faɗuwa da karyewar ƙasusuwa da ka iya faruwa. Ga waɗanda ke fama da ciwon gaɓoɓi, motsa jiki da ke sa tsokoki a kusa da haɗin gwiwa su yi ƙarfi zai iya aiki kamar takalmin gyaran kafa wanda zai mayar da martani ga motsi ba tare da amfani da takalmin gyaran kafa na gaske ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Physical Activity Strengthens Your Bones and Muscles |url=https://raleighboneandjoint.com/news/physical-activity-bones-muscles/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=theboneandjoint.com}}</ref> === Ayyukan yau da kullum === Ikon yin ayyukan yau da kullun da kuma kiyaye 'yancin kai yana buƙatar tsokoki masu ƙarfi, daidaito, da juriya. Motsa jiki ko motsa jiki akai-akai yana taimakawa wajen ingantawa da hana raguwar aikin tsoka, tashi daga kujera ko jingina don ɗaukar wani abu. Matsalolin daidaito na iya rage 'yancin kai ta hanyar tsoma baki cikin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun. Motsa jiki akai-akai na iya inganta daidaito da rage haɗarin faɗuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physical Activity and Fall Prevention |url=https://fallpreventiontaskforce.org/fall-prevention-topics/physical-activity-fall-prevention/ |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=Fall prevention task force}}</ref> Motsa jiki akai-akai yana da fa'idodi da yawa ga lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. === Ciwon daji === Motsa jiki yana ƙara damar tsira daga cutar kansa. Idan mutum yana motsa jiki a farkon matakan maganin cutar kansa, yana iya ba da lokaci don rage mummunan tasirin maganin chemotherapy. Hakanan yana inganta ayyukan jiki tare da rage damuwa da gajiya. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller R, Northey J, Toohey K |date=October 2020 |title=Physical Exercise and Cancer: Exploring Chemotherapy Infusion as an Opportunity for Movement |journal=Seminars in Oncology Nursing |volume=36 |issue=5 |doi=10.1016/j.soncn.2020.151068 |pmid=33008684 |s2cid=222159770}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa motsa jiki yana da yuwuwar inganta shan magungunan chemotherapy, godiya ga ƙaruwar zagayawa na gefe. <ref name="auto2" /> Wannan kuma yana yin canje-canje ga jijiyoyin jini na ƙari saboda ƙaruwar bugun zuciya da hawan jini. === bugun jini === Motsa jiki akai-akai da motsa jiki suna rage haɗarin [[Bugun jini|bugun jini na ischemic]] da zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN |date=October 2003 |title=Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis |journal=Stroke |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2475–2481 |doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D |pmid=14500932 |s2cid=2332015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S |date=July 2010 |title=Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9735 |pages=112–123 |bibcode=2010Lanc..376..112O |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3 |pmid=20561675 |s2cid=2753073}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Palstam A, Nyberg F, Berg C, Lissner L, Sunnerhagen KS |date=May 2024 |title=Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Stroke in Sweden |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e2413453 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.13453 |pmc=11137634 |pmid=38809556}}</ref> Akwai alaƙa tsakanin amsawar allurai tsakanin ƙaruwar motsa jiki da haɗarin bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia L, Pearce M, Abbas A, Mok A, Strain T, Ali S, Crippa A, Dempsey PC, Golubic R, Kelly P, Laird Y, McNamara E, Moore S, de Sa TH, Smith AD, Wijndaele K, Woodcock J, Brage S |date=August 2023 |title=Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of large prospective studies |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=57 |issue=15 |pages=979–989 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669 |pmc=10423495 |pmid=36854652 |s2cid=247190993}}</ref> Yin motsa jiki kafin bugun jini yana da alaƙa da raguwar tsananin bugun jini da aka shigar da shi da kuma ingantattun sakamakon bayan bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Reinholdsson M, Danielsson A, Palstam A, Sunnerhagen KS |date=January 2022 |title=Pre-stroke physical activity in relation to post-stroke outcomes - linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): A scoping review |journal=Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine |volume=54 |pages=jrm00251 |doi=10.2340/jrm.v53.51 |pmc=8862654 |pmid=34904691}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke yin motsa jiki akai-akai kafin su fuskanci bugun jini suna nuna ƙarancin alamun bugun jini, ƙananan adadin bugun jini a cikin bugun jini na ischemic, ƙananan adadin hematoma a cikin zubar jini a cikin kwakwalwa, da kuma yawan tsira bayan bugun jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hung SH, Kramer S, Werden E, Campbell BC, Brodtmann A |date=2022-02-15 |title=Pre-stroke Physical Activity and Cerebral Collateral Circulation in Ischemic Stroke: A Potential Therapeutic Relationship? |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.804187 |pmc=8886237 |pmid=35242097 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Buvarp D, Reinholdsson M, Danielsson A, Palstam A, Stibrant Sunnerhagen K |date=November 2022 |title=Associations of Prestroke Physical Activity With Stroke Severity and Mortality After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Compared With Ischemic Stroke |journal=Neurology |volume=99 |issue=19 |pages=e2137–e2148 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000201097 |pmc=9651453 |pmid=36344278}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Viktorisson A, Buvarp D, Danielsson A, Skoglund T, S Sunnerhagen K |date=December 2023 |title=Prestroke physical activity is associated with admission haematoma volume and the clinical outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage |journal=Stroke and Vascular Neurology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=511–520 |doi=10.1136/svn-2023-002316 |pmc=10800276 |pmid=37137521 |s2cid=258464205 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yin motsa jiki bayan bugun jini yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen murmurewa da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buvarp D, Viktorisson A, Axelsson F, Lehto E, Lindgren L, Lundström E, Sunnerhagen KS |date=May 2023 |title=Physical Activity Trajectories and Functional Recovery After Acute Stroke Among Adults in Sweden |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=e2310919 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.10919 |pmc=10152305 |pmid=37126346}}</ref> === Yanayin barci === Motsa jiki yana haifar da ƙaruwar zafin jiki, kuma raguwar zafin jiki bayan motsa jiki na iya haifar da yin barci. Motsa jiki kuma na iya rage rashin barci ta hanyar rage alamun tashin hankali, damuwa, da baƙin ciki. Rashin barci yawanci yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar sha'awa, damuwa, da baƙin ciki, kuma motsa jiki yana da tasiri kan rage waɗannan alamun a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exercise and Insomnia - Natural remedy |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/how-does-exercise-help-those-chronic-insomnia |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=sleepfoundation.org}}</ref> Waɗannan batutuwa suna cikin waɗanda suka fi yawa a tsakanin yawancin jama'a. Matsalolin damuwa sune cututtukan kwakwalwa da suka fi yawa a Amurka, suna shafar manya miliyan 40 a Amurka masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, ko kashi 18.1% na yawan jama'a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts & Statistics about anxiety and depression |url=https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=Anxiety and depression association of America}}</ref> Wani bita na 2010 ya nuna cewa motsa jiki gabaɗaya yana inganta barci ga yawancin mutane, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen rashin barci, amma babu isassun shaidu don yanke cikakken bayani game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin motsa jiki da barci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buman MP, King AC |date=2010 |title=Exercise as a Treatment to Enhance Sleep |journal=American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=500–514 |doi=10.1177/1559827610375532 |s2cid=73314918}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lang C, Brand S, Feldmeth AK, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Gerber M |date=August 2013 |title=Increased self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity predict sleep quality among adolescents |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=120 |pages=46–53 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.001 |pmid=23851332 |s2cid=25888079}}</ref> Wani bita da nazari na tsari na 2020 da meta-bincike sun nuna cewa motsa jiki ba shi da alaƙa da barci a cikin yara masu lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Antczak D, Lonsdale C, Lee J, Hilland T, Duncan MJ, Del Pozo Cruz B, Hulteen RM, Parker PD, Sanders T |date=June 2020 |title=Physical activity and sleep are inconsistently related in healthy children: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=51 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101278 |pmid=32155572 |s2cid=212664879}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai binciken bincike da yawa da ke nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan motsa jiki na iya inganta inganci da tsawon lokacin barci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Physical Activity & Sleep: How Sleep Affects the Body |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-activity |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}</ref> A gaskiya ma, wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jami'ar Tarayya ta São Paulo ya kammala da cewa matsakaicin motsa jiki yana haifar da ƙaruwar ingancin barci da tsawon lokacin da manya suka kamu da rashin barci . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=D'Aurea CV, Poyares D, Passos GS, Santana MG, Youngstedt SD, Souza AA, Bicudo J, Tufik S, de Mello MT |date=2018-10-11 |title=Effects of resistance exercise training and stretching on chronic insomnia |journal=Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0030 |pmc=6781703 |pmid=30328967}}</ref> Tsawon lokacin yana nufin sa'o'in barcin da mutum ke yi kowace dare, yayin da ingancin yana nuna yadda yake da kyau ko isa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Quality vs. Sleep Quantity |url=https://www.sleep.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-quantity-different-sleep-quality/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Sleep.org |language=en}}</ref> Samun rashin ingancin barci na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar damuwa ta motsin rai da ƙarancin aiki. Matsalolin [[Magana da Jiki|zamantakewa]] da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan sakamakon na iya bambanta tsakanin manya, matasa, da yara. Wasu daga cikin illolin rashin ingancin barci na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da yanayi kamar hawan jini, ciwon metabolism, har ma da matsalolin da suka shafi nauyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME |date=2017-05-19 |title=Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption |journal=Nature and Science of Sleep |language=English |volume=9 |pages=151–161 |doi=10.2147/NSS.S134864 |pmc=5449130 |pmid=28579842 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fg9q2m0p39b5n17nqbija6wqg37buy6 0 158099 859062 2026-06-16T20:07:21Z Bembety 20498 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302999772|Chimmini Dam]]" 859062 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam din Chimmini |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Chimmini_dam_front_view.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Bayyanar gaba na madatsar ruwan Chimmini</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Fayil:India_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|253x253px|Chimmini Dam is located in India]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:83.264%;left:29.564%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Chimmini Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dam din Chimmini</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin madatsar ruwan Chimmini a Indiya</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nuna Indiya</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Fayil:India_Kerala_relief_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|343x343px|Chimmini Dam is located in Kerala]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:51.218%;left:56.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Chimmini Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dam din Chimmini</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Dam din Chimmini (Kerala) </div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nunawa ta Kerala</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sunan hukuma | class="infobox-data" |Dam din Chimmini |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Thrissur, [[Kerala]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chimmini_Dam&params=10.4391_N_76.4604_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′21′′N</span> <span class="longitude">76°27′37′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4391°N 76.4604°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.4391; 76.4604</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chimmini_Dam&params=10.4391_N_76.4604_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°27′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4391°N 76.4604°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">10.4391; 76.4604</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1996 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai aiki | class="infobox-data" |Gwamnatin [[Kerala]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Halitta | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Chimmini |} '''Chimmini Dam''' tana cikin Echippara a Chalakudy taluk na gundumar Thrissur a jihar Kerala, ƙasar Indiya. An gina ta ne a kan kogin Kurumali, wanda yake reshen kogin Karuvannur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmini Dam project |url=http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/pjt_&_pgm/Chimmini.php |access-date=2010-04-14 |publisher=Dept of Irrigation}}</ref> Chimmini ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girma a gundumar Thrissur. Har ila yau, Chimminy Wildlife Sanctuary yana kusa da madatsar ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmini dam and wildlife sanctuary in Thrissur |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/chimmini-thrissur/57 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> An fara aikin gina madatsar ruwan mai tsawon mita 495 (masonry) da kuma mita 686 (earthen dam) a shekarar 1975, kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1996. Jimillar kuɗin aikin ya kai Rs 59.71 crore, duk da cewa an fara ƙiyasta cewa zai kai Rs 36.15 crore ne kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmini dam cement usage baffles officials |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/10/chimmini-dam-cement-usage-baffles-officials-122297.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723140351/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/10/chimmini-dam-cement-usage-baffles-officials-122297.html |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Wannan tafkin yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido kuma akwai tsalle-tsalle a tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coracle rides to woo tourists at Chimmini reservoir in Thrissur |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/travel/kerala/coracle-rides-to-woo-tourists-at-chimmini-reservoir-in-thrissur-1.4480787 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> An kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1996. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta game da wannan madatsar ruwan shine rashin tsarin tashar. Ruwan da ke cikin tafkin ana samunsa ga filayen Kole da filayen paddy ta hanyar kogi da tsarin tashar da ke akwai ta hanyar mai sarrafawa. Ba a kafa tsarin tashar wucin gadi ba don wannan dalili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary (Timings, Entry Fee & Safari) - Kerala Tourism 2021 |url=https://keralatourism.travel/chimmony-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=keralatourism.travel}}</ref> Koguna daban-daban sun isa tafkin Chimmini. Dam din Chimmini da tafkin suna da iyaka tare da Dam din Mangalam da Parambikkulam Wildlife Reserve . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ആനകളെ കാണും വഴി, രണ്ടു ഡാമുകൾ, സിറ്റിയിൽനിന്ന് ഒരുമണിക്കൂർ അകലെ മാത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-in-wild/2020/03/06/chimmini-dam-and-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Yankin Chimmini ya bazu a kan yanki na murabba'in kilomita 10 a cikin yanki na murada kilomita 85 wanda aka ayyana a matsayin gandun daji a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit these picturesque dams within an hour from Thrissur |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2020/03/13/picturesque-dam-thrissur-in-an-hour.html |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 1984, Gidan Tsaro na namun daji na Chimmini yana kusa da Gidan Tsarkin Peechi-Vazhani kuma yana yada kusan murabba'in kilomita 85,067. Akwai Bamboo Rafting, hanyar tsuntsaye, safari na malam buɗe ido, sana'ar daji da bin dabbobi da sauransu ga masu yawon bude ido. == Aikin wutar lantarki na ruwa == Shirin Chimmini Small Hydro Electric ya yi la'akari da amfani da ruwa daga ruwan Chimminy wanda shine da farko don dalilai na ban ruwa. Ruwa ya fara gudana ta hanyar tsarin penstock wanda ke da tsawon mita 30 zuwa tashar wutar lantarki tare da turbine na 2.5 Megawatt. Bayan samar da wutar lantarki ana samun ruwa don dalilai na ban ruwa kuma yana gudana zuwa tsarin tashar ruwa. Yana samar da raka'a miliyan 6.7 na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara. Ana ciyar da wutar zuwa wani tashar a Puthukkad. [[Fayil:Chimmini-dam-reservoir.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Bayani mai kyau na tafkin madatsar ruwan Chimmini]] == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMX1IBq0sA4 KSEB Telefilm a kan aikin Chimmini hydroelectric] == Manazarta == c6oq2h67onrlmicl52rulsqluuwg3l8 0 158100 859068 2026-06-16T20:17:04Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358653539|Refugee health in the United States]]" 859068 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana buƙatar la'akari na musamman don samar da ingantaccen magani ga 'yan gudun hijirar da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, waɗanda galibi ke fuskantar mawuyacin hali, abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da/ko na rauni, da kuma tafiya ta cikin yankuna masu haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Bigot |last2=L |first2=Blok |last3=M |first3=Boelaert |last4=Y |first4=Chartier |last5=P |first5=Corijn |last6=A |first6=Davis |last7=M |first7=Deguerry |last8=T |first8=Dusauchoit |last9=F |first9=Fermon |date=January 1986 |title=Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations. |url=https://www.popline.org/node/272816 |journal=Voprosy Virusologii |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=262–274}}</ref> Irin waɗannan la'akari sun haɗa da tantance cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, allurar rigakafi, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]], da [[Bincike daban-daban na baƙin ciki|baƙin ciki]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Porter |first=Matt |last2=Haslam |first2=Nick |date=2001-10-01 |title=Forced displacement in Yugoslavia: A meta-analysis of psychological consequences and their moderators |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1023/A:1013054524810 |issn=1573-6598 |pmid=11776427 |s2cid=41804120}}</ref> [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tana da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na tantance lafiya ga 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi da ke shigowa ƙasar. Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Tarayya ta 1980 ta ba Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka damar sauƙaƙe gwajin lafiya ga duk baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira kafin su bar ƙasarsu ta asali. Ofishin Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira (ORR) ne ke kula da wannan aikin tantancewa, wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (HHS) ke kula da shi kuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa. A ƙasashen da suka fito da kuma bayan sun isa Amurka, 'yan gudun hijira kan fuskanci cikas wajen samun kulawar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Overcoming migrants' barriers to health |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/08-020808/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204114233/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/08-020808/en/ |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |access-date=2017-03-24 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A ƙasashen da suka fito, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da ƙarancin albarkatun kiwon lafiya na iya hana su samun kulawar da ake buƙata kafin su tafi. Sau da yawa, rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya yana haifar da ƙaruwar yiwuwar kamuwa da manyan cututtuka idan aka kwatanta da sauran baƙi. <ref name="coo">{{Cite journal |last=Kotovicz |first=Fabiana |last2=Getzin |first2=Anne |last3=Vo |first3=Thy |date=2018 |title=Challenges of Refugee Health Care: Perspectives of Medical Interpreters, Case Managers, and Pharmacists |url=https://digitalrepository.aurorahealthcare.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1577&context=jpcrr |journal=Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.17294/2330-0698.1577 |pmc=6664339 |pmid=31413994}}</ref> Da isowar Amurka, shingayen kiwon lafiya, gami da shingayen fahimta, tsari, da na kuɗi na iya iyakance samun kulawar da ta dace, dacewa, da kuma ta al'ada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Meghan D. |last2=Popper |first2=Steve T. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Brodine |first4=Stephanie K. |last5=Brouwer |first5=Kimberly C. |date=2017-04-08 |title=Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=2778771 |pmid=19705264}}</ref> An ba da shawarar shirye-shirye kamar ayyukan fassarar bidiyo, kulawar rigakafi, da azuzuwan harshen Ingilishi don yaƙar waɗannan shingayen. <ref name="eoo">{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Meghan D. |last2=Popper |first2=Steve T. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Brodine |first4=Stephanie K. |last5=Brouwer |first5=Kimberly C. |date=December 2009 |title=Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=2778771 |pmid=19705264}}</ref> <ref name="moo">{{Cite journal |last=Ineza |first=Darlene |last2=Fairfield |first2=Kathleen |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access for New Mainers |url=https://community.bowdoin.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Major-Barriers-to-Healthcare-Access-for-New-Mainers-2-1.pdf |pages=1–35}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira == Saboda yanayi na gaggawa na tafiyarsu daga ƙasashen da suka fito, 'yan gudun hijira galibi suna rasa damar samun bayanan lafiyarsu, kuma ci gaba da kulawa yana da wuya a tabbatar da ci gaba da kulawa da zarar sun shiga Amurka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=R. |date=September 2006 |title=Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services |journal=Public Health |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014 |pmid=16876836}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yanayin rayuwa na sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira ko rashin tsaro a gidaje lokacin da suka zo Amurka yana ƙara shafar lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta hanyar saka su cikin al'ummomi ko yanayi inda samun damar kulawa ke da iyaka. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Gilhooly |first=Daniel |last2=Lee |first2=Eunbae |date=2017-05-12 |title=Rethinking Urban Refugee Resettlement: A Case Study of One Karen Community in Rural Georgia, USA. |journal=International Migration |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=37–55 |doi=10.1111/imig.12341 |issn=0020-7985}}</ref> Wannan babbar matsala ce, musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira masu fama da matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullun da na kwakwalwa. <ref name=":1" /> Ba kamar yawancin 'yan gudun hijira ba, lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira tana da matukar damuwa saboda yanayin shige da ficensu ya haɗa da abubuwan da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyarsu ta jiki ko ta kwakwalwa. <ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bayan isowa Amurka, 'yan gudun hijira na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawa saboda ƙarancin ƙwarewar Turanci da rashin tabbas game da yadda za su bi tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka. Da zarar sun sami kulawa, tabbatar da cewa maganin da 'yan gudun hijira ke samu ya dace da al'ada na iya zama wani cikas ga kiyaye rayuwa mai kyau bayan sake tsugunar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philbrick |first=Ann M. |last2=Wicks |first2=Cherilyn M. |last3=Harris |first3=Ila M. |last4=Shaft |first4=Grant M. |last5=Van Vooren |first5=James S. |date=May 2017 |title=Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again] |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303740 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=5388985 |pmid=28398805}}</ref> Akwai matsaloli daban-daban da ke hana samun kulawar lafiya da kuma cimma magani ko ayyukan da 'yan gudun hijira da yawa ke fuskanta lokacin shiga ƙasar. A ƙoƙarin samun kulawa, samun takaddun da suka dace na iya sa ya yi wuya a cancanci samun kulawa tun farko. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Tiffany D. |date=2017-10-01 |title=Falling through the Coverage Cracks: How Documentation Status Minimizes Immigrants' Access to Health Care |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=961–984 |doi=10.1215/03616878-3940495 |issn=0361-6878 |pmid=28663178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da takardu, bincika tsarin kiwon lafiya da manufofin inshorar lafiyarsu na iya sa samun magani ya zama mai rikitarwa da wahala. Tsarin inshorar lafiya na Amurka yana da rikitarwa - musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira - domin suna samun kulawa ta gabaɗaya na watanni 8 kawai bayan sake tsugunar da su kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tarayya, masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin wannan tsari. <ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMirzaLunaMathewsHasnain2014">Mirza, Mansha; Luna, Rene; Mathews, Bhuttu; Hasnain, Rooshey; Hebert, Elizabeth; Niebauer, Allison; Mishra, Uma Devi (August 2014). "Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest". ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''16''' (4): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>742. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5|10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-1912 1557-1912]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24052476 24052476]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5642334 5642334].</cite></ref> Idan mutane suna buƙatar kowane nau'i na kulawa ta musamman, yana da wuya a samu. <ref name=":45" /> Da zarar an sami inshora, amfani da kulawar da ake da ita yana haifar da wasu cikas. Harshe na iya zama wani ƙalubale, domin idan mutum bai iya yin magana da mai ba shi magani ba, samun magani mai dacewa yana da wahala. Samun damar yin magana da mai fassara da wanda ke jin yaren da ya dace gabaɗaya abu ne da ba a saba gani ba. <ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMirzaLunaMathewsHasnain2014">Mirza, Mansha; Luna, Rene; Mathews, Bhuttu; Hasnain, Rooshey; Hebert, Elizabeth; Niebauer, Allison; Mishra, Uma Devi (August 2014). "Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest". ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''16''' (4): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>742. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5|10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-1912 1557-1912]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24052476 24052476]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5642334 5642334].</cite></ref> Mutane da yawa suna ganin yana da wahala su sami kuɗi da hanyoyin sufuri don samun inshora da magani. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Navuluri |first=Neelima |date=Summer 2014 |title=Assessing Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees Living in San Antonio, Texas. |url=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=36f7c528-5371-45c9-ae3a-98d310550128%40sessionmgr4009 |journal=Texas Public Health Journal |volume=66 |pages=5–9}}</ref> A yanayin magani, musamman tsakanin mutanen da ke da cututtukan lafiya na yau da kullun ko na kwakwalwa, samun kulawa da ta dace da al'ada na iya shafar ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira tare da kiwon lafiya. Bambanci a cikin asalin al'adu da gogewa na iya nufin cewa 'yan gudun hijira na iya samun ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da lokacin da za su nemi kulawa, tantance damuwar lafiya da magani da ke da alaƙa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Worabo |first=Heidi |date=July–August 2016 |title=Understanding Refugees' Perceptions of Health Care in the United States |journal=The Journal for Nurse Practitioners |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.04.014}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa ba su da sha'awar samun kulawa saboda tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka ba zai iya daidaitawa da imaninsu ko dabi'u na al'ada ba. <ref name=":45" /> A cikin wani bincike na 2017, gwagwarmayar wata mace 'yar Somaliya don samun magungunan da suka dace da al'ada don girmama imaninta na addini misali ne na yadda kulawa da magani da suka dace da al'ada ke hana 'yan gudun hijira samun kulawar da ta dace ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Phillbrick |first=Anne |date=May 2017 |title=Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again] |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303740 |pmc=5388985 |pmid=28398805}}</ref> Da yake ana tunin waɗannan shingayen, akwai matakai da ake ɗauka don inganta tsarin neman kulawa da kuma haɓaka kyakkyawar ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya. Misali, akwai mutane waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin "dillalan al'adu" don taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira su sami damar yin ayyukan likita, nemo shagunan magani, koyo game da magungunansu, da kuma tsara lokacin da za a bi su. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Clea A. |last2=Morland |first2=Lyn |date=2017-04-09 |title=The Health of the Newest Americans: How US Public Health Systems Can Support Syrian Refugees |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=13–15 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302975 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=4695930 |pmid=26696285}}</ref> Samar da sadarwa tsakanin masu tsara manufofi, masu samar da kulawar lafiya ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma 'yan gudun hijira na iya ba da damar inganta sakamakon manufofin lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name=":3" /> Haka kuma, tabbatar da cewa 'yan gudun hijira sun sami ci gaba da cikakken kimanta lafiyarsu ta hankali da ta jiki, kayan haɓaka lafiya a cikin harshensu, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ƙwararru (musamman a lokutan azabtarwa ko tashin hankali) na iya inganta matsayin lafiya tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=R. |date=September 2006 |title=Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services |journal=Public Health |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014 |pmid=16876836}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFeldman2006">Feldman, R. (September 2006). "Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services". ''Public Health''. '''120''' (9): <span class="nowrap">809–</span>816. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014|10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876836 16876836].</cite></ref> Babban abin da 'yan gudun hijira ke samu a fannin kiwon lafiya shine inshorar jama'a maimakon na sirri, kuma yawancin wannan kiwon lafiya yana samuwa nan da nan bayan isowa da sake tsugunar da su, amma yana da wahala a samu daga baya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Yun |first=Katherine |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |author-link2=Elena Fuentes-Afflick |last3=Desai |first3=Mayur M. |date=2012-04-22 |title=Prevalence of Chronic Disease and Insurance Coverage among Refugees in the United States |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=933–940 |doi=10.1007/s10903-012-9618-2 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=22527741 |s2cid=12628549}}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa === Tun daga shekarar 1997, ana buƙatar jihohi su samar da cikakken gwajin lafiya ga duk sabbin 'yan gudun hijira da suka shigo Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da kimantawar kwakwalwa, da kuma gwajin jiki. Wannan hanyar ta haifar da adadi mai yawa na tura marasa lafiya da magunguna, wanda ke nuna buƙatar ƙarin tallafin tunani ga sabbin 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savin |first=Daniel |last2=Seymour |first2=Deborah J. |last3=Littleford |first3=Linh Nguyen |last4=Bettridge |first4=Juli |last5=Giese |first5=Alexis |year=2005 |title=Findings from Mental Health Screening of Newly Arrived Refugees in Colorado |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=224–229 |doi=10.1177/003335490512000303 |jstor=20056782 |pmc=1497730 |pmid=16134561}}</ref> Yanayin kwakwalwa da aka fi ganowa a cikin 'yan gudun hijira shine [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD)]], wanda yawanci sakamakon tashin hankali ne. Masana sun gano cewa maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana ɗaukar serotonin, da kuma maganin fahimta, magunguna ne masu tasiri yayin sake tsugunar da jama'a. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin kulawar tabin hankali da ta dace da al'ada wanda ke hana isasshen magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Kristina M. |last2=Gardiner |first2=Lorin D. |last3=Assefi |first3=Nassim |year=2004 |title=Healthcare challenges from the developing world: Post-immigration refugee medicine |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=328 |issue=7455 |pages=1548–1552 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1548 |jstor=41708113 |pmc=437153 |pmid=15217874}}</ref> Lafiyar kwakwalwar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasance matsala tun bayan sake tsugunar da su a Amurka. '''Abokan ciniki da aka sake tsugunar da su galibi suna fuskantar damuwa waɗanda aka raba su zuwa manyan rukuni biyu a cikin 'yan gudun hijira: masu damuwa kafin ƙaura da masu damuwa bayan ƙaura. Masu damuwa kafin ƙaura galibi suna da abubuwan da za su iya haifar da rauni a ƙasar da mutum ya fito, galibi sun haɗa da dalilai masu ƙarfi na neman mafaka. A gefe guda kuma, masu damuwa bayan ƙaura sun ƙunshi abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa da damuwa a cikin ƙasar da suka fito.''' 'Yan gudun hijira galibi suna fuskantar ƙarin rauni na hankali bayan ƙaura saboda ƙiyayya daga 'yan asalin ƙasar, ko ma hukumomi a cibiyoyin tsare mutane da tashoshin shiga, wanda ke ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar dogon lokacin jira don yanke shawara kan neman mafaka. Wannan tsari gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar daga watanni 18 zuwa sama da shekaru biyu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Karmi |first=Ghada |year=1992 |title=Refugee Health: Requires a Comprehensive Strategy |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=305 |issue=6847 |pages=205–206 |doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6847.205 |jstor=29716400 |pmc=1882660 |pmid=1392817}}</ref> A cikin wani bincike da aka yi kan 'yan gudun hijirar Cambodia (ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka), an gano cewa, duk da wucewar sama da shekaru ashirin tun ƙarshen yakin basasar Cambodia da sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka, membobin ƙungiyar suna ci gaba da samun yawan cututtukan tabin hankali da ke da alaƙa da rauni. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Grant N. |date=2005-08-03 |title=Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=5 |pages=571–9 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.5.571 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=16077051 |doi-access=}}</ref> A cikin ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Cambodia, yawan masu fama da cutar PTSD da kuma babban baƙin ciki yana da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar tsufa, rashin iya magana da Turanci, rashin aikin yi, yin ritaya ko nakasa, da kuma rayuwa cikin talauci. <ref name=":2" /> Masu bincike sun gano wasu abubuwa da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin 'yan gudun hijira, ciki har da shingayen harshe, rabuwar iyali, ƙiyayya, ware kai, da rauni kafin ƙaura. Duk da haka, likitoci kaɗan ne a Amurka ke da kayan aiki don magance waɗannan batutuwa, don haka, an yi kira ga dabarun kula da lafiya na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira wanda ke tabbatar da daidaiton damar yin ayyuka ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma horo na duniya ga likitoci don magance yanayi da yanayi na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name=":4" /> Shingaye da dama suna hana ka'idojin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Yamma da rarrabuwa yadda ya kamata su kimantawa da kuma kula da 'yan gudun hijira. Misali, baƙin ciki da rashin kwanciyar hankali galibi ana kiransu da baƙin ciki a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Yamma. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar samun albarkatun lafiyar kwakwalwa sau da yawa yana iyakance lokaci ga sabbin 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ke haifar da wani ƙalubale ga ƙwararrun lafiya da ke ƙoƙarin bayar da kulawa mai inganci da ta dace da al'ada, wanda ke la'akari da tarihi da bambancin al'adu na 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Kate E. |last2=Davidson |first2=Graham R. |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Robert D. |year=2010 |title=Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: Best practices and recommendations |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=576–585 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x |pmc=3727171 |pmid=20950298}}</ref> '''Hanyoyin magance takamaiman buƙatun lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka sake tsugunar da su sun mayar da hankali kan tsare-tsare masu ba da shawara kan raunin da ya faru tare da jigogi masu mahimmanci a cikin "ba da damar aminci, aminci, zaɓi, ƙarfafawa, da haɗin gwiwa." Duk da cewa da gangan tsarin cikakke ne, an yi suka kan kulawar da ta ba da shawara kan raunin da ya faru saboda ƙuntatawa na neoliberal wanda galibi yana rage ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira zuwa buƙatun likita na mutum ɗaya.''' <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Nancy |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Beyond medicalized approaches to violence and trauma: Empowering social work practice |journal=Journal of Social Work |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=567–585 |doi=10.1177/14680173221144557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Wannan ya fi yawa dangane da matsalolin bayan ƙaura, inda yawancin masu mayar da hankali kan raunin da ya faru sun mayar da hankali kan fallasa yaƙi kan lafiyar kwakwalwa.''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byron |first=Yulisha |date=2022 |title=Profiles of post-migration stressors and mental health in refugees: A latent class analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178122001081 |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=311 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114494 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> '''Masana sun kuma haɗa alaƙa tsakanin masu damuwa bayan ƙaura ko "masu damuwa na yau da kullun" da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka ƙara ta'azzara tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira. Waɗannan sukar sun haifar da haɓaka haɗa hanyoyin "masu ba da shawara kan tashin hankali da tashin hankali" ga ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa na 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke da nufin amincewa da tushen masu damuwa kan tunani a cikin rashin daidaito na tsari, al'adu, da tsarin. Wannan ya haɗa da amincewa da gogewar wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da sauran rashin adalci na tsarin.''' <ref name=":8" /> A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013, mata 'yan Latino (Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, ko wasu) sun fuskanci matsaloli sosai sakamakon matakan da aka dauka kafin su yi hijira (ƙaura da kuma ƙaura ba tare da shiri ba) wanda ya haifar da ƙarin matsalolin tunani, amma ba mazan Latino ba. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa maza da mata sun fi samun rahoton rashin lafiyar jiki ko ta jiki idan suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Jacqueline M. |last2=Wallace |first2=Steven P. |year=2013 |title=Migration Circumstances, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Physical Health for Latino Immigrants in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=9 |pages=1619–1627 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301195 |pmc=3966681 |pmid=23865667}}</ref> === Lafiyar hakori === Rashin lafiyar baki shine matsalar da ta fi shafar lafiyar yara 'yan gudun hijira kuma ita ce matsalar lafiya ta biyu da ta fi kamari a tsakanin manya 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cote |first=S. |last2=Geltman |first2=P. |last3=Nunn |first3=M. |last4=Lituri |first4=K. |last5=Henshaw |first5=M. |last6=Garcia |first6=R.I. |date=2004 |title=Dental caries of refugee children compared with US children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0496 |pmid=15574605 |doi-access=}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da ke haifar da haɗari <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linden |first=Gerard J. |last2=Lyons |first2=Amy |last3=Scannapieco |first3=Frank A. |date=April 2013 |title=Periodontal systemic associations: review of the evidence |journal=Journal of Clinical Periodontology |volume=40 |pages=S8–S19 |doi=10.1111/jcpe.12064 |issn=0303-6979 |pmid=23627336 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rushewar hakori|Ciwon hakori]], ko lalacewar hakora yana sanya yaran 'yan gudun hijira cikin haɗarin fuskantar ciwon baki, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, ƙaruwar nauyi a hankali, matsalolin magana, da wahalhalun koyo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marinho |first=Valeria CC |last2=Chong |first2=Lee Yee |last3=Worthington |first3=Helen V |last4=Walsh |first4=Tanya |date=2016-07-29 |title=Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd002284.pub2 |issn=1465-1858 |pmc=6457869 |pmid=27472005}}</ref> 'Yan gudun hijira daga asalin Hispanic da Asiya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hakori, sai kuma waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen Afirka, Gabashin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crespo |first=Eileen |date=2019-09-09 |title=The Importance of Oral Health in Immigrant and Refugee Children |journal=Children |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=102 |doi=10.3390/children6090102 |issn=2227-9067 |pmc=6770947 |pmid=31505903 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An nuna cewa yaran 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka suna da ƙarancin lafiyar baki a matsakaici, saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da ƙasar da suka fito, ilimin iyaye, canjin abinci mai mahimmanci, samun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na baki na gargajiya daga ƙasarsu, lokacin da aka ɓata a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, da samun damar kula da hakori sau ɗaya a Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riggs |first=E |last2=Rajan |first2=S |last3=Casey |first3=S |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=N |date=2016-08-01 |title=Refugee child oral health |journal=Oral Diseases |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1111/odi.12530 |issn=1354-523X |pmid=27385659 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reza |first=Mona |last2=Amin |first2=Maryam S. |last3=Sgro |first3=Adam |last4=Abdelaziz |first4=Angham |last5=Ito |first5=Dick |last6=Main |first6=Patricia |last7=Azarpazhooh |first7=Amir |date=2016-02-01 |title=Oral Health Status of Immigrant and Refugee Children in North America: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of the Canadian Dental Association |volume=82 |pages=g3 |issn=1488-2159 |pmid=27548669}}</ref> A cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka, samun damar yin ayyukan rigakafi da na gyara hakori yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin lafiyar baki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=Raul I. |last2=Cadoret |first2=Cynthia A. |last3=Henshaw |first3=Michelle |date=April 2008 |title=Multicultural Issues in Oral Health |journal=Dental Clinics of North America |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1016/j.cden.2007.12.006 |issn=0011-8532 |pmc=2365923 |pmid=18329446}}</ref> Saboda sarkakiyar waɗannan shingen, galibi ana gano matsalolin lafiyar baki a makare kuma yara ba sa samun kulawa sosai bayan sun kammala karatunsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connor |first=Ann |last2=Page Layne |first2=Laura |last3=Ellis Hilb |first3=Laura |date=2014-03-12 |title=A narrative literature review on the health of migrant farm worker children in the USA |journal=International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1108/IJMHSC-07-2013-0019 |issn=1747-9894}}</ref> Samun damar lafiya yana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar ƙarancin karatu, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da inshora. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=National Institute Of Dental Craniofacial Research |first=National Institute of Health |date=September 2005 |title=The Invisible Barrier: Literacy and Its Relationship with Oral Health. |journal=Journal of Public Health Dentistry |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=174–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-7325.2005.tb02808.x |issn=0022-4006 |pmid=16171263}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Telford |first=Claire |last2=Coulter |first2=Ian |last3=Murray |first3=Liam |date=January 2011 |title=Exploring Socioeconomic Disparities in Self-Reported Oral Health Among Adolescents in California |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/789449/Exploring%20socioeconomic%20disparities%20in%20self-reported%20oral%20health%20among%20adolescents%20in%20California%20-%20JADA%202011%20-%20Murray%20LJ..pdf |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0031 |issn=0002-8177 |pmid=21193770 |s2cid=31477615}}</ref> Akwai ƙalilan shaidu da ke goyon bayan hanyoyin kula da lafiyar baki na yanzu ga yaran 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka, tare da rashin shiga cikin lamarin babban cikas ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riggs |first=E. |last2=Rajan |first2=S. |last3=Casey |first3=S. |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=N. |date=2017 |title=Refugee child oral health |journal=Oral Diseases |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1111/odi.12530 |issn=1601-0825 |pmid=27385659 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Gubar gubar === [[Guba na gubar|Gubar gubar gubar]] wata muhimmiyar matsala ce ta lafiya ga yara a duk faɗin duniya. Yawan karuwar sinadarin gubar a jini (watau BLLs ≥ 10)&nbsp;μg/dL) tsakanin yaran 'yan gudun hijira da aka sake tsugunar da su ya fi yawa fiye da kashi 2.2% na yaran Amurka. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/refugee%20recommendations.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a Massachusetts a shekarar 2001 ya gano cewa har zuwa kashi 27% na yaran 'yan gudun hijira da suka shigo da cutar BLL mai yawa, wanda hakan ya sanya 'yan gudun hijirar zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fuskantar haɗari. 'Yan gudun hijira na iya fuskantar gubar daga wasu tushe da dama waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da: man fetur mai guba, magungunan ganye, [[Kwalliya|kayan kwalliya]], kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke ɗauke da gubar, masana'antun gida waɗanda ke amfani da gubar ba tare da haɗari ba, da kuma ƙayyadadden ƙa'idojin hayaki daga manyan masana'antu. Mummunan tasirin gubar ga yara na iya faruwa ba tare da wata alama ba kuma gwajin gubar jini shine kawai hanyar da za a iya tantance fallasa ko guba. Ana magance gubar gubar ta hanyar gano tushen gubar, kawar da wannan tushen, da kuma karɓar gwaji akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa matakan gubar jini suna raguwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Health |first=National Center for Environmental |title=CDC - Lead - Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children: Tool Kit |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/refugeetoolkit/refugee_tool_kit.htm |access-date=2017-04-10 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Ga matakan gubar jini masu yawa (watau, BLLs ≥ 45&nbsp;μg/dL), ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin chelation ga yaran 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oral Chelation Therapy for Patients with Lead Poisoning |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> CDC ta ba da shawarar yin gwajin gubar ga sabbin yaran 'yan gudun hijira da suka isa ƙasa da shekara 16. <ref name=":03" /> Jagororin gwaji sun bambanta a tsakanin jihohi, tun daga gwajin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara shida zuwa iyakokin shekarun CDC na gwajin waɗanda ba su kai shekara 16 ba. === Mace-macen jarirai === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa jariran da mata 'yan ci-rani 'yan Mexico suka haifa a Amurka sun sami ƙarancin mace-mace da kashi 10% idan aka kwatanta da jarirai da aka haifa wa matan da ba 'yan Hispanic ba a Amurka. Wannan binciken ya ƙara goyon bayan wannan [[Rashin jituwa na Hispanic|rashin jituwa tsakanin 'yan Hispanic]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hummer |first=Robert A. |last2=Powers |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Pullum |first3=Starling G. |last4=Gossman |first4=Ginger L. |last5=Frisbie |first5=W. Parker |date=1 August 2007 |title=Paradox found (again): Infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the united states |journal=Demography |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=441–457 |doi=10.1353/dem.2007.0028 |pmc=2031221 |pmid=17913005}}</ref> Duk da cewa al'ummomin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinu suna fuskantar wahalhalun tattalin arziki da kuma yawan haihuwa, yawan mace-macen jarirai da yaransu yana cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasashen Larabawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madi |first=Haifa H |date=July 2000 |title=Infant and child mortality rates among Palestinian refugee populations |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=356 |issue=9226 |page=312 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02511-3 |pmid=11071191 |s2cid=34446828}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-macen jarirai a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu sun yi kama da waɗanda ake samu a yankunan da suka fi ci gaba a duniya. Cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai, musamman jarirai, a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu, domin suna cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba a masana'antu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi haɗari. <ref name="The oral health of refugees and asy">{{Cite journal |last=Keboa |first=Mark Tambe |last2=Hiles |first2=Natalie |last3=Macdonald |first3=Mary Ellen |date=7 October 2016 |title=The oral health of refugees and asylum seekers: a scoping review |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=59 |doi=10.1186/s12992-016-0200-x |pmc=5055656 |pmid=27717391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi haɗari. <ref name="The oral health of refugees and asy" /> === Abinci mai gina jiki === 'Yan gudun hijirar Amurka suna da karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cututtuka na yau da kullun, ciki har da kiba, ciwon suga, hawan jini, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma rashin jini, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhatta |first=Madhav |last2=Assad |first2=Lori |last3=Shakya |first3=Sunita |date=2014-06-25 |title=Socio-Demographic and Dietary Factors Associated with Excess Body Weight and Abdominal Obesity among Resettled Bhutanese Refugee Women in Northeast Ohio, United States |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=6639–6652 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110706639 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4113834 |pmid=24968209 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon-Larsen |first=Penny |author-link=Penny Gordon-Larsen |last2=Harris |first2=Kathleen Mullan |last3=Ward |first3=Dianne S |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M |date=December 2003 |title=Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c7a357f6-3b20-4124-9609-4f2579c6ff79 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=2023–2034 |doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00072-8 |issn=0277-9536 |pmid=14512234}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Rachel Stein |last2=Smock |first2=Laura |last3=Bair-Merritt |first3=Megan H. |last4=Cochran |first4=Jennifer |last5=Geltman |first5=Paul L. |date=2017-06-22 |title=Giving It Our Best Shot? Human Papillomavirus and Hepatitis B Virus Immunization Among Refugees, Massachusetts, 2011–2013 |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=14 |pages=E50 |doi=10.5888/pcd14.160442 |issn=1545-1151 |pmc=5484014 |pmid=28641071}}</ref> idan aka kwatanta da mazauna Amurka ko kuma baƙi na ƙarni na farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yun |first=Katherine |last2=Hebrank |first2=Kelly |last3=Graber |first3=Lauren K. |last4=Sullivan |first4=Mary-Christine |last5=Chen |first5=Isabel |last6=Gupta |first6=Jhumka |date=2012-03-02 |title=High Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communicable Conditions Among Adult Refugees: Implications for Practice and Policy |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=1110–1118 |doi=10.1007/s10900-012-9552-1 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=3857959 |pmid=22382428}}</ref> Na farko, 'yan gudun hijira suna fuskantar matsalolin harshe: suna buƙatar lokaci don su saba da harshe da yanayin abinci da ba a sani ba a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tropp |first=Linda R. |last2=Erkut |first2=Sumru |last3=Coll |first3=Cynthia García |last4=Alarcón |first4=Odette |last5=García |first5=Heidie A. Vázquez |date=April 1999 |title=Psychological Acculturation: Development of A New Measure for Puerto Ricans on the U.S. Mainland |journal=Educational and Psychological Measurement |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=351–367 |doi=10.1177/00131649921969794 |issn=0013-1644 |pmc=3057082 |pmid=21415932}}</ref> Na biyu, imani da 'yan gudun hijira da al'adun ƙasarsu, tare da yanayin tattalin arziki bayan sake zama a Amurka (SES; wanda galibi yana ƙasa), suna shafar irin nau'in abinci da za a iya saya da cinyewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Craig |last2=Zodhiates |first2=Ariel |last3=Sellen |first3=Daniel W |date=April 2007 |title=Acculturation, economics and food insecurity among refugees resettled in the USA: a case study of West African refugees |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1017/s1368980007222943 |issn=1368-9800 |pmid=17362537 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na uku, ƙarancin bayanai game da abinci, siyayya, da girke-girke a Amurka yana haifar da wani shinge ga siyan abinci mai lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jetter |first=Karen M. |last2=Cassady |first2=Diana L. |date=January 2006 |title=The Availability and Cost of Healthier Food Alternatives |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.039 |issn=0749-3797 |pmid=16414422 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na huɗu, yawan cin abinci mai sarrafawa da mai cike da kuzari a Amurka yana taimakawa wajen haɗarin cututtuka na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dharod |first=Jigna M. |last2=Croom |first2=Jamar |last3=Sady |first3=Christine G. |last4=Morrell |first4=Dale |date=2011-02-18 |title=Dietary Intake, Food Security, and Acculturation Among Somali Refugees in the United States: Results of a Pilot Study |url=https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/J_Dharod_Dietary_2011.pdf |journal=Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=82–97 |doi=10.1080/15562948.2011.547827 |issn=1556-2948 |s2cid=22817540}}</ref> Wani bincike da ya dogara da bincikensa kan Sabon Binciken Baƙi (NIS) ya gano cewa baƙi 'yan Hispanic waɗanda suka fi daɗewa a Amurka sun fuskanci manyan canje-canje a cikin abincinsu. Daga cikin waɗannan 'yan Hispanik da suka fi samun canjin abinci tun bayan ƙaura zuwa Amurka, waɗanda suka ba da rahoton rashin lafiya mafi muni su ne waɗanda suka shafe lokaci mai tsawo a Amurka. Haka kuma, baƙi 'yan Hispanik waɗanda suka fi zama a Amurka kuma suka ba da rahoton rashin lafiya mafi muni suma sun fi bayar da rahoton amfani da harshen Turanci a wurin aikinsu. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar 'yan Hispanik da baƙi da kuma yadda suka saba da halayen Amurka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akresh |first=Ilana Redstone |date=December 2007 |title=Dietary Assimilation and Health among Hispanic Immigrants to the United States |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=404–417 |doi=10.1177/002214650704800405 |pmid=18198687 |s2cid=6496931}}</ref> Wani bincike ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 13% ne kawai na 'yan gudun hijira da aka yi nazari a kansu sun ji cewa suna cin abinci mai kyau gabaɗaya a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Donelle M. |last2=Almasy |first2=Nina |date=July 2005 |title=Refugees' Perceptions of Healthy Behaviors |journal=Journal of Immigrant Health |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1007/s10903-005-3675-8 |issn=1096-4045 |pmid=15900419 |s2cid=24937284}}</ref> Sun kuma ba da rahoton matsaloli wajen gano abincin da suka fi so. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Rondinelli |first=Amanda J. |last2=Morris |first2=Meghan D. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Moser |first4=Kathleen S. |last5=Paida |first5=Paulino |last6=Popper |first6=Steve T. |last7=Brouwer |first7=Kimberly C. |date=2010-05-27 |title=Under- and Over-Nutrition Among Refugees in San Diego County, California |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1007/s10903-010-9353-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmc=3021711 |pmid=20505992}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Crystal L. |last2=Hadley |first2=Craig |last3=Nahayo |first3=Perpetue Djona |date=2008-02-06 |title=Unpacking Dietary Acculturation Among New Americans: Results from Formative Research with African Refugees |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=342–358 |doi=10.1007/s10903-008-9120-z |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=18253832 |s2cid=19672161}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Craig |last2=Sellen |first2=Daniel |date=2006-08-19 |title=Food Security and Child Hunger among Recently Resettled Liberian Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Pilot Study |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1007/s10903-006-9007-9 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=16924410 |s2cid=28306165}}</ref> Rashin zaɓuɓɓukan abinci mai kyau a baya ya haifar da rashin kyawun halaye na abinci da zaɓin abinci bayan sake tsugunar da su. <ref name=":16" /> Misali, kashi 32% na 'yan gudun hijirar Bhutanese suna da ƙarancin bitamin B-12, wataƙila saboda ƙarancin nama, ƙwai, da kiwo a cikin abincin Nepal. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-08-24 |title=QuickStats: Infant Mortality Rate,* by State — United States, 2016 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=67 |issue=33 |page=942 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6733a7 |issn=0149-2195 |pmc=6107322 |pmid=30138302}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fz0ga09qshbk1sg9pg93d51l8xb234s 859069 859068 2026-06-16T20:17:42Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana buƙatar la'akari na musamman don samar da ingantaccen magani ga 'yan gudun hijirar da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, waɗanda galibi ke fuskantar mawuyacin hali, abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da/ko na rauni, da kuma tafiya ta cikin yankuna masu haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Bigot |last2=L |first2=Blok |last3=M |first3=Boelaert |last4=Y |first4=Chartier |last5=P |first5=Corijn |last6=A |first6=Davis |last7=M |first7=Deguerry |last8=T |first8=Dusauchoit |last9=F |first9=Fermon |date=January 1986 |title=Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations. |url=https://www.popline.org/node/272816 |journal=Voprosy Virusologii |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=262–274}}</ref> Irin waɗannan la'akari sun haɗa da tantance cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, allurar rigakafi, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]], da [[Bincike daban-daban na baƙin ciki|baƙin ciki]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Porter |first=Matt |last2=Haslam |first2=Nick |date=2001-10-01 |title=Forced displacement in Yugoslavia: A meta-analysis of psychological consequences and their moderators |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1023/A:1013054524810 |issn=1573-6598 |pmid=11776427 |s2cid=41804120}}</ref> [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tana da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na tantance lafiya ga 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi da ke shigowa ƙasar. Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Tarayya ta 1980 ta ba Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka damar sauƙaƙe gwajin lafiya ga duk baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira kafin su bar ƙasarsu ta asali. Ofishin Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira (ORR) ne ke kula da wannan aikin tantancewa, wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (HHS) ke kula da shi kuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa. A ƙasashen da suka fito da kuma bayan sun isa Amurka, 'yan gudun hijira kan fuskanci cikas wajen samun kulawar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Overcoming migrants' barriers to health |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/08-020808/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204114233/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/08-020808/en/ |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |access-date=2017-03-24 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> A ƙasashen da suka fito, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da ƙarancin albarkatun kiwon lafiya na iya hana su samun kulawar da ake buƙata kafin su tafi. Sau da yawa, rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya yana haifar da ƙaruwar yiwuwar kamuwa da manyan cututtuka idan aka kwatanta da sauran baƙi. <ref name="coo">{{Cite journal |last=Kotovicz |first=Fabiana |last2=Getzin |first2=Anne |last3=Vo |first3=Thy |date=2018 |title=Challenges of Refugee Health Care: Perspectives of Medical Interpreters, Case Managers, and Pharmacists |url=https://digitalrepository.aurorahealthcare.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1577&context=jpcrr |journal=Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.17294/2330-0698.1577 |pmc=6664339 |pmid=31413994}}</ref> Da isowar Amurka, shingayen kiwon lafiya, gami da shingayen fahimta, tsari, da na kuɗi na iya iyakance samun kulawar da ta dace, dacewa, da kuma ta al'ada. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Meghan D. |last2=Popper |first2=Steve T. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Brodine |first4=Stephanie K. |last5=Brouwer |first5=Kimberly C. |date=2017-04-08 |title=Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=2778771 |pmid=19705264}}</ref> An ba da shawarar shirye-shirye kamar ayyukan fassarar bidiyo, kulawar rigakafi, da azuzuwan harshen Ingilishi don yaƙar waɗannan shingayen. <ref name="eoo">{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Meghan D. |last2=Popper |first2=Steve T. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Brodine |first4=Stephanie K. |last5=Brouwer |first5=Kimberly C. |date=December 2009 |title=Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=2778771 |pmid=19705264}}</ref> <ref name="moo">{{Cite journal |last=Ineza |first=Darlene |last2=Fairfield |first2=Kathleen |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access for New Mainers |url=https://community.bowdoin.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Major-Barriers-to-Healthcare-Access-for-New-Mainers-2-1.pdf |pages=1–35}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira == Saboda yanayi na gaggawa na tafiyarsu daga ƙasashen da suka fito, 'yan gudun hijira galibi suna rasa damar samun bayanan lafiyarsu, kuma ci gaba da kulawa yana da wuya a tabbatar da ci gaba da kulawa da zarar sun shiga Amurka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=R. |date=September 2006 |title=Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services |journal=Public Health |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014 |pmid=16876836}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yanayin rayuwa na sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira ko rashin tsaro a gidaje lokacin da suka zo Amurka yana ƙara shafar lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta hanyar saka su cikin al'ummomi ko yanayi inda samun damar kulawa ke da iyaka. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Gilhooly |first=Daniel |last2=Lee |first2=Eunbae |date=2017-05-12 |title=Rethinking Urban Refugee Resettlement: A Case Study of One Karen Community in Rural Georgia, USA. |journal=International Migration |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=37–55 |doi=10.1111/imig.12341 |issn=0020-7985}}</ref> Wannan babbar matsala ce, musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira masu fama da matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullun da na kwakwalwa. <ref name=":1" /> Ba kamar yawancin 'yan gudun hijira ba, lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira tana da matukar damuwa saboda yanayin shige da ficensu ya haɗa da abubuwan da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyarsu ta jiki ko ta kwakwalwa. <ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bayan isowa Amurka, 'yan gudun hijira na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawa saboda ƙarancin ƙwarewar Turanci da rashin tabbas game da yadda za su bi tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka. Da zarar sun sami kulawa, tabbatar da cewa maganin da 'yan gudun hijira ke samu ya dace da al'ada na iya zama wani cikas ga kiyaye rayuwa mai kyau bayan sake tsugunar da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philbrick |first=Ann M. |last2=Wicks |first2=Cherilyn M. |last3=Harris |first3=Ila M. |last4=Shaft |first4=Grant M. |last5=Van Vooren |first5=James S. |date=May 2017 |title=Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again] |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303740 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=5388985 |pmid=28398805}}</ref> Akwai matsaloli daban-daban da ke hana samun kulawar lafiya da kuma cimma magani ko ayyukan da 'yan gudun hijira da yawa ke fuskanta lokacin shiga ƙasar. A ƙoƙarin samun kulawa, samun takaddun da suka dace na iya sa ya yi wuya a cancanci samun kulawa tun farko. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Tiffany D. |date=2017-10-01 |title=Falling through the Coverage Cracks: How Documentation Status Minimizes Immigrants' Access to Health Care |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=961–984 |doi=10.1215/03616878-3940495 |issn=0361-6878 |pmid=28663178 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da takardu, bincika tsarin kiwon lafiya da manufofin inshorar lafiyarsu na iya sa samun magani ya zama mai rikitarwa da wahala. Tsarin inshorar lafiya na Amurka yana da rikitarwa - musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira - domin suna samun kulawa ta gabaɗaya na watanni 8 kawai bayan sake tsugunar da su kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tarayya, masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin wannan tsari. <ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMirzaLunaMathewsHasnain2014">Mirza, Mansha; Luna, Rene; Mathews, Bhuttu; Hasnain, Rooshey; Hebert, Elizabeth; Niebauer, Allison; Mishra, Uma Devi (August 2014). "Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest". ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''16''' (4): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>742. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5|10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-1912 1557-1912]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24052476 24052476]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5642334 5642334].</cite></ref> Idan mutane suna buƙatar kowane nau'i na kulawa ta musamman, yana da wuya a samu. <ref name=":45" /> Da zarar an sami inshora, amfani da kulawar da ake da ita yana haifar da wasu cikas. Harshe na iya zama wani ƙalubale, domin idan mutum bai iya yin magana da mai ba shi magani ba, samun magani mai dacewa yana da wahala. Samun damar yin magana da mai fassara da wanda ke jin yaren da ya dace gabaɗaya abu ne da ba a saba gani ba. <ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMirzaLunaMathewsHasnain2014">Mirza, Mansha; Luna, Rene; Mathews, Bhuttu; Hasnain, Rooshey; Hebert, Elizabeth; Niebauer, Allison; Mishra, Uma Devi (August 2014). "Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest". ''Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health''. '''16''' (4): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>742. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5|10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-1912 1557-1912]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24052476 24052476]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5642334 5642334].</cite></ref> Mutane da yawa suna ganin yana da wahala su sami kuɗi da hanyoyin sufuri don samun inshora da magani. <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Navuluri |first=Neelima |date=Summer 2014 |title=Assessing Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees Living in San Antonio, Texas. |url=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=36f7c528-5371-45c9-ae3a-98d310550128%40sessionmgr4009 |journal=Texas Public Health Journal |volume=66 |pages=5–9}}</ref> A yanayin magani, musamman tsakanin mutanen da ke da cututtukan lafiya na yau da kullun ko na kwakwalwa, samun kulawa da ta dace da al'ada na iya shafar ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira tare da kiwon lafiya. Bambanci a cikin asalin al'adu da gogewa na iya nufin cewa 'yan gudun hijira na iya samun ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da lokacin da za su nemi kulawa, tantance damuwar lafiya da magani da ke da alaƙa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Worabo |first=Heidi |date=July–August 2016 |title=Understanding Refugees' Perceptions of Health Care in the United States |journal=The Journal for Nurse Practitioners |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.04.014}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa ba su da sha'awar samun kulawa saboda tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka ba zai iya daidaitawa da imaninsu ko dabi'u na al'ada ba. <ref name=":45" /> A cikin wani bincike na 2017, gwagwarmayar wata mace 'yar Somaliya don samun magungunan da suka dace da al'ada don girmama imaninta na addini misali ne na yadda kulawa da magani da suka dace da al'ada ke hana 'yan gudun hijira samun kulawar da ta dace ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Phillbrick |first=Anne |date=May 2017 |title=Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again] |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303740 |pmc=5388985 |pmid=28398805}}</ref> Da yake ana tunin waɗannan shingayen, akwai matakai da ake ɗauka don inganta tsarin neman kulawa da kuma haɓaka kyakkyawar ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya. Misali, akwai mutane waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin "dillalan al'adu" don taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira su sami damar yin ayyukan likita, nemo shagunan magani, koyo game da magungunansu, da kuma tsara lokacin da za a bi su. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Clea A. |last2=Morland |first2=Lyn |date=2017-04-09 |title=The Health of the Newest Americans: How US Public Health Systems Can Support Syrian Refugees |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=13–15 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302975 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=4695930 |pmid=26696285}}</ref> Samar da sadarwa tsakanin masu tsara manufofi, masu samar da kulawar lafiya ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma 'yan gudun hijira na iya ba da damar inganta sakamakon manufofin lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name=":3" /> Haka kuma, tabbatar da cewa 'yan gudun hijira sun sami ci gaba da cikakken kimanta lafiyarsu ta hankali da ta jiki, kayan haɓaka lafiya a cikin harshensu, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ƙwararru (musamman a lokutan azabtarwa ko tashin hankali) na iya inganta matsayin lafiya tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=R. |date=September 2006 |title=Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services |journal=Public Health |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014 |pmid=16876836}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFeldman2006">Feldman, R. (September 2006). "Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services". ''Public Health''. '''120''' (9): <span class="nowrap">809–</span>816. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014|10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876836 16876836].</cite></ref> Babban abin da 'yan gudun hijira ke samu a fannin kiwon lafiya shine inshorar jama'a maimakon na sirri, kuma yawancin wannan kiwon lafiya yana samuwa nan da nan bayan isowa da sake tsugunar da su, amma yana da wahala a samu daga baya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Yun |first=Katherine |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |author-link2=Elena Fuentes-Afflick |last3=Desai |first3=Mayur M. |date=2012-04-22 |title=Prevalence of Chronic Disease and Insurance Coverage among Refugees in the United States |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=933–940 |doi=10.1007/s10903-012-9618-2 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=22527741 |s2cid=12628549}}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa === Tun daga shekarar 1997, ana buƙatar jihohi su samar da cikakken gwajin lafiya ga duk sabbin 'yan gudun hijira da suka shigo Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da kimantawar kwakwalwa, da kuma gwajin jiki. Wannan hanyar ta haifar da adadi mai yawa na tura marasa lafiya da magunguna, wanda ke nuna buƙatar ƙarin tallafin tunani ga sabbin 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savin |first=Daniel |last2=Seymour |first2=Deborah J. |last3=Littleford |first3=Linh Nguyen |last4=Bettridge |first4=Juli |last5=Giese |first5=Alexis |year=2005 |title=Findings from Mental Health Screening of Newly Arrived Refugees in Colorado |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=224–229 |doi=10.1177/003335490512000303 |jstor=20056782 |pmc=1497730 |pmid=16134561}}</ref> Yanayin kwakwalwa da aka fi ganowa a cikin 'yan gudun hijira shine [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD)]], wanda yawanci sakamakon tashin hankali ne. Masana sun gano cewa maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana ɗaukar serotonin, da kuma maganin fahimta, magunguna ne masu tasiri yayin sake tsugunar da jama'a. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin kulawar tabin hankali da ta dace da al'ada wanda ke hana isasshen magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Kristina M. |last2=Gardiner |first2=Lorin D. |last3=Assefi |first3=Nassim |year=2004 |title=Healthcare challenges from the developing world: Post-immigration refugee medicine |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=328 |issue=7455 |pages=1548–1552 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1548 |jstor=41708113 |pmc=437153 |pmid=15217874}}</ref> Lafiyar kwakwalwar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasance matsala tun bayan sake tsugunar da su a Amurka. '''Abokan ciniki da aka sake tsugunar da su galibi suna fuskantar damuwa waɗanda aka raba su zuwa manyan rukuni biyu a cikin 'yan gudun hijira: masu damuwa kafin ƙaura da masu damuwa bayan ƙaura. Masu damuwa kafin ƙaura galibi suna da abubuwan da za su iya haifar da rauni a ƙasar da mutum ya fito, galibi sun haɗa da dalilai masu ƙarfi na neman mafaka. A gefe guda kuma, masu damuwa bayan ƙaura sun ƙunshi abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa da damuwa a cikin ƙasar da suka fito.''' 'Yan gudun hijira galibi suna fuskantar ƙarin rauni na hankali bayan ƙaura saboda ƙiyayya daga 'yan asalin ƙasar, ko ma hukumomi a cibiyoyin tsare mutane da tashoshin shiga, wanda ke ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar dogon lokacin jira don yanke shawara kan neman mafaka. Wannan tsari gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar daga watanni 18 zuwa sama da shekaru biyu. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Karmi |first=Ghada |year=1992 |title=Refugee Health: Requires a Comprehensive Strategy |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=305 |issue=6847 |pages=205–206 |doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6847.205 |jstor=29716400 |pmc=1882660 |pmid=1392817}}</ref> A cikin wani bincike da aka yi kan 'yan gudun hijirar Cambodia (ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka), an gano cewa, duk da wucewar sama da shekaru ashirin tun ƙarshen yakin basasar Cambodia da sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka, membobin ƙungiyar suna ci gaba da samun yawan cututtukan tabin hankali da ke da alaƙa da rauni. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Grant N. |date=2005-08-03 |title=Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=5 |pages=571–9 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.5.571 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=16077051 |doi-access=}}</ref> A cikin ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Cambodia, yawan masu fama da cutar PTSD da kuma babban baƙin ciki yana da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar tsufa, rashin iya magana da Turanci, rashin aikin yi, yin ritaya ko nakasa, da kuma rayuwa cikin talauci. <ref name=":2" /> Masu bincike sun gano wasu abubuwa da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin 'yan gudun hijira, ciki har da shingayen harshe, rabuwar iyali, ƙiyayya, ware kai, da rauni kafin ƙaura. Duk da haka, likitoci kaɗan ne a Amurka ke da kayan aiki don magance waɗannan batutuwa, don haka, an yi kira ga dabarun kula da lafiya na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira wanda ke tabbatar da daidaiton damar yin ayyuka ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma horo na duniya ga likitoci don magance yanayi da yanayi na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name=":4" /> Shingaye da dama suna hana ka'idojin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Yamma da rarrabuwa yadda ya kamata su kimantawa da kuma kula da 'yan gudun hijira. Misali, baƙin ciki da rashin kwanciyar hankali galibi ana kiransu da baƙin ciki a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Yamma. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar samun albarkatun lafiyar kwakwalwa sau da yawa yana iyakance lokaci ga sabbin 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ke haifar da wani ƙalubale ga ƙwararrun lafiya da ke ƙoƙarin bayar da kulawa mai inganci da ta dace da al'ada, wanda ke la'akari da tarihi da bambancin al'adu na 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Kate E. |last2=Davidson |first2=Graham R. |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Robert D. |year=2010 |title=Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: Best practices and recommendations |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=576–585 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x |pmc=3727171 |pmid=20950298}}</ref> '''Hanyoyin magance takamaiman buƙatun lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka sake tsugunar da su sun mayar da hankali kan tsare-tsare masu ba da shawara kan raunin da ya faru tare da jigogi masu mahimmanci a cikin "ba da damar aminci, aminci, zaɓi, ƙarfafawa, da haɗin gwiwa." Duk da cewa da gangan tsarin cikakke ne, an yi suka kan kulawar da ta ba da shawara kan raunin da ya faru saboda ƙuntatawa na neoliberal wanda galibi yana rage ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira zuwa buƙatun likita na mutum ɗaya.''' <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Nancy |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Beyond medicalized approaches to violence and trauma: Empowering social work practice |journal=Journal of Social Work |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=567–585 |doi=10.1177/14680173221144557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Wannan ya fi yawa dangane da matsalolin bayan ƙaura, inda yawancin masu mayar da hankali kan raunin da ya faru sun mayar da hankali kan fallasa yaƙi kan lafiyar kwakwalwa.''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byron |first=Yulisha |date=2022 |title=Profiles of post-migration stressors and mental health in refugees: A latent class analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178122001081 |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=311 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114494 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> '''Masana sun kuma haɗa alaƙa tsakanin masu damuwa bayan ƙaura ko "masu damuwa na yau da kullun" da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka ƙara ta'azzara tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira. Waɗannan sukar sun haifar da haɓaka haɗa hanyoyin "masu ba da shawara kan tashin hankali da tashin hankali" ga ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa na 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke da nufin amincewa da tushen masu damuwa kan tunani a cikin rashin daidaito na tsari, al'adu, da tsarin. Wannan ya haɗa da amincewa da gogewar wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da sauran rashin adalci na tsarin.''' <ref name=":8" /> A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013, mata 'yan Latino (Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, ko wasu) sun fuskanci matsaloli sosai sakamakon matakan da aka dauka kafin su yi hijira (ƙaura da kuma ƙaura ba tare da shiri ba) wanda ya haifar da ƙarin matsalolin tunani, amma ba mazan Latino ba. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa maza da mata sun fi samun rahoton rashin lafiyar jiki ko ta jiki idan suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Jacqueline M. |last2=Wallace |first2=Steven P. |year=2013 |title=Migration Circumstances, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Physical Health for Latino Immigrants in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=9 |pages=1619–1627 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301195 |pmc=3966681 |pmid=23865667}}</ref> === Lafiyar hakori === Rashin lafiyar baki shine matsalar da ta fi shafar lafiyar yara 'yan gudun hijira kuma ita ce matsalar lafiya ta biyu da ta fi kamari a tsakanin manya 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cote |first=S. |last2=Geltman |first2=P. |last3=Nunn |first3=M. |last4=Lituri |first4=K. |last5=Henshaw |first5=M. |last6=Garcia |first6=R.I. |date=2004 |title=Dental caries of refugee children compared with US children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0496 |pmid=15574605 |doi-access=}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da ke haifar da haɗari <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linden |first=Gerard J. |last2=Lyons |first2=Amy |last3=Scannapieco |first3=Frank A. |date=April 2013 |title=Periodontal systemic associations: review of the evidence |journal=Journal of Clinical Periodontology |volume=40 |pages=S8–S19 |doi=10.1111/jcpe.12064 |issn=0303-6979 |pmid=23627336 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Rushewar hakori|Ciwon hakori]], ko lalacewar hakora yana sanya yaran 'yan gudun hijira cikin haɗarin fuskantar ciwon baki, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, ƙaruwar nauyi a hankali, matsalolin magana, da wahalhalun koyo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marinho |first=Valeria CC |last2=Chong |first2=Lee Yee |last3=Worthington |first3=Helen V |last4=Walsh |first4=Tanya |date=2016-07-29 |title=Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd002284.pub2 |issn=1465-1858 |pmc=6457869 |pmid=27472005}}</ref> 'Yan gudun hijira daga asalin Hispanic da Asiya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hakori, sai kuma waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen Afirka, Gabashin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crespo |first=Eileen |date=2019-09-09 |title=The Importance of Oral Health in Immigrant and Refugee Children |journal=Children |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=102 |doi=10.3390/children6090102 |issn=2227-9067 |pmc=6770947 |pmid=31505903 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An nuna cewa yaran 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka suna da ƙarancin lafiyar baki a matsakaici, saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da ƙasar da suka fito, ilimin iyaye, canjin abinci mai mahimmanci, samun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na baki na gargajiya daga ƙasarsu, lokacin da aka ɓata a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, da samun damar kula da hakori sau ɗaya a Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riggs |first=E |last2=Rajan |first2=S |last3=Casey |first3=S |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=N |date=2016-08-01 |title=Refugee child oral health |journal=Oral Diseases |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1111/odi.12530 |issn=1354-523X |pmid=27385659 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reza |first=Mona |last2=Amin |first2=Maryam S. |last3=Sgro |first3=Adam |last4=Abdelaziz |first4=Angham |last5=Ito |first5=Dick |last6=Main |first6=Patricia |last7=Azarpazhooh |first7=Amir |date=2016-02-01 |title=Oral Health Status of Immigrant and Refugee Children in North America: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of the Canadian Dental Association |volume=82 |pages=g3 |issn=1488-2159 |pmid=27548669}}</ref> A cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka, samun damar yin ayyukan rigakafi da na gyara hakori yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin lafiyar baki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=Raul I. |last2=Cadoret |first2=Cynthia A. |last3=Henshaw |first3=Michelle |date=April 2008 |title=Multicultural Issues in Oral Health |journal=Dental Clinics of North America |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1016/j.cden.2007.12.006 |issn=0011-8532 |pmc=2365923 |pmid=18329446}}</ref> Saboda sarkakiyar waɗannan shingen, galibi ana gano matsalolin lafiyar baki a makare kuma yara ba sa samun kulawa sosai bayan sun kammala karatunsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connor |first=Ann |last2=Page Layne |first2=Laura |last3=Ellis Hilb |first3=Laura |date=2014-03-12 |title=A narrative literature review on the health of migrant farm worker children in the USA |journal=International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1108/IJMHSC-07-2013-0019 |issn=1747-9894}}</ref> Samun damar lafiya yana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar ƙarancin karatu, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da inshora. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=National Institute Of Dental Craniofacial Research |first=National Institute of Health |date=September 2005 |title=The Invisible Barrier: Literacy and Its Relationship with Oral Health. |journal=Journal of Public Health Dentistry |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=174–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-7325.2005.tb02808.x |issn=0022-4006 |pmid=16171263}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Telford |first=Claire |last2=Coulter |first2=Ian |last3=Murray |first3=Liam |date=January 2011 |title=Exploring Socioeconomic Disparities in Self-Reported Oral Health Among Adolescents in California |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/789449/Exploring%20socioeconomic%20disparities%20in%20self-reported%20oral%20health%20among%20adolescents%20in%20California%20-%20JADA%202011%20-%20Murray%20LJ..pdf |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0031 |issn=0002-8177 |pmid=21193770 |s2cid=31477615}}</ref> Akwai ƙalilan shaidu da ke goyon bayan hanyoyin kula da lafiyar baki na yanzu ga yaran 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka, tare da rashin shiga cikin lamarin babban cikas ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riggs |first=E. |last2=Rajan |first2=S. |last3=Casey |first3=S. |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=N. |date=2017 |title=Refugee child oral health |journal=Oral Diseases |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1111/odi.12530 |issn=1601-0825 |pmid=27385659 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Gubar gubar === [[Guba na gubar|Gubar gubar gubar]] wata muhimmiyar matsala ce ta lafiya ga yara a duk faɗin duniya. Yawan karuwar sinadarin gubar a jini (watau BLLs ≥ 10)&nbsp;μg/dL) tsakanin yaran 'yan gudun hijira da aka sake tsugunar da su ya fi yawa fiye da kashi 2.2% na yaran Amurka. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/refugee%20recommendations.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a Massachusetts a shekarar 2001 ya gano cewa har zuwa kashi 27% na yaran 'yan gudun hijira da suka shigo da cutar BLL mai yawa, wanda hakan ya sanya 'yan gudun hijirar zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fuskantar haɗari. 'Yan gudun hijira na iya fuskantar gubar daga wasu tushe da dama waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da: man fetur mai guba, magungunan ganye, [[Kwalliya|kayan kwalliya]], kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke ɗauke da gubar, masana'antun gida waɗanda ke amfani da gubar ba tare da haɗari ba, da kuma ƙayyadadden ƙa'idojin hayaki daga manyan masana'antu. Mummunan tasirin gubar ga yara na iya faruwa ba tare da wata alama ba kuma gwajin gubar jini shine kawai hanyar da za a iya tantance fallasa ko guba. Ana magance gubar gubar ta hanyar gano tushen gubar, kawar da wannan tushen, da kuma karɓar gwaji akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa matakan gubar jini suna raguwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Health |first=National Center for Environmental |title=CDC - Lead - Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children: Tool Kit |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/refugeetoolkit/refugee_tool_kit.htm |access-date=2017-04-10 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Ga matakan gubar jini masu yawa (watau, BLLs ≥ 45&nbsp;μg/dL), ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin chelation ga yaran 'yan gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oral Chelation Therapy for Patients with Lead Poisoning |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> CDC ta ba da shawarar yin gwajin gubar ga sabbin yaran 'yan gudun hijira da suka isa ƙasa da shekara 16. <ref name=":03" /> Jagororin gwaji sun bambanta a tsakanin jihohi, tun daga gwajin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara shida zuwa iyakokin shekarun CDC na gwajin waɗanda ba su kai shekara 16 ba. === Mace-macen jarirai === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa jariran da mata 'yan ci-rani 'yan Mexico suka haifa a Amurka sun sami ƙarancin mace-mace da kashi 10% idan aka kwatanta da jarirai da aka haifa wa matan da ba 'yan Hispanic ba a Amurka. Wannan binciken ya ƙara goyon bayan wannan [[Rashin jituwa na Hispanic|rashin jituwa tsakanin 'yan Hispanic]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hummer |first=Robert A. |last2=Powers |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Pullum |first3=Starling G. |last4=Gossman |first4=Ginger L. |last5=Frisbie |first5=W. Parker |date=1 August 2007 |title=Paradox found (again): Infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the united states |journal=Demography |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=441–457 |doi=10.1353/dem.2007.0028 |pmc=2031221 |pmid=17913005}}</ref> Duk da cewa al'ummomin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinu suna fuskantar wahalhalun tattalin arziki da kuma yawan haihuwa, yawan mace-macen jarirai da yaransu yana cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasashen Larabawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madi |first=Haifa H |date=July 2000 |title=Infant and child mortality rates among Palestinian refugee populations |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=356 |issue=9226 |page=312 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02511-3 |pmid=11071191 |s2cid=34446828}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-macen jarirai a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu sun yi kama da waɗanda ake samu a yankunan da suka fi ci gaba a duniya. Cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai, musamman jarirai, a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu, domin suna cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba a masana'antu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi haɗari. <ref name="The oral health of refugees and asy">{{Cite journal |last=Keboa |first=Mark Tambe |last2=Hiles |first2=Natalie |last3=Macdonald |first3=Mary Ellen |date=7 October 2016 |title=The oral health of refugees and asylum seekers: a scoping review |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=59 |doi=10.1186/s12992-016-0200-x |pmc=5055656 |pmid=27717391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi haɗari. <ref name="The oral health of refugees and asy" /> === Abinci mai gina jiki === 'Yan gudun hijirar Amurka suna da karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cututtuka na yau da kullun, ciki har da kiba, ciwon suga, hawan jini, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma rashin jini, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhatta |first=Madhav |last2=Assad |first2=Lori |last3=Shakya |first3=Sunita |date=2014-06-25 |title=Socio-Demographic and Dietary Factors Associated with Excess Body Weight and Abdominal Obesity among Resettled Bhutanese Refugee Women in Northeast Ohio, United States |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=6639–6652 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110706639 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4113834 |pmid=24968209 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon-Larsen |first=Penny |author-link=Penny Gordon-Larsen |last2=Harris |first2=Kathleen Mullan |last3=Ward |first3=Dianne S |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M |date=December 2003 |title=Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c7a357f6-3b20-4124-9609-4f2579c6ff79 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=2023–2034 |doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00072-8 |issn=0277-9536 |pmid=14512234}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Rachel Stein |last2=Smock |first2=Laura |last3=Bair-Merritt |first3=Megan H. |last4=Cochran |first4=Jennifer |last5=Geltman |first5=Paul L. |date=2017-06-22 |title=Giving It Our Best Shot? Human Papillomavirus and Hepatitis B Virus Immunization Among Refugees, Massachusetts, 2011–2013 |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=14 |pages=E50 |doi=10.5888/pcd14.160442 |issn=1545-1151 |pmc=5484014 |pmid=28641071}}</ref> idan aka kwatanta da mazauna Amurka ko kuma baƙi na ƙarni na farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yun |first=Katherine |last2=Hebrank |first2=Kelly |last3=Graber |first3=Lauren K. |last4=Sullivan |first4=Mary-Christine |last5=Chen |first5=Isabel |last6=Gupta |first6=Jhumka |date=2012-03-02 |title=High Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communicable Conditions Among Adult Refugees: Implications for Practice and Policy |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=1110–1118 |doi=10.1007/s10900-012-9552-1 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=3857959 |pmid=22382428}}</ref> Na farko, 'yan gudun hijira suna fuskantar matsalolin harshe: suna buƙatar lokaci don su saba da harshe da yanayin abinci da ba a sani ba a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tropp |first=Linda R. |last2=Erkut |first2=Sumru |last3=Coll |first3=Cynthia García |last4=Alarcón |first4=Odette |last5=García |first5=Heidie A. Vázquez |date=April 1999 |title=Psychological Acculturation: Development of A New Measure for Puerto Ricans on the U.S. Mainland |journal=Educational and Psychological Measurement |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=351–367 |doi=10.1177/00131649921969794 |issn=0013-1644 |pmc=3057082 |pmid=21415932}}</ref> Na biyu, imani da 'yan gudun hijira da al'adun ƙasarsu, tare da yanayin tattalin arziki bayan sake zama a Amurka (SES; wanda galibi yana ƙasa), suna shafar irin nau'in abinci da za a iya saya da cinyewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Craig |last2=Zodhiates |first2=Ariel |last3=Sellen |first3=Daniel W |date=April 2007 |title=Acculturation, economics and food insecurity among refugees resettled in the USA: a case study of West African refugees |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1017/s1368980007222943 |issn=1368-9800 |pmid=17362537 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na uku, ƙarancin bayanai game da abinci, siyayya, da girke-girke a Amurka yana haifar da wani shinge ga siyan abinci mai lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jetter |first=Karen M. |last2=Cassady |first2=Diana L. |date=January 2006 |title=The Availability and Cost of Healthier Food Alternatives |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.039 |issn=0749-3797 |pmid=16414422 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na huɗu, yawan cin abinci mai sarrafawa da mai cike da kuzari a Amurka yana taimakawa wajen haɗarin cututtuka na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dharod |first=Jigna M. |last2=Croom |first2=Jamar |last3=Sady |first3=Christine G. |last4=Morrell |first4=Dale |date=2011-02-18 |title=Dietary Intake, Food Security, and Acculturation Among Somali Refugees in the United States: Results of a Pilot Study |url=https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/J_Dharod_Dietary_2011.pdf |journal=Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=82–97 |doi=10.1080/15562948.2011.547827 |issn=1556-2948 |s2cid=22817540}}</ref> Wani bincike da ya dogara da bincikensa kan Sabon Binciken Baƙi (NIS) ya gano cewa baƙi 'yan Hispanic waɗanda suka fi daɗewa a Amurka sun fuskanci manyan canje-canje a cikin abincinsu. Daga cikin waɗannan 'yan Hispanik da suka fi samun canjin abinci tun bayan ƙaura zuwa Amurka, waɗanda suka ba da rahoton rashin lafiya mafi muni su ne waɗanda suka shafe lokaci mai tsawo a Amurka. Haka kuma, baƙi 'yan Hispanik waɗanda suka fi zama a Amurka kuma suka ba da rahoton rashin lafiya mafi muni suma sun fi bayar da rahoton amfani da harshen Turanci a wurin aikinsu. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar 'yan Hispanik da baƙi da kuma yadda suka saba da halayen Amurka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akresh |first=Ilana Redstone |date=December 2007 |title=Dietary Assimilation and Health among Hispanic Immigrants to the United States |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=404–417 |doi=10.1177/002214650704800405 |pmid=18198687 |s2cid=6496931}}</ref> Wani bincike ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 13% ne kawai na 'yan gudun hijira da aka yi nazari a kansu sun ji cewa suna cin abinci mai kyau gabaɗaya a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Donelle M. |last2=Almasy |first2=Nina |date=July 2005 |title=Refugees' Perceptions of Healthy Behaviors |journal=Journal of Immigrant Health |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1007/s10903-005-3675-8 |issn=1096-4045 |pmid=15900419 |s2cid=24937284}}</ref> Sun kuma ba da rahoton matsaloli wajen gano abincin da suka fi so. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Rondinelli |first=Amanda J. |last2=Morris |first2=Meghan D. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Moser |first4=Kathleen S. |last5=Paida |first5=Paulino |last6=Popper |first6=Steve T. |last7=Brouwer |first7=Kimberly C. |date=2010-05-27 |title=Under- and Over-Nutrition Among Refugees in San Diego County, California |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1007/s10903-010-9353-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmc=3021711 |pmid=20505992}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Crystal L. |last2=Hadley |first2=Craig |last3=Nahayo |first3=Perpetue Djona |date=2008-02-06 |title=Unpacking Dietary Acculturation Among New Americans: Results from Formative Research with African Refugees |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=342–358 |doi=10.1007/s10903-008-9120-z |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=18253832 |s2cid=19672161}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Craig |last2=Sellen |first2=Daniel |date=2006-08-19 |title=Food Security and Child Hunger among Recently Resettled Liberian Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Pilot Study |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1007/s10903-006-9007-9 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=16924410 |s2cid=28306165}}</ref> Rashin zaɓuɓɓukan abinci mai kyau a baya ya haifar da rashin kyawun halaye na abinci da zaɓin abinci bayan sake tsugunar da su. <ref name=":16" /> Misali, kashi 32% na 'yan gudun hijirar Bhutanese suna da ƙarancin bitamin B-12, wataƙila saboda ƙarancin nama, ƙwai, da kiwo a cikin abincin Nepal. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-08-24 |title=QuickStats: Infant Mortality Rate,* by State — United States, 2016 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=67 |issue=33 |page=942 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6733a7 |issn=0149-2195 |pmc=6107322 |pmid=30138302}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pb2e6mhd9k993zws4kgfjwcmw5a1l2q 0 158101 859076 2026-06-16T20:20:16Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326113158|Weighted blanket]]" 859076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bargo mai nauyi''' [[bargo]] ne mai nauyi musamman wanda ake amfani da shi don taimakawa [[Bacci|barci]] da rage [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] . Da farko, barguna masu nauyi galibi ana amfani da su a cikin '''maganin matsin lamba mai zurfi''' don taimakawa mutanen da ke da Autism, mutanen da ke da [[Dementia|tabin hankali]], da kuma matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa . Daga baya sun zama samfuran da ake yawan samu a kasuwa . Shaidun kimiyya ba su goyi bayan amfani da su a matsayin taimako ga rashin barci ba, kuma suna iya zama haɗari, musamman ga yara. == Maganin matsin lamba mai zurfi == '''Maganin matsin lamba mai zurfi''' ( '''DPT''' ) ko '''matsin lamba mai zurfi''' ( '''DTP''' ) magani ne na haɗakar jijiyoyi wanda ake amfani da shi don taimakawa kwantar da hankalin mutane masu fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi masu saurin amsawa ta hanyar amfani da matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a [[Jikin mutum|jiki]] . Ana iya shafa DPT da barguna masu nauyi, amma kuma da riguna masu nauyi, injin runguma, ko dabba mai nauyi. DPT yana ba da jin daɗi kamar runguma mai ɗumi da kwantar da hankali wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen daidaita tsarin juyayi da rage damuwa. == Amfani == Ana amfani da barguna masu nauyi a cikin aikin jiyya don taimakawa mutane su inganta yanayin motsin rai da na jiki. <ref name="sysreview">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eron K, Kohnert L, Watters A, Logan C, Weisner-Rose M, Mehler PS |date=2020 |title=Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review |url= |journal=Am J Occup Ther |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=7402205010p1–7402205010p14 |doi=10.5014/ajot.2020.037358 |pmid=32204779 |s2cid=214629412}}</ref> Musamman, ana amfani da barguna masu nauyi a cikin wani nau'in aikin jiyya da ake kira " maganin haɗin kai na ji ", wanda ke taimaka wa mutanen da ke da autism ko mutanen da ke da yanayin kwakwalwa su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka shafi ji. Barguna masu nauyi suna ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da masu ilimin motsa jiki ke amfani da su don samar da " [[Deep-touch pressure|matsin lamba mai zurfi]] ", wani nau'in motsa jiki na jiki wanda, a cewar ƙwararru, na iya taimaka wa mutane su daidaita [[Emotion|motsin zuciyarsu]] da halayensu . <ref name="Pappas">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=2018-11-23 |title=Weighted Blankets: How They Work |url=https://www.livescience.com/59315-weighted-blankets-faq.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> Babban abin da ke damun mutum idan ana la'akari da bargon da aka yi wa nauyi shi ne a zaɓi nauyin da ya dace domin idan bargon ya yi nauyi sosai, zai ji kamar bargon da aka saba; idan ya yi nauyi sosai, zai iya jin rashin jin daɗi. Bargon da aka yi wa nauyi ya kamata ya zama kusan kashi 10% na nauyin jikin mutum: ga kusan kashi 97% na mutane wannan yana jin daidai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bargon ya kamata ya kuma rufe jiki daga yatsun kafa zuwa haɓa. Bayan bin shawarar nauyin da aka ambata a sama, idan nauyin bargon bai ji daidai ba, zai fi yiwuwa bargon ya yi nauyi fiye da sauƙi. Duk da cewa bincike na farko ya nuna cewa barguna masu nauyi na iya zama kayan aiki mai dacewa don rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]], bita a cikin littattafan likitanci na yanzu sun lura cewa bincike a wannan fanni ba shi da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eron |first=Kathryn |last2=Kohnert |first2=Lindsey |last3=Watters |first3=Ashlie |last4=Logan |first4=Christina |last5=Weisner-Rose |first5=Melissa |last6=Mehler |first6=Philip S. |date=2020-03-12 |title=Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review |url=https://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=2763119 |journal=American Journal of Occupational Therapy |language=en |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=7402205010p1–7402205010p14 |doi=10.5014/ajot.2020.037358 |issn=0272-9490 |pmid=32204779 |s2cid=214629412 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa barguna masu nauyi na iya rage damuwa kuma, sakamakon haka, suna ba mai amfani damar yin barci da sauri. Duk da haka, dangane da rashin barci, ƙwararrun likitoci sun lura cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike, domin har yanzu babu isassun shaidu da za su tabbatar da cewa samfuran suna rage alamun. Bugu da ƙari, akwai babban tasirin placebo, wanda za a buƙaci a yi la'akari da shi a cikin nazarin gaba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Eric |date=2021-11-15 |title=Do weighted blankets help with insomnia? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/do-weighted-blankets-help-with-insomnia-202111152637 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wasu daga cikin binciken farko kan nau'in matsin lamba mai zurfi da barguna masu nauyi ke amfani da shi ya fara ne a shekarar 1965, lokacin da wani masanin kimiyya ɗan Amurka mai fama da autism, Temple Grandin, ya ƙirƙiro injin runguma . Daga baya ta yi amfani da shi don nazarin tasirin kwantar da hankali na matsin lamba mai zurfi a cikin sauran mutanen da ke da autism. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grandin |first=T. |date=1992 |title=Calming effects of deep touch pressure in patients with autistic disorder, college students, and animals. |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.1992.2.63 |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |doi=10.1089/cap.1992.2.63 |pmid=19630623 |s2cid=15343030 |url-access=subscription |via=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc}}</ref> Keith da Lynda Zivalich sun samar da bargo mai nauyi na farko a shekarar 1997, lokacin da suka ƙirƙiri wani abin sha mai cike da wake wanda yanzu ake kira "Magic Weighted Blanket." <ref>{{Cite web |title=How was the Weighted Blanket Invented? |url=https://magicweightedblanket.com/pages/timeline |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Magic Weighted Blanket |language=en}}</ref> Sun yi siyarwarsu ta farko a watan Disamba na 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-06 |title=This Weighted Blanket for Adults is Designed to Soothe Anxiety |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/501533/weighted-blanket-adults-designed-soothe-anxiety |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Mental Floss |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken farko na hukuma game da barguna masu nauyi a matsayin hanyar samun matsin lamba mai zurfi ya faru jim kaɗan bayan haka, a shekarar 1999. Tina Champagne, wata [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali a fannin sana'a]], ta fara bincike a kansu a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin da mutane ke fuskanta a cikin al'ummar da ke da buƙatu na musamman. Barguna masu nauyi sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa a shahara a cikin al'ummar da ke da buƙatu na musamman, kuma kamfanoni da yawa sun fara ƙirƙirar layin samfura a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 2000. Duk da haka, sai a shekarar 2017 ne barguna masu nauyi suka sami karbuwa a tsakanin jama'a, lokacin da shafin labarai na kimiyya ''Futurism'' ya ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na Kickstarter don wani samfuri mai suna Gravity Blanket kuma ya tara kusan dala miliyan 5. Kamfanin ya sayar da fiye da raka'a 128,000 ta hanyar sanya sabon salo a kan samfurin da kuma tallata shi ga jama'a a matsayin maganin barci da rage damuwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Dalvin |title=Weighted blankets: Here's how the trendy bedding got so popular |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/01/26/weighted-blankets-makers-weigh-products-sudden-success/2558957002/ |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-03 |title=After selling $15 million of gravity blankets (really), Futurism created an 8-person team to develop more products |url=https://digiday.com/media/success-gravity-blanket-futurism-created-8-person-team-developing-products/ |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Digiday |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, [[Time (magazine)|mujallar ''Time'']] ta sanya wa "barguna masu rage damuwa" suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙirƙira na 2018 kuma ta ambaci Gravity Blanket musamman. Sun lura cewa kodayake ''Futurism'' bai ƙirƙira bargon mai nauyi ba, kamfanin ya inganta fasahar [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallata]] shi ga jama'a. A kan waɗannan lamuran, ''The Atlantic'' ta haɗa nasarar Gravity Blanket, da kuma ƙaruwar barguna masu nauyi daga baya, zuwa wata sabuwar hanyar kwatantawa da tallata amfani da su, tana kwatanta Gravity Blanket a matsayin labari game da "alƙawarin jin daɗin canza rayuwa ga yawan siyayya ta Instagram da ake yi ta hanyar amfani da manhajar tunani." ''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta danganta shaharar Gravity Blanket da kyakkyawan lokaci da kuma tallatawa, tana jayayya cewa shekarun da suka gabata sun ga ƙaruwar jin damuwa da damuwa a Amurka kuma cewa "ba wai kwatsam ba ne nasarar Gravity ta Kickstarter ta isa zurfin lokacin da Amurkawa da yawa ke fara imel ɗinsu da ta'aziyya mai ban tausayi game da labarai." Shagunan sayar da kayayyaki a faɗin duniya sun fara sayar da nau'ikan barguna iri-iri a duk tsawon shekarar 2018, kuma, a ƙarshen shekarar, barguna masu nauyi suna kan kusan kowace jagorar kyauta a intanet. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Dalvin |title=Weighted blankets: Here's how the trendy bedding got so popular |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/01/26/weighted-blankets-makers-weigh-products-sudden-success/2558957002/ |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrown">Brown, Dalvin. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/01/26/weighted-blankets-makers-weigh-products-sudden-success/2558957002/ "Weighted blankets: Here's how the trendy bedding got so popular"]. ''USA Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tun bayan samun karbuwa, likitocin sun lura cewa, yayin da wasu binciken suka kasance masu ban sha'awa, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da ingancin samfuran a matsayin abubuwan taimakawa barci da rage damuwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Eric |date=2021-11-15 |title=Do weighted blankets help with insomnia? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/do-weighted-blankets-help-with-insomnia-202111152637 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZhou2021">Zhou, Eric (2021-11-15). [https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/do-weighted-blankets-help-with-insomnia-202111152637 "Do weighted blankets help with insomnia?"]. ''Harvard Health''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Tsarin aiki == Ana yin bargo mai nauyi da aka saba yi da bargon yadi da aka raba zuwa ƙananan sassa, wanda daga nan ake cika shi da ƙananan ƙwallaye na filastik ko ƙananan [[Kwallaye na ado|ƙwallaye]] . Bargo masu cike da filastik galibi suna da araha, amma sun fi girma; kuma wasu masu amfani sun fi son guje wa robobi saboda dalilai na kashin kansu ko na muhalli. Ana ɗaukar gilashi ko ƙarfe a matsayin waɗanda ba sa haifar da [[Allergy|rashin lafiyan jiki]] ; kuma saboda yawansu, ana buƙatar ƙarancin girma don cimma irin wannan nauyi. <ref name="Pappas">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=2018-11-23 |title=Weighted Blankets: How They Work |url=https://www.livescience.com/59315-weighted-blankets-faq.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPappas2018">Pappas, Stephanie (2018-11-23). [https://www.livescience.com/59315-weighted-blankets-faq.html "Weighted Blankets: How They Work"]. ''livescience.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana kuma samun barguna masu nauyi iri-iri na yadi. Sau da yawa ana saka su ko kuma a saƙa su da kayan da suka yi kauri da nauyi, kamar zaren T-shirt (wanda kuma aka sani da "tarn" ko "T-yarn", wanda aka yi da [[auduga]] mai nauyin T-shirt ), wanda wani lokacin ana samunsa a matsayin kayan da aka sake yin amfani da su, kayan da aka yi da kayan da ba su da kyau, ko kuma kayayyakin da masana'antar tufafi ke samarwa. == Tsaro da inganci == Wani bita na tsari na 2018, wanda ya binciki ingancin amfani da barguna masu nauyi don rage damuwa da rashin barci, ya gano cewa barguna masu nauyi na iya zama kayan aiki mai dacewa don rage damuwa a wurare masu iyaka da kuma al'ummomi. Duk da haka, masu binciken sun kuma gano cewa babu isassun shaidu da ke nuna cewa suna da amfani ga rashin barci, kuma binciken amfani da su ya samu cikas sakamakon rashin daidaituwar aiki. <ref name="sysreview">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eron K, Kohnert L, Watters A, Logan C, Weisner-Rose M, Mehler PS |date=2020 |title=Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review |url= |journal=Am J Occup Ther |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=7402205010p1–7402205010p14 |doi=10.5014/ajot.2020.037358 |pmid=32204779 |s2cid=214629412}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEronKohnertWattersLogan2020">Eron K, Kohnert L, Watters A, Logan C, Weisner-Rose M, Mehler PS (2020). "Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review". ''Am J Occup Ther''. '''74''' (2): 7402205010p1–7402205010p14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.037358|10.5014/ajot.2020.037358]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32204779 32204779]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214629412 214629412].</cite></ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi gargaɗin cewa ba za a iya amfani da nazarin lafiyar barguna masu nauyi ga manya masu lafiya ba ga yara, har ma ga yara masu nakasa. Barguna masu nauyi na iya wuce {{Convert|25|lb}} kuma, saboda wannan nauyin da ya wuce kima, rashin amfani da barguna masu nauyi ba daidai ba yana haifar da haɗarin cutarwa ga yara, kasancewar shine sanadin mutuwar akalla yaro ɗaya. Ana ba da shawarar barguna masu nauyi sosai ga yara masu fama da autism ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin tallafi da kuma a cikin dandalin tattaunawa na kan layi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">an buƙaci ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wani bita na 2013 ya gano babu wani bincike na kimiyya mai mahimmanci kan batun; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Creasey |first=Nikola |last2=Finlay |first2=Fiona |date=2013-11-01 |title=Question 2: Do weighted blankets improve sleep in children with an autistic spectrum disorder? |url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/98/11/919 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |language=en |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=919–920 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305011 |pmid=24123405 |s2cid=27571555 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] babu isassun shaidu da za su goyi bayan wannan amfani har zuwa shekarar 2019. == Care == Saboda girma da nauyi, barguna masu nauyi sau da yawa suna da wahalar wankewa (wasu kuma an yi su ne da kayan da ba za a iya wankewa da injin ba ). Saboda haka, ana sayar da barguna da yawa tare da murfin da za a iya wankewa da injin . Bugu da ƙari, nauyin bargon na iya wuce matsakaicin nauyin da injin wanki ya yarda, kuma ya kamata a koyaushe a duba shi a gaba. Yawanci ana fifita wankewa mai laushi da ruwan sanyi, domin wannan yana kiyaye halayen kayan shafa kuma yana hana lalacewa ga ƙananan ƙuraje/ƙura. A mafi yawan lokuta, sau nawa za a wanke bargon mai nauyi ya dogara da yadda mai shi yake amfani da shi. Ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan musamman lokacin busar da bargo mai nauyi. Yawancin masana'antun suna ba da shawarar busar da bargo mai faɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=You'll Sleep Better Under a Clean Weighted Blanket |url=https://www.thespruce.com/how-to-clean-and-care-for-a-weighted-blanket-4788312 |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=The Spruce |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=How to Wash a Weighted Blanket |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bedding-information/how-to-wash-a-weighted-blanket |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar amfani da saman da aka shimfiɗa, shimfiɗa tawul kaɗan don jiƙa ruwan da ya wuce kima, da kuma shimfiɗa bargon mai nauyi a sama don ya bushe. Ba a hana busar da bargon da aka rataye saboda bargon mai nauyi na iya rasa siffarsa kuma ya rage tsawon rayuwarsa. Busar da iska mai laushi a cikin injin na iya yiwuwa, ya danganta da cika bargon mai nauyi da kayan shafa. Yadi na roba da na roba ko kayan shafa na iya rasa kaddarorinsu saboda yawan zafin iska. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Wash a Weighted Blanket |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Wash-a-Weighted-Blanket |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=wikiHow |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rz7xcsan5zjh8r411y4zaa7ar0k97sa 859077 859076 2026-06-16T20:20:42Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bargo mai nauyi''' [[bargo]] ne mai nauyi musamman wanda ake amfani da shi don taimakawa [[Bacci|barci]] da rage [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]] . Da farko, barguna masu nauyi galibi ana amfani da su a cikin '''maganin matsin lamba mai zurfi''' don taimakawa mutanen da ke da Autism, mutanen da ke da [[Dementia|tabin hankali]], da kuma matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa . Daga baya sun zama samfuran da ake yawan samu a kasuwa . Shaidun kimiyya ba su goyi bayan amfani da su a matsayin taimako ga rashin barci ba, kuma suna iya zama haɗari, musamman ga yara. == Maganin matsin lamba mai zurfi == '''Maganin matsin lamba mai zurfi''' ( '''DPT''' ) ko '''matsin lamba mai zurfi''' ( '''DTP''' ) magani ne na haɗakar jijiyoyi wanda ake amfani da shi don taimakawa kwantar da hankalin mutane masu fama da cututtukan jijiyoyi masu saurin amsawa ta hanyar amfani da matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a [[Jikin mutum|jiki]] . Ana iya shafa DPT da barguna masu nauyi, amma kuma da riguna masu nauyi, injin runguma, ko dabba mai nauyi. DPT yana ba da jin daɗi kamar runguma mai ɗumi da kwantar da hankali wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen daidaita tsarin juyayi da rage damuwa. == Amfani == Ana amfani da barguna masu nauyi a cikin aikin jiyya don taimakawa mutane su inganta yanayin motsin rai da na jiki. <ref name="sysreview">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eron K, Kohnert L, Watters A, Logan C, Weisner-Rose M, Mehler PS |date=2020 |title=Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review |url= |journal=Am J Occup Ther |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=7402205010p1–7402205010p14 |doi=10.5014/ajot.2020.037358 |pmid=32204779 |s2cid=214629412}}</ref> Musamman, ana amfani da barguna masu nauyi a cikin wani nau'in aikin jiyya da ake kira " maganin haɗin kai na ji ", wanda ke taimaka wa mutanen da ke da autism ko mutanen da ke da yanayin kwakwalwa su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka shafi ji. Barguna masu nauyi suna ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da masu ilimin motsa jiki ke amfani da su don samar da " [[Deep-touch pressure|matsin lamba mai zurfi]] ", wani nau'in motsa jiki na jiki wanda, a cewar ƙwararru, na iya taimaka wa mutane su daidaita [[Emotion|motsin zuciyarsu]] da halayensu . <ref name="Pappas">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=2018-11-23 |title=Weighted Blankets: How They Work |url=https://www.livescience.com/59315-weighted-blankets-faq.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> Babban abin da ke damun mutum idan ana la'akari da bargon da aka yi wa nauyi shi ne a zaɓi nauyin da ya dace domin idan bargon ya yi nauyi sosai, zai ji kamar bargon da aka saba; idan ya yi nauyi sosai, zai iya jin rashin jin daɗi. Bargon da aka yi wa nauyi ya kamata ya zama kusan kashi 10% na nauyin jikin mutum: ga kusan kashi 97% na mutane wannan yana jin daidai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bargon ya kamata ya kuma rufe jiki daga yatsun kafa zuwa haɓa. Bayan bin shawarar nauyin da aka ambata a sama, idan nauyin bargon bai ji daidai ba, zai fi yiwuwa bargon ya yi nauyi fiye da sauƙi. Duk da cewa bincike na farko ya nuna cewa barguna masu nauyi na iya zama kayan aiki mai dacewa don rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]], bita a cikin littattafan likitanci na yanzu sun lura cewa bincike a wannan fanni ba shi da yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eron |first=Kathryn |last2=Kohnert |first2=Lindsey |last3=Watters |first3=Ashlie |last4=Logan |first4=Christina |last5=Weisner-Rose |first5=Melissa |last6=Mehler |first6=Philip S. |date=2020-03-12 |title=Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review |url=https://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=2763119 |journal=American Journal of Occupational Therapy |language=en |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=7402205010p1–7402205010p14 |doi=10.5014/ajot.2020.037358 |issn=0272-9490 |pmid=32204779 |s2cid=214629412 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa barguna masu nauyi na iya rage damuwa kuma, sakamakon haka, suna ba mai amfani damar yin barci da sauri. Duk da haka, dangane da rashin barci, ƙwararrun likitoci sun lura cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike, domin har yanzu babu isassun shaidu da za su tabbatar da cewa samfuran suna rage alamun. Bugu da ƙari, akwai babban tasirin placebo, wanda za a buƙaci a yi la'akari da shi a cikin nazarin gaba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Eric |date=2021-11-15 |title=Do weighted blankets help with insomnia? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/do-weighted-blankets-help-with-insomnia-202111152637 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wasu daga cikin binciken farko kan nau'in matsin lamba mai zurfi da barguna masu nauyi ke amfani da shi ya fara ne a shekarar 1965, lokacin da wani masanin kimiyya ɗan Amurka mai fama da autism, Temple Grandin, ya ƙirƙiro injin runguma . Daga baya ta yi amfani da shi don nazarin tasirin kwantar da hankali na matsin lamba mai zurfi a cikin sauran mutanen da ke da autism. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grandin |first=T. |date=1992 |title=Calming effects of deep touch pressure in patients with autistic disorder, college students, and animals. |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.1992.2.63 |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |doi=10.1089/cap.1992.2.63 |pmid=19630623 |s2cid=15343030 |url-access=subscription |via=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc}}</ref> Keith da Lynda Zivalich sun samar da bargo mai nauyi na farko a shekarar 1997, lokacin da suka ƙirƙiri wani abin sha mai cike da wake wanda yanzu ake kira "Magic Weighted Blanket." <ref>{{Cite web |title=How was the Weighted Blanket Invented? |url=https://magicweightedblanket.com/pages/timeline |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Magic Weighted Blanket |language=en}}</ref> Sun yi siyarwarsu ta farko a watan Disamba na 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-06 |title=This Weighted Blanket for Adults is Designed to Soothe Anxiety |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/501533/weighted-blanket-adults-designed-soothe-anxiety |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Mental Floss |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken farko na hukuma game da barguna masu nauyi a matsayin hanyar samun matsin lamba mai zurfi ya faru jim kaɗan bayan haka, a shekarar 1999. Tina Champagne, wata [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali a fannin sana'a]], ta fara bincike a kansu a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin da mutane ke fuskanta a cikin al'ummar da ke da buƙatu na musamman. Barguna masu nauyi sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa a shahara a cikin al'ummar da ke da buƙatu na musamman, kuma kamfanoni da yawa sun fara ƙirƙirar layin samfura a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 2000. Duk da haka, sai a shekarar 2017 ne barguna masu nauyi suka sami karbuwa a tsakanin jama'a, lokacin da shafin labarai na kimiyya ''Futurism'' ya ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na Kickstarter don wani samfuri mai suna Gravity Blanket kuma ya tara kusan dala miliyan 5. Kamfanin ya sayar da fiye da raka'a 128,000 ta hanyar sanya sabon salo a kan samfurin da kuma tallata shi ga jama'a a matsayin maganin barci da rage damuwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Dalvin |title=Weighted blankets: Here's how the trendy bedding got so popular |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/01/26/weighted-blankets-makers-weigh-products-sudden-success/2558957002/ |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-03 |title=After selling $15 million of gravity blankets (really), Futurism created an 8-person team to develop more products |url=https://digiday.com/media/success-gravity-blanket-futurism-created-8-person-team-developing-products/ |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Digiday |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, [[Time (magazine)|mujallar ''Time'']] ta sanya wa "barguna masu rage damuwa" suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙirƙira na 2018 kuma ta ambaci Gravity Blanket musamman. Sun lura cewa kodayake ''Futurism'' bai ƙirƙira bargon mai nauyi ba, kamfanin ya inganta fasahar [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallata]] shi ga jama'a. A kan waɗannan lamuran, ''The Atlantic'' ta haɗa nasarar Gravity Blanket, da kuma ƙaruwar barguna masu nauyi daga baya, zuwa wata sabuwar hanyar kwatantawa da tallata amfani da su, tana kwatanta Gravity Blanket a matsayin labari game da "alƙawarin jin daɗin canza rayuwa ga yawan siyayya ta Instagram da ake yi ta hanyar amfani da manhajar tunani." ''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta danganta shaharar Gravity Blanket da kyakkyawan lokaci da kuma tallatawa, tana jayayya cewa shekarun da suka gabata sun ga ƙaruwar jin damuwa da damuwa a Amurka kuma cewa "ba wai kwatsam ba ne nasarar Gravity ta Kickstarter ta isa zurfin lokacin da Amurkawa da yawa ke fara imel ɗinsu da ta'aziyya mai ban tausayi game da labarai." Shagunan sayar da kayayyaki a faɗin duniya sun fara sayar da nau'ikan barguna iri-iri a duk tsawon shekarar 2018, kuma, a ƙarshen shekarar, barguna masu nauyi suna kan kusan kowace jagorar kyauta a intanet. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Dalvin |title=Weighted blankets: Here's how the trendy bedding got so popular |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/01/26/weighted-blankets-makers-weigh-products-sudden-success/2558957002/ |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrown">Brown, Dalvin. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/01/26/weighted-blankets-makers-weigh-products-sudden-success/2558957002/ "Weighted blankets: Here's how the trendy bedding got so popular"]. ''USA Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tun bayan samun karbuwa, likitocin sun lura cewa, yayin da wasu binciken suka kasance masu ban sha'awa, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da ingancin samfuran a matsayin abubuwan taimakawa barci da rage damuwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Eric |date=2021-11-15 |title=Do weighted blankets help with insomnia? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/do-weighted-blankets-help-with-insomnia-202111152637 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZhou2021">Zhou, Eric (2021-11-15). [https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/do-weighted-blankets-help-with-insomnia-202111152637 "Do weighted blankets help with insomnia?"]. ''Harvard Health''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Tsarin aiki == Ana yin bargo mai nauyi da aka saba yi da bargon yadi da aka raba zuwa ƙananan sassa, wanda daga nan ake cika shi da ƙananan ƙwallaye na filastik ko ƙananan [[Kwallaye na ado|ƙwallaye]] . Bargo masu cike da filastik galibi suna da araha, amma sun fi girma; kuma wasu masu amfani sun fi son guje wa robobi saboda dalilai na kashin kansu ko na muhalli. Ana ɗaukar gilashi ko ƙarfe a matsayin waɗanda ba sa haifar da [[Allergy|rashin lafiyan jiki]] ; kuma saboda yawansu, ana buƙatar ƙarancin girma don cimma irin wannan nauyi. <ref name="Pappas">{{Cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=2018-11-23 |title=Weighted Blankets: How They Work |url=https://www.livescience.com/59315-weighted-blankets-faq.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPappas2018">Pappas, Stephanie (2018-11-23). [https://www.livescience.com/59315-weighted-blankets-faq.html "Weighted Blankets: How They Work"]. ''livescience.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana kuma samun barguna masu nauyi iri-iri na yadi. Sau da yawa ana saka su ko kuma a saƙa su da kayan da suka yi kauri da nauyi, kamar zaren T-shirt (wanda kuma aka sani da "tarn" ko "T-yarn", wanda aka yi da [[auduga]] mai nauyin T-shirt ), wanda wani lokacin ana samunsa a matsayin kayan da aka sake yin amfani da su, kayan da aka yi da kayan da ba su da kyau, ko kuma kayayyakin da masana'antar tufafi ke samarwa. == Tsaro da inganci == Wani bita na tsari na 2018, wanda ya binciki ingancin amfani da barguna masu nauyi don rage damuwa da rashin barci, ya gano cewa barguna masu nauyi na iya zama kayan aiki mai dacewa don rage damuwa a wurare masu iyaka da kuma al'ummomi. Duk da haka, masu binciken sun kuma gano cewa babu isassun shaidu da ke nuna cewa suna da amfani ga rashin barci, kuma binciken amfani da su ya samu cikas sakamakon rashin daidaituwar aiki. <ref name="sysreview">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eron K, Kohnert L, Watters A, Logan C, Weisner-Rose M, Mehler PS |date=2020 |title=Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review |url= |journal=Am J Occup Ther |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=7402205010p1–7402205010p14 |doi=10.5014/ajot.2020.037358 |pmid=32204779 |s2cid=214629412}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEronKohnertWattersLogan2020">Eron K, Kohnert L, Watters A, Logan C, Weisner-Rose M, Mehler PS (2020). "Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review". ''Am J Occup Ther''. '''74''' (2): 7402205010p1–7402205010p14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.037358|10.5014/ajot.2020.037358]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32204779 32204779]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214629412 214629412].</cite></ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi gargaɗin cewa ba za a iya amfani da nazarin lafiyar barguna masu nauyi ga manya masu lafiya ba ga yara, har ma ga yara masu nakasa. Barguna masu nauyi na iya wuce {{Convert|25|lb}} kuma, saboda wannan nauyin da ya wuce kima, rashin amfani da barguna masu nauyi ba daidai ba yana haifar da haɗarin cutarwa ga yara, kasancewar shine sanadin mutuwar akalla yaro ɗaya. Ana ba da shawarar barguna masu nauyi sosai ga yara masu fama da autism ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin tallafi da kuma a cikin dandalin tattaunawa na kan layi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">an buƙaci ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wani bita na 2013 ya gano babu wani bincike na kimiyya mai mahimmanci kan batun; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Creasey |first=Nikola |last2=Finlay |first2=Fiona |date=2013-11-01 |title=Question 2: Do weighted blankets improve sleep in children with an autistic spectrum disorder? |url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/98/11/919 |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |language=en |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=919–920 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305011 |pmid=24123405 |s2cid=27571555 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] babu isassun shaidu da za su goyi bayan wannan amfani har zuwa shekarar 2019. == Care == Saboda girma da nauyi, barguna masu nauyi sau da yawa suna da wahalar wankewa (wasu kuma an yi su ne da kayan da ba za a iya wankewa da injin ba ). Saboda haka, ana sayar da barguna da yawa tare da murfin da za a iya wankewa da injin . Bugu da ƙari, nauyin bargon na iya wuce matsakaicin nauyin da injin wanki ya yarda, kuma ya kamata a koyaushe a duba shi a gaba. Yawanci ana fifita wankewa mai laushi da ruwan sanyi, domin wannan yana kiyaye halayen kayan shafa kuma yana hana lalacewa ga ƙananan ƙuraje/ƙura. A mafi yawan lokuta, sau nawa za a wanke bargon mai nauyi ya dogara da yadda mai shi yake amfani da shi. Ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan musamman lokacin busar da bargo mai nauyi. Yawancin masana'antun suna ba da shawarar busar da bargo mai faɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=You'll Sleep Better Under a Clean Weighted Blanket |url=https://www.thespruce.com/how-to-clean-and-care-for-a-weighted-blanket-4788312 |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=The Spruce |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=How to Wash a Weighted Blanket |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/bedding-information/how-to-wash-a-weighted-blanket |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar amfani da saman da aka shimfiɗa, shimfiɗa tawul kaɗan don jiƙa ruwan da ya wuce kima, da kuma shimfiɗa bargon mai nauyi a sama don ya bushe. Ba a hana busar da bargon da aka rataye saboda bargon mai nauyi na iya rasa siffarsa kuma ya rage tsawon rayuwarsa. Busar da iska mai laushi a cikin injin na iya yiwuwa, ya danganta da cika bargon mai nauyi da kayan shafa. Yadi na roba da na roba ko kayan shafa na iya rasa kaddarorinsu saboda yawan zafin iska. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Wash a Weighted Blanket |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Wash-a-Weighted-Blanket |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=wikiHow |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hozc4k46w49xgtu6zw329cdlqmurfpx 0 158102 859080 2026-06-16T20:29:07Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351520557|Complications of pregnancy]]" 859080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matsalolin ciki''' matsalolin lafiya ne da suka shafi ko kuma suka taso yayin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] . Matsalolin da ke faruwa musamman a lokacin [[Jego|haihuwa]] ana kiransu matsalolin haihuwa, kuma matsalolin da ke faruwa musamman bayan haihuwa ana kiransu matsalolin haihuwa . Duk da cewa wasu matsaloli suna inganta ko kuma an magance su gaba daya bayan daukar ciki, wasu na iya haifar da sakamako mai ɗorewa, rashin lafiya, ko kuma a mafi munin yanayi, mutuwar uwa ko tayi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Gretchen A |last2=Finucane |first2=Mariel M |last3=De-Regil |first3=Luz Maria |last4=Paciorek |first4=Christopher J |last5=Flaxman |first5=Seth R |last6=Branca |first6=Francesco |last7=Peña-Rosas |first7=Juan Pablo |last8=Bhutta |first8=Zulfiqar A |last9=Ezzati |first9=Majid |date=2013-07-01 |title=Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e16–e25 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9 |issn=2214-109X |pmc=4547326 |pmid=25103581}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lozano |first=Rafael |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Foreman |first3=Kyle |last4=Lim |first4=Stephen |last5=Shibuya |first5=Kenji |last6=Aboyans |first6=Victor |last7=Abraham |first7=Jerry |last8=Adair |first8=Timothy |last9=Aggarwal |first9=Rakesh |last10=Ahn |first10=Stephanie Y |last11=AlMazroa |first11=Mohammad A |last12=Alvarado |first12=Miriam |last13=Anderson |first13=H Ross |last14=Anderson |first14=Laurie M |last15=Andrews |first15=Kathryn G |date=2012-12-15 |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=The Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–2128 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=10790329 |pmid=23245604}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Li |last2=Johnson |first2=Hope L |last3=Cousens |first3=Simon |last4=Perin |first4=Jamie |last5=Scott |first5=Susana |last6=Lawn |first6=Joy E |last7=Rudan |first7=Igor |last8=Campbell |first8=Harry |last9=Cibulskis |first9=Richard |last10=Li |first10=Mengying |last11=Mathers |first11=Colin |last12=Black |first12=Robert E |date=2012-06-09 |title=Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000 |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9832 |pages=2151–2161 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=22579125}}</ref> Matsalolin da ake yawan samu a cikin daukar ciki sun hada da [[Rashin jini|karancin jini]], ciwon suga na ciki, kamuwa da cuta, hawan jini na ciki, da kuma pre-eclampsia . <ref name="Pregnancy 2024">{{Cite journal |last=O'Toole |first=F.E |last2=Hokey |first2=E. |last3=McAuliffe |first3=F.M |last4=Walsh |first4=J.M |date=2024-06-01 |title=The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=297 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005 |issn=0301-2115 |pmid=38608353 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasancewar irin wadannan matsaloli na iya yin tasiri ga sa ido kan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, daukar hoto, da kuma kula da lafiya a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name=":02" /> Matsaloli masu tsanani na ciki, haihuwa, da kuma [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|lokacin haihuwa]] suna faruwa a cikin kashi 1.6% na iyaye mata a Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/MaternalInfantHealth/SevereMaternalMorbidity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629114443/http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/MaternalInfantHealth/SevereMaternalMorbidity.html |archive-date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2015-07-08 |website=CDC}}</ref> da kuma kashi 1.5% na iyaye mata a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Maternal Morbidity in Canada |url=http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Morbidity-EN-Final-PDF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309111959/http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Morbidity-EN-Final-PDF.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-09 |access-date=2015-07-08 |website=The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC)}}</ref> A lokacin haihuwa nan take (puerperium), kashi 87% zuwa 94% na mata sun ba da rahoton aƙalla wata matsala ta lafiya. <ref name="pmid76125092">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT |date=April 1995 |title=Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment |journal=British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=282–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x |pmid=7612509 |s2cid=38872754}}</ref> <ref name="pmid120511892">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA |date=June 2002 |title=Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth |journal=Birth |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=83–94 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x |pmid=12051189}}</ref> Kashi 31% na mata ne suka ba da rahoton matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci (na ci gaba bayan watanni shida bayan haihuwa). <ref name="Borders 20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borders N |date=2006 |title=After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |doi=10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014 |pmid=16814217}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, matsalolin da suka shafi daukar ciki, haihuwa, da kuma lokacin haihuwa sun haifar da mutuwar mutane 230,600 a duk duniya, wanda ya ragu daga mutuwar mutane 377,000 a shekarar 1990. Abubuwan da suka fi haifar da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sune zubar jini a lokacin haihuwa, kamuwa da cututtukan bayan haihuwa, ciki har da sepsis, cututtukan hawan jini na ciki, nakuda, da kuma [[zubar da ciki]] mara aminci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naghavi |first=Mohsen |last2=Abajobir |first2=Amanuel Alemu |last3=Abbafati |first3=Cristiana |last4=Abbas |first4=Kaja M. |last5=Abd-Allah |first5=Foad |last6=Abera |first6=Semaw Ferede |last7=Aboyans |first7=Victor |last8=Adetokunboh |first8=Olatunji |last9=Afshin |first9=Ashkan |last10=Agrawal |first10=Anurag |last11=Ahmadi |first11=Alireza |last12=Ahmed |first12=Muktar Beshir |last13=Aichour |first13=Amani Nidhal |last14=Aichour |first14=Miloud Taki Eddine |last15=Aichour |first15=Ibtihel |display-authors=1 |date=September 2017 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |journal=Lancet |volume=390 |issue=10100 |pages=1151–1210 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 |pmc=5605883 |pmid=28919116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller AB, Daniels J, Gülmezoglu AM, Temmerman M, Alkema L |date=June 2014 |title=Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=e323–e333 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70227-x |pmid=25103301 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin ciki na iya tasowa a wasu lokutan daga bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani da rashin jin daɗi na ciki, waɗanda yawanci ba sa tsoma baki sosai ga ayyukan yau da kullun ko kuma suna haifar da wata babbar barazana ga lafiyar mace ko tayin. Misali, rashin lafiyar safe wata alama ce mai sauƙi ta ciki wadda galibi take ɓacewa a cikin watanni uku na biyu na ciki, amma hyperemesis gravidarum wata cuta ce mai tsanani ta wannan alamar wadda wani lokacin take buƙatar taimakon likita don hana rashin daidaiton electrolyte daga amai mai tsanani. == Matsalolin uwaye == Matsalolin da ke ƙasa suna samo asali ne daga uwa; duk da haka, suna iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga tayin. === Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki === Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki shine lokacin da mace, ba tare da an gano [[Ciwon suga|ta]] a baya ba, ta kamu da yawan [[Hyperglycemia|sukari a jini]] yayin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] . <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}</ref> <ref name="GDM Review 2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lende M, Rijhsinghani A |date=December 2020 |title=Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=24 |page=9573 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17249573 |pmc=7767324 |pmid=33371325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ba za a iya canzawa ba kuma wadanda za a iya canzawa wadanda ke haifar da wannan matsala. Abubuwan da ba za a iya canzawa ba sun hada da tarihin iyali na ciwon suga, shekarun uwa, da kuma kabila. Abubuwan da za a iya canzawa sun hada da kiba a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name="GDM Review 2020" /> Akwai karuwar bukatar insulin a lokacin daukar ciki wanda ke haifar da karuwar samar da insulin daga kwayoyin halittar beta na pancreas . Yawan bukatar yana faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar yawan kalori na uwa, karuwar nauyi, da karuwar samar da prolactin da hormone na girma. Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yana kara hadarin kara matsalolin uwa da tayi kamar ci gaban pre-eclampsia, bukatar haihuwar caesarean, haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, dystocia na kafada, karancin jini a cikin tayin, hyperbilirubinemia, da kuma shiga sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai. Karin hadarin yana da alaƙa da yadda ake sarrafa ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yayin daukar ciki, tare da rashin kulawa mai kyau da ke da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako. Ana amfani da wata hanya mai fannoni daban-daban don magance ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki. Ya ƙunshi sa ido kan matakan glucose na jini, gyare-gyaren abinci mai gina jiki da abinci, canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar ƙara yawan motsa jiki, [[Gudanar da nauyi|kula da nauyin]] uwa, da magunguna kamar insulin. <ref name="GDM Review 2020" /> === Ciwon hyperemesis gravidarum === Hyperemesis gravidarum shine kasancewar amai mai tsanani da na dindindin, wanda ke haifar da bushewar jiki da rage kiba. Yana kama da haka, kodayake ya fi tsanani fiye da ciwon safe da aka saba gani. <ref name="Emergency">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Summers A |date=July 2012 |title=Emergency management of hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=Emergency Nurse |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=24–28 |doi=10.7748/en2012.07.20.4.24.c9206 |pmid=22876404}}</ref> <ref name="Goodwin2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodwin TM |date=September 2008 |title=Hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=401–17, viii |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.002 |pmid=18760227}}</ref> An kiyasta yana shafar kashi 0.3–3.6% na mata masu juna biyu kuma shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga asibiti a ƙasa da makonni 20 na ciki. Mafi yawan lokuta, alamun tashin zuciya da amai a lokacin daukar ciki ana magance su a farkon watanni uku na ciki; duk da haka, wasu suna ci gaba da fuskantar alamun. Ana gano hyperemesis gravidarum ta hanyar waɗannan sharuɗɗa: fiye da lokutan amai 3 a rana, ketonuria, da kuma asarar nauyi fiye da 3&nbsp;kg ko kashi 5% na nauyin jiki. Abubuwa da dama da ba za a iya canzawa ba kuma waɗanda za a iya gyarawa suna sanya mata cikin wannan yanayin, kamar tayin ciki na mace, tarihin cututtukan tabin hankali, BMI mai yawa ko ƙasa kafin daukar ciki, ƙuruciya, ƙabilar Ba'amurke ko Asiya, ciwon suga na nau'in I, ɗaukar ciki da yawa, da tarihin ɗaukar ciki da hyperemesis gravidarum ya shafa. A halin yanzu babu wata hanyar da aka sani game da dalilin wannan yanayin. Wannan rikitarwa na iya haifar da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, ƙarancin nauyin ciki, bushewar jiki, da rikicewar bitamin, electrolyte, da acid a cikin uwa. An nuna cewa yana haifar da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ƙaramin girma ga shekarun daukar ciki, haihuwar da ba ta yi ba, da kuma ƙarancin maki na APGAR a cikin jariri. Maganin wannan yanayin yana mai da hankali kan hana cutar da tayin yayin da yake inganta alamun cutar kuma galibi ya haɗa da maye gurbin ruwa da shan ƙananan abinci, akai-akai, marasa laushi. Magungunan farko sun haɗa da citta da acupuncture. Magungunan na biyu sun haɗa da bitamin B ₆ ± doxylamine, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, da serotonin antagonists. Magungunan na uku sun haɗa da corticosteroids, transdermal clonidine, da gabapentin. Maganin da aka zaɓa ya dogara ne akan tsananin alamun cutar da kuma yadda ake mayar da martani ga magunguna. <ref name="HG Austin 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Austin K, Wilson K, Saha S |date=April 2019 |title=Hyperemesis Gravidarum |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=226–241 |doi=10.1002/ncp.10205 |pmid=30334272 |s2cid=52987088}}</ref> === Ciwon ƙashin ƙugu === Ciwon da ke da alaƙa da ƙwanƙolin ƙashin ƙugu (PGP) ciwo ne da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙashin bayan iliac da kuma ƙashin bayan ƙashin ƙugu, wanda ke faruwa a farkon [[Jego|lokacin haihuwa ko kuma bayan haihuwa,]] wanda rashin kwanciyar hankali da kuma ƙarancin motsi ke haifarwa. Yana da alaƙa da ciwon pubic symphysis da kuma wani lokacin radiation na ciwo a ƙugu da cinyoyi. Ga yawancin masu juna biyu, PGP yana warkewa cikin watanni uku bayan haihuwa, amma ga wasu, yana iya ɗaukar shekaru, wanda ke haifar da raguwar haƙuri ga ayyukan ɗaukar nauyi. PGP yana shafar kusan kashi 45% na mutane a lokacin daukar ciki: kashi 25% suna ba da rahoton ciwo mai tsanani, kuma kashi 8% suna da nakasa sosai. <ref name="pmid15338362">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wu WH, Meijer OG, Uegaki K, Mens JM, van Dieën JH, Wuisman PI, Ostgaard HC |date=November 2004 |title=Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP), I: Terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence |journal=European Spine Journal |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=575–589 |doi=10.1007/s00586-003-0615-y |pmc=3476662 |pmid=15338362}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walters C, West S, A Nippita T |date=July 2018 |title=Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=439–443 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-01-18-4467 |pmid=30114872 |s2cid=52018638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban rikitarwa sun haɗa da yawan kiba, ƙaruwar BMI, aiki mai wahala, shan taba, damuwa, tarihin rauni na baya da ƙashin ƙugu, da tarihin ciwon ƙashin ƙugu da na ƙasa. Wannan ciwon yana faruwa ne sakamakon girma a mahaifa yayin daukar ciki wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar damuwa a yankunan lumbar da ƙashin ƙugu na uwa, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a matsayi da rage ƙarfin tsokoki na lumbopelvic, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da ciwo. Ba a san ko takamaiman hormones a cikin daukar ciki suna da alaƙa da ci gaban rikitarwa ba. PGP na iya haifar da rashin ingancin rayuwa, rashin yiwuwar kamuwa da ciwon da ke damunsa, tsawaita hutu daga aiki, da kuma damuwa ta zamantakewa . Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan magani da yawa dangane da tsananin alamun. Zaɓuɓɓukan magani marasa cutarwa sun haɗa da gyaran aiki, tufafin tallafi na ƙashin ƙugu, maganin rage zafi tare da ko ba tare da ɗan gajeren hutun gado ba, da kuma motsa jiki don ƙara ƙarfin tsokoki na gluteal da adductor, rage damuwa a kan kashin baya na lumbar. Ana ɗaukar kulawar tiyata mai tsanani a matsayin magani na ƙarshe idan duk sauran hanyoyin magani sun gaza kuma alamun sun yi tsanani. <ref name=":0" /> === Hawan jini === Matsalolin hawan jini masu tsanani da ka iya tasowa a lokacin daukar ciki sun hada da: * Pre-eclampsia - hauhawar jini a lokacin daukar ciki, proteinuria (>300)&nbsp;mg), da kuma [[kumburi]] . Ciwon pre-eclampsia mai tsanani ya ƙunshi hawan jini sama da 160/110 (tare da ƙarin alamu). Yana shafar kashi 5-8% na masu juna biyu. * Eclampsia - farfadiya a cikin majiyyaci kafin a fara zubar da ciki, wanda ke shafar kusan kashi 1.4% na masu juna biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, Chou D, Say L |date=September 2013 |title=Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005 |pmid=23746796}}</ref> * Hawan jini na ciki zai iya tasowa bayan makonni 20 amma ba shi da wasu alamu kuma yana iya warwarewa, amma yana iya zama pre-eclampsia. <ref name="medline">{{Cite web |title=High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy |url=https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> * Ciwon HELLP - Anemia mai ɗauke da sinadarin hemolytic, yawan enzymes na hanta da kuma ƙarancin adadin platelets . An ruwaito cewa lamarin ya faru ne kashi 0.5–0.9% na dukkan masu juna biyu. <ref name="Haram-2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U |date=February 2009 |title=The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2393-9-8.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=9 |doi=10.1186/1471-2393-9-8 |pmc=2654858 |pmid=19245695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112031619/http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2393-9-8.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-12 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Hanta mai tsanani a lokacin daukar ciki wani lokacin ana samunta a cikin pre-eclamptic spectrum. Yana faruwa a kimanin daya cikin 7,000 zuwa daya cikin 15,000 ciki. <ref name="Mjahed">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mjahed K, Charra B, Hamoudi D, Noun M, Barrou L |date=October 2006 |title=Acute fatty liver of pregnancy |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=274 |issue=6 |pages=349–353 |doi=10.1007/s00404-006-0203-6 |pmid=16868757 |s2cid=24784165}}</ref> <ref name="Reyes">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Reyes H, Sandoval L, Wainstein A, Ribalta J, Donoso S, Smok G, Rosenberg H, Meneses M |date=January 1994 |title=Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinical study of 12 episodes in 11 patients |journal=Gut |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |doi=10.1136/gut.35.1.101 |pmc=1374642 |pmid=8307428}}</ref> Matan da ke fama da hawan jini na yau da kullun kafin su yi ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsaloli kamar haihuwa da wuri, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ko haihuwa gawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS |date=May 2021 |title=Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=10 |issue=9 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 |pmc=8200761 |pmid=33870708}}</ref> Matan da ke fama da hawan jini kuma suka sami matsaloli a cikin ciki suna da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] sau uku idan aka kwatanta da mata masu hawan jini na yau da kullun waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a cikin ciki. Kula da hawan jini na mata masu juna biyu zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rikitarwa da cututtukan zuciya na gaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-11-21 |title=Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/pregnancy-complications-increase-the-risk-of-heart-attacks-and-stroke-in-women-with-high-blood-pressure/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 |s2cid=265356623 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ |date=July 2023 |title=Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |journal=Hypertension |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1427–1438 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 |pmid=37170819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Thromboembolism na jijiyoyin jini === Ciwon jijiyoyin jini, wanda ya ƙunshi ciwon jijiyoyin jini mai zurfi da kuma ciwon huhu, babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mace-mace bayan haihuwa, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Haɗarin yawan zubar jini da ke ƙaruwa da juna biyu da ƙarin abubuwan haɗari kamar kiba da ciwon jijiyoyin jini yana sa mata masu juna biyu su kasance cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Monika |last2=Brady |first2=Carla W. |last3=Fleckenstein |first3=Jaquelyn |last4=Forde |first4=Kimberly A. |last5=Khungar |first5=Vandana |last6=Molleston |first6=Jean P. |last7=Afshar |first7=Yalda |last8=Terrault |first8=Norah A. |date=January 2021 |title=Reproductive Health and Liver Disease: Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1002/hep.31559 |journal=Hepatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=318–365 |doi=10.1002/hep.31559 |issn=0270-9139 |pmid=32946672}}</ref> Matakan rigakafi waɗanda suka haɗa da amfani da heparin mai ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na iya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da tiyata, musamman ga marasa lafiya masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Sanin kai tsakanin masu ba da kulawa da gaggawa da kuma amsawa cikin gaggawa wajen gano da kuma kula da ciwon jijiyoyin jini da wuri yayin daukar ciki da kuma bayan haihuwa suna da mahimmanci don amsawa cikin gaggawa '''.''' Ciwon jijiyoyin jini mai zurfi, wani nau'in ciwon jijiyoyin jini, yana da yawan faruwa tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 7 a cikin kowace ciki 1,000, kuma shine na biyu mafi yawan sanadin [[Mutuwar uwa|mutuwar mata masu juna biyu]] a ƙasashe masu tasowa bayan zubar jini. * ''Ya haifar da'' : Yawan zubar jini da ke haifar da ciki a matsayin martanin jiki a shirye-shiryen zubar jini mai yuwuwa yayin [[Jego|haihuwa]] . * ''Magani'' : Ana iya nuna maganin rigakafi, misali, tare da ƙarancin nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta na heparin idan akwai ƙarin abubuwan haɗari ga thrombosis na jijiyoyin jini masu zurfi. <ref name="uppsala" /> === Rashin jini === Rashin jini matsala ce da aka sani a duniya a fannin daukar ciki kuma cuta ce da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin haemoglobin a cikin ɗaya daga cikin watanni uku na ciki. Irin waɗannan canje-canje na jiki sun fi bayyana a tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da komawar haemoglobin, kamar cutar sikila. Rigakafin rashin jini a lokacin daukar ciki yana da rikitarwa kuma galibi ana magance shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na ƙarin abinci, maganin ƙarfe, da kuma ci gaba da kimanta ma'aunin uwa da tayi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taher |first=Ali T. |last2=Iolascon |first2=Achille |last3=Matar |first3=Charbel F. |last4=Bou-Fakhredin |first4=Rayan |last5=de Franceschi |first5=Lucia |last6=Cappellini |first6=Maria Domenica |last7=Barcellini |first7=Wilma |last8=Russo |first8=Roberta |last9=Andolfo |first9=Immacolata |last10=Tyan |first10=Paul |last11=Gulbis |first11=Beatrice |last12=Aydinok |first12=Yesim |last13=Anagnou |first13=Nicholas P. |last14=Bencaiova |first14=Gabriela Amstad |last15=Tamary |first15=Hannah |date=August 2020 |title=Recommendations for Pregnancy in Rare Inherited Anemias |journal=HemaSphere |language=en-US |volume=4 |issue=4 |doi=10.1097/HS9.0000000000000446 |issn=2572-9241 |pmc=7437563 |pmid=32885142}}</ref> A matsayin ƙarin ma'auni, ana mai da hankali kan tantance wuraren da ke haifar da hakan, da kuma amfani da kulawar da ta dace a lokacin daukar ciki don samun sakamako mafi kyau ga uwa da tayin. Matakan haemoglobin sun yi ƙasa a cikin watanni uku na uku. A cewar kiyasin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD), kusan rabin masu juna biyu suna kamuwa da cutar anemia a duk duniya. Kimanin rabin mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar karancin ƙarfe tare da ko ba tare da cutar anemia ba. <ref name="Irondeficiencypregnancy">{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=AE |last2=Shatzel |first2=JJ |last3=Ryan |first3=KS |last4=Hedges |first4=MA |last5=Martens |first5=K |last6=Aslan |first6=JE |last7=Lo |first7=JO |date=December 2022 |title=The incidence, complications, and treatment of iron deficiency in pregnancy |journal=European Journal of Haemotology |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=633–642 |doi=10.1111/ejh.13870 |pmc=9669178 |pmid=36153674}}</ref> Yawan cutar anemia a lokacin daukar ciki ya bambanta daga kashi 18% a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba zuwa kashi 75% a Kudancin Asiya; wanda ya kai ga adadin kashi 38% na masu juna biyu a duniya. <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Gretchen A |last2=Finucane |first2=Mariel M |last3=De-Regil |first3=Luz Maria |last4=Paciorek |first4=Christopher J |last5=Flaxman |first5=Seth R |last6=Branca |first6=Francesco |last7=Peña-Rosas |first7=Juan Pablo |last8=Bhutta |first8=Zulfiqar A |last9=Ezzati |first9=Majid |date=2013-07-01 |title=Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e16–e25 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9 |issn=2214-109X |pmc=4547326 |pmid=25103581}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStevensFinucaneDe-RegilPaciorek2013">Stevens, Gretchen A; Finucane, Mariel M; De-Regil, Luz Maria; Paciorek, Christopher J; Flaxman, Seth R; Branca, Francesco; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Ezzati, Majid (2013-07-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547326 "Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data"]. ''The Lancet Global Health''. '''1''' (1): <span class="nowrap">e16–</span>e25. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9|10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-109X 2214-109X]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547326 4547326]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25103581 25103581].</cite></ref> <ref name="Pregnancy 2024">{{Cite journal |last=O'Toole |first=F.E |last2=Hokey |first2=E. |last3=McAuliffe |first3=F.M |last4=Walsh |first4=J.M |date=2024-06-01 |title=The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=297 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005 |issn=0301-2115 |pmid=38608353 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'TooleHokeyMcAuliffeWalsh2024">O'Toole, F.E; Hokey, E.; McAuliffe, F.M; Walsh, J.M (2024-06-01). [[doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005|"The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study"]]. ''European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology''. '''297''': <span class="nowrap">111–</span>119. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005|10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-2115 0301-2115]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608353 38608353].</cite></ref> Maganin ya bambanta saboda tsananin rashin isasshen jini, kuma ana iya cimma shi ta hanyar ƙara yawan abinci mai ɗauke da ƙarfe, allunan ƙarfe na baki, ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin iron na parenteral . <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications "Pregnancy complications"]. ''womenshealth.gov''. 2016-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Kamuwa da cuta === Ciki lokaci ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga uwa mai ciki ta fuskanci ƙarin haɗari da ke tattare da kamuwa da cuta. Bugu da ƙari, lafiyar uwa da jariri na fuskantar haɗari lokacin da take cikin wannan yanayin. Rikicewar yanayin jiki na lokacin haihuwa da kuma daidaita garkuwar jiki suna ƙara haɗarin [[Influenza|kamuwa da mura]], hepatitis E, da kuma kamuwa da cutar cytomegalovirus. Ana iya ba da fifiko ga matakan gujewa kamar alluran rigakafi da ƙa'idojin kula da kamuwa da cuta a cikin manufofin da ke da nufin iyakance haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Bugu da ƙari, gano cutar da wuri da kuma kula da cututtukan uwa suna daga cikin manyan hanyoyin hana kamuwa da cuta a tsaye da kuma canje-canje a cikin tayin. Mace mai juna biyu ta fi saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka . Wannan ƙaruwar haɗarin yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar juriyar garkuwar jiki a lokacin daukar ciki don hana amsawar garkuwar jiki ga tayin, da kuma canje-canje a cikin yanayin jiki na uwa, gami da raguwar yawan numfashi da kuma rashin isasshen fitsari saboda girman mahaifa. <ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ |date=June 2014 |title=Pregnancy and infection |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=23 |pages=2211–2218 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566 |pmc=4459512 |pmid=24897084}}</ref> Mutane masu juna biyu suna fuskantar mummunar illa ta hanyar, misali, [[Influenza|mura]], hepatitis E, [[herpes simplex]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|malaria]] . <ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Shaidar ta fi iyakance ga coccidioidomycosis, [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], [[Agana|smallpox]], da [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] . <ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Mastitis, ko kumburin nono, yana faruwa a cikin kashi 20% na mutanen da ke shayarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaufmann R, Foxman B |year=1991 |title=Mastitis among lactating women: occurrence and risk factors |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=701–705 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(91)90024-7 |pmid=1957190 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wasu cututtuka ana [[Cutar da aka samu a tsaye|iya yaɗa su a tsaye]], ma'ana suna iya shafar yaron ma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=What infections can affect pregnancy? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancy/conditioninfo/infections |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=NIH}}</ref> === Ciwon zuciya na peripartum === Ciwon zuciya na Peripartum wani ciwon zuciya ne da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar kashi na ƙwanƙwasa na hagu (LVEF) zuwa ƙasa da kashi 45%, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen ciki ko watanni kaɗan bayan haihuwa. Alamomin sun haɗa da ƙarancin numfashi a wurare daban-daban da/ko tare da aiki tuƙuru, gajiya, kumburin ƙafa, da matsewar ƙirji. Abubuwan da ke tattare da haɓakar wannan matsala sun haɗa da shekarun uwa sama da shekaru 30, ciki mai yawan haihuwa, tarihin iyali na ciwon zuciya, ganewar cutar zuciya a baya, pre-eclampsia, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], da asalin Afirka. Ba a san ainihin cutar cututtukan zuciya na peripartum ba tukuna; duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin autoimmune, myocarditis na ƙwayar cuta, ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, da canje-canje na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, waɗanda ke ƙara yawan ƙwanƙwasa zuciya. Ciwon zuciya na peripartum na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa kamar kamawar zuciya, kumburin huhu, thromboembolisms, raunin kwakwalwa, da mutuwa. Maganin wannan yanayin yayi kama da maganin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon zuciya; duk da haka, dole ne a ba da fifiko ga amincin tayin. Misali, don hana zubar jini saboda karuwar haɗarin thromboembolism, ana amfani da heparin mai ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta, wanda yake da aminci don amfani a lokacin daukar ciki, maimakon warfarin, wanda ke ratsa mahaifa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis MB, Arany Z, McNamara DM, Goland S, Elkayam U |date=January 2020 |title=Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=207–221 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014 |pmid=31948651 |s2cid=210701262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ciwon thyroid === Hypothyroidism (wanda cutar Hashimoto ke haifarwa) cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki wadda ke shafar thyroid ta hanyar haifar da ƙarancin matakan hormones na thyroid. Alamomin hypothyroidism na iya haɗawa da ƙarancin kuzari, rashin haƙuri a cikin sanyi, maƙarƙashiya a cikin tsoka, maƙarƙashiya, da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa da tattara hankali. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/pregnancy-thyroid-disease |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana gano shi ta hanyar kasancewar matakan hormone mai motsa thyroid ko TSH. Marasa lafiya da ke da TSH mai yawa da raguwar matakan free thyroxine ko T4 ana ɗaukar su suna da hypothyroidism a bayyane. Waɗanda ke da TSH mai yawa da matakan yau da kullun na free T4 ana ɗaukar su suna da hypothyroidism a ƙarƙashin kulawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sullivan SA |date=June 2019 |title=Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy |journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=308–319 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000432 |pmid=30985406 |s2cid=115198534}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓakar hypothyroidism a lokacin daukar ciki sun haɗa da ƙarancin iodine, tarihin cutar thyroid, goiter da ake gani, alamun hypothyroidism, tarihin iyali na cututtukan thyroid, tarihin ciwon sukari na nau'in 1 ko yanayin autoimmune, da tarihin rashin haihuwa ko asarar tayi. Daban-daban hormones a lokacin daukar ciki suna shafar thyroid kuma suna ƙara buƙatar hormones na thyroid. Misali, a lokacin daukar ciki, akwai ƙaruwar fitar iodine daga fitsari da kuma ƙaruwar thyroxine binding globulin da lalacewar hormones na thyroid, wanda duk yana ƙara buƙatar hormones na thyroid. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor PN, Lazarus JH |date=September 2019 |title=Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/129120/1/Hypothyroidism%20in%20Pregnancy%20submissionORCA.pdf |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |series=Pregnancy and Endocrine Disorders |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=547–556 |doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.010 |pmid=31345522 |s2cid=71053515}}</ref> Wannan yanayin na iya yin tasiri sosai ga uwa da tayin yayin daukar ciki. Jaririn na iya fuskantar matsala sosai kuma yana da nakasa iri-iri na haihuwa. Matsalolin da ke tattare da uwa da tayin na iya haɗawa da pre-eclampsia, anemia, zubar da ciki, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa a [[Gazawar zuciya|cikin mamaci, gazawar zuciya]], lalacewar ci gaban kwakwalwa, da kuma, idan ya yi tsanani, rashin sinadarin iodine a cikin mahaifa . <ref name=":03" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar ƙara sinadarin iodine, levothyroxine, wanda wani nau'i ne na maye gurbin hormones na thyroid, da kuma sa ido sosai kan aikin thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> === Hanta mai kitse mai tsanani a lokacin daukar ciki === Hanta mai kitse mai tsanani (ALFP) matsala ce mai matuƙar wahala amma mai tsanani da ke faruwa a cikin ciki wadda ke iya haifar da rashin lafiya ko mace-mace mai yawa ga uwa da tayin. AFLP yana faruwa ne lokacin da kitse ya taru a cikin hanta. Ana tsammanin yana faruwa ne sakamakon tarin ƙwayoyin kitse a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai saboda rashin aikin mitochondrial a cikin rushewar kitse (fatty acid β-oxidation). Wannan na iya hana hanta aiki yadda ya kamata; duk da haka, ba a fahimci ainihin hanyarsa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Joy |last2=Ghaziani |first2=Tara T |last3=Wolf |first3=Jacqueline L |date=June 2017 |title=Acute Fatty Liver Disease of Pregnancy: Updates in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management |url=https://journals.lww.com/00000434-201706000-00011 |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |language=en |volume=112 |issue=6 |pages=838–846 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2017.54 |issn=0002-9270 |pmid=28291236 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana samun goyan bayan ganewar asali ta hanyar binciken da ba a saba gani ba na hanta ko kuma shigar ƙwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin halitta na hanta. AFLP na iya haifar da alamun gajiya mai yawa, amai, ciwon ciki, ko jaundice. Mutane kuma na iya samun ƙarancin sukari a jini, wahalar tunani a sarari, ko matsalolin zubar jini. Takaitaccen bayani game da alamomi&nbsp;da kuma alamun * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Vomiting * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Abdominal pain * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Excessive thirst/urination * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Encephalopathy AFLP gaggawa ce ta lafiya kuma tana buƙatar haihuwa cikin gaggawa. Yaran da iyaye mata masu fama da ALFP ke da haɗarin kamuwa da ƙarancin sukari a jini, ciwon zuciya mai faɗaɗa, ciwon jijiyoyi, da kuma mutuwar jarirai kwatsam. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=David B. |last2=Byrne |first2=John J. |last3=Cunningham |first3=F. Gary |date=March 2020 |title=Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000494 |journal=Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=152–164 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000494 |issn=0009-9201 |pmid=31725416 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=David B. |last2=Byrne |first2=John J. |last3=Cunningham |first3=F. Gary |date=March 2021 |title=Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004289 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=535–546 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004289 |issn=0029-7844 |pmid=33543900 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sharuɗɗan Swansea don gano cutar AFLP. Kasancewar masu canji marasa kyau ≥6 yana da ƙimar hasashen mai kyau na 85% da ƙimar hasashen mara kyau na 100% don gano steatosis na ƙwayoyin cuta na microvascular: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Anshuman |last2=McNair |first2=Jasmine |last3=Ebiai |first3=Ruona |last4=Bzowej |first4=Natalie |date=October 2024 |title=S4161 A Rare Case of Postpartum Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.14309/01.ajg.0001046012.65455.9c |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |language=en |volume=119 |issue=10S |pages=S2688–S2689 |doi=10.14309/01.ajg.0001046012.65455.9c |issn=0002-9270 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="4" |Alamomi da Alamomi | 1. Amai |- | 2. Ciwon ciki |- | 3. Polydipsia/polyuria |- | 4. Ciwon kwakwalwa |- | rowspan="8" | Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje | 5. Bilirubin mai yawa ( >0.8&nbsp;mg/dL) |- | 6. Yawan sukari (glucose < 72)&nbsp;mg/dL) |- | 7. Leukocytosis (> ƙwayoyin halitta 11,000/microL) |- | 8. Transaminases masu ƙaruwa (AST ko ALT) (>42 naúrar ƙasa da ƙasa/L) |- | 9. Ammonia mai yawa ( >47 micromol/L) |- | 10. Urate mai yawa (5.7)&nbsp;mg/dL) |- | 11. AKI ko Creatinine >1.7&nbsp;mg/dl |- | 12. Ciwon Coagulopathy ko lokacin prothrombin > daƙiƙa 14 |- | Hoto | 13. Hanta mai haske ko kuma hanta mai haske a lokacin daukar hoton duban dan tayi (ultrasound scan) |- | Ilimin Halittar Halitta | 14. Microvesicular steatosis akan biopsy na hanta |} AFLP na iya haifar da gazawar hanta mai tsanani. Matsalar hanta mai tsanani gaggawa ce ta likita, kuma an nuna cewa ganowa da kuma magance ta da sauri ta hanyar dialysis, haihuwa, da sauran matakan tallafi suna rage haɗarin kamuwa da matsalolin uwa da tayin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paulina |first=Banach |last2=Kuczkowska |first2=Justyna |last3=Areshchanka |first3=Yulia |last4=Banach |first4=Weronika |last5=Rzepka |first5=Jakub |last6=Kudliński |first6=Bartosz |last7=Rzepka |first7=Rafał |date=2025-03-17 |title=Acute Liver Failure During Early Pregnancy—Case Report and Review of Literature |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=6 |page=2028 |doi=10.3390/jcm14062028 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=11942626 |pmid=40142836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Matsalolin tayi da mahaifa == Matsalolin da ke tafe suna faruwa ne a cikin tayin ko mahaifa, amma kuma suna iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga uwar. === Ciki a cikin mahaifa === Ciki a waje da mahaifa [[Ciki mai ciki|(ectopic pregnancy)]] shine dasawa da tayi a wajen mahaifa. Wannan nau'in ciki mai rikitarwa, wanda shine dasa ƙwai wanda aka saba da shi a wani wuri banda mahaifa, ya ƙunshi gazawar aiki, wanda zai iya haifar da yanayi mai barazana ga rayuwa. Duk da haka, ba a san ainihin dalilan da ke haifar da hakan ba. Wannan lamari galibi yana tare da cutar kumburin ƙashin ƙugu (PID), ko kuma tiyatar salpingectomy (tiyata). * ''Wanda ya haifar da'' : Abubuwan da ba a sani ba, amma masu haɗari sun haɗa da shan taba, shekarun uwa masu tasowa, da kuma tiyatar da aka yi a baya ko kuma rauni ga bututun mahaifa . * Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da cutar kumburin ƙashin ƙugu da ba a yi magani ba, wataƙila saboda tabon bututun fallopian. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lemire F |date=October 2021 |title=[Not Available] |journal=Canadian Family Physician |volume=67 |issue=10 |page=791 |doi=10.46747/cfp.6710791 |pmc=8516186 |pmid=34649907 |s2cid=238861265 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Magani:'' A mafi yawan lokuta, dole ne a yi tiyatar ramin maɓalli don cire tayin, tare da bututun fallopian. Idan cikin ya yi wuri sosai, yana iya wargajewa da kansa, ko kuma ana iya magance shi da methotrexate, wani maganin hana zubar da ciki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ectopic pregnancy – Treatment – NHS Choices |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/pages/treatment.aspx |access-date=2017-07-27 |website=www.nhs.uk}}</ref> === ɓarin ciki === [[Barin ciki|Zubar ciki]] shine asarar ciki kafin makonni 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/pregnancy-complications.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002619/https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/pregnancy-complications.html |archive-date=2016-11-14 |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=www.womenshealth.gov}}</ref> A Burtaniya, zubar ciki ana bayyana shi a matsayin asarar ciki a cikin makonni 23 na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscarriage |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Miscarriage/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215140413/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Miscarriage/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date=2017-02-15 |access-date=2017-02-13 |website=NHS Choice |publisher=NHS}}</ref> Cikakken tallafi, ya ƙunshi tuntuɓar likitocin kwayoyin halitta da kuma samar da ayyukan likita ko tiyata da ake buƙata. Muhimmancin tunanin 'yan uwa, dangi, da abokai ga waɗanda aka yi wa rasuwa shi ma yana da mahimmanci. Kayan aiki mafi inganci da za a iya amfani da su don rage tasirin tunani na masu makoki sun haɗa da gwajin gawawwaki da ba da shawara kan baƙin ciki . Kimanin kashi 80% na rashin ciki yana faruwa ne a farkon watanni uku na ciki, tare da raguwar haɗarin bayan makonni 12 na ciki. Wasu canje-canje, kamar tsufa ko rashin daidaituwar ƙwayoyin halitta, suna da yuwuwar haifar da zubar da ciki da yawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=du Fossé |first=Nadia A |last2=van der Hoorn |first2=Marie-Louise P |last3=van Lith |first3=Jan M M |last4=le Cessie |first4=Saskia |last5=Lashley |first5=Eileen E L O |date=2020-05-02 |title=Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=650–669 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmaa010 |pmc=7456349 |pmid=32358607}}</ref> Za a iya ƙara rarraba zubar da ciki ba zato ba tsammani zuwa cikakkun zubar da ciki, ba makawa, rasa, da kuma barazanar zubar da ciki: * Cikakken Jini: Jinin farji yana faruwa, sannan kuma samfuran ɗaukar ciki gaba ɗaya suna wucewa ta cikin mahaifa. * Babu makawa: Zubar jini a farji yana faruwa; an rufe mahaifar, wanda ke nuna cewa samfuran ɗaukar ciki za su shuɗe nan ba da jimawa ba. * An rasa: Zubar da jini a farji yana faruwa, kuma wasu samfuran ciki na iya wucewa ta cikin mahaifa; an rufe murfin mahaifa, kuma duban dan tayi yana nuna tayin da ba zai iya rayuwa ba da sauran samfuran ciki. * Barazanar: Zubar da jini a farji yana faruwa; an rufe mahaifar, kuma na'urar daukar hoton bidiyo tana nuna tayin da zai iya rayuwa. === Haihuwar Matacce === Ana bayyana haihuwar da ba a haifa ba a matsayin asarar tayi ko mutuwa bayan makonni 20 na ciki. Haihuwar da ba a haifa ba da wuri tana tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 27 na ciki, yayin da haihuwar da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba tana tsakanin makonni 28 zuwa 36 na ciki. Kalmar haihuwar da ba a haifa ba ita ce lokacin da tayin ya mutu makonni 37 zuwa sama. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S |date=March 2015 |title=Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 |pmc=4372174 |pmid=25885887 |s2cid=5241108 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarufuAhankariColemanLewis2015">Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S (March 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372174 "Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''BMC Public Health''. '''15''' (1) 239. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5|10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372174 4372174]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25885887 25885887]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5241108 5241108].</cite></ref> Wannan lamari na iya wuce baƙin ciki kuma yana iya haifar da damuwa game da abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na uwa ko maganin bayan haihuwa game da rikitarwa na haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=J. M. |last2=Silver |first2=R. M. |date=2020 |title=Stillbirth - Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics |url=https://www.obgyn.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8545(20)30035-8/abstract |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=439–451 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2020.04.008 |pmid=32762929 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Irin waɗannan iyaye za su buƙaci fiye da tausayi; gabaɗaya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da shirye-shiryen likita masu dacewa ga iyaye waɗanda ke da irin wannan baƙin ciki mai wahala. Tare da taimakon tabin hankali, shawara, da [[Taimako na tsara|tallafin takwarorinsu]], wanda ya kamata ya zama da amfani wajen taimaka wa iyaye waɗanda suka rasa 'ya'yansu. * Ilimin Cututtuka: Akwai haihuwar jarirai sama da miliyan 2 da aka kashe a shekara kuma akwai haihuwar jarirai kimanin 6 da aka kashe a cikin kowace haihuwa 1000 (0.6%) <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Page JM, Silver RM |date=April 2018 |title=Evaluation of stillbirth |journal=Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=130–135 |doi=10.1097/GCO.0000000000000441 |pmid=29489503 |s2cid=3607787}}</ref> * Gabatarwa ta Asibiti: Canje-canje a halayen tayi kamar raguwar motsi ko rashin jin daɗin tayi na iya nuna haihuwar da ba a haifa ba, amma gabatarwar na iya bambanta sosai. * Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari: Nauyin uwa, shekaru, da shan taba, da kuma ciwon suga ko hawan jini na uwa da ya riga ya faru <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S |date=March 2015 |title=Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 |pmc=4372174 |pmid=25885887 |s2cid=5241108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Magani: Idan haihuwa ta faru kafin haihuwa, zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da naƙuda ko kuma tiyatar cesarean. In ba haka ba, haihuwar da ba a haifa ba za ta iya wucewa da haihuwa ta halitta. === Rushewar mahaifa === Faɗuwar mahaifa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin rabuwar mahaifa daga mahaifa kafin haihuwa, babban abin da ke haifar da zubar jini a farji a cikin watanni uku na uku kuma yana rikitar da kusan kashi 1% na ciki. <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications "Pregnancy complications"]. ''womenshealth.gov''. 2016-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oyelese Y, Ananth CV |date=October 2006 |title=Placental abruption |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=1005–1016 |doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000239439.04364.9a |pmid=17012465 |s2cid=960903}}</ref> Bayyanar cututtuka suna da bambanci: Wasu mata za su iya yin watsi da alamun gaba ɗaya, yayin da wasu kuma suna da ɗan zubar jini ko rashin jin daɗi a ciki da ciwo. Saboda haka, duk da cewa bambancin tsananin alamun da rabuwar mahaifa ba su da mahimmanci, har yanzu suna iya haifar da rikitarwa ga ganewar asali da kuma kula da lafiya. Da yawa daga cikin masu taimakawa na iya haifar da zamewar mahaifa. Wannan ya haɗa da: abubuwan da suka shafi uwa da ta riga ta kasance (misali, shan taba, [[hawan jini]], tsufa), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odendaal |first=Hein |last2=Wright |first2=Colleen |last3=Schubert |first3=Pawel |last4=Boyd |first4=Theonia K. |last5=Roberts |first5=Drucilla J. |last6=Brink |first6=Lucy |last7=Nel |first7=Daan |last8=Groenewald |first8=Coen |date=October 2020 |title=Associations of maternal smoking and drinking with fetal growth and placental abruption |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301211520304607 |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=253 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.018 |pmid=32862031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ciki kamar [https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/multiple-pregnancy#:~:text=A%20pregnancy%20with%20more%20than,and%20grow%20in%20the%20uterus. ɗaukar ciki da yawa] ko kasancewar [[Cutar da aka samu a tsaye|kamuwa da cututtukan cikin mahaifa]] . Gano abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari kafin a ɗauki matakai da kuma yin gaggawar amsawa don rage yuwuwar sakamako mara kyau ga uwa ko tayin yana da mahimmanci. Dabaru na maganin karyewar mahaifa sun dogara ne akan shekarun ɗaukar ciki na tayi da kuma matsayin uwa da jariri. Ya kamata a ba da izinin haihuwa nan take ga jarirai na cikakken lokaci (makonni 36 ko fiye) da kuma idan akwai damuwa. Ana sa ido sosai kan lamuran da suka shafi tayin da ba su kai ba, kuma ana yin duk wani taimako da ya wajaba a cikin lokaci bayan an lura da kyau. Matakan rigakafi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ba da shawara kafin ɗaukar ciki don magance abubuwan da za a iya gyarawa, na iya rage yawan faruwar fashewar mahaifa. Sanin tasirin dogon lokaci ga uwa da jariri bayan haihuwa yana da mahimmanci. Ci gaba da bincike da hanyoyin da suka dogara da shaida suna taimakawa wajen samar da kulawa da ke aiki. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu samar da lafiya da marasa lafiya shine ginshiƙin sakamakon fashewar mahaifa. * Gabatarwa ta Asibiti: Ya bambanta sosai daga rashin alamun cutar zuwa zubar jini ta farji da ciwon ciki. * Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari: Ba zato ba tsammani kafin a fara jima'i, shan taba, rauni, amfani da hodar iblis, ɗaukar ciki da yawa, hawan jini, preeclampsia, thrombophilia, shekarun haihuwa masu tasowa, fashewar membranes da wuri kafin a fara jima'i, kamuwa da cututtukan da ke cikin mahaifa, da kuma hyramnios. * Magani: Haihuwa nan take idan tayin ya girma (makonni 36 ko sama da haka), ko kuma idan ƙaramin tayin ko uwar tana cikin damuwa. A cikin lokuta marasa tsanani tare da tayin da bai kai ba, ana iya sa ido kan halin da ake ciki a asibiti, tare da magani idan ya cancanta. === Tsarin Placenta === Placenta previa cuta ce da ke faruwa idan mahaifa ta rufe mahaifa gaba ɗaya ko kuma wani ɓangare. <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications "Pregnancy complications"]. ''womenshealth.gov''. 2016-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Placenta previa za a iya ƙara rarraba ta zuwa cikakken previa, partial previa, gender previa, da ƙananan mahaifa, ya danganta da matakin da mahaifar ta rufe mahaifar ciki. Ana gano Placenta previa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi, ko dai a lokacin gwaji na yau da kullun ko bayan wani zubar jini na farji mara kyau, sau da yawa a cikin trimester na biyu na ciki. Yawancin shari'o'in previa na placenta ana gano su ne a lokacin trimester na biyu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana daidaita jiyya gwargwadon tsananin su da kuma yanayin lafiyar uwar, tun daga sa ido sosai har zuwa tiyatar caesarean. * Abubuwan da ke Haɗari: haihuwar da aka yi kafin a yi tiyatar haihuwa, ƙarshen ciki, tiyatar da aka yi a cikin mahaifa, shan taba, ɗaukar ciki da yawa, ƙaruwar daidaito, shekarun uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oyelese Y, Smulian JC |date=April 2006 |title=Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=927–941 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 |pmid=16582134 |s2cid=22774083}}</ref> === Placenta Accreta === Placenta accreta wani nau'in mannewa ne na mahaifa wanda ba shi da kyau ga bangon mahaifa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wortman AC, Alexander JM |date=March 2013 |title=Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=137–154 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2012.12.002 |pmid=23466142 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, placenta accreta ya ƙunshi mannewa na trophoblast na mahaifa wanda ba shi da kyau ga myometrium na mahaifa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silver RM, Branch DW |date=April 2018 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=378 |issue=16 |pages=1529–1536 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1709324 |pmid=29669225 |s2cid=81685472}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar placenta sun haɗa da previa na placenta, ƙaruwar AFP a cikin watanni uku na biyu da matakan β-hCG kyauta, da kuma ci gaba da shekarun iyaye masu juna biyu, musamman sama da shekaru 35. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT |date=April 1999 |title=Risk factors for placenta accreta |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=545–550 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00460-8 |pmid=10214831}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, haihuwar caesarean kafin haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da accreta na placenta saboda kasancewar tabon mahaifa wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na placenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |url=https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/obstetric-care-consensus/articles/2018/12/placenta-accreta-spectrum |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref> Saboda mannewar mahaifa ba daidai ba a bangon mahaifa, sau da yawa ana nuna haihuwar mahaifa, da kuma tiyatar cire mahaifa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silver RM, Branch DW |date=April 2018 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=378 |issue=16 |pages=1529–1536 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1709324 |pmid=29669225 |s2cid=81685472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSilverBranch2018">Silver RM, Branch DW (April 2018). "Placenta Accreta Spectrum". ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''378''' (16): <span class="nowrap">1529–</span>1536. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1709324|10.1056/NEJMcp1709324]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29669225 29669225]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81685472 81685472].</cite></ref> == WManazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a9b1oayd2r2r4hhfsmvbf1s0xtbio9m 859081 859080 2026-06-16T20:29:45Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalolin ciki''' matsalolin lafiya ne da suka shafi ko kuma suka taso yayin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] . Matsalolin da ke faruwa musamman a lokacin [[Jego|haihuwa]] ana kiransu matsalolin haihuwa, kuma matsalolin da ke faruwa musamman bayan haihuwa ana kiransu matsalolin haihuwa . Duk da cewa wasu matsaloli suna inganta ko kuma an magance su gaba daya bayan daukar ciki, wasu na iya haifar da sakamako mai ɗorewa, rashin lafiya, ko kuma a mafi munin yanayi, mutuwar uwa ko tayi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Gretchen A |last2=Finucane |first2=Mariel M |last3=De-Regil |first3=Luz Maria |last4=Paciorek |first4=Christopher J |last5=Flaxman |first5=Seth R |last6=Branca |first6=Francesco |last7=Peña-Rosas |first7=Juan Pablo |last8=Bhutta |first8=Zulfiqar A |last9=Ezzati |first9=Majid |date=2013-07-01 |title=Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e16–e25 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9 |issn=2214-109X |pmc=4547326 |pmid=25103581}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lozano |first=Rafael |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Foreman |first3=Kyle |last4=Lim |first4=Stephen |last5=Shibuya |first5=Kenji |last6=Aboyans |first6=Victor |last7=Abraham |first7=Jerry |last8=Adair |first8=Timothy |last9=Aggarwal |first9=Rakesh |last10=Ahn |first10=Stephanie Y |last11=AlMazroa |first11=Mohammad A |last12=Alvarado |first12=Miriam |last13=Anderson |first13=H Ross |last14=Anderson |first14=Laurie M |last15=Andrews |first15=Kathryn G |date=2012-12-15 |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=The Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–2128 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=10790329 |pmid=23245604}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Li |last2=Johnson |first2=Hope L |last3=Cousens |first3=Simon |last4=Perin |first4=Jamie |last5=Scott |first5=Susana |last6=Lawn |first6=Joy E |last7=Rudan |first7=Igor |last8=Campbell |first8=Harry |last9=Cibulskis |first9=Richard |last10=Li |first10=Mengying |last11=Mathers |first11=Colin |last12=Black |first12=Robert E |date=2012-06-09 |title=Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000 |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9832 |pages=2151–2161 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=22579125}}</ref> Matsalolin da ake yawan samu a cikin daukar ciki sun hada da [[Rashin jini|karancin jini]], ciwon suga na ciki, kamuwa da cuta, hawan jini na ciki, da kuma pre-eclampsia . <ref name="Pregnancy 2024">{{Cite journal |last=O'Toole |first=F.E |last2=Hokey |first2=E. |last3=McAuliffe |first3=F.M |last4=Walsh |first4=J.M |date=2024-06-01 |title=The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=297 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005 |issn=0301-2115 |pmid=38608353 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasancewar irin wadannan matsaloli na iya yin tasiri ga sa ido kan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, daukar hoto, da kuma kula da lafiya a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name=":02" /> Matsaloli masu tsanani na ciki, haihuwa, da kuma [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|lokacin haihuwa]] suna faruwa a cikin kashi 1.6% na iyaye mata a Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/MaternalInfantHealth/SevereMaternalMorbidity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629114443/http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/MaternalInfantHealth/SevereMaternalMorbidity.html |archive-date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2015-07-08 |website=CDC}}</ref> da kuma kashi 1.5% na iyaye mata a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Severe Maternal Morbidity in Canada |url=http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Morbidity-EN-Final-PDF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309111959/http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Morbidity-EN-Final-PDF.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-09 |access-date=2015-07-08 |website=The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC)}}</ref> A lokacin haihuwa nan take (puerperium), kashi 87% zuwa 94% na mata sun ba da rahoton aƙalla wata matsala ta lafiya. <ref name="pmid76125092">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT |date=April 1995 |title=Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment |journal=British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=282–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x |pmid=7612509 |s2cid=38872754}}</ref> <ref name="pmid120511892">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA |date=June 2002 |title=Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth |journal=Birth |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=83–94 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x |pmid=12051189}}</ref> Kashi 31% na mata ne suka ba da rahoton matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci (na ci gaba bayan watanni shida bayan haihuwa). <ref name="Borders 20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borders N |date=2006 |title=After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=242–248 |doi=10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014 |pmid=16814217}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, matsalolin da suka shafi daukar ciki, haihuwa, da kuma lokacin haihuwa sun haifar da mutuwar mutane 230,600 a duk duniya, wanda ya ragu daga mutuwar mutane 377,000 a shekarar 1990. Abubuwan da suka fi haifar da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sune zubar jini a lokacin haihuwa, kamuwa da cututtukan bayan haihuwa, ciki har da sepsis, cututtukan hawan jini na ciki, nakuda, da kuma [[zubar da ciki]] mara aminci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naghavi |first=Mohsen |last2=Abajobir |first2=Amanuel Alemu |last3=Abbafati |first3=Cristiana |last4=Abbas |first4=Kaja M. |last5=Abd-Allah |first5=Foad |last6=Abera |first6=Semaw Ferede |last7=Aboyans |first7=Victor |last8=Adetokunboh |first8=Olatunji |last9=Afshin |first9=Ashkan |last10=Agrawal |first10=Anurag |last11=Ahmadi |first11=Alireza |last12=Ahmed |first12=Muktar Beshir |last13=Aichour |first13=Amani Nidhal |last14=Aichour |first14=Miloud Taki Eddine |last15=Aichour |first15=Ibtihel |display-authors=1 |date=September 2017 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |journal=Lancet |volume=390 |issue=10100 |pages=1151–1210 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 |pmc=5605883 |pmid=28919116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller AB, Daniels J, Gülmezoglu AM, Temmerman M, Alkema L |date=June 2014 |title=Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=e323–e333 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70227-x |pmid=25103301 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin ciki na iya tasowa a wasu lokutan daga bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani da rashin jin daɗi na ciki, waɗanda yawanci ba sa tsoma baki sosai ga ayyukan yau da kullun ko kuma suna haifar da wata babbar barazana ga lafiyar mace ko tayin. Misali, rashin lafiyar safe wata alama ce mai sauƙi ta ciki wadda galibi take ɓacewa a cikin watanni uku na biyu na ciki, amma hyperemesis gravidarum wata cuta ce mai tsanani ta wannan alamar wadda wani lokacin take buƙatar taimakon likita don hana rashin daidaiton electrolyte daga amai mai tsanani. == Matsalolin uwaye == Matsalolin da ke ƙasa suna samo asali ne daga uwa; duk da haka, suna iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga tayin. === Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki === Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki shine lokacin da mace, ba tare da an gano [[Ciwon suga|ta]] a baya ba, ta kamu da yawan [[Hyperglycemia|sukari a jini]] yayin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] . <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}</ref> <ref name="GDM Review 2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lende M, Rijhsinghani A |date=December 2020 |title=Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=24 |page=9573 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17249573 |pmc=7767324 |pmid=33371325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ba za a iya canzawa ba kuma wadanda za a iya canzawa wadanda ke haifar da wannan matsala. Abubuwan da ba za a iya canzawa ba sun hada da tarihin iyali na ciwon suga, shekarun uwa, da kuma kabila. Abubuwan da za a iya canzawa sun hada da kiba a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name="GDM Review 2020" /> Akwai karuwar bukatar insulin a lokacin daukar ciki wanda ke haifar da karuwar samar da insulin daga kwayoyin halittar beta na pancreas . Yawan bukatar yana faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar yawan kalori na uwa, karuwar nauyi, da karuwar samar da prolactin da hormone na girma. Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yana kara hadarin kara matsalolin uwa da tayi kamar ci gaban pre-eclampsia, bukatar haihuwar caesarean, haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, dystocia na kafada, karancin jini a cikin tayin, hyperbilirubinemia, da kuma shiga sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai. Karin hadarin yana da alaƙa da yadda ake sarrafa ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yayin daukar ciki, tare da rashin kulawa mai kyau da ke da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako. Ana amfani da wata hanya mai fannoni daban-daban don magance ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki. Ya ƙunshi sa ido kan matakan glucose na jini, gyare-gyaren abinci mai gina jiki da abinci, canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar ƙara yawan motsa jiki, [[Gudanar da nauyi|kula da nauyin]] uwa, da magunguna kamar insulin. <ref name="GDM Review 2020" /> === Ciwon hyperemesis gravidarum === Hyperemesis gravidarum shine kasancewar amai mai tsanani da na dindindin, wanda ke haifar da bushewar jiki da rage kiba. Yana kama da haka, kodayake ya fi tsanani fiye da ciwon safe da aka saba gani. <ref name="Emergency">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Summers A |date=July 2012 |title=Emergency management of hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=Emergency Nurse |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=24–28 |doi=10.7748/en2012.07.20.4.24.c9206 |pmid=22876404}}</ref> <ref name="Goodwin2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodwin TM |date=September 2008 |title=Hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=401–17, viii |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.002 |pmid=18760227}}</ref> An kiyasta yana shafar kashi 0.3–3.6% na mata masu juna biyu kuma shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga asibiti a ƙasa da makonni 20 na ciki. Mafi yawan lokuta, alamun tashin zuciya da amai a lokacin daukar ciki ana magance su a farkon watanni uku na ciki; duk da haka, wasu suna ci gaba da fuskantar alamun. Ana gano hyperemesis gravidarum ta hanyar waɗannan sharuɗɗa: fiye da lokutan amai 3 a rana, ketonuria, da kuma asarar nauyi fiye da 3&nbsp;kg ko kashi 5% na nauyin jiki. Abubuwa da dama da ba za a iya canzawa ba kuma waɗanda za a iya gyarawa suna sanya mata cikin wannan yanayin, kamar tayin ciki na mace, tarihin cututtukan tabin hankali, BMI mai yawa ko ƙasa kafin daukar ciki, ƙuruciya, ƙabilar Ba'amurke ko Asiya, ciwon suga na nau'in I, ɗaukar ciki da yawa, da tarihin ɗaukar ciki da hyperemesis gravidarum ya shafa. A halin yanzu babu wata hanyar da aka sani game da dalilin wannan yanayin. Wannan rikitarwa na iya haifar da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, ƙarancin nauyin ciki, bushewar jiki, da rikicewar bitamin, electrolyte, da acid a cikin uwa. An nuna cewa yana haifar da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ƙaramin girma ga shekarun daukar ciki, haihuwar da ba ta yi ba, da kuma ƙarancin maki na APGAR a cikin jariri. Maganin wannan yanayin yana mai da hankali kan hana cutar da tayin yayin da yake inganta alamun cutar kuma galibi ya haɗa da maye gurbin ruwa da shan ƙananan abinci, akai-akai, marasa laushi. Magungunan farko sun haɗa da citta da acupuncture. Magungunan na biyu sun haɗa da bitamin B ₆ ± doxylamine, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, da serotonin antagonists. Magungunan na uku sun haɗa da corticosteroids, transdermal clonidine, da gabapentin. Maganin da aka zaɓa ya dogara ne akan tsananin alamun cutar da kuma yadda ake mayar da martani ga magunguna. <ref name="HG Austin 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Austin K, Wilson K, Saha S |date=April 2019 |title=Hyperemesis Gravidarum |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Practice |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=226–241 |doi=10.1002/ncp.10205 |pmid=30334272 |s2cid=52987088}}</ref> === Ciwon ƙashin ƙugu === Ciwon da ke da alaƙa da ƙwanƙolin ƙashin ƙugu (PGP) ciwo ne da ke faruwa tsakanin ƙashin bayan iliac da kuma ƙashin bayan ƙashin ƙugu, wanda ke faruwa a farkon [[Jego|lokacin haihuwa ko kuma bayan haihuwa,]] wanda rashin kwanciyar hankali da kuma ƙarancin motsi ke haifarwa. Yana da alaƙa da ciwon pubic symphysis da kuma wani lokacin radiation na ciwo a ƙugu da cinyoyi. Ga yawancin masu juna biyu, PGP yana warkewa cikin watanni uku bayan haihuwa, amma ga wasu, yana iya ɗaukar shekaru, wanda ke haifar da raguwar haƙuri ga ayyukan ɗaukar nauyi. PGP yana shafar kusan kashi 45% na mutane a lokacin daukar ciki: kashi 25% suna ba da rahoton ciwo mai tsanani, kuma kashi 8% suna da nakasa sosai. <ref name="pmid15338362">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wu WH, Meijer OG, Uegaki K, Mens JM, van Dieën JH, Wuisman PI, Ostgaard HC |date=November 2004 |title=Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP), I: Terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence |journal=European Spine Journal |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=575–589 |doi=10.1007/s00586-003-0615-y |pmc=3476662 |pmid=15338362}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walters C, West S, A Nippita T |date=July 2018 |title=Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy |journal=Australian Journal of General Practice |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=439–443 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-01-18-4467 |pmid=30114872 |s2cid=52018638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban rikitarwa sun haɗa da yawan kiba, ƙaruwar BMI, aiki mai wahala, shan taba, damuwa, tarihin rauni na baya da ƙashin ƙugu, da tarihin ciwon ƙashin ƙugu da na ƙasa. Wannan ciwon yana faruwa ne sakamakon girma a mahaifa yayin daukar ciki wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar damuwa a yankunan lumbar da ƙashin ƙugu na uwa, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a matsayi da rage ƙarfin tsokoki na lumbopelvic, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da ciwo. Ba a san ko takamaiman hormones a cikin daukar ciki suna da alaƙa da ci gaban rikitarwa ba. PGP na iya haifar da rashin ingancin rayuwa, rashin yiwuwar kamuwa da ciwon da ke damunsa, tsawaita hutu daga aiki, da kuma damuwa ta zamantakewa . Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan magani da yawa dangane da tsananin alamun. Zaɓuɓɓukan magani marasa cutarwa sun haɗa da gyaran aiki, tufafin tallafi na ƙashin ƙugu, maganin rage zafi tare da ko ba tare da ɗan gajeren hutun gado ba, da kuma motsa jiki don ƙara ƙarfin tsokoki na gluteal da adductor, rage damuwa a kan kashin baya na lumbar. Ana ɗaukar kulawar tiyata mai tsanani a matsayin magani na ƙarshe idan duk sauran hanyoyin magani sun gaza kuma alamun sun yi tsanani. <ref name=":0" /> === Hawan jini === Matsalolin hawan jini masu tsanani da ka iya tasowa a lokacin daukar ciki sun hada da: * Pre-eclampsia - hauhawar jini a lokacin daukar ciki, proteinuria (>300)&nbsp;mg), da kuma [[kumburi]] . Ciwon pre-eclampsia mai tsanani ya ƙunshi hawan jini sama da 160/110 (tare da ƙarin alamu). Yana shafar kashi 5-8% na masu juna biyu. * Eclampsia - farfadiya a cikin majiyyaci kafin a fara zubar da ciki, wanda ke shafar kusan kashi 1.4% na masu juna biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, Chou D, Say L |date=September 2013 |title=Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005 |pmid=23746796}}</ref> * Hawan jini na ciki zai iya tasowa bayan makonni 20 amma ba shi da wasu alamu kuma yana iya warwarewa, amma yana iya zama pre-eclampsia. <ref name="medline">{{Cite web |title=High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy |url=https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> * Ciwon HELLP - Anemia mai ɗauke da sinadarin hemolytic, yawan enzymes na hanta da kuma ƙarancin adadin platelets . An ruwaito cewa lamarin ya faru ne kashi 0.5–0.9% na dukkan masu juna biyu. <ref name="Haram-2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U |date=February 2009 |title=The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2393-9-8.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=9 |doi=10.1186/1471-2393-9-8 |pmc=2654858 |pmid=19245695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112031619/http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2393-9-8.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-12 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Hanta mai tsanani a lokacin daukar ciki wani lokacin ana samunta a cikin pre-eclamptic spectrum. Yana faruwa a kimanin daya cikin 7,000 zuwa daya cikin 15,000 ciki. <ref name="Mjahed">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mjahed K, Charra B, Hamoudi D, Noun M, Barrou L |date=October 2006 |title=Acute fatty liver of pregnancy |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=274 |issue=6 |pages=349–353 |doi=10.1007/s00404-006-0203-6 |pmid=16868757 |s2cid=24784165}}</ref> <ref name="Reyes">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Reyes H, Sandoval L, Wainstein A, Ribalta J, Donoso S, Smok G, Rosenberg H, Meneses M |date=January 1994 |title=Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinical study of 12 episodes in 11 patients |journal=Gut |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=101–106 |doi=10.1136/gut.35.1.101 |pmc=1374642 |pmid=8307428}}</ref> Matan da ke fama da hawan jini na yau da kullun kafin su yi ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsaloli kamar haihuwa da wuri, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ko haihuwa gawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS |date=May 2021 |title=Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=10 |issue=9 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 |pmc=8200761 |pmid=33870708}}</ref> Matan da ke fama da hawan jini kuma suka sami matsaloli a cikin ciki suna da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] sau uku idan aka kwatanta da mata masu hawan jini na yau da kullun waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a cikin ciki. Kula da hawan jini na mata masu juna biyu zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rikitarwa da cututtukan zuciya na gaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-11-21 |title=Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/pregnancy-complications-increase-the-risk-of-heart-attacks-and-stroke-in-women-with-high-blood-pressure/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 |s2cid=265356623 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ |date=July 2023 |title=Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |journal=Hypertension |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1427–1438 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 |pmid=37170819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Thromboembolism na jijiyoyin jini === Ciwon jijiyoyin jini, wanda ya ƙunshi ciwon jijiyoyin jini mai zurfi da kuma ciwon huhu, babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiya da mace-mace bayan haihuwa, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Haɗarin yawan zubar jini da ke ƙaruwa da juna biyu da ƙarin abubuwan haɗari kamar kiba da ciwon jijiyoyin jini yana sa mata masu juna biyu su kasance cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Monika |last2=Brady |first2=Carla W. |last3=Fleckenstein |first3=Jaquelyn |last4=Forde |first4=Kimberly A. |last5=Khungar |first5=Vandana |last6=Molleston |first6=Jean P. |last7=Afshar |first7=Yalda |last8=Terrault |first8=Norah A. |date=January 2021 |title=Reproductive Health and Liver Disease: Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1002/hep.31559 |journal=Hepatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=318–365 |doi=10.1002/hep.31559 |issn=0270-9139 |pmid=32946672}}</ref> Matakan rigakafi waɗanda suka haɗa da amfani da heparin mai ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na iya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da tiyata, musamman ga marasa lafiya masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Sanin kai tsakanin masu ba da kulawa da gaggawa da kuma amsawa cikin gaggawa wajen gano da kuma kula da ciwon jijiyoyin jini da wuri yayin daukar ciki da kuma bayan haihuwa suna da mahimmanci don amsawa cikin gaggawa '''.''' Ciwon jijiyoyin jini mai zurfi, wani nau'in ciwon jijiyoyin jini, yana da yawan faruwa tsakanin 0.5 zuwa 7 a cikin kowace ciki 1,000, kuma shine na biyu mafi yawan sanadin [[Mutuwar uwa|mutuwar mata masu juna biyu]] a ƙasashe masu tasowa bayan zubar jini. * ''Ya haifar da'' : Yawan zubar jini da ke haifar da ciki a matsayin martanin jiki a shirye-shiryen zubar jini mai yuwuwa yayin [[Jego|haihuwa]] . * ''Magani'' : Ana iya nuna maganin rigakafi, misali, tare da ƙarancin nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta na heparin idan akwai ƙarin abubuwan haɗari ga thrombosis na jijiyoyin jini masu zurfi. <ref name="uppsala" /> === Rashin jini === Rashin jini matsala ce da aka sani a duniya a fannin daukar ciki kuma cuta ce da ke da ƙarancin sinadarin haemoglobin a cikin ɗaya daga cikin watanni uku na ciki. Irin waɗannan canje-canje na jiki sun fi bayyana a tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da komawar haemoglobin, kamar cutar sikila. Rigakafin rashin jini a lokacin daukar ciki yana da rikitarwa kuma galibi ana magance shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na ƙarin abinci, maganin ƙarfe, da kuma ci gaba da kimanta ma'aunin uwa da tayi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taher |first=Ali T. |last2=Iolascon |first2=Achille |last3=Matar |first3=Charbel F. |last4=Bou-Fakhredin |first4=Rayan |last5=de Franceschi |first5=Lucia |last6=Cappellini |first6=Maria Domenica |last7=Barcellini |first7=Wilma |last8=Russo |first8=Roberta |last9=Andolfo |first9=Immacolata |last10=Tyan |first10=Paul |last11=Gulbis |first11=Beatrice |last12=Aydinok |first12=Yesim |last13=Anagnou |first13=Nicholas P. |last14=Bencaiova |first14=Gabriela Amstad |last15=Tamary |first15=Hannah |date=August 2020 |title=Recommendations for Pregnancy in Rare Inherited Anemias |journal=HemaSphere |language=en-US |volume=4 |issue=4 |doi=10.1097/HS9.0000000000000446 |issn=2572-9241 |pmc=7437563 |pmid=32885142}}</ref> A matsayin ƙarin ma'auni, ana mai da hankali kan tantance wuraren da ke haifar da hakan, da kuma amfani da kulawar da ta dace a lokacin daukar ciki don samun sakamako mafi kyau ga uwa da tayin. Matakan haemoglobin sun yi ƙasa a cikin watanni uku na uku. A cewar kiyasin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD), kusan rabin masu juna biyu suna kamuwa da cutar anemia a duk duniya. Kimanin rabin mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar karancin ƙarfe tare da ko ba tare da cutar anemia ba. <ref name="Irondeficiencypregnancy">{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=AE |last2=Shatzel |first2=JJ |last3=Ryan |first3=KS |last4=Hedges |first4=MA |last5=Martens |first5=K |last6=Aslan |first6=JE |last7=Lo |first7=JO |date=December 2022 |title=The incidence, complications, and treatment of iron deficiency in pregnancy |journal=European Journal of Haemotology |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=633–642 |doi=10.1111/ejh.13870 |pmc=9669178 |pmid=36153674}}</ref> Yawan cutar anemia a lokacin daukar ciki ya bambanta daga kashi 18% a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba zuwa kashi 75% a Kudancin Asiya; wanda ya kai ga adadin kashi 38% na masu juna biyu a duniya. <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Gretchen A |last2=Finucane |first2=Mariel M |last3=De-Regil |first3=Luz Maria |last4=Paciorek |first4=Christopher J |last5=Flaxman |first5=Seth R |last6=Branca |first6=Francesco |last7=Peña-Rosas |first7=Juan Pablo |last8=Bhutta |first8=Zulfiqar A |last9=Ezzati |first9=Majid |date=2013-07-01 |title=Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e16–e25 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9 |issn=2214-109X |pmc=4547326 |pmid=25103581}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStevensFinucaneDe-RegilPaciorek2013">Stevens, Gretchen A; Finucane, Mariel M; De-Regil, Luz Maria; Paciorek, Christopher J; Flaxman, Seth R; Branca, Francesco; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Ezzati, Majid (2013-07-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547326 "Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data"]. ''The Lancet Global Health''. '''1''' (1): <span class="nowrap">e16–</span>e25. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9|10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-109X 2214-109X]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547326 4547326]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25103581 25103581].</cite></ref> <ref name="Pregnancy 2024">{{Cite journal |last=O'Toole |first=F.E |last2=Hokey |first2=E. |last3=McAuliffe |first3=F.M |last4=Walsh |first4=J.M |date=2024-06-01 |title=The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=297 |pages=111–119 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005 |issn=0301-2115 |pmid=38608353 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'TooleHokeyMcAuliffeWalsh2024">O'Toole, F.E; Hokey, E.; McAuliffe, F.M; Walsh, J.M (2024-06-01). [[doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005|"The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study"]]. ''European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology''. '''297''': <span class="nowrap">111–</span>119. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005|10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-2115 0301-2115]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608353 38608353].</cite></ref> Maganin ya bambanta saboda tsananin rashin isasshen jini, kuma ana iya cimma shi ta hanyar ƙara yawan abinci mai ɗauke da ƙarfe, allunan ƙarfe na baki, ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin iron na parenteral . <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications "Pregnancy complications"]. ''womenshealth.gov''. 2016-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Kamuwa da cuta === Ciki lokaci ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga uwa mai ciki ta fuskanci ƙarin haɗari da ke tattare da kamuwa da cuta. Bugu da ƙari, lafiyar uwa da jariri na fuskantar haɗari lokacin da take cikin wannan yanayin. Rikicewar yanayin jiki na lokacin haihuwa da kuma daidaita garkuwar jiki suna ƙara haɗarin [[Influenza|kamuwa da mura]], hepatitis E, da kuma kamuwa da cutar cytomegalovirus. Ana iya ba da fifiko ga matakan gujewa kamar alluran rigakafi da ƙa'idojin kula da kamuwa da cuta a cikin manufofin da ke da nufin iyakance haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Bugu da ƙari, gano cutar da wuri da kuma kula da cututtukan uwa suna daga cikin manyan hanyoyin hana kamuwa da cuta a tsaye da kuma canje-canje a cikin tayin. Mace mai juna biyu ta fi saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka . Wannan ƙaruwar haɗarin yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar juriyar garkuwar jiki a lokacin daukar ciki don hana amsawar garkuwar jiki ga tayin, da kuma canje-canje a cikin yanayin jiki na uwa, gami da raguwar yawan numfashi da kuma rashin isasshen fitsari saboda girman mahaifa. <ref name="KourtisRead2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ |date=June 2014 |title=Pregnancy and infection |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=23 |pages=2211–2218 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1213566 |pmc=4459512 |pmid=24897084}}</ref> Mutane masu juna biyu suna fuskantar mummunar illa ta hanyar, misali, [[Influenza|mura]], hepatitis E, [[herpes simplex]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|malaria]] . <ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Shaidar ta fi iyakance ga coccidioidomycosis, [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]], [[Agana|smallpox]], da [[Ƙaranbau|varicella]] . <ref name="KourtisRead2014" /> Mastitis, ko kumburin nono, yana faruwa a cikin kashi 20% na mutanen da ke shayarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaufmann R, Foxman B |year=1991 |title=Mastitis among lactating women: occurrence and risk factors |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=701–705 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(91)90024-7 |pmid=1957190 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wasu cututtuka ana [[Cutar da aka samu a tsaye|iya yaɗa su a tsaye]], ma'ana suna iya shafar yaron ma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=What infections can affect pregnancy? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancy/conditioninfo/infections |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=NIH}}</ref> === Ciwon zuciya na peripartum === Ciwon zuciya na Peripartum wani ciwon zuciya ne da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar kashi na ƙwanƙwasa na hagu (LVEF) zuwa ƙasa da kashi 45%, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen ciki ko watanni kaɗan bayan haihuwa. Alamomin sun haɗa da ƙarancin numfashi a wurare daban-daban da/ko tare da aiki tuƙuru, gajiya, kumburin ƙafa, da matsewar ƙirji. Abubuwan da ke tattare da haɓakar wannan matsala sun haɗa da shekarun uwa sama da shekaru 30, ciki mai yawan haihuwa, tarihin iyali na ciwon zuciya, ganewar cutar zuciya a baya, pre-eclampsia, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], da asalin Afirka. Ba a san ainihin cutar cututtukan zuciya na peripartum ba tukuna; duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin autoimmune, myocarditis na ƙwayar cuta, ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, da canje-canje na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, waɗanda ke ƙara yawan ƙwanƙwasa zuciya. Ciwon zuciya na peripartum na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa kamar kamawar zuciya, kumburin huhu, thromboembolisms, raunin kwakwalwa, da mutuwa. Maganin wannan yanayin yayi kama da maganin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon zuciya; duk da haka, dole ne a ba da fifiko ga amincin tayin. Misali, don hana zubar jini saboda karuwar haɗarin thromboembolism, ana amfani da heparin mai ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta, wanda yake da aminci don amfani a lokacin daukar ciki, maimakon warfarin, wanda ke ratsa mahaifa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis MB, Arany Z, McNamara DM, Goland S, Elkayam U |date=January 2020 |title=Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=207–221 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014 |pmid=31948651 |s2cid=210701262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ciwon thyroid === Hypothyroidism (wanda cutar Hashimoto ke haifarwa) cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki wadda ke shafar thyroid ta hanyar haifar da ƙarancin matakan hormones na thyroid. Alamomin hypothyroidism na iya haɗawa da ƙarancin kuzari, rashin haƙuri a cikin sanyi, maƙarƙashiya a cikin tsoka, maƙarƙashiya, da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa da tattara hankali. <ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/pregnancy-thyroid-disease |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana gano shi ta hanyar kasancewar matakan hormone mai motsa thyroid ko TSH. Marasa lafiya da ke da TSH mai yawa da raguwar matakan free thyroxine ko T4 ana ɗaukar su suna da hypothyroidism a bayyane. Waɗanda ke da TSH mai yawa da matakan yau da kullun na free T4 ana ɗaukar su suna da hypothyroidism a ƙarƙashin kulawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sullivan SA |date=June 2019 |title=Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy |journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=308–319 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000432 |pmid=30985406 |s2cid=115198534}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓakar hypothyroidism a lokacin daukar ciki sun haɗa da ƙarancin iodine, tarihin cutar thyroid, goiter da ake gani, alamun hypothyroidism, tarihin iyali na cututtukan thyroid, tarihin ciwon sukari na nau'in 1 ko yanayin autoimmune, da tarihin rashin haihuwa ko asarar tayi. Daban-daban hormones a lokacin daukar ciki suna shafar thyroid kuma suna ƙara buƙatar hormones na thyroid. Misali, a lokacin daukar ciki, akwai ƙaruwar fitar iodine daga fitsari da kuma ƙaruwar thyroxine binding globulin da lalacewar hormones na thyroid, wanda duk yana ƙara buƙatar hormones na thyroid. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor PN, Lazarus JH |date=September 2019 |title=Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/129120/1/Hypothyroidism%20in%20Pregnancy%20submissionORCA.pdf |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |series=Pregnancy and Endocrine Disorders |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=547–556 |doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.010 |pmid=31345522 |s2cid=71053515}}</ref> Wannan yanayin na iya yin tasiri sosai ga uwa da tayin yayin daukar ciki. Jaririn na iya fuskantar matsala sosai kuma yana da nakasa iri-iri na haihuwa. Matsalolin da ke tattare da uwa da tayin na iya haɗawa da pre-eclampsia, anemia, zubar da ciki, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa a [[Gazawar zuciya|cikin mamaci, gazawar zuciya]], lalacewar ci gaban kwakwalwa, da kuma, idan ya yi tsanani, rashin sinadarin iodine a cikin mahaifa . <ref name=":03" /> <ref name=":1" /> Ana magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar ƙara sinadarin iodine, levothyroxine, wanda wani nau'i ne na maye gurbin hormones na thyroid, da kuma sa ido sosai kan aikin thyroid. <ref name=":1" /> === Hanta mai kitse mai tsanani a lokacin daukar ciki === Hanta mai kitse mai tsanani (ALFP) matsala ce mai matuƙar wahala amma mai tsanani da ke faruwa a cikin ciki wadda ke iya haifar da rashin lafiya ko mace-mace mai yawa ga uwa da tayin. AFLP yana faruwa ne lokacin da kitse ya taru a cikin hanta. Ana tsammanin yana faruwa ne sakamakon tarin ƙwayoyin kitse a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai saboda rashin aikin mitochondrial a cikin rushewar kitse (fatty acid β-oxidation). Wannan na iya hana hanta aiki yadda ya kamata; duk da haka, ba a fahimci ainihin hanyarsa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Joy |last2=Ghaziani |first2=Tara T |last3=Wolf |first3=Jacqueline L |date=June 2017 |title=Acute Fatty Liver Disease of Pregnancy: Updates in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management |url=https://journals.lww.com/00000434-201706000-00011 |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |language=en |volume=112 |issue=6 |pages=838–846 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2017.54 |issn=0002-9270 |pmid=28291236 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana samun goyan bayan ganewar asali ta hanyar binciken da ba a saba gani ba na hanta ko kuma shigar ƙwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin halitta na hanta. AFLP na iya haifar da alamun gajiya mai yawa, amai, ciwon ciki, ko jaundice. Mutane kuma na iya samun ƙarancin sukari a jini, wahalar tunani a sarari, ko matsalolin zubar jini. Takaitaccen bayani game da alamomi&nbsp;da kuma alamun * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Vomiting * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Abdominal pain * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Excessive thirst/urination * &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Encephalopathy AFLP gaggawa ce ta lafiya kuma tana buƙatar haihuwa cikin gaggawa. Yaran da iyaye mata masu fama da ALFP ke da haɗarin kamuwa da ƙarancin sukari a jini, ciwon zuciya mai faɗaɗa, ciwon jijiyoyi, da kuma mutuwar jarirai kwatsam. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=David B. |last2=Byrne |first2=John J. |last3=Cunningham |first3=F. Gary |date=March 2020 |title=Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000494 |journal=Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=152–164 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0000000000000494 |issn=0009-9201 |pmid=31725416 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=David B. |last2=Byrne |first2=John J. |last3=Cunningham |first3=F. Gary |date=March 2021 |title=Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004289 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=535–546 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004289 |issn=0029-7844 |pmid=33543900 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sharuɗɗan Swansea don gano cutar AFLP. Kasancewar masu canji marasa kyau ≥6 yana da ƙimar hasashen mai kyau na 85% da ƙimar hasashen mara kyau na 100% don gano steatosis na ƙwayoyin cuta na microvascular: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Anshuman |last2=McNair |first2=Jasmine |last3=Ebiai |first3=Ruona |last4=Bzowej |first4=Natalie |date=October 2024 |title=S4161 A Rare Case of Postpartum Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.14309/01.ajg.0001046012.65455.9c |journal=American Journal of Gastroenterology |language=en |volume=119 |issue=10S |pages=S2688–S2689 |doi=10.14309/01.ajg.0001046012.65455.9c |issn=0002-9270 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="4" |Alamomi da Alamomi | 1. Amai |- | 2. Ciwon ciki |- | 3. Polydipsia/polyuria |- | 4. Ciwon kwakwalwa |- | rowspan="8" | Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje | 5. Bilirubin mai yawa ( >0.8&nbsp;mg/dL) |- | 6. Yawan sukari (glucose < 72)&nbsp;mg/dL) |- | 7. Leukocytosis (> ƙwayoyin halitta 11,000/microL) |- | 8. Transaminases masu ƙaruwa (AST ko ALT) (>42 naúrar ƙasa da ƙasa/L) |- | 9. Ammonia mai yawa ( >47 micromol/L) |- | 10. Urate mai yawa (5.7)&nbsp;mg/dL) |- | 11. AKI ko Creatinine >1.7&nbsp;mg/dl |- | 12. Ciwon Coagulopathy ko lokacin prothrombin > daƙiƙa 14 |- | Hoto | 13. Hanta mai haske ko kuma hanta mai haske a lokacin daukar hoton duban dan tayi (ultrasound scan) |- | Ilimin Halittar Halitta | 14. Microvesicular steatosis akan biopsy na hanta |} AFLP na iya haifar da gazawar hanta mai tsanani. Matsalar hanta mai tsanani gaggawa ce ta likita, kuma an nuna cewa ganowa da kuma magance ta da sauri ta hanyar dialysis, haihuwa, da sauran matakan tallafi suna rage haɗarin kamuwa da matsalolin uwa da tayin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paulina |first=Banach |last2=Kuczkowska |first2=Justyna |last3=Areshchanka |first3=Yulia |last4=Banach |first4=Weronika |last5=Rzepka |first5=Jakub |last6=Kudliński |first6=Bartosz |last7=Rzepka |first7=Rafał |date=2025-03-17 |title=Acute Liver Failure During Early Pregnancy—Case Report and Review of Literature |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=6 |page=2028 |doi=10.3390/jcm14062028 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=11942626 |pmid=40142836 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Matsalolin tayi da mahaifa == Matsalolin da ke tafe suna faruwa ne a cikin tayin ko mahaifa, amma kuma suna iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga uwar. === Ciki a cikin mahaifa === Ciki a waje da mahaifa [[Ciki mai ciki|(ectopic pregnancy)]] shine dasawa da tayi a wajen mahaifa. Wannan nau'in ciki mai rikitarwa, wanda shine dasa ƙwai wanda aka saba da shi a wani wuri banda mahaifa, ya ƙunshi gazawar aiki, wanda zai iya haifar da yanayi mai barazana ga rayuwa. Duk da haka, ba a san ainihin dalilan da ke haifar da hakan ba. Wannan lamari galibi yana tare da cutar kumburin ƙashin ƙugu (PID), ko kuma tiyatar salpingectomy (tiyata). * ''Wanda ya haifar da'' : Abubuwan da ba a sani ba, amma masu haɗari sun haɗa da shan taba, shekarun uwa masu tasowa, da kuma tiyatar da aka yi a baya ko kuma rauni ga bututun mahaifa . * Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da cutar kumburin ƙashin ƙugu da ba a yi magani ba, wataƙila saboda tabon bututun fallopian. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lemire F |date=October 2021 |title=[Not Available] |journal=Canadian Family Physician |volume=67 |issue=10 |page=791 |doi=10.46747/cfp.6710791 |pmc=8516186 |pmid=34649907 |s2cid=238861265 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ''Magani:'' A mafi yawan lokuta, dole ne a yi tiyatar ramin maɓalli don cire tayin, tare da bututun fallopian. Idan cikin ya yi wuri sosai, yana iya wargajewa da kansa, ko kuma ana iya magance shi da methotrexate, wani maganin hana zubar da ciki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ectopic pregnancy – Treatment – NHS Choices |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/pages/treatment.aspx |access-date=2017-07-27 |website=www.nhs.uk}}</ref> === ɓarin ciki === [[Barin ciki|Zubar ciki]] shine asarar ciki kafin makonni 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/pregnancy-complications.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002619/https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-are-pregnant/pregnancy-complications.html |archive-date=2016-11-14 |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=www.womenshealth.gov}}</ref> A Burtaniya, zubar ciki ana bayyana shi a matsayin asarar ciki a cikin makonni 23 na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscarriage |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Miscarriage/Pages/Introduction.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215140413/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Miscarriage/Pages/Introduction.aspx |archive-date=2017-02-15 |access-date=2017-02-13 |website=NHS Choice |publisher=NHS}}</ref> Cikakken tallafi, ya ƙunshi tuntuɓar likitocin kwayoyin halitta da kuma samar da ayyukan likita ko tiyata da ake buƙata. Muhimmancin tunanin 'yan uwa, dangi, da abokai ga waɗanda aka yi wa rasuwa shi ma yana da mahimmanci. Kayan aiki mafi inganci da za a iya amfani da su don rage tasirin tunani na masu makoki sun haɗa da gwajin gawawwaki da ba da shawara kan baƙin ciki . Kimanin kashi 80% na rashin ciki yana faruwa ne a farkon watanni uku na ciki, tare da raguwar haɗarin bayan makonni 12 na ciki. Wasu canje-canje, kamar tsufa ko rashin daidaituwar ƙwayoyin halitta, suna da yuwuwar haifar da zubar da ciki da yawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=du Fossé |first=Nadia A |last2=van der Hoorn |first2=Marie-Louise P |last3=van Lith |first3=Jan M M |last4=le Cessie |first4=Saskia |last5=Lashley |first5=Eileen E L O |date=2020-05-02 |title=Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=650–669 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmaa010 |pmc=7456349 |pmid=32358607}}</ref> Za a iya ƙara rarraba zubar da ciki ba zato ba tsammani zuwa cikakkun zubar da ciki, ba makawa, rasa, da kuma barazanar zubar da ciki: * Cikakken Jini: Jinin farji yana faruwa, sannan kuma samfuran ɗaukar ciki gaba ɗaya suna wucewa ta cikin mahaifa. * Babu makawa: Zubar jini a farji yana faruwa; an rufe mahaifar, wanda ke nuna cewa samfuran ɗaukar ciki za su shuɗe nan ba da jimawa ba. * An rasa: Zubar da jini a farji yana faruwa, kuma wasu samfuran ciki na iya wucewa ta cikin mahaifa; an rufe murfin mahaifa, kuma duban dan tayi yana nuna tayin da ba zai iya rayuwa ba da sauran samfuran ciki. * Barazanar: Zubar da jini a farji yana faruwa; an rufe mahaifar, kuma na'urar daukar hoton bidiyo tana nuna tayin da zai iya rayuwa. === Haihuwar Matacce === Ana bayyana haihuwar da ba a haifa ba a matsayin asarar tayi ko mutuwa bayan makonni 20 na ciki. Haihuwar da ba a haifa ba da wuri tana tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 27 na ciki, yayin da haihuwar da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba tana tsakanin makonni 28 zuwa 36 na ciki. Kalmar haihuwar da ba a haifa ba ita ce lokacin da tayin ya mutu makonni 37 zuwa sama. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S |date=March 2015 |title=Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 |pmc=4372174 |pmid=25885887 |s2cid=5241108 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarufuAhankariColemanLewis2015">Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S (March 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372174 "Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''BMC Public Health''. '''15''' (1) 239. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5|10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372174 4372174]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25885887 25885887]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5241108 5241108].</cite></ref> Wannan lamari na iya wuce baƙin ciki kuma yana iya haifar da damuwa game da abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na uwa ko maganin bayan haihuwa game da rikitarwa na haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=J. M. |last2=Silver |first2=R. M. |date=2020 |title=Stillbirth - Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics |url=https://www.obgyn.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8545(20)30035-8/abstract |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=439–451 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2020.04.008 |pmid=32762929 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Irin waɗannan iyaye za su buƙaci fiye da tausayi; gabaɗaya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da shirye-shiryen likita masu dacewa ga iyaye waɗanda ke da irin wannan baƙin ciki mai wahala. Tare da taimakon tabin hankali, shawara, da [[Taimako na tsara|tallafin takwarorinsu]], wanda ya kamata ya zama da amfani wajen taimaka wa iyaye waɗanda suka rasa 'ya'yansu. * Ilimin Cututtuka: Akwai haihuwar jarirai sama da miliyan 2 da aka kashe a shekara kuma akwai haihuwar jarirai kimanin 6 da aka kashe a cikin kowace haihuwa 1000 (0.6%) <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Page JM, Silver RM |date=April 2018 |title=Evaluation of stillbirth |journal=Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=130–135 |doi=10.1097/GCO.0000000000000441 |pmid=29489503 |s2cid=3607787}}</ref> * Gabatarwa ta Asibiti: Canje-canje a halayen tayi kamar raguwar motsi ko rashin jin daɗin tayi na iya nuna haihuwar da ba a haifa ba, amma gabatarwar na iya bambanta sosai. * Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari: Nauyin uwa, shekaru, da shan taba, da kuma ciwon suga ko hawan jini na uwa da ya riga ya faru <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S |date=March 2015 |title=Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 |pmc=4372174 |pmid=25885887 |s2cid=5241108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Magani: Idan haihuwa ta faru kafin haihuwa, zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da naƙuda ko kuma tiyatar cesarean. In ba haka ba, haihuwar da ba a haifa ba za ta iya wucewa da haihuwa ta halitta. === Rushewar mahaifa === Faɗuwar mahaifa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin rabuwar mahaifa daga mahaifa kafin haihuwa, babban abin da ke haifar da zubar jini a farji a cikin watanni uku na uku kuma yana rikitar da kusan kashi 1% na ciki. <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications "Pregnancy complications"]. ''womenshealth.gov''. 2016-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oyelese Y, Ananth CV |date=October 2006 |title=Placental abruption |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=1005–1016 |doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000239439.04364.9a |pmid=17012465 |s2cid=960903}}</ref> Bayyanar cututtuka suna da bambanci: Wasu mata za su iya yin watsi da alamun gaba ɗaya, yayin da wasu kuma suna da ɗan zubar jini ko rashin jin daɗi a ciki da ciwo. Saboda haka, duk da cewa bambancin tsananin alamun da rabuwar mahaifa ba su da mahimmanci, har yanzu suna iya haifar da rikitarwa ga ganewar asali da kuma kula da lafiya. Da yawa daga cikin masu taimakawa na iya haifar da zamewar mahaifa. Wannan ya haɗa da: abubuwan da suka shafi uwa da ta riga ta kasance (misali, shan taba, [[hawan jini]], tsufa), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odendaal |first=Hein |last2=Wright |first2=Colleen |last3=Schubert |first3=Pawel |last4=Boyd |first4=Theonia K. |last5=Roberts |first5=Drucilla J. |last6=Brink |first6=Lucy |last7=Nel |first7=Daan |last8=Groenewald |first8=Coen |date=October 2020 |title=Associations of maternal smoking and drinking with fetal growth and placental abruption |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301211520304607 |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=253 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.018 |pmid=32862031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ciki kamar [https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/multiple-pregnancy#:~:text=A%20pregnancy%20with%20more%20than,and%20grow%20in%20the%20uterus. ɗaukar ciki da yawa] ko kasancewar [[Cutar da aka samu a tsaye|kamuwa da cututtukan cikin mahaifa]] . Gano abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari kafin a ɗauki matakai da kuma yin gaggawar amsawa don rage yuwuwar sakamako mara kyau ga uwa ko tayin yana da mahimmanci. Dabaru na maganin karyewar mahaifa sun dogara ne akan shekarun ɗaukar ciki na tayi da kuma matsayin uwa da jariri. Ya kamata a ba da izinin haihuwa nan take ga jarirai na cikakken lokaci (makonni 36 ko fiye) da kuma idan akwai damuwa. Ana sa ido sosai kan lamuran da suka shafi tayin da ba su kai ba, kuma ana yin duk wani taimako da ya wajaba a cikin lokaci bayan an lura da kyau. Matakan rigakafi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ba da shawara kafin ɗaukar ciki don magance abubuwan da za a iya gyarawa, na iya rage yawan faruwar fashewar mahaifa. Sanin tasirin dogon lokaci ga uwa da jariri bayan haihuwa yana da mahimmanci. Ci gaba da bincike da hanyoyin da suka dogara da shaida suna taimakawa wajen samar da kulawa da ke aiki. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu samar da lafiya da marasa lafiya shine ginshiƙin sakamakon fashewar mahaifa. * Gabatarwa ta Asibiti: Ya bambanta sosai daga rashin alamun cutar zuwa zubar jini ta farji da ciwon ciki. * Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari: Ba zato ba tsammani kafin a fara jima'i, shan taba, rauni, amfani da hodar iblis, ɗaukar ciki da yawa, hawan jini, preeclampsia, thrombophilia, shekarun haihuwa masu tasowa, fashewar membranes da wuri kafin a fara jima'i, kamuwa da cututtukan da ke cikin mahaifa, da kuma hyramnios. * Magani: Haihuwa nan take idan tayin ya girma (makonni 36 ko sama da haka), ko kuma idan ƙaramin tayin ko uwar tana cikin damuwa. A cikin lokuta marasa tsanani tare da tayin da bai kai ba, ana iya sa ido kan halin da ake ciki a asibiti, tare da magani idan ya cancanta. === Tsarin Placenta === Placenta previa cuta ce da ke faruwa idan mahaifa ta rufe mahaifa gaba ɗaya ko kuma wani ɓangare. <ref name="womenshealth.gov">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Pregnancy complications |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/pregnancy-complications "Pregnancy complications"]. ''womenshealth.gov''. 2016-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Placenta previa za a iya ƙara rarraba ta zuwa cikakken previa, partial previa, gender previa, da ƙananan mahaifa, ya danganta da matakin da mahaifar ta rufe mahaifar ciki. Ana gano Placenta previa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi, ko dai a lokacin gwaji na yau da kullun ko bayan wani zubar jini na farji mara kyau, sau da yawa a cikin trimester na biyu na ciki. Yawancin shari'o'in previa na placenta ana gano su ne a lokacin trimester na biyu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana daidaita jiyya gwargwadon tsananin su da kuma yanayin lafiyar uwar, tun daga sa ido sosai har zuwa tiyatar caesarean. * Abubuwan da ke Haɗari: haihuwar da aka yi kafin a yi tiyatar haihuwa, ƙarshen ciki, tiyatar da aka yi a cikin mahaifa, shan taba, ɗaukar ciki da yawa, ƙaruwar daidaito, shekarun uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oyelese Y, Smulian JC |date=April 2006 |title=Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=927–941 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 |pmid=16582134 |s2cid=22774083}}</ref> === Placenta Accreta === Placenta accreta wani nau'in mannewa ne na mahaifa wanda ba shi da kyau ga bangon mahaifa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wortman AC, Alexander JM |date=March 2013 |title=Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=137–154 |doi=10.1016/j.ogc.2012.12.002 |pmid=23466142 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, placenta accreta ya ƙunshi mannewa na trophoblast na mahaifa wanda ba shi da kyau ga myometrium na mahaifa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silver RM, Branch DW |date=April 2018 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=378 |issue=16 |pages=1529–1536 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1709324 |pmid=29669225 |s2cid=81685472}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar placenta sun haɗa da previa na placenta, ƙaruwar AFP a cikin watanni uku na biyu da matakan β-hCG kyauta, da kuma ci gaba da shekarun iyaye masu juna biyu, musamman sama da shekaru 35. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT |date=April 1999 |title=Risk factors for placenta accreta |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=545–550 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00460-8 |pmid=10214831}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, haihuwar caesarean kafin haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da accreta na placenta saboda kasancewar tabon mahaifa wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na placenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |url=https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/obstetric-care-consensus/articles/2018/12/placenta-accreta-spectrum |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref> Saboda mannewar mahaifa ba daidai ba a bangon mahaifa, sau da yawa ana nuna haihuwar mahaifa, da kuma tiyatar cire mahaifa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silver RM, Branch DW |date=April 2018 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=378 |issue=16 |pages=1529–1536 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1709324 |pmid=29669225 |s2cid=81685472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSilverBranch2018">Silver RM, Branch DW (April 2018). "Placenta Accreta Spectrum". ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''378''' (16): <span class="nowrap">1529–</span>1536. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1709324|10.1056/NEJMcp1709324]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29669225 29669225]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81685472 81685472].</cite></ref> == WManazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r82udaeruzj3oqqbihdp5eypp2k5jj9 0 158103 859085 2026-06-16T21:17:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358293002|Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System]]" 859085 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin Kula da Cututtukan Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJDSS) wani bangare ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada . Yana nazarin bambance-bambance daban-daban na Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, kuma aƙalla tun daga 2017, ya taimaka "tare da jerin DNA, autopsy da tabbatar da shari'a".[1] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, CJDSS ta gudanar da "Tsarin DNA ido na kasa don duk nau'ikan cututtukan prion na mutum a Kanada. Babban manufar CJDSS [ta kasance] don fahimtar yaduwar cututtuken prion na mutane, don inganta zaɓuɓɓukan da ke akwai don saurin ganewar asali, kuma a ƙarshe don kare lafiyar 'yan Kanada ta hanyar rage haɗarin yaduwar cutar prion. "[2] == Tarihi == {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Mutuwar CJD a Kanada !Shekara !Mutuwa !Yawan jama'a !Mutuwa |- |1998 |24 |30,244,982 |0.79 |- |1999 |32 |30,492,106 |1.05 |- |2000 |35 |30,783,969 |1.14 |- |2001 |30 |31,130,030 |0.96 |- |2002 |36 |31,450,443 |1.14 |- |2003 |29 |31,734,851 |0.91 |- |2004 |44 |32,037,434 |1.37 |- |2005 |44 |32,352,233 |1.36 |- |2006 |44 |32,678,986 |1.35 |- |2007 |39 |33,001,076 |1.18 |- |2008 |49 |33,371,810 |1.47 |- |2009 |53 |33,756,714 |1.57 |- |2010 |38 |34,131,451 |1.11 |- |2011 |51 |34,472,304 |1.48 |- |2012 |63 |34,880,248 |1.81 |- |2013 |51 |35,289,003 |1.45 |- |2014 |56 |35,675,834 |1.57 |- |2015 |52 |35,702,707 |1.46 |- |2016 |64 |36,286,400 |1.76 |- |2017 |86 |36,712,658 |2.34 |- |2018 |80 |37,589,262 |2.13 |- |2019 |78 |37,802,043 |2.06 |- |} An kirkiro CJDSS a cikin 1998 (tare da wasu tsarin bayar da rahoto na kasa na OECD <ref name="litzroth15">{{Cite journal |last=Litzroth |first=Amber |last2=Cras |first2=Patrick |last3=De Vil |first3=Bart |last4=Quoilin |first4=Sophie |year=2015 |title=Overview and evaluation of 15 years of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in Belgium, 1998-2012 |journal=BMC Neurology |volume=15 |page=250 |doi=10.1186/s12883-015-0507-x |pmc=4668685 |pmid=26630984 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="sun20">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Yu |last2=Liu |first2=Chih-Ching |last3=Fan |first3=Ling-Yun |last4=Huang |first4=Chung-Te |last5=Chen |first5=Ta-Fu |last6=Lu |first6=Chien-Jung |last7=Guo |first7=Wan-Yuo |last8=Chang |first8=Yang-Chyuan |last9=Chiu |first9=Ming-Jang |year=2020 |title=. Incidence of and Mortality Due to Human Prion Diseases in Taiwan: A Prospective 20-Year Nationwide Surveillance Study from 1998 to 2017. |journal=Clinical Epidemiology |volume=12 |pages=1073–1081 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S274093 |pmc=7569055 |pmid=33116901 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) "a mayar da martani ga yaduwar cutar vCJD a cikin Ƙasar Ingila", kuma "aikin bincike ne wanda ya dogara da rahoton CJD kai tsaye daga dukkan masu ilimin jijiyoyi, masu ilimin jijiyoyin jiki, masu ilimin kwakwalwa, masu kula da tsofaffi, da likitocin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ga" PHAC.<ref name="cjduk">{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UK |url=https://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/report26.pdf |journal=The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU}}</ref><ref name="ah18">{{Cite journal |date=May 2018 |title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - Classic and Variant |url=https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/e115841b-696f-42e0-91a8-fdcfba7e537a/resource/da8ae624-434b-4c0c-937e-71fc4520df59/download/guidelines-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-2018-05.pdf |journal=Alberta Health |volume=Public Health Disease Management Guidelines}}</ref> CJDSS ta bayar da rahoton shekara-shekara na farko a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2002, CJDSS ta ba da rahoto mai taken "Ka'idojin Kula da Cututtuka: [[Classic CJD|CJD na gargajiya]] a Kanada". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rl9jrkfep1eekr8jvfd85hymxzkn73i 859086 859085 2026-06-16T21:18:26Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin Kula da Cututtukan Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJDSS) wani bangare ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada . Yana nazarin bambance-bambance daban-daban na Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, kuma aƙalla tun daga 2017, ya taimaka "tare da jerin DNA, autopsy da tabbatar da shari'a".[1] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, CJDSS ta gudanar da "Tsarin DNA ido na kasa don duk nau'ikan cututtukan prion na mutum a Kanada. Babban manufar CJDSS [ta kasance] don fahimtar yaduwar cututtuken prion na mutane, don inganta zaɓuɓɓukan da ke akwai don saurin ganewar asali, kuma a ƙarshe don kare lafiyar 'yan Kanada ta hanyar rage haɗarin yaduwar cutar prion. "[2] == Tarihi == {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Mutuwar CJD a Kanada !Shekara !Mutuwa !Yawan jama'a !Mutuwa |- |1998 |24 |30,244,982 |0.79 |- |1999 |32 |30,492,106 |1.05 |- |2000 |35 |30,783,969 |1.14 |- |2001 |30 |31,130,030 |0.96 |- |2002 |36 |31,450,443 |1.14 |- |2003 |29 |31,734,851 |0.91 |- |2004 |44 |32,037,434 |1.37 |- |2005 |44 |32,352,233 |1.36 |- |2006 |44 |32,678,986 |1.35 |- |2007 |39 |33,001,076 |1.18 |- |2008 |49 |33,371,810 |1.47 |- |2009 |53 |33,756,714 |1.57 |- |2010 |38 |34,131,451 |1.11 |- |2011 |51 |34,472,304 |1.48 |- |2012 |63 |34,880,248 |1.81 |- |2013 |51 |35,289,003 |1.45 |- |2014 |56 |35,675,834 |1.57 |- |2015 |52 |35,702,707 |1.46 |- |2016 |64 |36,286,400 |1.76 |- |2017 |86 |36,712,658 |2.34 |- |2018 |80 |37,589,262 |2.13 |- |2019 |78 |37,802,043 |2.06 |- |} An kirkiro CJDSS a cikin 1998 (tare da wasu tsarin bayar da rahoto na kasa na OECD <ref name="litzroth15">{{Cite journal |last=Litzroth |first=Amber |last2=Cras |first2=Patrick |last3=De Vil |first3=Bart |last4=Quoilin |first4=Sophie |year=2015 |title=Overview and evaluation of 15 years of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in Belgium, 1998-2012 |journal=BMC Neurology |volume=15 |page=250 |doi=10.1186/s12883-015-0507-x |pmc=4668685 |pmid=26630984 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="sun20">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Yu |last2=Liu |first2=Chih-Ching |last3=Fan |first3=Ling-Yun |last4=Huang |first4=Chung-Te |last5=Chen |first5=Ta-Fu |last6=Lu |first6=Chien-Jung |last7=Guo |first7=Wan-Yuo |last8=Chang |first8=Yang-Chyuan |last9=Chiu |first9=Ming-Jang |year=2020 |title=. Incidence of and Mortality Due to Human Prion Diseases in Taiwan: A Prospective 20-Year Nationwide Surveillance Study from 1998 to 2017. |journal=Clinical Epidemiology |volume=12 |pages=1073–1081 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S274093 |pmc=7569055 |pmid=33116901 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) "a mayar da martani ga yaduwar cutar vCJD a cikin Ƙasar Ingila", kuma "aikin bincike ne wanda ya dogara da rahoton CJD kai tsaye daga dukkan masu ilimin jijiyoyi, masu ilimin jijiyoyin jiki, masu ilimin kwakwalwa, masu kula da tsofaffi, da likitocin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ga" PHAC.<ref name="cjduk">{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UK |url=https://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/report26.pdf |journal=The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU}}</ref><ref name="ah18">{{Cite journal |date=May 2018 |title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - Classic and Variant |url=https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/e115841b-696f-42e0-91a8-fdcfba7e537a/resource/da8ae624-434b-4c0c-937e-71fc4520df59/download/guidelines-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-2018-05.pdf |journal=Alberta Health |volume=Public Health Disease Management Guidelines}}</ref> CJDSS ta bayar da rahoton shekara-shekara na farko a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2002, CJDSS ta ba da rahoto mai taken "Ka'idojin Kula da Cututtuka: [[Classic CJD|CJD na gargajiya]] a Kanada". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s0whx4wvi8t3q014re3puy06ah3zpo7 0 158104 859088 2026-06-16T21:19:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300831760|Catch the Sperm]]" 859088 wikitext text/x-wiki Catch the Sperm wasa ne na ilimi na 2001 wanda Phenomedia ta haɓaka kuma ta buga. An gane shi a matsayin hanyar nishaɗi ga masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya don inganta rigakafin cutar kanjamau. An tsara wasan ne don rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa kyauta. Ingo Mesche ne ya mallaki fasaha / IP wanda ya kirkiro dukkan zane-zanen wasan don sassan 2001-2013 == Fassara daban-daban == Catch the Sperm yana samuwa a cikin nau'o'i bakwai: * CTS Style 1 (2001) * CTS Style 2 (2002) * Duel (2003) * Carnival (2003) * Lokacin bazara (2003) * Kwallon ƙafa na Switzerland (2003) * Kirsimeti (2003). Kowace sigar tana da nata taken, halayen [[maniyyi]], ƙwayoyin cuta, da hotunan allo, wasu daga cikinsu da alama an tsara su ne don yin la'akari da hotunan asali.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060831224008/http://www.cueni.ch/blackpencil/catchthesperm/cts1_page.html] === CTS Style 1 === An kirkiro asalin Catch the Sperm (CTS Style 1) a cikin shekara ta 2001. An saita shi a cikin ciki na farji ko rectum kuma wasan ya fara ne a cikin kuka da kuka. Haruffa sune Neutral Sperm, Dual Techno Sperm, da Precious Sperm. An haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a matsayin masu laifi. === CTS Style 2 === CTS Style 2 sabuntawa ce ta 2002 na wasan Catch the Sperm na asali . An saita shi a cikin yanayi mai launin shudi wanda ba shi da tabbas cewa zai iya wakiltar ko dai zurfin teku ko sararin samaniya, yana da fasalin Sperm mai daskarewa, Supersperm, Sperm mai wauta, Sperm na Jungle, I-Sperm, da Sperm mai daraja na Jurassic. === Carnival === An saita fitowar Carnival na Catch the Sperm a kan bango na abin da ya zama zane-zane na surreal kuma ya haɗa da balloons masu yawo da igiyoyi masu iyo na confetti, wasu daga cikinsu suna da siffar juzu'i kamar juzu'in DNA biyu. Haruffa sune [[Waggis]], Joker, Sambina, Lipstick, Clown, da Gold, Silver, da Bronze Sperm. Akwai ƙwayoyin cuta shida. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] prjrsl9emkhxishozx7q0eovro2tesz 859089 859088 2026-06-16T21:21:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Catch the Sperm wasa ne na ilimi na 2001 wanda Phenomedia ta haɓaka kuma ta buga. An gane shi a matsayin hanyar nishaɗi ga masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya don inganta rigakafin cutar kanjamau.<ref>"Catch the Sperm - Download Mobile Java Games, Cell Phone Java Games". Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2006-08-19.</ref> An tsara wasan ne don rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa kyauta. Ingo Mesche ne ya mallaki fasaha / IP wanda ya kirkiro dukkan zane-zanen wasan don sassan 2001-2013 == Fassara daban-daban == Catch the Sperm yana samuwa a cikin nau'o'i bakwai: * CTS Style 1 (2001) * CTS Style 2 (2002) * Duel (2003) * Carnival (2003) * Lokacin bazara (2003) * Kwallon ƙafa na Switzerland (2003) * Kirsimeti (2003). Kowace sigar tana da nata taken, halayen [[maniyyi]], ƙwayoyin cuta, da hotunan allo, wasu daga cikinsu da alama an tsara su ne don yin la'akari da hotunan asali.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060831224008/http://www.cueni.ch/blackpencil/catchthesperm/cts1_page.html] === CTS Style 1 === An kirkiro asalin Catch the Sperm (CTS Style 1) a cikin shekara ta 2001. An saita shi a cikin ciki na farji ko rectum kuma wasan ya fara ne a cikin kuka da kuka. Haruffa sune Neutral Sperm, Dual Techno Sperm, da Precious Sperm. An haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a matsayin masu laifi. === CTS Style 2 === CTS Style 2 sabuntawa ce ta 2002 na wasan Catch the Sperm na asali . An saita shi a cikin yanayi mai launin shudi wanda ba shi da tabbas cewa zai iya wakiltar ko dai zurfin teku ko sararin samaniya, yana da fasalin Sperm mai daskarewa, Supersperm, Sperm mai wauta, Sperm na Jungle, I-Sperm, da Sperm mai daraja na Jurassic. === Carnival === An saita fitowar Carnival na Catch the Sperm a kan bango na abin da ya zama zane-zane na surreal kuma ya haɗa da balloons masu yawo da igiyoyi masu iyo na confetti, wasu daga cikinsu suna da siffar juzu'i kamar juzu'in DNA biyu. Haruffa sune [[Waggis]], Joker, Sambina, Lipstick, Clown, da Gold, Silver, da Bronze Sperm. Akwai ƙwayoyin cuta shida. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t6nglx2pofokra3fi0wq4htehfceohh 0 158105 859090 2026-06-16T21:21:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358727352|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]]" 859090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob''' ('''CJD''') cuta ce da ba za a iya warkar da ita ba, koyaushe mai haɗari, cuta ce ta neurodegenerative wacce ke cikin ƙungiyar spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), wanda aka fi sani da cututtukan prion.<ref name="NIH2003">{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=NINDS}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Main">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/creutzfeldt-jakob/about/ |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=CDC}}</ref> Alamomin farko sun haɗa da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, canje-canje na halayyar, rashin daidaituwa, rikicewar gani da rikicewar ji.<ref name="NIH2003" /> Alamomin da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]], motsi mara kyau, makanta, kurma, rauni, da kuma coma.<ref name="NIH2003" /> Kimanin kashi 70% na masu fama da cutar sun mutu a cikin shekara guda bayan ganowa.<ref name="NIH2003" /> An fara bayyana yanayin ne a shekarar 1920.<ref name="NIH2003">{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=NINDS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet "Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"]. ''NINDS''. March 2003. Archived from [https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet the original] on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Walther Spielmeyer ne ya gabatar da sunan "Cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob" a 1922, bayan likitocin kwakwalwa na Jamus Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt da Alfons Maria Jakob . CJD ya samo asali ne daga prion, [1] wani nau'i mai kamuwa da cuta, wanda ba daidai ba ne na furotin da ake kira furotin prion. [2] Kimanin kashi 85% na shari'o'in CJD suna faruwa ne saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba ('sporadic CJD'), yayin da kusan kashi 10-15% na shari'ar an gaji su ne a hanyar autosomal.[3] A lokuta masu wuya, bayyanar kwakwalwa ko ƙwayoyin kashin baya daga mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ya haifar da yaduwar cutar, kuma wani nau'i daban-daban na CJD ya haifar da bayyanar nama daga shanu tare da encephalopathy na bovine spongiform ('Mad Cow Disease'). [2][3] Babu wata shaida cewa CJD na yau da kullun na iya yaduwa tsakanin mutane ta hanyar hulɗa na yau da kullum ko ƙarin jini, kodayake wannan yana yiwuwa a cikin Bambancin cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob.[2][4][5] == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamar farko ta CJD yawanci ci gaba ne mai saurin kai gaba, wanda ke haifar da asarar ƙwaƙwalwa, canje-canje na mutum, da hallucinations. Myoclonus (motsi mai banƙyama) yawanci yana faruwa a cikin kashi 90% na shari'o'in, amma yana iya kasancewa a farkon farawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 49-Year-Old Man With Forgetfulness and Gait Impairment |url=http://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/881806_3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706181402/http://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/881806_3 |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2017-07-09 |website=reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/881806_3}}</ref> Sauran siffofi masu yawa sun haɗa da [[Anxiety|damuwa]], baƙin ciki, paranoia, alamun damuwa, da kuma psychosis.<ref>Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. April 12, 2012. {{ISBN|1437704344|978-1437704341}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da matsalolin jiki kamar raunin magana, daidaituwa da rashin aiki (ataxia), canje-canje a cikin tafiya, da kuma Matsayi mai tsauri. A mafi yawan mutanen da ke fama da CJD, waɗannan alamun suna tare da motsi ba tare da son rai ba. Ba a saba gani ba, alamun da ba a saba gani kamar abin da ya faru na baƙo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noor |first=Huzaifa |last2=Baqai |first2=Muhammad Hadi |last3=Naveed |first3=Hufsa |last4=Naveed |first4=Tooba |last5=Rehman |first5=Syed Sarosh |last6=Aslam |first6=Muhammad Shaheer |last7=Lakdawala |first7=Fatima Mustafa |last8=Memon |first8=Waleed Abdullah |last9=Rani |first9=Sanjana |last10=Khan |first10=Haneen |last11=Imran |first11=Alizeh |last12=Farooqui |first12=Sabeeh Khawar |date=2024-12-15 |title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A comprehensive review of current understanding and research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022510X24004295#:~:text=Creutzfeldt,27029 |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |volume=467 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2024.123293 |issn=0022-510X |pmid=39546829 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsawon cutar ya bambanta sosai, amma CJD na lokaci-lokaci (ba a gada ba) na iya zama mai kisa a cikin watanni ko ma makonni.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown P, Cathala F, Castaigne P, Gajdusek DC |date=November 1986 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: clinical analysis of a consecutive series of 230 neuropathologically verified cases |journal=Annals of Neurology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=597–602 |doi=10.1002/ana.410200507 |pmid=3539001 |s2cid=7995631}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen da abin ya shafa sun mutu watanni shida bayan bayyanar bayyanar bayyanarsa ta farko, sau da yawa na cutar huhu saboda raunin tari. Kimanin kashi 15% na mutanen da ke da CJD sun rayu na tsawon shekaru biyu ko fiye.<ref name="Gambetti">{{Cite web |last=Gambetti |first=Pierluigi |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec06/ch090/ch090b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604015739/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec06/ch090/ch090b.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=The Merck Manuals: Online Medical Library}}</ref> Alamomin CJD suna haifar da ci gaba da mutuwar Kwayoyin jijiyoyi kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka sunadarai na prion da ba daidai ba a cikin kwakwalwa. Lokacin da aka bincika kwayar kwakwalwa daga mutumin da ke da CJD a ƙarƙashin microscope, ana iya ganin ƙananan ramuka da yawa inda ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi suka mutu. Sassan kwakwalwa na iya kama da soso inda prions ke kamuwa da yankunan kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atalay |first=Fatma Oz |last2=Tolunay |first2=Sahsine |last3=Ozgun |first3=Gonca |last4=Bekar |first4=Ahmet |last5=Zarifoglu |first5=Mehmet |date=2013 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: report of four cases and review of the literature |journal=Turkish Journal of Pathology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=148–152 |doi=10.5146/tjpath.2013.01195 |issn=1018-5615 |pmid=24272930 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == CJD wani nau'in cututtukan spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), wanda prions ke haifar da shi.<ref name="CDC2019">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) {{!}} Prion Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html |access-date=17 June 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us |quote=Classic CJD is a human prion disease}}</ref> Prions sunadarai ne da ba daidai ba waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin neurons na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (CNS). CJD prion yana da haɗari saboda yana inganta sake ninka sunadarai na prion na sel zuwa cikin yanayin da ke fama da rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clarke AR, Jackson GS, Collinge J |date=February 2001 |title=The molecular biology of prion propagation |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=356 |issue=1406 |pages=185–195 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2000.0764 |pmc=1088424 |pmid=11260799}}</ref> Adadin kwayoyin furotin da ba daidai ba zai karu sosai, kuma wannan tsari yana haifar da yawan sunadarai masu yawa a cikin sel da suka shafi. Wannan tarin sunadarai da ba daidai ba yana rushe aikin tantanin halitta kuma yana haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta. Canje-canje a cikin kwayar halitta don furotin na prion na iya haifar da ɓarna na yankunan alpha helix a cikin takalma na beta. Wannan canji a cikin tsari yana kashe ikon furotin na yin narkewa. Da zarar an watsa prion, sunadarai masu lahani sun mamaye kwakwalwa kuma sun sa wasu kwayoyin furotin na prion su ɓace a cikin madauki mai dorewa. Wadannan cututtukan neurodegenerative ana kiransu ''Cututtukan prion''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geschwind |first=MD |date=2015 |title=Prion Diseases |journal=Continuum |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1612–1638 |doi=10.1212/CON.0000000000000251 |pmc=4879966 |pmid=26633779}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6zn77alhjfky9djrt56lkwxm9poda3u 859091 859090 2026-06-16T21:22:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob''' ('''CJD''') cuta ce da ba za a iya warkar da ita ba, koyaushe mai haɗari, cuta ce ta neurodegenerative wacce ke cikin ƙungiyar spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), wanda aka fi sani da cututtukan prion.<ref name="NIH2003">{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=NINDS}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Main">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/creutzfeldt-jakob/about/ |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=CDC}}</ref> Alamomin farko sun haɗa da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, canje-canje na halayyar, rashin daidaituwa, rikicewar gani da rikicewar ji.<ref name="NIH2003" /> Alamomin da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]], motsi mara kyau, makanta, kurma, rauni, da kuma coma.<ref name="NIH2003" /> Kimanin kashi 70% na masu fama da cutar sun mutu a cikin shekara guda bayan ganowa.<ref name="NIH2003" /> An fara bayyana yanayin ne a shekarar 1920.<ref name="NIH2003">{{Cite web |date=March 2003 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=NINDS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234755/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet "Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Fact Sheet | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"]. ''NINDS''. March 2003. Archived from [https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet the original] on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Walther Spielmeyer ne ya gabatar da sunan "Cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob" a 1922, bayan likitocin kwakwalwa na Jamus Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt da Alfons Maria Jakob . CJD ya samo asali ne daga prion, [1] wani nau'i mai kamuwa da cuta, wanda ba daidai ba ne na furotin da ake kira furotin prion. [2] Kimanin kashi 85% na shari'o'in CJD suna faruwa ne saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba ('sporadic CJD'), yayin da kusan kashi 10-15% na shari'ar an gaji su ne a hanyar autosomal.[3] A lokuta masu wuya, bayyanar kwakwalwa ko ƙwayoyin kashin baya daga mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ya haifar da yaduwar cutar, kuma wani nau'i daban-daban na CJD ya haifar da bayyanar nama daga shanu tare da encephalopathy na bovine spongiform ('Mad Cow Disease'). [2][3] Babu wata shaida cewa CJD na yau da kullun na iya yaduwa tsakanin mutane ta hanyar hulɗa na yau da kullum ko ƙarin jini, kodayake wannan yana yiwuwa a cikin Bambancin cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob.[2][4][5] == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamar farko ta CJD yawanci ci gaba ne mai saurin kai gaba, wanda ke haifar da asarar ƙwaƙwalwa, canje-canje na mutum, da hallucinations. Myoclonus (motsi mai banƙyama) yawanci yana faruwa a cikin kashi 90% na shari'o'in, amma yana iya kasancewa a farkon farawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 49-Year-Old Man With Forgetfulness and Gait Impairment |url=http://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/881806_3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706181402/http://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/881806_3 |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2017-07-09 |website=reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/881806_3}}</ref> Sauran siffofi masu yawa sun haɗa da [[Anxiety|damuwa]], baƙin ciki, paranoia, alamun damuwa, da kuma psychosis.<ref>Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann. April 12, 2012. {{ISBN|1437704344|978-1437704341}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da matsalolin jiki kamar raunin magana, daidaituwa da rashin aiki (ataxia), canje-canje a cikin tafiya, da kuma Matsayi mai tsauri. A mafi yawan mutanen da ke fama da CJD, waɗannan alamun suna tare da motsi ba tare da son rai ba. Ba a saba gani ba, alamun da ba a saba gani kamar abin da ya faru na baƙo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noor |first=Huzaifa |last2=Baqai |first2=Muhammad Hadi |last3=Naveed |first3=Hufsa |last4=Naveed |first4=Tooba |last5=Rehman |first5=Syed Sarosh |last6=Aslam |first6=Muhammad Shaheer |last7=Lakdawala |first7=Fatima Mustafa |last8=Memon |first8=Waleed Abdullah |last9=Rani |first9=Sanjana |last10=Khan |first10=Haneen |last11=Imran |first11=Alizeh |last12=Farooqui |first12=Sabeeh Khawar |date=2024-12-15 |title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A comprehensive review of current understanding and research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022510X24004295#:~:text=Creutzfeldt,27029 |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |volume=467 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2024.123293 |issn=0022-510X |pmid=39546829 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsawon cutar ya bambanta sosai, amma CJD na lokaci-lokaci (ba a gada ba) na iya zama mai kisa a cikin watanni ko ma makonni.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown P, Cathala F, Castaigne P, Gajdusek DC |date=November 1986 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: clinical analysis of a consecutive series of 230 neuropathologically verified cases |journal=Annals of Neurology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=597–602 |doi=10.1002/ana.410200507 |pmid=3539001 |s2cid=7995631}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen da abin ya shafa sun mutu watanni shida bayan bayyanar bayyanar bayyanarsa ta farko, sau da yawa na cutar huhu saboda raunin tari. Kimanin kashi 15% na mutanen da ke da CJD sun rayu na tsawon shekaru biyu ko fiye.<ref name="Gambetti">{{Cite web |last=Gambetti |first=Pierluigi |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec06/ch090/ch090b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604015739/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec06/ch090/ch090b.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=The Merck Manuals: Online Medical Library}}</ref> Alamomin CJD suna haifar da ci gaba da mutuwar Kwayoyin jijiyoyi kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka sunadarai na prion da ba daidai ba a cikin kwakwalwa. Lokacin da aka bincika kwayar kwakwalwa daga mutumin da ke da CJD a ƙarƙashin microscope, ana iya ganin ƙananan ramuka da yawa inda ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi suka mutu. Sassan kwakwalwa na iya kama da soso inda prions ke kamuwa da yankunan kwakwalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atalay |first=Fatma Oz |last2=Tolunay |first2=Sahsine |last3=Ozgun |first3=Gonca |last4=Bekar |first4=Ahmet |last5=Zarifoglu |first5=Mehmet |date=2013 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: report of four cases and review of the literature |journal=Turkish Journal of Pathology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=148–152 |doi=10.5146/tjpath.2013.01195 |issn=1018-5615 |pmid=24272930 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == CJD wani nau'in cututtukan spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), wanda prions ke haifar da shi.<ref name="CDC2019">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Classic (CJD) {{!}} Prion Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html |access-date=17 June 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us |quote=Classic CJD is a human prion disease}}</ref> Prions sunadarai ne da ba daidai ba waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin neurons na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (CNS). CJD prion yana da haɗari saboda yana inganta sake ninka sunadarai na prion na sel zuwa cikin yanayin da ke fama da rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clarke AR, Jackson GS, Collinge J |date=February 2001 |title=The molecular biology of prion propagation |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=356 |issue=1406 |pages=185–195 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2000.0764 |pmc=1088424 |pmid=11260799}}</ref> Adadin kwayoyin furotin da ba daidai ba zai karu sosai, kuma wannan tsari yana haifar da yawan sunadarai masu yawa a cikin sel da suka shafi. Wannan tarin sunadarai da ba daidai ba yana rushe aikin tantanin halitta kuma yana haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta. Canje-canje a cikin kwayar halitta don furotin na prion na iya haifar da ɓarna na yankunan alpha helix a cikin takalma na beta. Wannan canji a cikin tsari yana kashe ikon furotin na yin narkewa. Da zarar an watsa prion, sunadarai masu lahani sun mamaye kwakwalwa kuma sun sa wasu kwayoyin furotin na prion su ɓace a cikin madauki mai dorewa. Wadannan cututtukan neurodegenerative ana kiransu ''Cututtukan prion''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geschwind |first=MD |date=2015 |title=Prion Diseases |journal=Continuum |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1612–1638 |doi=10.1212/CON.0000000000000251 |pmc=4879966 |pmid=26633779}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h7ofnkzwm35intvk1w8t4wrac5kmjda 0 158106 859092 2026-06-16T21:23:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357102958|Air pollution in Armenia]]" 859092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin gurɓata iska a Armenia''' lamari ne na muhalli da [[lafiyar jama'a]], wanda ke nufin kasancewar kwayoyin halitta (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO<nowiki><sub id="mwCQ">2</sub></nowiki>) , nitrogen oxides (NOx), da sauran gurɓataccen abu. Tushen gurɓatawar sun haɗa da hayakin motoci, ayyukan masana'antu, ayyukan gini, da ƙurar hanya. Haɗin yanayin zafi da yanayin yanayi yana taimakawa wajen kara matakan gurɓata iska, wanda ke ƙaruwa a lokacin watanni na rani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Air Pollution Study in Armenia |url=https://bulletin.am/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-Mkrtchyan-Arevik.pdf |publisher=Bulletin.am}}</ref> Yankunan kore suna ba da raguwar gurɓataccen yanayi, amma tasirin su ya kasance ƙarami. == Ma'auni da saka idanu == === Matsakaicin PM da tushen hayaki === Babban tushen gurɓataccen iska a Yerevan sun haɗa da masana'antu, sufuri, da gini, yayin da a Gyumri da Vanadzor, gurɓatawar ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan masana'antu da ci gaban birane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nersisyan |first=Gayane |last2=Przybysz |first2=Arkadiusz |last3=Vardanyan |first3=Zhirayr |last4=Sayadyan |first4=Hovik |last5=Muradyan |first5=Nelli |last6=Grigoryan |first6=Manik |last7=Ktrakyan |first7=Sergey |date=2024-11-22 |title=Peculiarities of Particulate Matter Absorption by Urban Tree Species in the Major Cities of Armenia |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=23 |bibcode=2024Sust...1610217N |doi=10.3390/su162310217 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana lura da mafi girman taro na ƙarfe mai nauyi, kamar jan ƙarfe (Cu), gubar (Pb), da [[zinc]] (Zn), a Yerevan da Gyumri.<ref name=":2" /> Dangane da binciken da ArmStat ya yi a shekarar 2025, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gurɓataccen iska ya fito ne daga tushen da ke tsaye. Wannan ya hada da masana'antu, tsire-tsire, gonaki da wuraren zubar da shara. Tushen wayar hannu yana haifar da kashi biyu bisa uku na gurɓataccen iska.<ref name=":4" /> Kimanin kashi uku cikin hudu na gurɓataccen iska daga tushen tsaye ya fito ne daga masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki. [[Hakar ma'adinai|Ma'adinai]] da ma'adinai suna ba da gudummawa kusan 6%, kuma wani 6% ya fito ne daga masana'antu. Sauran kashi 14% sun fito ne daga ayyukan tattalin arziki daban-daban, kamar gine-gine da noma. === Bayanan sa ido na kasa === A ƙarshen Fabrairu 2025, tsarin sa ido na gari ya haɗa da na'urori masu auna sigina 166. Kowane ɗayan suna tattara bayanai da samar da matsakaicin sa'a don Matsalar Particulate (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), da kuma yanayin zafi da zafi.<ref name=":4" /> === Na'urorin saka idanu === Kayan aikin da ke sa ido kan ingancin iska ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1970swaɗanda sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin kula da ingancin iska.[1] Yerevan yana da mafi girman maida hankali na NO2 na 0.110 μg / m3 [1]. A cikin biranen Ararat, Gyumri, Hrazdan, Tsaghkadzor, da Alaverdi, akwai ƙananan NO2[1]. Koyaya, gwamnati tana aiki akan inganta manufofi kan gurɓataccen iska.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=2024-11-07 |title=Armenia Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/42379 |language=en-US |doi=10.1596/42379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ya yi amfani da manyan gyare-gyare da ƙari ga Dokar 1994 kan Kare Iska, amma ana buƙatar sake duba dokoki da yawa saboda canjin ka'idoji.<ref name=":3" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 28yhpq8bal4g349viyj5h3acv37w7im 859095 859092 2026-06-16T21:23:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin gurɓata iska a Armenia''' lamari ne na muhalli da [[lafiyar jama'a]], wanda ke nufin kasancewar kwayoyin halitta (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO<nowiki><sub id="mwCQ">2</sub></nowiki>) , nitrogen oxides (NOx), da sauran gurɓataccen abu. Tushen gurɓatawar sun haɗa da hayakin motoci, ayyukan masana'antu, ayyukan gini, da ƙurar hanya. Haɗin yanayin zafi da yanayin yanayi yana taimakawa wajen kara matakan gurɓata iska, wanda ke ƙaruwa a lokacin watanni na rani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Air Pollution Study in Armenia |url=https://bulletin.am/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1-Mkrtchyan-Arevik.pdf |publisher=Bulletin.am}}</ref> Yankunan kore suna ba da raguwar gurɓataccen yanayi, amma tasirin su ya kasance ƙarami. == Ma'auni da saka idanu == === Matsakaicin PM da tushen hayaki === Babban tushen gurɓataccen iska a Yerevan sun haɗa da masana'antu, sufuri, da gini, yayin da a Gyumri da Vanadzor, gurɓatawar ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan masana'antu da ci gaban birane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nersisyan |first=Gayane |last2=Przybysz |first2=Arkadiusz |last3=Vardanyan |first3=Zhirayr |last4=Sayadyan |first4=Hovik |last5=Muradyan |first5=Nelli |last6=Grigoryan |first6=Manik |last7=Ktrakyan |first7=Sergey |date=2024-11-22 |title=Peculiarities of Particulate Matter Absorption by Urban Tree Species in the Major Cities of Armenia |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=23 |bibcode=2024Sust...1610217N |doi=10.3390/su162310217 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana lura da mafi girman taro na ƙarfe mai nauyi, kamar jan ƙarfe (Cu), gubar (Pb), da [[zinc]] (Zn), a Yerevan da Gyumri.<ref name=":2" /> Dangane da binciken da ArmStat ya yi a shekarar 2025, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gurɓataccen iska ya fito ne daga tushen da ke tsaye. Wannan ya hada da masana'antu, tsire-tsire, gonaki da wuraren zubar da shara. Tushen wayar hannu yana haifar da kashi biyu bisa uku na gurɓataccen iska.<ref name=":4" /> Kimanin kashi uku cikin hudu na gurɓataccen iska daga tushen tsaye ya fito ne daga masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki. [[Hakar ma'adinai|Ma'adinai]] da ma'adinai suna ba da gudummawa kusan 6%, kuma wani 6% ya fito ne daga masana'antu. Sauran kashi 14% sun fito ne daga ayyukan tattalin arziki daban-daban, kamar gine-gine da noma. === Bayanan sa ido na kasa === A ƙarshen Fabrairu 2025, tsarin sa ido na gari ya haɗa da na'urori masu auna sigina 166. Kowane ɗayan suna tattara bayanai da samar da matsakaicin sa'a don Matsalar Particulate (PM1, PM2.5, PM10), da kuma yanayin zafi da zafi.<ref name=":4" /> === Na'urorin saka idanu === Kayan aikin da ke sa ido kan ingancin iska ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1970swaɗanda sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin kula da ingancin iska.[1] Yerevan yana da mafi girman maida hankali na NO2 na 0.110 μg / m3 [1]. A cikin biranen Ararat, Gyumri, Hrazdan, Tsaghkadzor, da Alaverdi, akwai ƙananan NO2[1]. Koyaya, gwamnati tana aiki akan inganta manufofi kan gurɓataccen iska.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=2024-11-07 |title=Armenia Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/42379 |language=en-US |doi=10.1596/42379 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ya yi amfani da manyan gyare-gyare da ƙari ga Dokar 1994 kan Kare Iska, amma ana buƙatar sake duba dokoki da yawa saboda canjin ka'idoji.<ref name=":3" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6iraa3qi9jrqil506z4vwwcaze4asdc 3 158107 859093 2026-06-16T21:23:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859093 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Isderion! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Isderion|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 6w45jyhz1a6mwjmrvx6kdts3y4nee5i 3 158108 859094 2026-06-16T21:23:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859094 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muffy4! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muffy4|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 2y2qm92kucz5m3u0ffhfeynan8uhh1f 3 158109 859096 2026-06-16T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859096 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 51mohamedbadr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/51mohamedbadr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) a81n5gcwgg3i6uzv90ulh4taedq31da 3 158110 859097 2026-06-16T21:23:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859097 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, هي علامة! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/هي علامة|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) m66qopg4mpiker96hbxgd06q9fvo57v 3 158111 859098 2026-06-16T21:23:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859098 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sir Morosus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sir Morosus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) e2dl29ylbrdnvz9tl1ijb78wz4zrz4c 3 158112 859099 2026-06-16T21:24:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859099 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, فرزام میم! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/فرزام میم|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) s9t2uyxc4wn5c7c0ui67ml526hqzk69 0 158113 859100 2026-06-16T21:24:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1151519596|Bangkok Charter]]" 859100 wikitext text/x-wiki Yarjejeniyar Bangkok don Inganta lafiya a cikin Duniya mai Duniya ita ce sunan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka cimma tsakanin mahalarta Taron Duniya na 6 kan Inganta Lafiyar da aka gudanar a Bangkok, Thailand a watan Agustan 2005, wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta shirya.[1] Yana gano ayyuka, alkawura da alkawura waɗanda ake buƙata don magance abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya a cikin duniya ta hanyar inganta kiwon lafiya. == Game da Sanarwar == Yarjejeniyar Bangkok ta amince da cewa: Abubuwa biyar masu mahimmanci na aiki don duniya mai lafiya: # '''Abokin hulɗa da gina kawance''' tare da masu zaman kansu, wadanda ba masu zaman kansu ba, wadanda ba na gwamnati ba ko kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu ɗorewa # '''Zuba jari a cikin manufofi masu ɗorewa''', ayyuka da ababen more rayuwa don magance abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya # '''Gina damar ci gaban manufofi''', aikin inganta kiwon lafiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya # '''Gudanarwa da doka''' don tabbatar da babban matakin kariya daga lahani da kuma ba da damar daidaito ga lafiya da jin daɗi # Mai ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya bisa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da hadin kai == Dubi kuma == * Inganta kiwon lafiya ** Yarjejeniyar Ottawa ** Sanarwar Jakarta * [[Kula da lafiya na farko]] ** Lafiya ga kowa * [[Lafiyar Duniya]] * [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya]] * [[Lafiyar jama'a]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8k53silyito90nwfcahefw0w3mm1jto 859105 859100 2026-06-16T21:24:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yarjejeniyar Bangkok don Inganta lafiya a cikin Duniya mai Duniya ita ce sunan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka cimma tsakanin mahalarta Taron Duniya na 6 kan Inganta Lafiyar da aka gudanar a Bangkok, Thailand a watan Agustan 2005, wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta shirya.[1] Yana gano ayyuka, alkawura da alkawura waɗanda ake buƙata don magance abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya a cikin duniya ta hanyar inganta kiwon lafiya. == Game da Sanarwar == Yarjejeniyar Bangkok ta amince da cewa: Abubuwa biyar masu mahimmanci na aiki don duniya mai lafiya: # '''Abokin hulɗa da gina kawance''' tare da masu zaman kansu, wadanda ba masu zaman kansu ba, wadanda ba na gwamnati ba ko kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu ɗorewa # '''Zuba jari a cikin manufofi masu ɗorewa''', ayyuka da ababen more rayuwa don magance abubuwan da ke tattare da kiwon lafiya # '''Gina damar ci gaban manufofi''', aikin inganta kiwon lafiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya # '''Gudanarwa da doka''' don tabbatar da babban matakin kariya daga lahani da kuma ba da damar daidaito ga lafiya da jin daɗi # Mai ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya bisa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da hadin kai == Dubi kuma == * Inganta kiwon lafiya ** Yarjejeniyar Ottawa ** Sanarwar Jakarta * [[Kula da lafiya na farko]] ** Lafiya ga kowa * [[Lafiyar Duniya]] * [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya]] * [[Lafiyar jama'a]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p1pj1o5lrcezcg4pilyymxij9oxv6f2 3 158114 859101 2026-06-16T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859101 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Candy-Kubik! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Candy-Kubik|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 9evkxfhjr0f6k6k6r7ufckh4thzyj2r 3 158115 859102 2026-06-16T21:24:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859102 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Idrissrahman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Idrissrahman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) f4cwr525dilwocrpzj6a1y4w6i9bznh 3 158116 859103 2026-06-16T21:24:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859103 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aurafish! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aurafish|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) afwbgcuiwvewb1srm33bz8h5y26p9al 3 158117 859104 2026-06-16T21:24:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859104 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Modu kgg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Modu kgg|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) beg2u0kgn7nec3y3xd0jkaxebckcyo8 3 158118 859106 2026-06-16T21:24:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859106 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Imdashti! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Imdashti|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) f2m8sqxnxkrmt7dxfjbbw5o2rqcepo2 3 158119 859108 2026-06-16T21:25:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859108 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nghtt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nghtt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 46erw61b0k0t0b4sq4rvn2medgd807c 3 158120 859109 2026-06-16T21:25:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859109 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nxgrizzle! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nxgrizzle|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 7juhm168pn158mhwp3qpvshs5dmwx3k 3 158121 859110 2026-06-16T21:25:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859110 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Manilarosa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Manilarosa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 05qd06qcowgl1l5hruxcbap9g75zoya 3 158122 859111 2026-06-16T21:25:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859111 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Advacheck princess! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Advacheck princess|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) opa4gzzekd107guqaeo7ie961qz3ofn 3 158123 859112 2026-06-16T21:25:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859112 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PedroHAB1001! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PedroHAB1001|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) ta7i2kcoxzuhlrikacrj9egy7o962im 3 158124 859113 2026-06-16T21:25:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859113 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Evolveship! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Evolveship|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 5a595inn0gb2l1jf65dxpv3olp8j239 3 158125 859114 2026-06-16T21:26:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859114 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Faruku muhammad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Faruku muhammad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) 52tpx70sr2xpsh7abkwfeftpgy0bam5 3 158126 859115 2026-06-16T21:26:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 859115 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, -- -- --! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/-- -- --|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 16 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) mra4483vhx2w3zgbse7kn39eq9f26h5 0 158127 859121 2026-06-16T22:03:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150504|Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a fadin [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]] wanda ke amfani da makamashin da aka san shi da suna, Bujagali Falls, a [[Uganda]] . An fara ginin ne a shekarar 2007 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2012. Shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] da [[Aga Khan IV|Aga Khan na IV]] ne suka kaddamar da shi a hukumance a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2012 a gaban 'yan siyasa da masu zuba jari na Afirka. Tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 250 ita ce babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Uganda lokacin da aka fara aikinta. Duk da haka, tashoshin wutar lantarki na Karuma da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago|Ayago]] da aka tsara za su fi yawa. Kudaden da za a kashe wa tashar sun jawo damuwa, yayin da masu zuba jari suka shiga suka bar aikin. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2014, kamfanin Bujagali Energy Limited ne ke kula da tashar, wanda ya zabi dan kwangilar Italiya Salini Impregilo don bunkasa aikin. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]] |date=18 December 2015 |title=Bujagali hydropower project, Uganda |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bujagali-hydropower-project-uganda |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Environmental Justice Atlas}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin kogin Victoria, kimanin {{Convert|15.5|km|0}} arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na birnin Jinja kuma nan take arewa da tsohon wurin da Bujagali Falls yake. Yana kan iyaka tsakanin gundumar Buikwe a yamma da gundumar Jinja a gabas. Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali sune 0° 29'54.00"N, 33° 08' 15.00"E (latitude:0.498325; longitude:33.137500). == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 2001, gwamnatin Uganda ta fara shirin gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Bujagali Falls. Masu haɓaka aikin sun haɗa da AES Energy daga Amurka da kuma Madhvani Group daga Uganda. A tsakiyar binciken zamba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pallister |first=David |date=3 November 2003 |title=Africa Dam's Passage 'Eased by Bribes' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/03/davidpallister |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> an yi watsi da aikin farko a shekarar 2003 lokacin da AES Energy ta janye daga yarjejeniyar, tana mai ambaton tsawaita aikin saboda ƙin amincewa daga masu kare muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lilley |first=Sasha |date=28 August 2003 |title=AES Backs Out of Bujagali Dam Project |url=http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=8250 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617062807/http://corpwatch.org/article.php?id=8250 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=CorpWatch}}</ref> <ref name="Evolution">{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=7 October 2012 |title=Evolution of the 250MW Bujagali Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636071-evolution-of-the-250mw-bujagali-dam.html |access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> An jinkirta aikin saboda dogon tattaunawa tsakanin masu zuba jari da wakilan ƙungiyar Soga ta Budhagaali mai ruhin ruwa, waɗanda aka ga manyan wuraren ibadarsu suna da alaƙa da ƙarfin ruwan. Daga ƙarshe an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin ɓangarorin. Kamfanin [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215043801/http://www.sitheglobal.com/about.cfm Sithe Global Power LLC], daga Amurka, da kuma Industrial Promotion Services, wani sashe na Asusun Aga Khan don Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki, ne suka kafa wani sabon kamfani, Bujagali Energy Limited, kuma an ba su aikin haɓaka aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bujagali Energy Limited |url=http://www.bujagali-energy.com/bujagali_aboutUs1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823032931/http://bujagali-energy.com/bujagali_aboutUs1.htm |archive-date=23 August 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Bujagali Energy Limited}}</ref> An fara gina madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarki a watan Yunin 2007. An zaɓi Salini Impregilo a matsayin babban mai kwangilar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bujagali Falls Hydropower Dam, Jinja, Uganda |url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/bujagali |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Power Technology}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta fara ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2012. <ref name="Evolution">{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=7 October 2012 |title=Evolution of the 250MW Bujagali Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636071-evolution-of-the-250mw-bujagali-dam.html |access-date=7 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasita2012">Kasita, Ibrahim (7 October 2012). </cite></ref> A lokacin da aka fara aikin gini, aikin ya ɗauki sama da mutane 2,500 aiki, ciki har da kimanin 'yan ƙasar Uganda 2,200. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Mugabi |first=Frank |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bujagali Dam Near Completion |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1013880/bujagali-dam-near-completion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223205933/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1013880/bujagali-dam-near-completion |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> == Kudin gini == An kiyasta cewa za a kashe kuɗin da za a kashe wajen gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki ta Amurka da dala miliyan 800. An kuma kashe dala miliyan 62 wajen gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki daga Jinja zuwa Kawanda, kusa da [[Kampala]], mai nisan kimanin {{Convert|80|km|0}} . Kamfanin Bujagali Energy Limited ya zuba jarin kimanin dala miliyan 190 na kudinsa a cikin aikin. Sauran kudaden an ranto su ne daga masu ba da lamuni na ƙasashen duniya masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Monitor Reporter |date=12 April 2011 |title=Nile Diverted Through Bujagali Powerhouse |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1142914/-/c2rg1mz/-/index.html |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> # Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya (IFC), memba na Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya # [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] # Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai # Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jamus # KfW # PROPARCO na Faransa # Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa # Kamfanin Kuɗin Ci Gaban Netherlands # Kamfanin Absa Group Limited # BNP Paribas # [[Nedbank]] # Bankin Standard Chartered A watan Maris na 2018, Hukumar Daraktocin IFC da MIGA ta amince da shirye-shiryen sake ba da rancen gini sama da dala miliyan 400 da Bujagali Energy Limited ke bin ta, aikin SPV. Amincewar ta haɗa da garantin dala miliyan 423, don tallafawa aikin. Sake ba da rancen zai tsawaita rancen da aka bayar a shekarar 2007, daga masu ba da lamuni da aka lissafa a sama. Wannan, tare da yafe haraji daga gwamnatin Uganda, zai rage farashin wutar lantarki ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki a ƙasar, inda kashi 26 cikin 100 na al'umma (kashi 8 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara) ne kawai ke da damar amfani da wutar lantarki a lokacin. <ref name="13R">{{Cite web |last=Press Release |date=8 March 2018 |title=IFC and MIGA Boards Support Bujagali Refinancing Package to Reduce Ugandan Electricity Costs |url=https://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/7C6FB1872C371C118525824A007D3E80 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223205930/https://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/7C6FB1872C371C118525824A007D3E80 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[International Finance Corporation]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == l41kb83hxzt6elijtisfw93l73jjw9t 859122 859121 2026-06-16T22:03:55Z Engineer014 44591 859122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a fadin [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]] wanda ke amfani da makamashin da aka san shi da suna, Bujagali Falls, a [[Uganda]] . An fara ginin ne a shekarar 2007 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2012. Shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] da [[Aga Khan IV|Aga Khan na IV]] ne suka kaddamar da shi a hukumance a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2012 a gaban 'yan siyasa da masu zuba jari na Afirka. Tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 250 ita ce babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Uganda lokacin da aka fara aikinta. Duk da haka, tashoshin wutar lantarki na Karuma da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ayago|Ayago]] da aka tsara za su fi yawa. Kudaden da za a kashe wa tashar sun jawo damuwa, yayin da masu zuba jari suka shiga suka bar aikin. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2014, kamfanin Bujagali Energy Limited ne ke kula da tashar, wanda ya zabi dan kwangilar Italiya Salini Impregilo don bunkasa aikin. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]] |date=18 December 2015 |title=Bujagali hydropower project, Uganda |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bujagali-hydropower-project-uganda |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Environmental Justice Atlas}}</ref> == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin kogin Victoria, kimanin {{Convert|15.5|km|0}} arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na birnin Jinja kuma nan take arewa da tsohon wurin da Bujagali Falls yake. Yana kan iyaka tsakanin gundumar Buikwe a yamma da gundumar Jinja a gabas. Daidaito na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali sune 0° 29'54.00"N, 33° 08' 15.00"E (latitude:0.498325; longitude:33.137500). == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 2001, gwamnatin Uganda ta fara shirin gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Bujagali Falls. Masu haɓaka aikin sun haɗa da AES Energy daga Amurka da kuma Madhvani Group daga Uganda. A tsakiyar binciken zamba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pallister |first=David |date=3 November 2003 |title=Africa Dam's Passage 'Eased by Bribes' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/03/davidpallister |access-date=22 April 2014 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> an yi watsi da aikin farko a shekarar 2003 lokacin da AES Energy ta janye daga yarjejeniyar, tana mai ambaton tsawaita aikin saboda ƙin amincewa daga masu kare muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lilley |first=Sasha |date=28 August 2003 |title=AES Backs Out of Bujagali Dam Project |url=http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=8250 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617062807/http://corpwatch.org/article.php?id=8250 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=CorpWatch}}</ref> <ref name="Evolution">{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=7 October 2012 |title=Evolution of the 250MW Bujagali Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636071-evolution-of-the-250mw-bujagali-dam.html |access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> An jinkirta aikin saboda dogon tattaunawa tsakanin masu zuba jari da wakilan ƙungiyar Soga ta Budhagaali mai ruhin ruwa, waɗanda aka ga manyan wuraren ibadarsu suna da alaƙa da ƙarfin ruwan. Daga ƙarshe an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin ɓangarorin. Kamfanin [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215043801/http://www.sitheglobal.com/about.cfm Sithe Global Power LLC], daga Amurka, da kuma Industrial Promotion Services, wani sashe na Asusun Aga Khan don Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki, ne suka kafa wani sabon kamfani, Bujagali Energy Limited, kuma an ba su aikin haɓaka aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bujagali Energy Limited |url=http://www.bujagali-energy.com/bujagali_aboutUs1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823032931/http://bujagali-energy.com/bujagali_aboutUs1.htm |archive-date=23 August 2014 |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Bujagali Energy Limited}}</ref> An fara gina madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarki a watan Yunin 2007. An zaɓi Salini Impregilo a matsayin babban mai kwangilar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bujagali Falls Hydropower Dam, Jinja, Uganda |url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/bujagali |access-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Power Technology}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta fara ayyukan kasuwanci a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2012. <ref name="Evolution">{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=7 October 2012 |title=Evolution of the 250MW Bujagali Dam |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/636071-evolution-of-the-250mw-bujagali-dam.html |access-date=7 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKasita2012">Kasita, Ibrahim (7 October 2012). </cite></ref> A lokacin da aka fara aikin gini, aikin ya ɗauki sama da mutane 2,500 aiki, ciki har da kimanin 'yan ƙasar Uganda 2,200. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Mugabi |first=Frank |date=1 April 2015 |title=Bujagali Dam Near Completion |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1013880/bujagali-dam-near-completion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223205933/https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1013880/bujagali-dam-near-completion |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> == Kudin gini == An kiyasta cewa za a kashe kuɗin da za a kashe wajen gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki ta Amurka da dala miliyan 800. An kuma kashe dala miliyan 62 wajen gina layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki daga Jinja zuwa Kawanda, kusa da [[Kampala]], mai nisan kimanin {{Convert|80|km|0}} . Kamfanin Bujagali Energy Limited ya zuba jarin kimanin dala miliyan 190 na kudinsa a cikin aikin. Sauran kudaden an ranto su ne daga masu ba da lamuni na ƙasashen duniya masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Monitor Reporter |date=12 April 2011 |title=Nile Diverted Through Bujagali Powerhouse |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1142914/-/c2rg1mz/-/index.html |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> # Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya (IFC), memba na Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya # [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] # Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai # Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jamus # KfW # PROPARCO na Faransa # Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa # Kamfanin Kuɗin Ci Gaban Netherlands # Kamfanin Absa Group Limited # BNP Paribas # [[Nedbank]] # Bankin Standard Chartered A watan Maris na 2018, Hukumar Daraktocin IFC da MIGA ta amince da shirye-shiryen sake ba da rancen gini sama da dala miliyan 400 da Bujagali Energy Limited ke bin ta, aikin SPV. Amincewar ta haɗa da garantin dala miliyan 423, don tallafawa aikin. Sake ba da rancen zai tsawaita rancen da aka bayar a shekarar 2007, daga masu ba da lamuni da aka lissafa a sama. Wannan, tare da yafe haraji daga gwamnatin Uganda, zai rage farashin wutar lantarki ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki a ƙasar, inda kashi 26 cikin 100 na al'umma (kashi 8 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara) ne kawai ke da damar amfani da wutar lantarki a lokacin. <ref name="13R">{{Cite web |last=Press Release |date=8 March 2018 |title=IFC and MIGA Boards Support Bujagali Refinancing Package to Reduce Ugandan Electricity Costs |url=https://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/7C6FB1872C371C118525824A007D3E80 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223205930/https://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/pressroom/IFCPressRoom.nsf/0/7C6FB1872C371C118525824A007D3E80 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[International Finance Corporation]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3petl1g8ieqblmm3g6i1uq4qpt32063 0 158128 859123 2026-06-16T22:05:25Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271922803|South Africa at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships]]" 859123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Afirka ta Kudu]]''' ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ruwa ta 2011 a [[Shanghai]], [[Sin|China]] tsakanin ranakun 16 da 31 ga Yuli, 2011. == Masu lashe kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !Lambar Yabo ! Suna ! Wasanni ! Taron ! Kwanan wata |- |{{Bronze medal}} | {{Sortname|Cameron|van der Burgh|Cameron van der Burgh}} | iyo | bugun nono na maza na mita 100 | 25 ga Yuli |- |{{Bronze medal}} | {{Sortname|Cameron|van der Burgh|Cameron van der Burgh}} | iyo | bugun nono na maza na mita 50 | 27 ga Yuli |- |{{Bronze medal}} | {{Sortname|Gerhard|Zandberg}} | iyo | Wasannin motsa jiki na maza na mita 50 a baya | 31 ga Yuli |} == Yin iyo a cikin ruwa a buɗe == {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Ɗan wasa ! rowspan="2" | Taron ! colspan="2" | Ƙarshe |- ! Lokaci ! Matsayi |- | rowspan="1" | [[Danie Marais]] | Maza 5km | align="center" | 59:46.9 | align="center" | 32 |- | rowspan="2" | Troy Prinsloo | Maza 5km | align="center" | 56:37.3 | align="center" | 21 |- | Maza 10km | align="center" | 1:58:48.5 | align="center" | 38 |- | rowspan="1" | Chad Ho | Maza 10km | align="center" | 1:54:58.6 | align="center" | 20 |} == Manazarta == qbew1yxfep8i1x6b3vwqefngo7giw4i 859124 859123 2026-06-16T22:06:14Z Engineer014 44591 859124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Afirka ta Kudu]]''' ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ruwa ta 2011 a [[Shanghai]], [[Sin|China]] tsakanin ranakun 16 da 31 ga Yuli, 2011. == Masu lashe kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !Lambar Yabo ! Suna ! Wasanni ! Taron ! Kwanan wata |- |{{Bronze medal}} | {{Sortname|Cameron|van der Burgh|Cameron van der Burgh}} | iyo | bugun nono na maza na mita 100 | 25 ga Yuli |- |{{Bronze medal}} | {{Sortname|Cameron|van der Burgh|Cameron van der Burgh}} | iyo | bugun nono na maza na mita 50 | 27 ga Yuli |- |{{Bronze medal}} | {{Sortname|Gerhard|Zandberg}} | iyo | Wasannin motsa jiki na maza na mita 50 a baya | 31 ga Yuli |} == Yin iyo a cikin ruwa a buɗe == {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:90%" ! rowspan="2" |Ɗan wasa ! rowspan="2" | Taron ! colspan="2" | Ƙarshe |- ! Lokaci ! Matsayi |- | rowspan="1" | [[Danie Marais]] | Maza 5km | align="center" | 59:46.9 | align="center" | 32 |- | rowspan="2" | Troy Prinsloo | Maza 5km | align="center" | 56:37.3 | align="center" | 21 |- | Maza 10km | align="center" | 1:58:48.5 | align="center" | 38 |- | rowspan="1" | Chad Ho | Maza 10km | align="center" | 1:54:58.6 | align="center" | 20 |} == Manazarta == g3kp78mi364l1eg26c97wzhwww1w7tr 0 158129 859125 2026-06-16T22:09:33Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350739938|Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859125 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station''' is an operational 600&nbsp;MW hydroelectric power station in [[Uganda]]. It is the largest power-generating installation in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Julius Barigaba |date=10 July 2011 |title=Donors query Uganda on excess capacity in Karuma dam |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Donors+query+Uganda+on++excess+capacity+in+Karuma+dam/-/2558/1197970/-/bjpy8qz/-/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> The project was awarded to Chinese engineering firm Sinohydro Corporation, a ⁠contracting subsidiary of the state-owned Power China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Ecuador hands hydroelectric plant to Power China in $400 million arbitration deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/ecuador-hands-hydroelectric-plant-power-china-400-million-arbitration-deal-2026-04-09/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Aikin ya fuskanci manyan jinkiri da hauhawar farashi. Da farko an tsara kammala shi cikin watanni 60, aikin ya kai kimanin watanni 114, kimanin jinkiri na shekaru 4.5. Wannan dogon lokacin ya ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sosai. Kasafin kuɗin farko na kimanin dala biliyan 1.7 (SH$6.323 tiriliyan) ya haura zuwa kusan dala tiriliyan SH8.18, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen da suka haɗa da kusan shilling biliyan 113.9 na ribar da aka tara saboda jinkirin biyan kuɗi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Karuma Hydro Power Project delays could cost Gov't sh113billion |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/karuma-hydro-power-project-delays-could-cost-govt-sh113billion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1995, gwamnatin Uganda ta yi niyyar gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a wurin da magudanar ruwa ta Karuma ta yi. Da farko, an bai wa Norpak, wani kamfanin makamashi na Norway, kwangilar gudanar da nazarin yuwuwar amfani da kuma kimanta tasirin muhalli (EIA) ga madatsar ruwa. Bankin Duniya ya yi alƙawarin samar da rancen da zai biya kuɗin ginin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maseruka |first=Josephine |last2=Natukunda |first2=Carol |date=10 March 2005 |title=Uganda: Norpak Blames WB On Karuma Dam |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200503100524.html |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]] via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton nazarin yuwuwar amfani a watan Oktoba na 2006. An fara tayin gina aikin a watan Nuwamba na 2006. Da farko, shirin shine gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 200-250. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2008 |title=Uganda: More energy, services in 2008 |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/15784.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419154924/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/15784.html |archive-date=2014-04-19 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[East African Business Week]] (Uganda)}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, an sake tsara shirye-shiryen, inda aka yi kira da a samar da wani babban aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 750. A shekarar 2009, Norpak ya janye daga tattaunawar da ya yi da gwamnatin Uganda, saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Habati |first=Mubatsi Asinja |date=14 May 2012 |title=Bribery hits 600MW Karuma power dam |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/5756-bribery-hits-600mw-karuma-power-dam |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uganda ta yi kwangila da Energy Infratech Private Limited don yin sabon nazarin yiwuwar aiki da kuma sabon EIA, ganin cewa yanzu ana shirin gina babbar tashar wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Infratech Is Providing Technical and Management Services For Karuma Power Station |url=http://www.energyinfratech.com/present_activities.html#KARUMA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419232225/http://www.energyinfratech.com/present_activities.html#KARUMA |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Energy Infratech Limited}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2012 kuma zai ɗauki shekaru shida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Shialendraumar |date=1 December 2011 |title=Rural Areas Say Bye To Darkness: UETCL 10th Anniversary |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/45738-rural-areas-say-bye-to-darkness-uetcl-10th-anniversary-supplement.html |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa an rage karfin aikin zuwa megawatts 600 daga megawatts 750. Wasu abokan huldar ci gaba na duniya suna son rage karfin aikin zuwa megawatts 400 zuwa 450. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin Luther |first=Oketch |date=17 June 2011 |title=Government Yet To Agree On Control of Oil Tax Cash |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1183958/-/c0al1jz/-/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Bayanan fasaha == Tashar wutar lantarki ta Karuma ta ƙunshi madatsar ruwa mai nauyi, wanda ke auna mita 20 (66 da tsawon mita 312 (1,024 . Akwai hasumiyoyin shan ruwa guda shida, kowannensu yana auna mita 20 (66 da mita 29 (95 a fadin. Gidan da ke karkashin kasa wanda ke dauke da turbines na Francis guda shida na 100MW kowannensu, yana da tsawon mita 200 (656 , mita 21.3 (70 a fadin, da mita 53 (174 a tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Karuma Hydropower Project |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/karuma-hydropower-project-uganda/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |publisher=NS Energy}}</ref> === Wuri === Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a wurin da aka taɓa samun magudanar ruwa ta Karuma . Wannan wurin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|2.5|km}} daga inda Babbar Hanyar Masindi zuwa Gulu ta ratsa Kogin Nilu. A kan hanya, tsawonta ya kai kimanin {{Convert|99|km|0}} arewa maso gabashin Masindi da {{Convert|75|km|0}} kudu da Gulu . Shigar da wutar lantarki da injina na tashar wutar lantarki suna da nisan kimanin {{Convert|100|m|0}} a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, tare da {{Convert|26.5|km|0}} na hanyoyin shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sanya Karuma ta zama tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa ta 14 mafi girma a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Marvel at Karuma underground hydroelectric power project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1514937/marvel-karuma-underground-hydroelectric-power-project |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Men_at_work_along_Guru_Road_near_Karuma.jpg|thumb|Gina babbar hanyar Gulu kusa da madatsar ruwan Karuma]] An tsara fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2018, amma an jinkirta shi na tsawon watanni 54. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Karuma Hydro Power Project delays could cost Gov't sh113billion |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/karuma-hydro-power-project-delays-could-cost-govt-sh113billion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.independent.co.ug/karuma-hydro-power-project-delays-could-cost-govt-sh113billion/ "Karuma Hydro Power Project delays could cost Gov't sh113billion"]. </cite></ref> An tsara shi ne don kawo na'urori ta yanar gizo a matakai (farawa da 200 MW), inda farashin wutar lantarki ga masu amfani da wutar ya fara daga $0.049 a kowace na'ura kafin ya faɗi zuwa $0.020 bayan shekaru 10. <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=16 June 2018 |title=Uganda's flagship power project nears completion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-flagship-power-project-nears-completion/688342-4614332-7xc9y/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> An fara aikin ginin ne a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=17 August 2013 |title=Karuma power plant paves way for more stations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma+power+plant+paves+way+for+more+stations/-/2560/1957328/-/gs79buz/-/index.html |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Starts">{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=20 April 2014 |title=Construction at Karuma hydro power project starts |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654724-construction-at-karuma-hydro-power-project-starts.html |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2015, Sinohydro, babban mai kwangilar aikin, ya ɗauki Alstom don samar da injinan injinan Francis masu ƙarfin megawatt 100 guda shida da kayan aiki masu alaƙa a cikin yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 65 na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Michael |date=3 March 2015 |title=Alstom Receives Turbine Order for Uganda's 600-MW Karuma Hydropower Plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/03/alstom-receives-turbine-order-for-uganda-s-600-mw-karuma-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=hydroworld.com}}</ref> A lokacin, ana sa ran za a ɗauki ma'aikata 2,500 na wucin gadi da na dindindin, <ref name="Starts" /> wanda zai kai kololuwar kusan 6,000 (galibi 'yan Uganda). <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=16 June 2018 |title=Uganda's flagship power project nears completion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-flagship-power-project-nears-completion/688342-4614332-7xc9y/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLubega2018">Lubega, Henry (16 June 2018). </cite></ref> Ana sa ran za a ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title=Karuma Hydro Power Project 600MW |url=http://www.uegcl.com/karuma-hydropower-project.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801141032/http://www.uegcl.com/karuma-hydropower-project.html |archive-date=2015-08-01 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhumuza |first=Mark Keith |date=25 February 2016 |title=Karuma dam construction on schedule – Energy ministry |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/Karuma-dam-construction-schedule-Energy-ministry/-/688610/3091166/-/cdb76wz/-/index.html |access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> Ci gaban ya karu daga kashi 30% na kammalawa a shekarar 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=28 March 2016 |title=Two years on: Only 30 percent of Karuma Dam works complete |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Two-years-on--Only-30-per-cent-of-Karuma-Dam-works-complete/-/688334/3136042/-/fvr3ppz/-/index.html |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> zuwa kusan kashi 74–76% a shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2018 |title=Karuma Hydro Station Installs Radial Gates |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/press-release-karuma-hydro-station-installs-radial-gates/ |access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=16 June 2018 |title=Uganda's flagship power project nears completion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-flagship-power-project-nears-completion/688342-4614332-7xc9y/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLubega2018">Lubega, Henry (16 June 2018). </cite></ref>, da kuma kashi 80% a watan Afrilun 2019 <ref name="32R">{{Cite web |last=Kakembo |first=Titus |date=16 May 2019 |title=Karuma Power Dam To Be Ready In December |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1500423/karuma-power-dam-ready-december |access-date=17 May 2019 |publisher=[[New Vision Group|New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited]]}}</ref> . Zuwa watan Satumba na 2019, ginin ya kai kusan kashi 95%, inda aka kusa kammala yawancin layukan watsawa ko kuma an kammala su gaba daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owiny |first=Tobbias Jolly |last2=Makumbi |first2=Cissy |date=5 September 2019 |title=Engineers Conduct First Tests Of Turbines At Karuma Dam |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Engineers-conduct-first-tests-of-turbines-at-Karuma-dam/688334-5260612-x2hj7d/index.html |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>{{Columns-list|*[[Kiryandongo]] *[[List of power stations in Uganda|Uganda power stations]] *[[Karuma–Kawanda High Voltage Power Line|Karuma–Kawanda Power Line]] *[[Coca Codo Sinclair Dam]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dgdqhbd9e72v9oyk5ekgqfm6xt0avlc 859126 859125 2026-06-16T22:10:15Z Engineer014 44591 859126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station''' is an operational 600&nbsp;MW hydroelectric power station in [[Uganda]]. It is the largest power-generating installation in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Julius Barigaba |date=10 July 2011 |title=Donors query Uganda on excess capacity in Karuma dam |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Donors+query+Uganda+on++excess+capacity+in+Karuma+dam/-/2558/1197970/-/bjpy8qz/-/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> The project was awarded to Chinese engineering firm Sinohydro Corporation, a ⁠contracting subsidiary of the state-owned Power China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Ecuador hands hydroelectric plant to Power China in $400 million arbitration deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/ecuador-hands-hydroelectric-plant-power-china-400-million-arbitration-deal-2026-04-09/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Aikin ya fuskanci manyan jinkiri da hauhawar farashi. Da farko an tsara kammala shi cikin watanni 60, aikin ya kai kimanin watanni 114, kimanin jinkiri na shekaru 4.5. Wannan dogon lokacin ya ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa sosai. Kasafin kuɗin farko na kimanin dala biliyan 1.7 (SH$6.323 tiriliyan) ya haura zuwa kusan dala tiriliyan SH8.18, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen da suka haɗa da kusan shilling biliyan 113.9 na ribar da aka tara saboda jinkirin biyan kuɗi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Karuma Hydro Power Project delays could cost Gov't sh113billion |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/karuma-hydro-power-project-delays-could-cost-govt-sh113billion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1995, gwamnatin Uganda ta yi niyyar gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a wurin da magudanar ruwa ta Karuma ta yi. Da farko, an bai wa Norpak, wani kamfanin makamashi na Norway, kwangilar gudanar da nazarin yuwuwar amfani da kuma kimanta tasirin muhalli (EIA) ga madatsar ruwa. Bankin Duniya ya yi alƙawarin samar da rancen da zai biya kuɗin ginin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maseruka |first=Josephine |last2=Natukunda |first2=Carol |date=10 March 2005 |title=Uganda: Norpak Blames WB On Karuma Dam |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200503100524.html |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]] via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton nazarin yuwuwar amfani a watan Oktoba na 2006. An fara tayin gina aikin a watan Nuwamba na 2006. Da farko, shirin shine gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 200-250. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2008 |title=Uganda: More energy, services in 2008 |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/15784.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419154924/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/15784.html |archive-date=2014-04-19 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[East African Business Week]] (Uganda)}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, an sake tsara shirye-shiryen, inda aka yi kira da a samar da wani babban aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 750. A shekarar 2009, Norpak ya janye daga tattaunawar da ya yi da gwamnatin Uganda, saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Habati |first=Mubatsi Asinja |date=14 May 2012 |title=Bribery hits 600MW Karuma power dam |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/news/news-analysis/5756-bribery-hits-600mw-karuma-power-dam |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uganda ta yi kwangila da Energy Infratech Private Limited don yin sabon nazarin yiwuwar aiki da kuma sabon EIA, ganin cewa yanzu ana shirin gina babbar tashar wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Infratech Is Providing Technical and Management Services For Karuma Power Station |url=http://www.energyinfratech.com/present_activities.html#KARUMA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419232225/http://www.energyinfratech.com/present_activities.html#KARUMA |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Energy Infratech Limited}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, ana sa ran fara ginin a shekarar 2012 kuma zai ɗauki shekaru shida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Shialendraumar |date=1 December 2011 |title=Rural Areas Say Bye To Darkness: UETCL 10th Anniversary |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/45738-rural-areas-say-bye-to-darkness-uetcl-10th-anniversary-supplement.html |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa an rage karfin aikin zuwa megawatts 600 daga megawatts 750. Wasu abokan huldar ci gaba na duniya suna son rage karfin aikin zuwa megawatts 400 zuwa 450. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin Luther |first=Oketch |date=17 June 2011 |title=Government Yet To Agree On Control of Oil Tax Cash |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1183958/-/c0al1jz/-/ |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> == Bayanan fasaha == Tashar wutar lantarki ta Karuma ta ƙunshi madatsar ruwa mai nauyi, wanda ke auna mita 20 (66 da tsawon mita 312 (1,024 . Akwai hasumiyoyin shan ruwa guda shida, kowannensu yana auna mita 20 (66 da mita 29 (95 a fadin. Gidan da ke karkashin kasa wanda ke dauke da turbines na Francis guda shida na 100MW kowannensu, yana da tsawon mita 200 (656 , mita 21.3 (70 a fadin, da mita 53 (174 a tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Karuma Hydropower Project |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/karuma-hydropower-project-uganda/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |publisher=NS Energy}}</ref> === Wuri === Tashar wutar lantarki tana kan [[White Nile|kogin Victoria]], a wurin da aka taɓa samun magudanar ruwa ta Karuma . Wannan wurin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|2.5|km}} daga inda Babbar Hanyar Masindi zuwa Gulu ta ratsa Kogin Nilu. A kan hanya, tsawonta ya kai kimanin {{Convert|99|km|0}} arewa maso gabashin Masindi da {{Convert|75|km|0}} kudu da Gulu . Shigar da wutar lantarki da injina na tashar wutar lantarki suna da nisan kimanin {{Convert|100|m|0}} a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, tare da {{Convert|26.5|km|0}} na hanyoyin shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sanya Karuma ta zama tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa ta 14 mafi girma a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Marvel at Karuma underground hydroelectric power project |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1514937/marvel-karuma-underground-hydroelectric-power-project |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[Fayil:Men_at_work_along_Guru_Road_near_Karuma.jpg|thumb|Gina babbar hanyar Gulu kusa da madatsar ruwan Karuma]] An tsara fara aikin ginin a shekarar 2018, amma an jinkirta shi na tsawon watanni 54. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Karuma Hydro Power Project delays could cost Gov't sh113billion |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/karuma-hydro-power-project-delays-could-cost-govt-sh113billion/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.independent.co.ug/karuma-hydro-power-project-delays-could-cost-govt-sh113billion/ "Karuma Hydro Power Project delays could cost Gov't sh113billion"]. </cite></ref> An tsara shi ne don kawo na'urori ta yanar gizo a matakai (farawa da 200 MW), inda farashin wutar lantarki ga masu amfani da wutar ya fara daga $0.049 a kowace na'ura kafin ya faɗi zuwa $0.020 bayan shekaru 10. <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=16 June 2018 |title=Uganda's flagship power project nears completion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-flagship-power-project-nears-completion/688342-4614332-7xc9y/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> An fara aikin ginin ne a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wakabi |first=Michael |date=17 August 2013 |title=Karuma power plant paves way for more stations |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Karuma+power+plant+paves+way+for+more+stations/-/2560/1957328/-/gs79buz/-/index.html |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Starts">{{Cite web |last=Ondoga |first=Ayiga |date=20 April 2014 |title=Construction at Karuma hydro power project starts |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654724-construction-at-karuma-hydro-power-project-starts.html |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2015, Sinohydro, babban mai kwangilar aikin, ya ɗauki Alstom don samar da injinan injinan Francis masu ƙarfin megawatt 100 guda shida da kayan aiki masu alaƙa a cikin yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 65 na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Michael |date=3 March 2015 |title=Alstom Receives Turbine Order for Uganda's 600-MW Karuma Hydropower Plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/03/alstom-receives-turbine-order-for-uganda-s-600-mw-karuma-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=hydroworld.com}}</ref> A lokacin, ana sa ran za a ɗauki ma'aikata 2,500 na wucin gadi da na dindindin, <ref name="Starts" /> wanda zai kai kololuwar kusan 6,000 (galibi 'yan Uganda). <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=16 June 2018 |title=Uganda's flagship power project nears completion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-flagship-power-project-nears-completion/688342-4614332-7xc9y/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLubega2018">Lubega, Henry (16 June 2018). </cite></ref> Ana sa ran za a ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title=Karuma Hydro Power Project 600MW |url=http://www.uegcl.com/karuma-hydropower-project.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801141032/http://www.uegcl.com/karuma-hydropower-project.html |archive-date=2015-08-01 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=[[Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhumuza |first=Mark Keith |date=25 February 2016 |title=Karuma dam construction on schedule – Energy ministry |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Commodities/Karuma-dam-construction-schedule-Energy-ministry/-/688610/3091166/-/cdb76wz/-/index.html |access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> Ci gaban ya karu daga kashi 30% na kammalawa a shekarar 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wesonga |first=Nelson |date=28 March 2016 |title=Two years on: Only 30 percent of Karuma Dam works complete |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Two-years-on--Only-30-per-cent-of-Karuma-Dam-works-complete/-/688334/3136042/-/fvr3ppz/-/index.html |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> zuwa kusan kashi 74–76% a shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2018 |title=Karuma Hydro Station Installs Radial Gates |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/press-release-karuma-hydro-station-installs-radial-gates/ |access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="22R">{{Cite web |last=Lubega |first=Henry |date=16 June 2018 |title=Uganda's flagship power project nears completion |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Uganda-flagship-power-project-nears-completion/688342-4614332-7xc9y/index.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLubega2018">Lubega, Henry (16 June 2018). </cite></ref>, da kuma kashi 80% a watan Afrilun 2019 <ref name="32R">{{Cite web |last=Kakembo |first=Titus |date=16 May 2019 |title=Karuma Power Dam To Be Ready In December |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1500423/karuma-power-dam-ready-december |access-date=17 May 2019 |publisher=[[New Vision Group|New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited]]}}</ref> . Zuwa watan Satumba na 2019, ginin ya kai kusan kashi 95%, inda aka kusa kammala yawancin layukan watsawa ko kuma an kammala su gaba daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owiny |first=Tobbias Jolly |last2=Makumbi |first2=Cissy |date=5 September 2019 |title=Engineers Conduct First Tests Of Turbines At Karuma Dam |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Engineers-conduct-first-tests-of-turbines-at-Karuma-dam/688334-5260612-x2hj7d/index.html |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>{{Columns-list|*[[Kiryandongo]] *[[List of power stations in Uganda|Uganda power stations]] *[[Karuma–Kawanda High Voltage Power Line|Karuma–Kawanda Power Line]] *[[Coca Codo Sinclair Dam]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m7lpve65rllwerqu4k44oxqikeund4l 0 158130 859127 2026-06-16T22:11:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/918069002|Mubuku III Hydroelectric Power Station]]" 859127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III''' {{Convert|10|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Mubuku'', kusa da garin Mubuku, gundumar Kasese, a Yammacin Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mubuku III Power Station Is Located Near Mubuku, Kasese District |url=http://www.kccl.co.ug/about.htm |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[Kasese Cobalt Company Limited]] (KCCL)}}</ref> Wannan wuri yana cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Mubuku yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|17|km}}, ta hanya, arewacin Kasese, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take, da kuma babban birni mafi kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kasese And Mubuku With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%20(Kasese)&toplace=Mubuku%20(Kasese)&fromlat=0.23&tolat=0.2694444&fromlng=29.9883333&tolng=30.1025 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Bayani == '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III''', wani ''aiki ne na aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin'', tare da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=MFC Industrial Limited: Results For The First Six Months Of 2013: Hydroelectric Power Station Update |url=http://www.mfcindustrial.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=64566&GoTopage=1&Category=1908&BzID=2017&G=335 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=MFC Industrial Limited (Canada)}}</ref> An fara aiki da ita a shekarar 2008, bayan da Kasese Cobalt Company Limited ta gina ta, wani kamfani da ke fitar da cobalt daga laka da ke hagu lokacin da aka cire jan karfe daga ma'adinan tagulla . Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da ta wuce kima ga tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa. Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III ita ce ta uku a kan kogin Mubuku. Sauran biyun su ne [[Tashar wutar lantarki ta Mubuku I|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku I]], mallakar Kilembe Mines Limited kuma ke gudanarwa, tare da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 5 da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku II]], wacce aka fi sani da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye]], wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 13, mallakar '''Tronder Power Limited''', wani kamfanin [[Norway]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masereka |first=B |date=2013 |title=River Nyamwamba Spills Wrath |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&CatID=442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505055843/http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&CatID=442 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision|New Vision Mobile]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 11r3uujrmaay7p4qcc1s9qghsbo2kg8 859128 859127 2026-06-16T22:12:28Z Engineer014 44591 859128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III''' {{Convert|10|MW}} ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a [[Uganda]] . == Wuri == Tashar wutar lantarki tana a fadin ''Kogin Mubuku'', kusa da garin Mubuku, gundumar Kasese, a Yammacin Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mubuku III Power Station Is Located Near Mubuku, Kasese District |url=http://www.kccl.co.ug/about.htm |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[Kasese Cobalt Company Limited]] (KCCL)}}</ref> Wannan wuri yana cikin gindin tsaunukan Rwenzori, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Mubuku yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|17|km}}, ta hanya, arewacin Kasese, wurin da hedikwatar gundumar take, da kuma babban birni mafi kusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kasese And Mubuku With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kasese%20(Kasese)&toplace=Mubuku%20(Kasese)&fromlat=0.23&tolat=0.2694444&fromlng=29.9883333&tolng=30.1025 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Bayani == '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III''', wani ''aiki ne na aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kogin'', tare da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=MFC Industrial Limited: Results For The First Six Months Of 2013: Hydroelectric Power Station Update |url=http://www.mfcindustrial.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=64566&GoTopage=1&Category=1908&BzID=2017&G=335 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=MFC Industrial Limited (Canada)}}</ref> An fara aiki da ita a shekarar 2008, bayan da Kasese Cobalt Company Limited ta gina ta, wani kamfani da ke fitar da cobalt daga laka da ke hagu lokacin da aka cire jan karfe daga ma'adinan tagulla . Ana sayar da wutar lantarki da ta wuce kima ga tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa. Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku III ita ce ta uku a kan kogin Mubuku. Sauran biyun su ne [[Tashar wutar lantarki ta Mubuku I|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku I]], mallakar Kilembe Mines Limited kuma ke gudanarwa, tare da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 5 da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye|Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Mubuku II]], wacce aka fi sani da [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bugoye]], wacce ke da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 13, mallakar '''Tronder Power Limited''', wani kamfanin [[Norway]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masereka |first=B |date=2013 |title=River Nyamwamba Spills Wrath |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&CatID=442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505055843/http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=642322&CatID=442 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=[[New Vision|New Vision Mobile]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5j24z97jrmcj0fp22a11g3kloaw6gvp 0 158131 859130 2026-06-16T22:30:23Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347002927|Aminu Usman]]" 859130 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Aminu Usman''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) injiniya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Jihar Jigawa]] tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2023. An zabe shi a kan tikitin All Progressives Congress (APC), tare da Gwamna [[Umar Namadi]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State Government {{!}} A New World |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor#:~:text=Born%20in%201963,%20a%20certified,various%20assignments%20in%20Lagos%20and |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jigawastate.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kabuga |first=Salisu |date=2025-03-02 |title=Jigawa launches solar-powered irrigation farming |url=https://punchng.com/jigawa-launches-solar-powered-irrigation-farming/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Lamai |first=Samuel |date=2019-10-11 |title=Jigawa State Governor Swears-in New Executive Council |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jigawa-state-governor-swears-in-new-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |language=en-US}}</ref>((((((((((((politician who has served as the Deputy Governor of Jigawa State since 29 May 2023. He was elected on the ticket of the All Progressives Congress == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Usman ya fito ne daga [[Gumel]] Local Government Area na Jihar Jigawa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State Government {{!}} A New World |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jigawastate.gov.ng}}</ref> Shi ƙwararren injiniyan lantarki ne wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano (Makarantar Fasaha),[[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]], Legas, da [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] . Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarayya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirin Gwarinpa Housing Scheme a Abuja. == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekarar 2019, an nada shi a matsayin kwamishinan Jihar Jigawa na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lamai |first=Samuel |date=2019-10-11 |title=Jigawa State Governor Swears-in New Executive Council |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jigawa-state-governor-swears-in-new-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an nada shi Mataimakin Gwamna tare da [[Umar Namadi]] a matsayin gwamna.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Khaleel |date=2023-05-29 |title=Umar Namadi sworn in as Jigawa State Governor |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/29/umar-namadi-sworn-in-as-jigawa-state-governor/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Jigawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] fkh10qxsa7hwlozlyiwl760r7xhvjow 859131 859130 2026-06-16T22:31:19Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859131 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Aminu Usman''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) injiniya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Jihar Jigawa]] tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2023. An zabe shi a kan tikitin All Progressives Congress (APC), tare da Gwamna [[Umar Namadi]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State Government {{!}} A New World |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor#:~:text=Born%20in%201963,%20a%20certified,various%20assignments%20in%20Lagos%20and |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jigawastate.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kabuga |first=Salisu |date=2025-03-02 |title=Jigawa launches solar-powered irrigation farming |url=https://punchng.com/jigawa-launches-solar-powered-irrigation-farming/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Lamai |first=Samuel |date=2019-10-11 |title=Jigawa State Governor Swears-in New Executive Council |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jigawa-state-governor-swears-in-new-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Usman ya fito ne daga [[Gumel]] Local Government Area na Jihar Jigawa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigawa State Government {{!}} A New World |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/deputygovernor |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.jigawastate.gov.ng}}</ref> Shi ƙwararren injiniyan lantarki ne wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano (Makarantar Fasaha),[[Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba]], Legas, da [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] . Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarayya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirin Gwarinpa Housing Scheme a Abuja. == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekarar 2019, an nada shi a matsayin kwamishinan Jihar Jigawa na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Gidaje <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lamai |first=Samuel |date=2019-10-11 |title=Jigawa State Governor Swears-in New Executive Council |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jigawa-state-governor-swears-in-new-executive-council/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an nada shi Mataimakin Gwamna tare da [[Umar Namadi]] a matsayin gwamna.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Khaleel |date=2023-05-29 |title=Umar Namadi sworn in as Jigawa State Governor |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/29/umar-namadi-sworn-in-as-jigawa-state-governor/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Jigawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] aqfsxlpr4xtxztsn28ler1mo7r8kw3h 0 158132 859132 2026-06-16T22:38:29Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335269656|Hildegard Björck]]" 859132 wikitext text/x-wiki   Thora Maria Fredrika Hildegard Björck (1 ga Mayu 1847 - 7 ga Afrilu 1920) ita ce mace ta farko ta Sweden da ta kammala digiri na ilimi.[1][2] A yau an dauke ta a matsayin mace ta farko a Sweden.[3] Björck ya sami damar shiga da kammala karatu tare da digiri daga Lund da Uppsala. Tana kuma da sha'awar wallafe-wallafen kuma tana aiki da karuwanci. == Tarihin rayuwa == 8w0siqhxw6899d1kpocahsjz1ukwxp1 859133 859132 2026-06-16T22:40:06Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335269656|Hildegard Björck]]" 859133 wikitext text/x-wiki   Thora Maria Fredrika Hildegard Björck (1 ga Mayu 1847 - 7 ga Afrilu 1920) ita ce mace ta farko ta Sweden da ta kammala digiri na ilimi.[1][2] A yau an dauke ta a matsayin mace ta farko a Sweden.[3] Björck ya sami damar shiga da kammala karatu tare da digiri daga Lund da Uppsala. Tana kuma da sha'awar wallafe-wallafen kuma tana aiki da karuwanci. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Hildegard Björck a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1847 a Bro, Värmland . Ita 'yar mai binciken Carl Emanuel Björck ce da matarsa Anna Charlotte Roman . Anna ta mutu lokacin da Hildegard ke da shekaru hudu kawai, kuma mahaifinta ya mutu a 1869 lokacin da take da shekaru 22. Shekara bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, wata dama ta taso ga matan Sweden don samun ɗalibai, kuma Hildegard Björck na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ɗauki damar.[1][2] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} f6j6hhoabi4r49y5vwkmot0g5dc20bg 859134 859133 2026-06-16T22:40:58Z Fateema777 31445 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335269656|Hildegard Björck]]" 859134 wikitext text/x-wiki   Thora Maria Fredrika Hildegard Björck (1 ga Mayu 1847 - 7 ga Afrilu 1920) ita ce mace ta farko ta Sweden da ta kammala digiri na ilimi.[1][2] A yau an dauke ta a matsayin mace ta farko a Sweden.[3] Björck ya sami damar shiga da kammala karatu tare da digiri daga Lund da Uppsala. Tana kuma da sha'awar wallafe-wallafen kuma tana aiki da karuwanci. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Hildegard Björck a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1847 a Bro, Värmland . Ita 'yar mai binciken Carl Emanuel Björck ce da matarsa Anna Charlotte Roman . Anna ta mutu lokacin da Hildegard ke da shekaru hudu kawai, kuma mahaifinta ya mutu a 1869 lokacin da take da shekaru 22. Shekara bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, wata dama ta taso ga matan Sweden don samun ɗalibai, kuma Hildegard Björck na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ɗauki damar.[1][2] Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar Firamare ta Nya a Stockholm a watan Yunin 1872 kuma a shekara mai zuwa ta shiga Jami'ar Uppsala, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na ilimin likitanci a 1873 da digiri na likita a 1879.[1][2][3] Ta yi karatu a can a lokaci guda da marubuciya Ellen Fries, kodayake biyun ba su yarda da batutuwa da yawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swedish Biographical Lexicon website, ''Hildegard Bjorck'' |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/HildegardBjorck |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205140925/https://www.skbl.se/en/article/HildegardBjorck |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} e4lu3cyvawy3fc69979vv1566oj5ywf 0 158133 859164 2026-06-17T06:02:14Z Sirjat 20447 Sabon shafi: '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani [[Kogin ƙasasshe|kogin ƙasasshe]] ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last... 859164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani [[Kogin ƙasasshe|kogin ƙasasshe]] ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era}}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> 0mzkpn4h8dpf709vifyozcyupzrtxku 859165 859164 2026-06-17T06:03:01Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yanayin Omuramba */ 859165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani [[Kogin ƙasasshe|kogin ƙasasshe]] ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era}}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> kn2s00t23m024uavt5hzllqvp26iojj 859166 859165 2026-06-17T06:03:21Z Sirjat 20447 /* Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa */ 859166 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani [[Kogin ƙasasshe|kogin ƙasasshe]] ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era}}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] 3pkyr28lo04hqid79hz7oe81gt0m204 859167 859166 2026-06-17T06:04:12Z Sirjat 20447 859167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani [[Kogin ƙasasshe|kogin ƙasasshe]] ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era}}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] by4s9dcernmibawlzdaiapk8qzd7oy8 0 158134 859168 2026-06-17T06:05:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347672710|Amos Utuama]]" 859168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amos Agbe Utuama''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Yuni 1947 ya mutu ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba ta 2024) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne [[Aminu Usman]] kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=11 December 2014 |title=Delta Guber: I withdrew on principle, not out of fear - Deputy Governor |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/12/11/delta-guber-withdrew-principle-not-fear-deputy-governor/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref>na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] daga Mayu 2007 zuwa Mayu 2015<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2019 |title=APC Has Made Nigeria World's Poverty Capital – Utuama – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/apc-has-made-nigeria-worlds-poverty-capital-utuama/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref>Utuama ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2024, yana da shekaru77.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2024 |title=Former Delta Deputy Governor And Attorney General, Amos Utuama Is Dead |url=https://saharareporters.com/2024/11/02/former-delta-deputy-governor-and-attorney-general-amos-utuama-dead |access-date=2 November 2024 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] f0pv6nq08v8zzljxva6wvrfu6p6p90o 859169 859168 2026-06-17T06:05:49Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amos Agbe Utuama''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Yuni 1947 ya mutu ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba ta 2024) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne [[Aminu Usman]] kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=11 December 2014 |title=Delta Guber: I withdrew on principle, not out of fear - Deputy Governor |url=https://dailypost.ng/2014/12/11/delta-guber-withdrew-principle-not-fear-deputy-governor/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref>na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] daga Mayu 2007 zuwa Mayu 2015<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2019 |title=APC Has Made Nigeria World's Poverty Capital – Utuama – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/apc-has-made-nigeria-worlds-poverty-capital-utuama/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref>Utuama ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2024, yana da shekaru77.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2024 |title=Former Delta Deputy Governor And Attorney General, Amos Utuama Is Dead |url=https://saharareporters.com/2024/11/02/former-delta-deputy-governor-and-attorney-general-amos-utuama-dead |access-date=2 November 2024 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 7e9a6ddtn0i3agc95j68k5b6x6v1dch 0 158135 859171 2026-06-17T06:16:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359254263|Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji]]" 859171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1957) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma memba na majalisar dokoki ta 8 da ke wakiltar mazabar Afon a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_Assemblycanvassesinclusivebudgetprocess |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CEOAfrica :: Assembly constitutes 14 committees to better Kwarans' lot :: Africa Online News Portal |url=https://www.ceoafrica.com/viewnews.php?tabnews=14815 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.ceoafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=sunnews |date=2016-09-11 |title=The Parliament: Kwara 8th Assembly: Marching in the stable footprints of Oloye |url=https://thesun.ng/the-parliament-kwara-8th-assembly-marching-in-the-stable-footprints-of-oloye/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Amosa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1957, a Ogele, Karamar Hukumar Asa ta [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya . Yana da takardar shaidar Aircraft Electronics, takardar shaidarsa ta A & C Level Maintenance a kan jirage masu saukar ungulu, da kuma Diploma na Kasa na yau da kullun a Injiniyan Kwamfuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><((((((((())wara State, Nigeria. He holds an Aircraft Electronics Certificate, A & C Level Maintenance certification on helicopters, and an Ordinary National Diploma in == Ayyuka == Amosa malami ne mai horar da shi kuma mai aiki. A baya, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]] na tsawon shekaru 28, ya tashi zuwa matsayin Warrant Officer kafin ya shiga siyasa. Shi memba ne mai daraja wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon a majalisar dokokin jihar Kwara ta 8th. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ "Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji"]. ''Kwara State House of Assembly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] h3060qm140ao7j1trpoxy6zlwjuojm4 859172 859171 2026-06-17T06:18:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1957) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma memba na majalisar dokoki ta 8 da ke wakiltar mazabar Afon a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/kwha/Pages/_Assemblycanvassesinclusivebudgetprocess |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CEOAfrica :: Assembly constitutes 14 committees to better Kwarans' lot :: Africa Online News Portal |url=https://www.ceoafrica.com/viewnews.php?tabnews=14815 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.ceoafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=sunnews |date=2016-09-11 |title=The Parliament: Kwara 8th Assembly: Marching in the stable footprints of Oloye |url=https://thesun.ng/the-parliament-kwara-8th-assembly-marching-in-the-stable-footprints-of-oloye/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Amosa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1957, a Ogele, Karamar Hukumar Asa ta [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya . Yana da takardar shaidar Aircraft Electronics, takardar shaidarsa ta A & C Level Maintenance a kan jirage masu saukar ungulu, da kuma Diploma na Kasa na yau da kullun a Injiniyan Kwamfuta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Amosa malami ne mai horar da shi kuma mai aiki. A baya, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya]] na tsawon shekaru 28, ya tashi zuwa matsayin Warrant Officer kafin ya shiga siyasa. Shi memba ne mai daraja wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Afon a majalisar dokokin jihar Kwara ta 8th. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-amosa-mohammed-mobolaji-2/ "Hon. Amosa Mohammed Mobolaji"]. ''Kwara State House of Assembly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] j4i8d36kjj4kxijuqr2nv5yxfec2qu8 0 158136 859174 2026-06-17T06:26:37Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347490067|Anthony Oguguo]]" 859174 wikitext text/x-wiki Navy Commodore '''Anthony Emeluwa Oguguo''' ya kasance gwamnan soja na [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] a [[Najeriya]] daga 1990 zuwa 1992 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. <ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080256/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=23 January 2010 |access-date=2010-02-11 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, an ba da izini ga filin jirgin saman Jihar Imo kuma an gina shi, kuma har yanzu yana aiki a yau. Ya shahara sosai, inda ya ce "Na ga kudi kuma na dubi, ba komai ba ne; dukkanmu za mu iya yin hakan kuma mu koya wa yaranmu".(((<((((((((([1] During his administration, Imo State airport was commissioned and built and still operates today. He very famously said "I saw money and looked away, it is not everything; we can all do the same and teach it to our children." Gwamnatinsa ta dauki karfi tare da Kungiyoyin Kwadago. A shekara ta 1991, ya bukaci jerin ma'aikatan da ba su halarta ba waɗanda ke yajin aiki don mafi ƙarancin albashi na N380.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nigeria, on the eve of "change": transition to what?|author=Karen Sorensen, Africa Watch Committee|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1991|ISBN=1-56432-045-6|page=41}}</ref> A matsayinsa na gwamna, ya ba da izinin asibitin Osina Community 100 a shekarar 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.osinacommunityhospital.com/About.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620224012/http://www.osinacommunityhospital.com/About.html |archive-date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2010-02-12 |publisher=Osina Community hospital}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa ta wucin gadi (PRC), kuma ya shiga cikin yanke shawara game da sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya, wanda ya haifar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku mai gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 9, 1998 |title=Nigeria's Ruling Body |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18199951.html |accessdate=2010-02-12 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency Article}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na hadin gwiwar dattawan [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] waɗanda suka yi magana game da gwamnati saboda zargin da ake yi a kashe masu bautar Katolika 14 a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002. Suna nuna rashin amincewa da matakin gwamnati a kan shugaban coci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emeka Mamah & Chika Ugwunyi |date=March 12, 2002 |title=Enugu Killings: Catholic Faithfuls Protest Vicar-General's Arrest |url=http://wwrn.org/articles/10514/?&place=nigeria&section=catholic |access-date=2010-02-11 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2002, ya kasance mai neman zama dan takarar gwamna na Jihar Enugu a dandalin All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahamefula Ogbu |date=21 August 2002 |title=Oguguo Tells Aspirants to Refrain From Political Killings |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200208210527.html |access-date=2010-02-11 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, ANPP har yanzu ba ta zauna a kan dan takarar su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahamefula Ogbu |date=1 January 2003 |title=Enugu ANPP Fails to Reach Consensus On Guber Candidate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200301020371.html |access-date=2010-02-11 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Anthony Oguguo da wasu biyu sun fita daga taron fidda gwani game da rashin daidaituwa a kan jerin sunayen wakilai, kuma an sanar da sauran dan takarar Cif Fidel Ayogu a matsayin wanda ya lashe amma ya kasa cin nasara a babban zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chukwudi Nwabuko and Ahamefula Ogbu |date=2003-02-18 |title=ANPP: Intrigues Over Guber Candidates |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/02/18/20030218pol05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112073439/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/02/18/20030218pol05.html |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2010-02-12}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, ya sauya amincinsa ga jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) mai mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenneth Ofoma |date=21 April 2009 |title=Ebonyi Leaders Laud Decampments to PDP |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200904210533.html |access-date=2010-02-11 |website=Daily Champion}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, ya kasance daga cikin dattawan PDP waɗanda suka soki ayyukan gwamnan jihar Enugu [[Sullivan Chime]] a cikin rikici da Joseph Onoh, ɗan tsohon gwamnan [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] Christian Onoh. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin jihar Imo]] 5u6lqepukw689qzhobxc4r1xqap523y 859175 859174 2026-06-17T06:27:49Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Navy Commodore '''Anthony Emeluwa Oguguo''' ya kasance gwamnan soja na [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] a [[Najeriya]] daga 1990 zuwa 1992 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. <ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080256/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=23 January 2010 |access-date=2010-02-11 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, an ba da izini ga filin jirgin saman Jihar Imo kuma an gina shi, kuma har yanzu yana aiki a yau. Ya shahara sosai, inda ya ce "Na ga kudi kuma na dubi, ba komai ba ne; dukkanmu za mu iya yin hakan kuma mu koya wa yaranmu". Gwamnatinsa ta dauki karfi tare da Kungiyoyin Kwadago. A shekara ta 1991, ya bukaci jerin ma'aikatan da ba su halarta ba waɗanda ke yajin aiki don mafi ƙarancin albashi na N380.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nigeria, on the eve of "change": transition to what?|author=Karen Sorensen, Africa Watch Committee|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1991|ISBN=1-56432-045-6|page=41}}</ref> A matsayinsa na gwamna, ya ba da izinin asibitin Osina Community 100 a shekarar 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.osinacommunityhospital.com/About.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620224012/http://www.osinacommunityhospital.com/About.html |archive-date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2010-02-12 |publisher=Osina Community hospital}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa ta wucin gadi (PRC), kuma ya shiga cikin yanke shawara game da sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya, wanda ya haifar da Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku mai gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 9, 1998 |title=Nigeria's Ruling Body |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18199951.html |accessdate=2010-02-12 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency Article}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na hadin gwiwar dattawan [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] waɗanda suka yi magana game da gwamnati saboda zargin da ake yi a kashe masu bautar Katolika 14 a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002. Suna nuna rashin amincewa da matakin gwamnati a kan shugaban coci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emeka Mamah & Chika Ugwunyi |date=March 12, 2002 |title=Enugu Killings: Catholic Faithfuls Protest Vicar-General's Arrest |url=http://wwrn.org/articles/10514/?&place=nigeria&section=catholic |access-date=2010-02-11 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2002, ya kasance mai neman zama dan takarar gwamna na Jihar Enugu a dandalin All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahamefula Ogbu |date=21 August 2002 |title=Oguguo Tells Aspirants to Refrain From Political Killings |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200208210527.html |access-date=2010-02-11 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, ANPP har yanzu ba ta zauna a kan dan takarar su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahamefula Ogbu |date=1 January 2003 |title=Enugu ANPP Fails to Reach Consensus On Guber Candidate |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200301020371.html |access-date=2010-02-11 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Anthony Oguguo da wasu biyu sun fita daga taron fidda gwani game da rashin daidaituwa a kan jerin sunayen wakilai, kuma an sanar da sauran dan takarar Cif Fidel Ayogu a matsayin wanda ya lashe amma ya kasa cin nasara a babban zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chukwudi Nwabuko and Ahamefula Ogbu |date=2003-02-18 |title=ANPP: Intrigues Over Guber Candidates |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/02/18/20030218pol05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112073439/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/02/18/20030218pol05.html |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2010-02-12}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, ya sauya amincinsa ga jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) mai mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenneth Ofoma |date=21 April 2009 |title=Ebonyi Leaders Laud Decampments to PDP |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200904210533.html |access-date=2010-02-11 |website=Daily Champion}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, ya kasance daga cikin dattawan PDP waɗanda suka soki ayyukan gwamnan jihar Enugu [[Sullivan Chime]] a cikin rikici da Joseph Onoh, ɗan tsohon gwamnan [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] Christian Onoh. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin jihar Imo]] 08bydym5noppa4q8iqe82kqsyjrl6tm 0 158137 859178 2026-06-17T06:39:39Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359116688|Anthony Ebehijele Okpere]]" 859178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony Ebehijele Okpere''' jami'in Sojojin Sama ne na Najeriya da ya yi ritaya, tsohon manajan darakta ne na Nigerian Airways kuma [[Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ministan jirgin sama]] kuma memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=2022-05-15 |title=Why Nigeria's next president won't achieve much – Air Vice Marshal Anthony Okpere (rtd) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-nigerias-next-president-wont-achieve-much-air-vice-marshal-anthony-okpere-rtd/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |language=en-us |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mataimakin Air Marshal Okpere a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1943, a [[Uromi]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Uromi kafin ya shiga makarantar Ishan Grammar, Uromi don karatun sakandare.((((((((((Upon completion of secondary school, he enlisted in the military Command and Staff College, Jaji in 1979. He furthered his military education at the Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, USA and Air War Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, ya shiga makarantar soja da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Jaji a shekarar 1979. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na soja a Kwalejin Air War, Jami'ar Air, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Amurka da Kwalejin Jirgin Sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=OKPERE, Air Vice-Marshal Anthony Ebehijele |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/11093-2/ |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alƙawura == * 1963: Held several key appointments at the Squadron and Wing levels Nigeria Air Force{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} * 1967–79: Director of operations, Air Force Headquarters, Lagos * 1979–83: Member, Governing Council, University of Benin, Benin City * 1979–82: Director, Air Faculty, Command and Staff College, Jaji * 1983–84: Joined the Nigerian Air Force as cadet officer * 1984–86: Appointed managing director, Nigeria Air Ways Limited * 1986–87: Minister of Aviation * December 1987–February 1989: Air officer commanding, Training Command Nigerian Air Force, Kaduna == Rayuwa ta mutum == Okpere ta auri Veronica Isibor a shekarar 1968. Suna da ɗa da 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-27 |title=Anthony Okpere: How policy somersault, lack of political will killed Nigerian aviation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/anthony-okpere-how-policy-somersault-lack-of-political-will-killed-nigerian-aviation/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AVM Anthony Okpere: I Regret Retiring at 48 |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/80539/avm-anthony-okpere-i-regret-retiring-at-48.html |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] g951blqocclvz1wfivd04n4nixcxvy3 859179 859178 2026-06-17T06:41:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anthony Ebehijele Okpere''' jami'in Sojojin Sama ne na Najeriya da ya yi ritaya, tsohon manajan darakta ne na Nigerian Airways kuma [[Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ministan jirgin sama]] kuma memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=2022-05-15 |title=Why Nigeria's next president won't achieve much – Air Vice Marshal Anthony Okpere (rtd) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-nigerias-next-president-wont-achieve-much-air-vice-marshal-anthony-okpere-rtd/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |language=en-us |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mataimakin Air Marshal Okpere a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1943, a [[Uromi]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Uromi kafin ya shiga makarantar Ishan Grammar, Uromi don karatun sakandare. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, ya shiga makarantar soja da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, Jaji a shekarar 1979. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na soja a Kwalejin Air War, Jami'ar Air, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Amurka da Kwalejin Jirgin Sama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=OKPERE, Air Vice-Marshal Anthony Ebehijele |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/11093-2/ |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka da alƙawura == * 1963: Held several key appointments at the Squadron and Wing levels Nigeria Air Force{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} * 1967–79: Director of operations, Air Force Headquarters, Lagos * 1979–83: Member, Governing Council, University of Benin, Benin City * 1979–82: Director, Air Faculty, Command and Staff College, Jaji * 1983–84: Joined the Nigerian Air Force as cadet officer * 1984–86: Appointed managing director, Nigeria Air Ways Limited * 1986–87: Minister of Aviation * December 1987–February 1989: Air officer commanding, Training Command Nigerian Air Force, Kaduna == Rayuwa ta mutum == Okpere ta auri Veronica Isibor a shekarar 1968. Suna da ɗa da 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-27 |title=Anthony Okpere: How policy somersault, lack of political will killed Nigerian aviation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/anthony-okpere-how-policy-somersault-lack-of-political-will-killed-nigerian-aviation/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AVM Anthony Okpere: I Regret Retiring at 48 |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/80539/avm-anthony-okpere-i-regret-retiring-at-48.html |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] s03iflasslq7efqnnmwi8dv4pgpw32t 0 158138 859182 2026-06-17T06:54:13Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320185676|Anthony Udofia]]" 859182 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyaftin na Sojan Ruwa (mai ritaya) '''Anthony Udofia''' ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]] daga Disamba 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]]<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-30 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> (((((((set up a four-man judicial panel of inquiry, convened on 18 April 1994, to investigate allegations that Adeleke had ordered materials bought for water projects to be sold off to contractors An ruwaito cewa ya tsananta wa wanda ya riga shi, [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke]], ya dakatar da shirye-shiryen kasuwancinsa kuma ya yi amfani da wayoyinsa.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Olumide Lawal |date=2001-08-31 |title=Adeleke: Central Issue in Osun Politics |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/31/20010831pol06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050915194645/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/31/20010831pol06.html |archive-date=2005-09-15 |access-date=2010-05-30 |website=ThisDay}} </ref> Ya kafa kwamitin bincike na shari'a na mutum huɗu, wanda aka taru a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1994, don bincika zargin cewa Adeleke ya ba da umarnin kayan da aka saya don ayyukan ruwa don a sayar da su ga 'yan kwangila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bankole Alao David |date=May 6, 2010 |title=Osun State Mega Loans: An Over-view By Chief Bisi Akande |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=9125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511012941/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=9125 |archive-date=11 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-30 |website=[[Osun Defender]]}}</ref> Wani mummunan [[ruwan sama]] a watan Satumbar 1994 ya lalata gine-ginen makaranta 400 a fadin jihar. Udofia ta ce za a buƙaci N1 biliyan don gyara makarantun.<ref>{{cite book|page=122|title=International perspectives on teaching about hazards and disasters|author=John Lidstone|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=1996|ISBN=1-873150-19-9}}</ref> A matsayinsa na tsohon mai kula da soja, an buƙaci ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a watan Yunin 1999 a farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2c2rjmneernd4dzsjz5pl6ol9zc2xyg 859183 859182 2026-06-17T06:58:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859183 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyaftin na Sojan Ruwa (mai ritaya) '''Anthony Udofia''' ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]] daga Disamba 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]]<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-30 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya tsananta wa wanda ya riga shi, [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke]], ya dakatar da shirye-shiryen kasuwancinsa kuma ya yi amfani da wayoyinsa.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Olumide Lawal |date=2001-08-31 |title=Adeleke: Central Issue in Osun Politics |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/31/20010831pol06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050915194645/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/31/20010831pol06.html |archive-date=2005-09-15 |access-date=2010-05-30 |website=ThisDay}} </ref> Ya kafa kwamitin bincike na shari'a na mutum huɗu, wanda aka taru a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1994, don bincika zargin cewa Adeleke ya ba da umarnin kayan da aka saya don ayyukan ruwa don a sayar da su ga 'yan kwangila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bankole Alao David |date=May 6, 2010 |title=Osun State Mega Loans: An Over-view By Chief Bisi Akande |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=9125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511012941/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=9125 |archive-date=11 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-30 |website=[[Osun Defender]]}}</ref> Wani mummunan [[ruwan sama]] a watan Satumbar 1994 ya lalata gine-ginen makaranta 400 a fadin jihar. Udofia ta ce za a buƙaci N1 biliyan don gyara makarantun.<ref>{{cite book|page=122|title=International perspectives on teaching about hazards and disasters|author=John Lidstone|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=1996|ISBN=1-873150-19-9}}</ref> A matsayinsa na tsohon mai kula da soja, an buƙaci ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a watan Yunin 1999 a farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ein7w8e51ckhpc5f6wg9ggrtklsey51 859184 859183 2026-06-17T06:58:34Z Saad Nuhu 43323 859184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kyaftin na Sojan Ruwa (mai ritaya) '''Anthony Udofia''' ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]] daga Disamba 1993 zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar [[Sani Abacha]]<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-30 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya tsananta wa wanda ya riga shi, [[Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke]], ya dakatar da shirye-shiryen kasuwancinsa kuma ya yi amfani da wayoyinsa.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Olumide Lawal |date=2001-08-31 |title=Adeleke: Central Issue in Osun Politics |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/31/20010831pol06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050915194645/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/31/20010831pol06.html |archive-date=2005-09-15 |access-date=2010-05-30 |website=ThisDay}} </ref> Ya kafa kwamitin bincike na shari'a na mutum huɗu, wanda aka taru a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1994, don bincika zargin cewa Adeleke ya ba da umarnin kayan da aka saya don ayyukan ruwa don a sayar da su ga 'yan kwangila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bankole Alao David |date=May 6, 2010 |title=Osun State Mega Loans: An Over-view By Chief Bisi Akande |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=9125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511012941/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=9125 |archive-date=11 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-30 |website=[[Osun Defender]]}}</ref> Wani mummunan [[ruwan sama]] a watan Satumbar 1994 ya lalata gine-ginen makaranta 400 a fadin jihar. Udofia ta ce za a buƙaci N1 biliyan don gyara makarantun.<ref>{{cite book|page=122|title=International perspectives on teaching about hazards and disasters|author=John Lidstone|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=1996|ISBN=1-873150-19-9}}</ref> A matsayinsa na tsohon mai kula da soja, an buƙaci ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan ruwa a watan Yunin 1999 a farkon [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rta1orilqrl220ed7zcjotwpopl86f0 0 158139 859185 2026-06-17T07:17:09Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359488593|Anthony Ukpo]]" 859185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Anthony Ukpo''' (16 ga Yulin 1947 - 6 ga Satumba 2021) ya kasance Ministan Bayanai da Al'adu, sannan Gwamnan Jihar Rivers, Najeriya, daga Agusta 1986 har zuwa Yuli 1988 a lokacin gwamnatin soja ta Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Anthony Ukpo ya fara karatunsa a St. Augustine's Seminary, wanda ya halarta daga 1961 zuwa 1965. <ref name="blerf">{{Cite web |title=UKPO, Brig-Gen. Stephen Anthony (rtd.) |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukpo-brig-gen-stephen-anthony-rtd/ |access-date=14 June 2026 |website=Biographical Legacy & Research Foundation (BLERF)}}</ref> Da yake sauyawa zuwa aikin soja, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma daga baya ya kammala horar da shi a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School, Aldershot a Ingila a shekarar 1968. <ref name="blerf" /> Ukpo ya ci gaba da koyar da dabarunsa a Makarantar Sojoji a Amurka.<ref name="blerf" /> Tsakanin 1976 da 1977, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar LaSalle Extension da ke Amurka.<ref name="blerf" /> Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Kwamandan Sojoji da Ma'aikata, [[Jaji]], daga 1977 zuwa 1978, sannan ya biyo bayan Kwamandan Sojan Amurka da Kwalejin Janar a Amurka daga 1979 zuwa 1980. <ref name="blerf" /> A lokacin karatunsa, Ukpo ya sami digiri na Master of Science (M.Sc.) da kuma Pass Staff College (PSC). <ref name="blerf" /> == Ayyukan soja == An haifi Ukpo a Okpoma, Yala, [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]], a ranar 16 ga Yulin 1947. Ya shiga soja, an nada shi Kwamandan Kamfanin (1968), Kwamandan Battalion (1969 da 1971 - 1973), Brigade Major (1970) da Instructor, [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] (1973-1974).<ref name="sbio4">{{Cite news |author=Kazeem Akintunde and Belinda Mbonu |date=12 July 2009 |title=In the News: Stephen Anthony Ukpo |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1090&Itemid=34 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref>((((((((was born in Okpoma, Yala, Cross River State, on 16 July 1947. Joining the army, he was appointed Company Commander (1968), Battalion Commander (1969 and 1971 – 1973), Brigade Major (1970) and Instructor, Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna was born in Okpoma, Yala, Cross River State, on 16 July 1947. Joining the army, he was appointed Company Commander (1968), Battalion Commander (1969 and 1971 – 1973), Brigade Major (1970) and Instructor, Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar jami'an sojoji waɗanda suka shirya juyin mulkin da ba su da jini a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1985 lokacin da Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya maye gurbin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . Bayan juyin mulkin an nada shi memba na AFRC . <ref name="siollum">{{Cite web |last=MAX SIOLLUN |date=4 August 2008 |title=The Babangida Years – Part 4 |url=http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=NigeriaExchange}}</ref> An nada shi mataimakin darektan, Hukumar leken asiri ta Tsaro (1985).<ref name="sbio3">{{Cite news |author=Kazeem Akintunde and Belinda Mbonu |date=12 July 2009 |title=In the News: Stephen Anthony Ukpo |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1090&Itemid=34 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Satumba 1985, an rantsar da shi a matsayin Ministan Bayanai da Al'adu.<ref name="siollum">{{Cite web |last=MAX SIOLLUN |date=4 August 2008 |title=The Babangida Years – Part 4 |url=http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=NigeriaExchange}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMAX_SIOLLUN2008">MAX SIOLLUN (4 August 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 "The Babangida Years – Part 4"]. ''NigeriaExchange''. Archived from [http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 the original] on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> An nada shi gwamnan soja na Jihar Rivers a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Aug 1986 |title=Governor Appointments, Resignations Announced |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA349989&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604143659/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA349989&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=New Nigerian}}</ref> A wannan mukamin, ya kaddamar da majalisar wucin gadi ta Rivers State Polytechnic . Ya sake zama babban jami'in ma'aikata ga Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a watan Yulin 1988.<ref name="sbio2">{{Cite news |author=Kazeem Akintunde and Belinda Mbonu |date=12 July 2009 |title=In the News: Stephen Anthony Ukpo |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1090&Itemid=34 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref>A cikin wannan rawar a watan Afrilun 1990 Ukpo ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa an kama jami'ai 10 da sojoji sama da 150 daga ƙananan matsayi a yunkurin juyin mulki a kan Babangida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Nigeria Reports 4 Are Dead And 160 Held in Failed Coup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/24/world/nigeria-reports-4-are-dead-and-160-held-in-failed-coup.html?pagewanted=1 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Brigadier . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowa Omoigui |title=The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3) |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui17.htm |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Dawodu}}</ref> == Ayyukansa na baya == Matarsa, Sally Ufuoma Ukpo, malama ce kuma a shekara ta 2006 tana gudanar da kamfanin tafiye-tafiye da yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite news |author=PRECIOUS NJOKU |date=2 October 2006 |title=My dream is to become big destination seller |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womenbusiness/2006/oct/02/womeninbusiness-2-10-2006-001.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331054543/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womenbusiness/2006/oct/02/womeninbusiness-2-10-2006-001.htm |archivedate=31 March 2010 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama memba na kwamitin daraktocin Bankin Skye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://ww3.skyebankng.com/about/board-directors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221224228/http://ww3.skyebankng.com/about/board-directors |archive-date=21 February 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |publisher=Skye Bank}}</ref> Lokacin da Gwamnan Jihar Cross River [[Donald Duke]] ya sanya Otal din Metropolitan don sayarwa, an ce Ukpo ya yi mafi girman tayin N600 miliyan. An ƙi tayin da ya bayar, kuma daga baya an sayar da otal ɗin don N200 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOW DONALD DUKE MISAPROPRIATED N16 BILLION |url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/os522.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Point Blank News}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2008 ya gabatar da sakamakon binciken yiwuwar tsarin sufuri na mono-rail a Port Harcourt. Ukpo shine shugaban haɗin gwiwa don gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2008 |title=Rivers to Construct Mono-Rail |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809290155.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009 Gwamnatin Jihar Rivers ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da TSI Property and Investment Holdings don gudanar da aikin a farashin dala miliyan 318. Ukpo ya ce mono-rail zai zama na farko na irin sa a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad Bello |date=15 October 2009 |title=Rivers Signs Agreement on Rail |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200910150596.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> A wata hira a watan Yulin 2009, Ukpo ya nuna rashin amincewa da sauyawar maɓuɓɓugar mai 76 daga Jihar Cross River zuwa [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], kuma ya nuna fatan cewa kwamitin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] ya kafa zai sami mafita mai ma'ana ta siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ernest Chinwo |date=15 July 2009 |title=IBB Has Solution to Oil Wells Controversy – Ukpo |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907161042.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ya kasance murya mai murya a siyasa daga tushen ciyawa zuwa matakin tarayya. A cikin 2021 ya mutu daga COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Why My Father Died of COVID-19 - General Ukpo's Son; Mailafia, Too |url=https://thesourceng.com/why-my-father-died-of-covid-19-general-ukpos-son-mailafia-too/}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h4uynkr01t02ik525md9mnmnlvvt6ik 859186 859185 2026-06-17T07:21:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephen Anthony Ukpo''' (16 ga Yulin 1947 - 6 ga Satumba 2021) ya kasance Ministan Bayanai da Al'adu, sannan Gwamnan Jihar Rivers, Najeriya, daga Agusta 1986 har zuwa Yuli 1988 a lokacin gwamnatin soja ta Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Anthony Ukpo ya fara karatunsa a St. Augustine's Seminary, wanda ya halarta daga 1961 zuwa 1965. <ref name="blerf">{{Cite web |title=UKPO, Brig-Gen. Stephen Anthony (rtd.) |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukpo-brig-gen-stephen-anthony-rtd/ |access-date=14 June 2026 |website=Biographical Legacy & Research Foundation (BLERF)}}</ref> Da yake sauyawa zuwa aikin soja, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] kuma daga baya ya kammala horar da shi a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School, Aldershot a Ingila a shekarar 1968. <ref name="blerf" /> Ukpo ya ci gaba da koyar da dabarunsa a Makarantar Sojoji a Amurka.<ref name="blerf" /> Tsakanin 1976 da 1977, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar LaSalle Extension da ke Amurka.<ref name="blerf" /> Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Kwamandan Sojoji da Ma'aikata, [[Jaji]], daga 1977 zuwa 1978, sannan ya biyo bayan Kwamandan Sojan Amurka da Kwalejin Janar a Amurka daga 1979 zuwa 1980. <ref name="blerf" /> A lokacin karatunsa, Ukpo ya sami digiri na Master of Science (M.Sc.) da kuma Pass Staff College (PSC). <ref name="blerf" /> == Ayyukan soja == An haifi Ukpo a Okpoma, Yala, [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]], a ranar 16 ga Yulin 1947. Ya shiga soja, an nada shi Kwamandan Kamfanin (1968), Kwamandan Battalion (1969 da 1971 - 1973), Brigade Major (1970) da Instructor, [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] (1973-1974).<ref name="sbio4">{{Cite news |author=Kazeem Akintunde and Belinda Mbonu |date=12 July 2009 |title=In the News: Stephen Anthony Ukpo |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1090&Itemid=34 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar jami'an sojoji waɗanda suka shirya juyin mulkin da ba su da jini a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1985 lokacin da Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya maye gurbin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . Bayan juyin mulkin an nada shi memba na AFRC . <ref name="siollum">{{Cite web |last=MAX SIOLLUN |date=4 August 2008 |title=The Babangida Years – Part 4 |url=http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=NigeriaExchange}}</ref> An nada shi mataimakin darektan, Hukumar leken asiri ta Tsaro (1985).<ref name="sbio3">{{Cite news |author=Kazeem Akintunde and Belinda Mbonu |date=12 July 2009 |title=In the News: Stephen Anthony Ukpo |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1090&Itemid=34 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Satumba 1985, an rantsar da shi a matsayin Ministan Bayanai da Al'adu.<ref name="siollum">{{Cite web |last=MAX SIOLLUN |date=4 August 2008 |title=The Babangida Years – Part 4 |url=http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=NigeriaExchange}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMAX_SIOLLUN2008">MAX SIOLLUN (4 August 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065449/http://ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 "The Babangida Years – Part 4"]. ''NigeriaExchange''. Archived from [http://www.ngex.com/news/public/article.php?ArticleID=1022 the original] on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> An nada shi gwamnan soja na Jihar Rivers a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Aug 1986 |title=Governor Appointments, Resignations Announced |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA349989&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604143659/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA349989&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=New Nigerian}}</ref> A wannan mukamin, ya kaddamar da majalisar wucin gadi ta Rivers State Polytechnic . Ya sake zama babban jami'in ma'aikata ga Shugaba [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a watan Yulin 1988.<ref name="sbio2">{{Cite news |author=Kazeem Akintunde and Belinda Mbonu |date=12 July 2009 |title=In the News: Stephen Anthony Ukpo |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1090&Itemid=34 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]}}</ref>A cikin wannan rawar a watan Afrilun 1990 Ukpo ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa an kama jami'ai 10 da sojoji sama da 150 daga ƙananan matsayi a yunkurin juyin mulki a kan Babangida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Nigeria Reports 4 Are Dead And 160 Held in Failed Coup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/24/world/nigeria-reports-4-are-dead-and-160-held-in-failed-coup.html?pagewanted=1 |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Brigadier . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nowa Omoigui |title=The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3) |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui17.htm |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Dawodu}}</ref> == Ayyukansa na baya == Matarsa, Sally Ufuoma Ukpo, malama ce kuma a shekara ta 2006 tana gudanar da kamfanin tafiye-tafiye da yawon shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite news |author=PRECIOUS NJOKU |date=2 October 2006 |title=My dream is to become big destination seller |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womenbusiness/2006/oct/02/womeninbusiness-2-10-2006-001.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331054543/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womenbusiness/2006/oct/02/womeninbusiness-2-10-2006-001.htm |archivedate=31 March 2010 |accessdate=4 March 2010 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama memba na kwamitin daraktocin Bankin Skye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://ww3.skyebankng.com/about/board-directors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221224228/http://ww3.skyebankng.com/about/board-directors |archive-date=21 February 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |publisher=Skye Bank}}</ref> Lokacin da Gwamnan Jihar Cross River [[Donald Duke]] ya sanya Otal din Metropolitan don sayarwa, an ce Ukpo ya yi mafi girman tayin N600 miliyan. An ƙi tayin da ya bayar, kuma daga baya an sayar da otal ɗin don N200 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOW DONALD DUKE MISAPROPRIATED N16 BILLION |url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/os522.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Point Blank News}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2008 ya gabatar da sakamakon binciken yiwuwar tsarin sufuri na mono-rail a Port Harcourt. Ukpo shine shugaban haɗin gwiwa don gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2008 |title=Rivers to Construct Mono-Rail |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200809290155.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009 Gwamnatin Jihar Rivers ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da TSI Property and Investment Holdings don gudanar da aikin a farashin dala miliyan 318. Ukpo ya ce mono-rail zai zama na farko na irin sa a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad Bello |date=15 October 2009 |title=Rivers Signs Agreement on Rail |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200910150596.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> A wata hira a watan Yulin 2009, Ukpo ya nuna rashin amincewa da sauyawar maɓuɓɓugar mai 76 daga Jihar Cross River zuwa [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], kuma ya nuna fatan cewa kwamitin da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] ya kafa zai sami mafita mai ma'ana ta siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ernest Chinwo |date=15 July 2009 |title=IBB Has Solution to Oil Wells Controversy – Ukpo |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200907161042.html |access-date=4 March 2010 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ya kasance murya mai murya a siyasa daga tushen ciyawa zuwa matakin tarayya. A cikin 2021 ya mutu daga COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Why My Father Died of COVID-19 - General Ukpo's Son; Mailafia, Too |url=https://thesourceng.com/why-my-father-died-of-covid-19-general-ukpos-son-mailafia-too/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iqak2mg8dd7t5qfbm0xphm9vzy24yji 0 158140 859195 2026-06-17T08:35:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340457615|Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces]]" 859195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces''' iya hana sau da yawa taɓawa surface daga zama tanadi don yaduwar pathogenic microbes. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a wuraren kiwon lafiya, inda ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, da ƙwayoyin daji ke mallaka kuma suna ci gaba a kan ƙofofin ƙofa, farantin turawa, handrails, teburin tray, maɓallan (faucet), sandunan IV, tsarin [[Rashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska|HVAC]], da sauran kayan aiki. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa a wasu lokuta a saman sama da kwanaki 30. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Yankin jan ƙarfe da gami, kamar tagulla da tagulla, suna da maganin rigakafi. Suna da ikon da za su iya kashe kwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa da yawa da sauri - sau da yawa a cikin sa'o'i biyu ko ƙasa da haka - kuma tare da babban matakin inganci. Wadannan kaddarorin antimicrobial an nuna su ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa idan an yi amfani da kayan shafawa tare da jan ƙarfe, rage yaduwar kwayoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka na iya rage kamuwa da cuta a cikin asibiti mai tsanani (ICU) da kusan 58%. Kamfanoni da yawa sun haɓaka hanyoyin amfani da aikin antimicrobial na jan ƙarfe a kan wuraren da ke akwai. LuminOre da Aereus Technologies dukansu suna amfani da fasahar rufe jan ƙarfe na rigakafi don amfani da rufewar rigakafi a saman. == Tabbacin == Ya zuwa 2019 yawancin binciken sun gano cewa saman jan ƙarfe na iya taimakawa hana kamuwa da cuta a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arendsen |first=LP |last2=Thakar |first2=R |last3=Sultan |first3=AH |date=September 18, 2019 |title=The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=32 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00125-18 |pmc=6730497 |pmid=31413046}}</ref> An san microorganisms da rayuwa a kan wuraren da ba su da rai na dogon lokaci. Ayyukan kashe cututtuka na hannu da na sama sune matakai na farko game da yaduwar kamuwa da cuta. Tunda an san kusan kashi 80% na cututtukan cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta hanyar taɓawa, kuma cututtukani da aka samu a wuraren kiwon lafiya na iya rayuwa a kan wuraren da ba su da rai na kwanaki ko watanni, an yi imanin cewa nauyin microbial na wuraren da aka taɓa akai-akai yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haifar da kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |quote=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=50–54}}</ref> == Rijistar EPA == A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2008, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) ta amince da rajistar kungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyar na jan ƙarfe a matsayin "kayan rigakafi" tare da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="alloy">{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=EPA registers copper-containing alloy products |url=http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714223723/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2008}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen EPA yanzu sun rufe nau'ikan nau'ikan jan ƙarfe 479 a cikin ƙungiyoyi shida (an sami jerin abubuwan da aka amince da su). Dukkanin gami suna da mafi ƙarancin jan ƙarfe na 60%. Sakamakon binciken antimicrobial da ke kula da EPA wanda ke nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin antimicrobian na jan ƙarfe a duk faɗin gami mai yawa an buga shi.<ref name="alloy" /> === Microbes da aka gwada kuma aka kashe a gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na EPA === Kwayoyin cuta da aka lalata ta hanyar jan ƙarfe a cikin gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke kula da EPA sun haɗa da: === Dokokin gwajin EPA don farfajiyar jan ƙarfe === Rijistar ta dogara ne akan binciken da EPA ke kula da shi wanda ya gano cewa gami na jan ƙarfe ya kashe fiye da 99.9% na ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cuta a cikin sa'o'i biyu kawai lokacin da aka tsabtace su akai-akai (watau, ƙarfe ba su da datti ko ƙanƙara wanda zai iya hana hulɗar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da farfawar jan ƙarfe). Don samun rajistar EPA, ƙungiyoyin haɗin jan ƙarfe dole ne su nuna ingancin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga duk gwaje-gwaje masu tsauri masu zuwa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ha5cdk1aptataa9j7ltlta8mtlprd5c 859196 859195 2026-06-17T08:35:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 859196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces''' iya hana sau da yawa taɓawa surface daga zama tanadi don yaduwar pathogenic microbes. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a wuraren kiwon lafiya, inda ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, da ƙwayoyin daji ke mallaka kuma suna ci gaba a kan ƙofofin ƙofa, farantin turawa, handrails, teburin tray, maɓallan (faucet), sandunan IV, tsarin [[Rashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska|HVAC]], da sauran kayan aiki. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa a wasu lokuta a saman sama da kwanaki 30. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Yankin jan ƙarfe da gami, kamar tagulla da tagulla, suna da maganin rigakafi. Suna da ikon da za su iya kashe kwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa da yawa da sauri - sau da yawa a cikin sa'o'i biyu ko ƙasa da haka - kuma tare da babban matakin inganci. Wadannan kaddarorin antimicrobial an nuna su ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa idan an yi amfani da kayan shafawa tare da jan ƙarfe, rage yaduwar kwayoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka na iya rage kamuwa da cuta a cikin asibiti mai tsanani (ICU) da kusan 58%. Kamfanoni da yawa sun haɓaka hanyoyin amfani da aikin antimicrobial na jan ƙarfe a kan wuraren da ke akwai. LuminOre da Aereus Technologies dukansu suna amfani da fasahar rufe jan ƙarfe na rigakafi don amfani da rufewar rigakafi a saman. == Tabbacin == Ya zuwa 2019 yawancin binciken sun gano cewa saman jan ƙarfe na iya taimakawa hana kamuwa da cuta a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arendsen |first=LP |last2=Thakar |first2=R |last3=Sultan |first3=AH |date=September 18, 2019 |title=The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=32 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00125-18 |pmc=6730497 |pmid=31413046}}</ref> An san microorganisms da rayuwa a kan wuraren da ba su da rai na dogon lokaci. Ayyukan kashe cututtuka na hannu da na sama sune matakai na farko game da yaduwar kamuwa da cuta. Tunda an san kusan kashi 80% na cututtukan cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta hanyar taɓawa, kuma cututtukani da aka samu a wuraren kiwon lafiya na iya rayuwa a kan wuraren da ba su da rai na kwanaki ko watanni, an yi imanin cewa nauyin microbial na wuraren da aka taɓa akai-akai yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haifar da kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |quote=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=50–54}}</ref> == Rijistar EPA == A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2008, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) ta amince da rajistar kungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyar na jan ƙarfe a matsayin "kayan rigakafi" tare da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.<ref name="alloy">{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=EPA registers copper-containing alloy products |url=http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714223723/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/copper-alloy-products.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2008}}</ref> Rubuce-rubucen EPA yanzu sun rufe nau'ikan nau'ikan jan ƙarfe 479 a cikin ƙungiyoyi shida (an sami jerin abubuwan da aka amince da su). Dukkanin gami suna da mafi ƙarancin jan ƙarfe na 60%. Sakamakon binciken antimicrobial da ke kula da EPA wanda ke nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin antimicrobian na jan ƙarfe a duk faɗin gami mai yawa an buga shi.<ref name="alloy" /> === Microbes da aka gwada kuma aka kashe a gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje na EPA === Kwayoyin cuta da aka lalata ta hanyar jan ƙarfe a cikin gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke kula da EPA sun haɗa da: === Dokokin gwajin EPA don farfajiyar jan ƙarfe === Rijistar ta dogara ne akan binciken da EPA ke kula da shi wanda ya gano cewa gami na jan ƙarfe ya kashe fiye da 99.9% na ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cuta a cikin sa'o'i biyu kawai lokacin da aka tsabtace su akai-akai (watau, ƙarfe ba su da datti ko ƙanƙara wanda zai iya hana hulɗar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da farfawar jan ƙarfe). Don samun rajistar EPA, ƙungiyoyin haɗin jan ƙarfe dole ne su nuna ingancin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga duk gwaje-gwaje masu tsauri masu zuwa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bo5f7ccwzdbbn2wm26lzwytkqed0f2v 0 158141 859200 2026-06-17T08:45:55Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''1973''' ita ce shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku a ƙirgar Miladiyya. == Haihuwa == == Mutuwa == ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shekaru]] 859200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1973''' ita ce shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku a ƙirgar Miladiyya. == Haihuwa == == Mutuwa == ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shekaru]] qcs1tbncxtbjeekthodczqehuptf2ly 0 158142 859202 2026-06-17T08:50:30Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''1972''' ita ce shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku a ƙirgar Miladiyya. == Haihuwa == == Mutuwa == ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shekaru]] 859202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1972''' ita ce shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku a ƙirgar Miladiyya. == Haihuwa == == Mutuwa == ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shekaru]] 96fmd6wpyta3p34h0htx1fx8obei7ow 0 158143 859203 2026-06-17T08:52:52Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[97 (alƙalami)]] 859203 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[97 (alƙalami)]] kh58fivjbn6hslnbwkzp1ayifikldfk 0 158144 859204 2026-06-17T08:54:06Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[94 (alƙalami)]] 859204 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[94 (alƙalami)]] haykfr7l7rvrqq8at5ycz2uqwzzafbu 0 158145 859205 2026-06-17T08:55:35Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[93 (alƙalami)]] 859205 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[93 (alƙalami)]] tijtgou1ctzreuq4ti6cv35izklexxb 0 158146 859206 2026-06-17T08:55:59Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[92 (alƙalami)]] 859206 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[92 (alƙalami)]] czs0rg2kgt0jkun2lvnnpiqc56i5aj1 0 158147 859207 2026-06-17T08:56:18Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[91 (alƙalami)]] 859207 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[91 (alƙalami)]] prr28gc0xvxub6bz3fc4pq49q2m5vkl 0 158148 859208 2026-06-17T08:56:51Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[90 (alƙalami)]] 859208 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[90 (alƙalami)]] atcdhuigu5lq02v3i874vxd5giafywx 0 158149 859209 2026-06-17T08:57:13Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[89 (alƙalami)]] 859209 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[89 (alƙalami)]] 26lmyxdwvdgc6x6goq5zqp9qzdawrro 0 158150 859210 2026-06-17T08:57:28Z NVNkz 45410 Redirected page to [[88 (alƙalami)]] 859210 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[88 (alƙalami)]] 41k2k95josbh6xam7xtk1ltbhrxpdte 0 158151 859211 2026-06-17T09:04:45Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: *[[5 (alƙalami)]] *[[5 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 859211 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[5 (alƙalami)]] *[[5 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} dxyx8jv23k4qmxgpj8nr051e9o1u8t0 0 158152 859213 2026-06-17T09:07:21Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: *[[6 (alƙalami)]] *[[6 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 859213 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[6 (alƙalami)]] *[[6 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} kmwhsti0cukcv4xidgrcm520euf1ifn 0 158153 859215 2026-06-17T09:08:07Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: *[[7 (alƙalami)]] *[[7 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 859215 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[7 (alƙalami)]] *[[7 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 3aesmhy59mmj2papuhnveqfzlt3535i 0 158154 859217 2026-06-17T09:10:06Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: *[[8 (alƙalami)]] *[[8 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 859217 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[8 (alƙalami)]] *[[8 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} nl98iwuvarkziil7jsfzlbt0aoo73er 0 158155 859218 2026-06-17T09:11:15Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: *[[9 (alƙalami)]] *[[9 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 859218 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[9 (alƙalami)]] *[[9 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} trtrv2fhk71y456b1q6uujv5nuuf7sn 0 158156 859219 2026-06-17T09:11:54Z NVNkz 45410 Sabon shafi: *[[10 (alƙalami)]] *[[10 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} 859219 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[10 (alƙalami)]] *[[10 (shekara)]] {{disambig}} efeklifilb7jjgis1usir71naehrywx 0 158157 859220 2026-06-17T09:26:55Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351005568|Akachukwu Sullivan Nwankpo]]" 859220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akachukwu Sullivan Nwankpo''' (an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1962) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, shugaban siyasa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma mai zaman lafiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan fasaha ga Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da kuma Sakatare / memba na Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa na Shugaban kasa (SURE-P) har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2013. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Afirka <ref>[http://www.peoplesdemocraticparty.net/using-joomla/extensions/components/content-component/article-category-list/142-pdp-thanks-nze-akachukwu-nwankpo-and-chief-tonye-princewill?mode=getshouts “PDP Thanks Nze Akachukwu Nwankpo and Chief Tonye Princewill”]{{Dead link|date=October 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}, All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), 2012</ref>))))))))))))and peace-maker. He served as the Special Advisor on Technical Matters to President [[:en:Goodluck_Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan]] and Secretary/Member of the Presidential Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program (SURE-P) Committee until 1 August 2013. He is a member of the [[:en:African_Democratic_Congress|African Democratic]] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nwankpo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1962 a Nza-Ozubulu, [[Ekwusigo]] Karamar Hukumar [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ga Elizabeth da marigayi Cif Emmanuel Nwankbo . Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (Grade 1) daga All Hallows Seminary [[Onitsha]] (State Anambra) a shekarar 1979. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1984 daga Babban Makarantar Tunawa da Bigard, [[Ikot Ekpene]] (Akwa Ibom State), mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Pontifical Urban (Roma, Italiya). A shekara ta 1989, ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a Ilimi, sannan ya biyo baya a Cross Sector Partnerships daga Jami'an Cambridge (United Kingdom) a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="sure-p2">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An nada Nwankpo a mukamin gwamnati a Shugabancin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 2007. Ya zama Mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan batutuwan fasaha a cikin shekara ta 2011,<ref name="sure-p3">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>kuma an nada shi a matsayin memba / Sakatare ga Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa (SURE-P);<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/ “Meet Our Principals”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617165311/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/|date=17 June 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Kwamitin Shugaban kasa tare da umarni don saka hannun jari da aka adana daga cire kuɗin da aka adadi daga ɓangaren tallafin man fetur a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsaro na zamantakewa.<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/ “Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714215550/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/|date=14 July 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> A cikin 2010-2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Shugaban kasa.<ref name="sure-p4">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>A wannan lokacin ya kasance Sakatare ga Kwamitin Ayyukan Shugaban kasa kan Wutar Lantarki kuma daga baya ya zama Sakatare na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Power wanda ya haɓaka Roadmap kan Wutar Wutar Lutar Lantarki (2010-2011). Nwankpo ya shiga shugabancin tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] a 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a 2007-2010 .<ref>[http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/113481/1/the-need-for-paradigm-shift-in-anambra-politics.html, “The Need for Paradigm Shift in Anambra Politics”], The Nigerian Voice, 2013</ref> A wannan lokacin shi ne ke da alhakin batutuwan Nijar Delta kuma ya goyi bayan ci gaban Shirin Amnesty na Nijar Delta . Ya kasance Jami'in tebur a kan Ayyukan Haɗin Kai na Najeriya (NIPP)<ref name="sure-p5">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Nwankpo ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na PDP na Jihar Anambra a watan Agustan 2013, ,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824215554/http://leadership.ng/news/220813/anambra-guber-pdp-set-controversial-primaries "Anambra Guber: PDP Set For Controversial Primaries"], Leadership Newspaper, 2013</ref> amma bai ci nasara ba.<ref>[http://elombah.com/index.php/reports/17345-anambra-tony-nwoye-declared-winner-of-pdp-primary, "Anambra: Tony Nwoye Declared Winner of PDP Primary"]. Elombah.com – A Nigerian Perspective on World Affairs, 25 August 2013</ref> == Ayyukan Jama'a == Nwankpo ta kaddamar da martani ga ambaliyar da ta sa dubban mutanen karkara marasa gida a yankuna shida na kananan hukumomi a Gundumar Sanata ta Arewacin Jihar Anambra.<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/flood-displaced-700000-in-anambra-presidential-aide/ “Flood displaced 700,000 in Anambra – Presidential Aide”], Vanguard Newspaper, 2012</ref> Shirin agaji, Anambra Responds, ya kafa sansani ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu kuma ya samar da kayan agaji.<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/ “Anambra Responds to the rescue”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012236/http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/|date=4 November 2012}}, Punch Newspaper, 2012</ref> Don nuna godiya ga aikin agaji da ayyukan agaji a Jihar Anambra, al'ummomin Igbo sun ba Nwankpo lakabi da yawa na gargajiya, ciki har da "Oputa Ife Adi Nimo" ("Hasken Nimo"),<ref>[http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide “Traditional Rulers, Politicians Honour Jonathan’s Aide”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223208/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide|date=3 March 2016}}, Daily Trust Newspaper, 2013</ref>"Odozi-Mba" na Masarautar Iduu-Eri ("Mai haɓakawa na Iduu-Éri"),<ref>[http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/ “When Anambra responds to victims for post-flood rehabilitation”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052917/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/|date=18 December 2012}}, This Day Newspaper, 2013</ref>da kuma "Oputa-Ife-Adi Ogo Bu Chi" na Olu Clan ("Akwai Hasken Ogo Chi").<ref>[http://247ureports.com/enter-king-nwankpo-jonathans-aide-a-harvest-of-honors-and-70-endorsements/ “Enter King Nwankpo, Jonathan’s Aide – A Harvest of Honors and 70 Endorsements”], 247 UReports, 2013</ref> Order of Saint John (chartered 1888) Ƙarin karbuwa ya biyo baya a watan Yunin 2013, lokacin da aka nada shi Knight of the Order of St John International.<ref>[http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide "ANAMBRA: JONATHAN ‘LL DELIVER FREE, FAIR ELECTION – NWANKPO, EX-PRESIDENTIAL AIDE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909182220/http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide|date=9 September 2013}}, Codewit World News, 2013</ref> == Tarihin sana'a == Kafin ya shiga Shugabancin Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007, Nwankpo ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Sullivan da Sullivan Consulting (1997-2007), mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Port Harcourt .<ref>[http://www.cdainc.com/publications/cep/fieldvisits/cepVisit14TotalNigeria.pdf, “Corporate Engagement Project”], CDA – Collaborative Learning Projects, 2004</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni irin su [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]], Chevron Corporation, da [[Total|Total S.A.]] a Nijar kuma ya haɓaka dabarun ɓangare na uku don sarrafa rikice-rikicen filin mai.<ref>[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/einewelt/1119974/, “Treibstoff für den Krieg”], [[Deutschlandfunk]], 2010</ref>Ya hada hannu da dabarun zaman lafiya da tsaro (PASS) don Kamfanonin Shell a Najeriya tare da Ayyukan Duniya na WAC.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/documents/2005/aug/shell_wac_report.pdf “Peace and Security in the Niger Delta”], WAC Global Services, 2003</ref> A wannan lokacin, Nwankpo ya yi aiki ga Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] (2003-2007), inda ya haɓaka Bayelsa Partnership Initiative.<ref>[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=2401 “Obasanjo commends Bayelsa Governor”], The Nation Newspaper, 2006</ref> Daga 1997 -1998, Nwankpo ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Cibiyar Yakubu Gowon, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da Shirin Zaman Lafiya don Rikicin Ogoni-Shell . Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Nwankpo ya kasance Babban Darakta na Think Limited (1994-1996); Mataimakin Mai Girma na Kwamishinan Ilimi na [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] (1992-1994); da kuma janar manajan Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Oil Mill (State Anambra) (1990-1992). == Iyali == Akachukwu ta auri Barrister Mrs. Oby Nwankpo daga Umueze Anam, Karamar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma ([[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nbqqztzmiajsut4baf617kc5661s5zj 859221 859220 2026-06-17T09:28:22Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akachukwu Sullivan Nwankpo''' (an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1962) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, shugaban siyasa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma mai zaman lafiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan fasaha ga Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da kuma Sakatare / memba na Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa na Shugaban kasa (SURE-P) har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2013. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Afirka <ref>[http://www.peoplesdemocraticparty.net/using-joomla/extensions/components/content-component/article-category-list/142-pdp-thanks-nze-akachukwu-nwankpo-and-chief-tonye-princewill?mode=getshouts “PDP Thanks Nze Akachukwu Nwankpo and Chief Tonye Princewill”]{{Dead link|date=October 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}, All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), 2012</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nwankpo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1962 a Nza-Ozubulu, [[Ekwusigo]] Karamar Hukumar [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ga Elizabeth da marigayi Cif Emmanuel Nwankbo . Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (Grade 1) daga All Hallows Seminary [[Onitsha]] (State Anambra) a shekarar 1979. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1984 daga Babban Makarantar Tunawa da Bigard, [[Ikot Ekpene]] (Akwa Ibom State), mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Pontifical Urban (Roma, Italiya). A shekara ta 1989, ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a Ilimi, sannan ya biyo baya a Cross Sector Partnerships daga Jami'an Cambridge (United Kingdom) a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="sure-p2">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An nada Nwankpo a mukamin gwamnati a Shugabancin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 2007. Ya zama Mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan batutuwan fasaha a cikin shekara ta 2011,<ref name="sure-p3">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>kuma an nada shi a matsayin memba / Sakatare ga Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa (SURE-P);<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/ “Meet Our Principals”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617165311/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/|date=17 June 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Kwamitin Shugaban kasa tare da umarni don saka hannun jari da aka adana daga cire kuɗin da aka adadi daga ɓangaren tallafin man fetur a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsaro na zamantakewa.<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/ “Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714215550/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/|date=14 July 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> A cikin 2010-2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Shugaban kasa.<ref name="sure-p4">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>A wannan lokacin ya kasance Sakatare ga Kwamitin Ayyukan Shugaban kasa kan Wutar Lantarki kuma daga baya ya zama Sakatare na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Power wanda ya haɓaka Roadmap kan Wutar Wutar Lutar Lantarki (2010-2011). Nwankpo ya shiga shugabancin tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] a 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a 2007-2010 .<ref>[http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/113481/1/the-need-for-paradigm-shift-in-anambra-politics.html, “The Need for Paradigm Shift in Anambra Politics”], The Nigerian Voice, 2013</ref> A wannan lokacin shi ne ke da alhakin batutuwan Nijar Delta kuma ya goyi bayan ci gaban Shirin Amnesty na Nijar Delta . Ya kasance Jami'in tebur a kan Ayyukan Haɗin Kai na Najeriya (NIPP)<ref name="sure-p5">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Nwankpo ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na PDP na Jihar Anambra a watan Agustan 2013, ,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824215554/http://leadership.ng/news/220813/anambra-guber-pdp-set-controversial-primaries "Anambra Guber: PDP Set For Controversial Primaries"], Leadership Newspaper, 2013</ref> amma bai ci nasara ba.<ref>[http://elombah.com/index.php/reports/17345-anambra-tony-nwoye-declared-winner-of-pdp-primary, "Anambra: Tony Nwoye Declared Winner of PDP Primary"]. Elombah.com – A Nigerian Perspective on World Affairs, 25 August 2013</ref> == Ayyukan Jama'a == Nwankpo ta kaddamar da martani ga ambaliyar da ta sa dubban mutanen karkara marasa gida a yankuna shida na kananan hukumomi a Gundumar Sanata ta Arewacin Jihar Anambra.<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/flood-displaced-700000-in-anambra-presidential-aide/ “Flood displaced 700,000 in Anambra – Presidential Aide”], Vanguard Newspaper, 2012</ref> Shirin agaji, Anambra Responds, ya kafa sansani ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu kuma ya samar da kayan agaji.<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/ “Anambra Responds to the rescue”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012236/http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/|date=4 November 2012}}, Punch Newspaper, 2012</ref> Don nuna godiya ga aikin agaji da ayyukan agaji a Jihar Anambra, al'ummomin Igbo sun ba Nwankpo lakabi da yawa na gargajiya, ciki har da "Oputa Ife Adi Nimo" ("Hasken Nimo"),<ref>[http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide “Traditional Rulers, Politicians Honour Jonathan’s Aide”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223208/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide|date=3 March 2016}}, Daily Trust Newspaper, 2013</ref>"Odozi-Mba" na Masarautar Iduu-Eri ("Mai haɓakawa na Iduu-Éri"),<ref>[http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/ “When Anambra responds to victims for post-flood rehabilitation”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052917/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/|date=18 December 2012}}, This Day Newspaper, 2013</ref>da kuma "Oputa-Ife-Adi Ogo Bu Chi" na Olu Clan ("Akwai Hasken Ogo Chi").<ref>[http://247ureports.com/enter-king-nwankpo-jonathans-aide-a-harvest-of-honors-and-70-endorsements/ “Enter King Nwankpo, Jonathan’s Aide – A Harvest of Honors and 70 Endorsements”], 247 UReports, 2013</ref> Order of Saint John (chartered 1888) Ƙarin karbuwa ya biyo baya a watan Yunin 2013, lokacin da aka nada shi Knight of the Order of St John International.<ref>[http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide "ANAMBRA: JONATHAN ‘LL DELIVER FREE, FAIR ELECTION – NWANKPO, EX-PRESIDENTIAL AIDE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909182220/http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide|date=9 September 2013}}, Codewit World News, 2013</ref> == Tarihin sana'a == Kafin ya shiga Shugabancin Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007, Nwankpo ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Sullivan da Sullivan Consulting (1997-2007), mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Port Harcourt .<ref>[http://www.cdainc.com/publications/cep/fieldvisits/cepVisit14TotalNigeria.pdf, “Corporate Engagement Project”], CDA – Collaborative Learning Projects, 2004</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni irin su [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]], Chevron Corporation, da [[Total|Total S.A.]] a Nijar kuma ya haɓaka dabarun ɓangare na uku don sarrafa rikice-rikicen filin mai.<ref>[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/einewelt/1119974/, “Treibstoff für den Krieg”], [[Deutschlandfunk]], 2010</ref>Ya hada hannu da dabarun zaman lafiya da tsaro (PASS) don Kamfanonin Shell a Najeriya tare da Ayyukan Duniya na WAC.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/documents/2005/aug/shell_wac_report.pdf “Peace and Security in the Niger Delta”], WAC Global Services, 2003</ref> A wannan lokacin, Nwankpo ya yi aiki ga Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] (2003-2007), inda ya haɓaka Bayelsa Partnership Initiative.<ref>[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=2401 “Obasanjo commends Bayelsa Governor”], The Nation Newspaper, 2006</ref> Daga 1997 -1998, Nwankpo ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Cibiyar Yakubu Gowon, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da Shirin Zaman Lafiya don Rikicin Ogoni-Shell . Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Nwankpo ya kasance Babban Darakta na Think Limited (1994-1996); Mataimakin Mai Girma na Kwamishinan Ilimi na [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] (1992-1994); da kuma janar manajan Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Oil Mill (State Anambra) (1990-1992). == Iyali == Akachukwu ta auri Barrister Mrs. Oby Nwankpo daga Umueze Anam, Karamar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma ([[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8pxt0itqe1kaxdyotsvxrxeoxbu419s 859222 859221 2026-06-17T09:30:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 859222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akachukwu Sullivan Nwankpo''' (an haife shi 10 Afrilu 1962) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, shugaban siyasa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma mai zaman lafiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan fasaha ga Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da kuma Sakatare / memba na Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa na Shugaban kasa (SURE-P) har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2013. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Afirka <ref>[http://www.peoplesdemocraticparty.net/using-joomla/extensions/components/content-component/article-category-list/142-pdp-thanks-nze-akachukwu-nwankpo-and-chief-tonye-princewill?mode=getshouts “PDP Thanks Nze Akachukwu Nwankpo and Chief Tonye Princewill”]{{Dead link|date=October 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}, All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), 2012</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nwankpo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1962 a Nza-Ozubulu, [[Ekwusigo]] Karamar Hukumar [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] ga Elizabeth da marigayi Cif Emmanuel Nwankbo . Ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (Grade 1) daga All Hallows Seminary [[Onitsha]] (State Anambra) a shekarar 1979. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1984 daga Babban Makarantar Tunawa da Bigard, [[Ikot Ekpene]] (Akwa Ibom State), mai alaƙa da Jami'ar Pontifical Urban (Roma, Italiya). A shekara ta 1989, ya sami difloma na digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] a Ilimi, sannan ya biyo baya a Cross Sector Partnerships daga Jami'an Cambridge (United Kingdom) a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="sure-p2">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An nada Nwankpo a mukamin gwamnati a Shugabancin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 2007. Ya zama Mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan batutuwan fasaha a cikin shekara ta 2011,<ref name="sure-p3">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>kuma an nada shi a matsayin memba / Sakatare ga Kwamitin Sabuntawa da Karfafawa (SURE-P);<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/ “Meet Our Principals”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617165311/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/|date=17 June 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Kwamitin Shugaban kasa tare da umarni don saka hannun jari da aka adana daga cire kuɗin da aka adadi daga ɓangaren tallafin man fetur a cikin ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsaro na zamantakewa.<ref>[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/ “Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714215550/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/|date=14 July 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> A cikin 2010-2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Shugaban kasa.<ref name="sure-p4">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref>A wannan lokacin ya kasance Sakatare ga Kwamitin Ayyukan Shugaban kasa kan Wutar Lantarki kuma daga baya ya zama Sakatare na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Power wanda ya haɓaka Roadmap kan Wutar Wutar Lutar Lantarki (2010-2011). Nwankpo ya shiga shugabancin tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] a 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman (Ayyuka na Musamman) ga Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a 2007-2010 .<ref>[http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/113481/1/the-need-for-paradigm-shift-in-anambra-politics.html, “The Need for Paradigm Shift in Anambra Politics”], The Nigerian Voice, 2013</ref> A wannan lokacin shi ne ke da alhakin batutuwan Nijar Delta kuma ya goyi bayan ci gaban Shirin Amnesty na Nijar Delta . Ya kasance Jami'in tebur a kan Ayyukan Haɗin Kai na Najeriya (NIPP)<ref name="sure-p5">[http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/ “Secretary’s Profile”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907095546/http://www.sure-p.gov.ng/index.cfm/sure-p-secretariat/meet-our-principals/secretary-profile/|date=7 September 2013}}, The Presidency – Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013</ref> Nwankpo ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na PDP na Jihar Anambra a watan Agustan 2013, ,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130824215554/http://leadership.ng/news/220813/anambra-guber-pdp-set-controversial-primaries "Anambra Guber: PDP Set For Controversial Primaries"], Leadership Newspaper, 2013</ref> amma bai ci nasara ba.<ref>[http://elombah.com/index.php/reports/17345-anambra-tony-nwoye-declared-winner-of-pdp-primary, "Anambra: Tony Nwoye Declared Winner of PDP Primary"]. Elombah.com – A Nigerian Perspective on World Affairs, 25 August 2013</ref> == Ayyukan Jama'a == Nwankpo ta kaddamar da martani ga ambaliyar da ta sa dubban mutanen karkara marasa gida a yankuna shida na kananan hukumomi a Gundumar Sanata ta Arewacin Jihar Anambra.<ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/flood-displaced-700000-in-anambra-presidential-aide/ “Flood displaced 700,000 in Anambra – Presidential Aide”], Vanguard Newspaper, 2012</ref> Shirin agaji, Anambra Responds, ya kafa sansani ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu kuma ya samar musu da kayan agaji.<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/ “Anambra Responds to the rescue”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012236/http://www.punchng.com/news/anambra-responds-to-the-rescue/|date=4 November 2012}}, Punch Newspaper, 2012</ref> Don nuna godiya ga aikin agaji da ayyukan agaji a Jihar Anambra, al'ummomin Igbo sun ba Nwankpo lakabi da yawa na gargajiya, ciki har da "Oputa Ife Adi Nimo" ("Hasken Nimo"),<ref>[http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide “Traditional Rulers, Politicians Honour Jonathan’s Aide”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223208/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/news-news/50908-traditional-rulers-politicians-honour-jonathan-s-aide|date=3 March 2016}}, Daily Trust Newspaper, 2013</ref>"Odozi-Mba" na Masarautar Iduu-Eri ("Mai haɓakawa na Iduu-Éri"),<ref>[http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/ “When Anambra responds to victims for post-flood rehabilitation”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052917/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/when-anambra-responds-to-victims-for-post-flood-rehabilitation/132923/|date=18 December 2012}}, This Day Newspaper, 2013</ref>da kuma "Oputa-Ife-Adi Ogo Bu Chi" na Olu Clan ("Akwai Hasken Ogo Chi").<ref>[http://247ureports.com/enter-king-nwankpo-jonathans-aide-a-harvest-of-honors-and-70-endorsements/ “Enter King Nwankpo, Jonathan’s Aide – A Harvest of Honors and 70 Endorsements”], 247 UReports, 2013</ref> Order of Saint John (chartered 1888) Ƙarin karbuwa ya biyo baya a watan Yunin 2013, lokacin da aka nada shi Knight of the Order of St John International.<ref>[http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide "ANAMBRA: JONATHAN ‘LL DELIVER FREE, FAIR ELECTION – NWANKPO, EX-PRESIDENTIAL AIDE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909182220/http://www.codewit.com/nigeria-news/12129-anambra-jonathan-ll-deliver-free-fair-election-nwankpo-ex-presidential-aide|date=9 September 2013}}, Codewit World News, 2013</ref> == Tarihin sana'a == Kafin ya shiga Shugabancin Tarayyar Najeriya a 2007, Nwankpo ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Sullivan da Sullivan Consulting (1997-2007), mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Port Harcourt .<ref>[http://www.cdainc.com/publications/cep/fieldvisits/cepVisit14TotalNigeria.pdf, “Corporate Engagement Project”], CDA – Collaborative Learning Projects, 2004</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni irin su [[Shell|Royal Dutch Shell]], Chevron Corporation, da [[Total|Total S.A.]] a Nijar kuma ya haɓaka dabarun ɓangare na uku don sarrafa rikice-rikicen filin mai.<ref>[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/einewelt/1119974/, “Treibstoff für den Krieg”], [[Deutschlandfunk]], 2010</ref>Ya hada hannu da dabarun zaman lafiya da tsaro (PASS) don Kamfanonin Shell a Najeriya tare da Ayyukan Duniya na WAC.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/documents/2005/aug/shell_wac_report.pdf “Peace and Security in the Niger Delta”], WAC Global Services, 2003</ref> A wannan lokacin, Nwankpo ya yi aiki ga Gwamnatin [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] (2003-2007), inda ya haɓaka Bayelsa Partnership Initiative.<ref>[http://www.thenationonlineng.net/archive2/tblnews_Detail.php?id=2401 “Obasanjo commends Bayelsa Governor”], The Nation Newspaper, 2006</ref> Daga 1997 -1998, Nwankpo ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan warware rikice-rikice a Cibiyar Yakubu Gowon, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da Shirin Zaman Lafiya don Rikicin Ogoni-Shell . Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Nwankpo ya kasance Babban Darakta na Think Limited (1994-1996); Mataimakin Mai Girma na Kwamishinan Ilimi na [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] (1992-1994); da kuma janar manajan Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Oil Mill (State Anambra) (1990-1992). == Iyali == Akachukwu ta auri Barrister Mrs. Oby Nwankpo daga Umueze Anam, Karamar Hukumar Anambra ta Yamma ([[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7bfty4wz47coamz1js6rzjr2kjaebw4 0 158158 859223 2026-06-17T09:32:53Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 859223 wikitext text/x-wiki Matsalar Jinin Haila shine duk wani yanayi mara kyau da ke da alaƙa da Lokacin mace. Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan haila daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta da alamomi da alamomi, gami da ciwo yayin haila, zubar da jini mai tsanani, ko rashin haila. Bambance-bambance na al'ada na iya faruwa a cikin tsarin haila amma gabaɗaya cututtukan haila na iya haɗawa da lokutan da suka zo da wuri fiye da kwanaki 21 da suka bambanta, fiye da watanni 3 da suka bambanta.<ref>https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/menstrual-disorders</ref> Bambance-bambance na sake zagayowar haila galibi suna haifar da rashin girma na hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO), kuma ana buƙatar ganowa da gudanarwa da wuri don rage yiwuwar rikitarwa game da ikon haihuwa na gaba.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755071</ref Kodayake an yi la'akari da cututtukan haila a matsayin matsala mai wahala, yanzu an san su da tasiri mai tsanani ga al'umma ta hanyar kwanakin da suka ɓace daga aiki wanda ya haifar da ciwo da wahala da mata suka fuskanta. Wadannan cututtukan na iya tasowa daga tushen ilimin lissafi (ciki da sauransu), tushen cututtukani (matsi, motsa jiki mai yawa, asarar nauyi, endocrine ko ƙarancin tsari da dai sauransu), ko tushen iatrogenic (na biyu ga amfani da hana daukar ciki da dai sauransu ==Manazarta== l5nz11bk0eumk5milhf7wpzv9mfzvya 859224 859223 2026-06-17T09:34:19Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Matsalar Jinin Haila shine duk wani yanayi mara kyau da ke da alaƙa da Lokacin mace. Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan haila daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta da alamomi da alamomi, gami da ciwo yayin haila, zubar da jini mai tsanani, ko rashin haila. Bambance-bambance na al'ada na iya faruwa a cikin tsarin haila amma gabaɗaya cututtukan haila na iya haɗawa da lokutan da suka zo da wuri fiye da kwanaki 21 da suka bambanta, fiye da watanni 3 da suka bambanta.<ref>https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/menstrual-disorders</ref> Bambance-bambance na sake zagayowar haila galibi suna haifar da rashin girma na hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO), kuma ana buƙatar ganowa da gudanarwa da wuri don rage yiwuwar rikitarwa game da ikon haihuwa na gaba.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755071</ref Kodayake an yi la'akari da cututtukan haila a matsayin matsala mai wahala, yanzu an san su da tasiri mai tsanani ga al'umma ta hanyar kwanakin da suka ɓace daga aiki wanda ya haifar da ciwo da wahala da mata suka fuskanta. Wadannan cututtukan na iya tasowa daga tushen ilimin lissafi (ciki da sauransu), tushen cututtukani (matsi, motsa jiki mai yawa, asarar nauyi, endocrine ko ƙarancin tsari da dai sauransu), ko tushen iatrogenic (na biyu ga amfani da hana daukar ciki da dai sauransu ==Manazarta== n4jkskr2rbgze4z53dtts5a26pbjlob 0 158159 859226 2026-06-17T09:41:39Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 859226 wikitext text/x-wiki Binciken pelvic shine binciken jiki na gabobin pelvic na waje da na ciki.[1] Ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin ilimin mata don kimanta alamun da ke shafar hanyar haihuwa da fitsari ta mata, kamar ciwo, zubar da jini, fitarwa, Rashin fitsari, ko rauni (misali cin zarafin jima'i). [2][3] Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don tantance jikin mace a shirye-shiryen hanyoyin.[4] Ana iya yin jarrabawar a farkawa a asibiti da sashen gaggawa, ko kuma a karkashin anesthesia a cikin dakin aiki.[5] Abubuwan da aka fi yi a jarrabawar sune 1) jarrabawar waje, don kimanta vulva 2) jarrabawar jiki tare da palpation (wanda ake kira jarrabawar bimanual) don bincika mahaifa, ovaries, da Tsarin da ke kusa da mahaifa (adnexae) da 3) jarrabawar cikin gida ta amfani da speculum don ganin ganuwar farji da cervix.[6] A lokacin gwajin pelvic, ana iya tattara samfurin sel da ruwa don tantancewa don kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i ko ciwon daji (Gwajin Pap). [6] Wasu likitoci suna yin gwajin pelvic a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kulawa na yau da kullun.[1] Koyaya, a ciki 2014, Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka ta buga jagororin game da jarrabawar pelvic na yau da kullun a cikin mata masu girma waɗanda ba su da ciki kuma ba su da alamomi, ban da jarraba-gwajen pelvic da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar ciwon daji.[2][3] eiagjxdvrwd1wv9deu1584i69wotqze 859227 859226 2026-06-17T09:47:12Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 859227 wikitext text/x-wiki Binciken pelvic shine binciken jiki na gabobin pelvic na waje da na ciki. <ref>http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011115030831/http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/bcs/clist/pelvic.html</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140802070441/https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/College-Statements-and-Advisories/2014/ACOG-Practice-Advisory-on-Annual-Pelvic-Examination-Recommendations</ref> Ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin ilimin mata don kimanta alamun da ke shafar hanyar haihuwa da fitsari ta mata, kamar ciwo, zubar da jini, fitarwa, Rashin fitsari, ko rauni (misali cin zarafin jima'i).] Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don tantance jikin mace a shirye-shiryen hanyoyin. Ana iya yin jarrabawar a farkawa a asibiti da sashen gaggawa, ko kuma a karkashin anesthesia a cikin dakin aiki.[5] Abubuwan da aka fi yi a jarrabawar sune 1) jarrabawar waje, don kimanta vulva 2) jarrabawar jiki tare da palpation (wanda ake kira jarrabawar bimanual) don bincika mahaifa, ovaries, da Tsarin da ke kusa da mahaifa (adnexae) da 3) jarrabawar cikin gida ta amfani da speculum don ganin ganuwar farji da cervix.[6] A lokacin gwajin pelvic, ana iya tattara samfurin sel da ruwa don tantancewa don kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i ko ciwon daji (Gwajin Pap). Wasu likitoci suna yin gwajin pelvic a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kulawa na yau da kullun. Koyaya, a ciki 2014, Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka ta buga jagororin game da jarrabawar pelvic na yau da kullun a cikin mata masu girma waɗanda ba su da ciki kuma ba su da alamomi, ban da jarraba-gwajen pelvic da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar ciwon daji.<ref>http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aafp-pelvic-exams-on-asymptomatic-nonpregnant-women-to-screen-for-cervical-cancer/</ref> ==Manazarta== aa2rxgg2dd06z1bkhg8pf30nrwh4ix3 859229 859227 2026-06-17T09:48:30Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Binciken pelvic shine binciken jiki na gabobin pelvic na waje da na ciki. <ref>http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011115030831/http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/bcs/clist/pelvic.html</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140802070441/https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/College-Statements-and-Advisories/2014/ACOG-Practice-Advisory-on-Annual-Pelvic-Examination-Recommendations</ref> Ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin ilimin mata don kimanta alamun da ke shafar hanyar haihuwa da fitsari ta mata, kamar ciwo, zubar da jini, fitarwa, Rashin fitsari, ko rauni (misali cin zarafin jima'i).] Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don tantance jikin mace a shirye-shiryen hanyoyin. Ana iya yin jarrabawar a farkawa a asibiti da sashen gaggawa, ko kuma a karkashin anesthesia a cikin dakin aiki.[5] Abubuwan da aka fi yi a jarrabawar sune 1) jarrabawar waje, don kimanta vulva 2) jarrabawar jiki tare da palpation (wanda ake kira jarrabawar bimanual) don bincika mahaifa, ovaries, da Tsarin da ke kusa da mahaifa (adnexae) da 3) jarrabawar cikin gida ta amfani da speculum don ganin ganuwar farji da cervix.[6] A lokacin gwajin pelvic, ana iya tattara samfurin sel da ruwa don tantancewa don kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i ko ciwon daji (Gwajin Pap). Wasu likitoci suna yin gwajin pelvic a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kulawa na yau da kullun. Koyaya, a ciki 2014, Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka ta buga jagororin game da jarrabawar pelvic na yau da kullun a cikin mata masu girma waɗanda ba su da ciki kuma ba su da alamomi, ban da jarraba-gwajen pelvic da aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar ciwon daji.<ref>http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/aafp-pelvic-exams-on-asymptomatic-nonpregnant-women-to-screen-for-cervical-cancer/</ref> ==Manazarta== nvmzsgdf3je8qfq7q4jeqrfs8f4e8qr 0 158160 859228 2026-06-17T09:47:34Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345099550|Asiwaju Yinka Mafe]]" 859228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asiwaju Yinka Mafe''' an haife shi (4 ga Fabrairu 1974 ya mutu eranar 4 ga Fabrairun 2020)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-04 |title=BREAKING: Former Ogun Assembly leader, Yinka Mafe, dies after celebrating 46th birthday |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-former-ogun-assembly-leader-yinka-mafe-dies-after-celebrating-46th-birthday/ |access-date=2020-02-05 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> lauya ne na Najeriya, kuma Shugaban Mafi rinjaye na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ogun.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Legislature {{!}} Official Website of the Ogun State Government, Nigeria |url=http://ogunstate.gov.ng/legislature/ |access-date=2017-09-25 |work=Official Website of the Ogun State Government, Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar shi == Yinka Mafe ya sami karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Igudu, Warri, jihar Delta. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Nana, kuma a Warri, jihar Delta. Don karatun sakandare, ya halarci [[Kwalejin Hussey Warri]], daga inda ya koma kwalejin Dom-Domingos, kuma a Warri, don kammala karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1993, ya sami izinin karatun shari'a a [[Jami'ar Benin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Benin |url=https://www.uniben.edu/}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == An kira Mafe zuwa Kotun Shari'a ta Najeriya a matsayin Mai Shari'a na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] bayan ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya Victoria Island, Legas a shekara ta 2001.((((((((qualifications to practice as a Solicitor of the [[:en:Supreme_Court_of_England|Supreme Court of England]] in the UK. He worked as a solicitor in various law firms, and later owned MIB solicitors in the UK, after which he wound down the firm and moved back to Nigeria in 2010 to continue his Mafe ya koma Burtaniya a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar kasuwanci ta duniya daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekara ta 2006. Ya ɗauki kuma ya wuce gwajin canjin lauyoyi a Kwalejin Shari'a ta London, inda ya sami cancantarsa don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Kotun Koli ta Ingila a Burtaniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a kamfanonin lauyoyi daban-daban, kuma daga baya ya mallaki masu ba da shawara na MIB a Burtaniya, bayan haka ya rushe kamfanin kuma ya koma Najeriya a 2010 don ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Mafe a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Ward Three a Majalisar Dokokin Karamar Hukumar [[Sagamu]] a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1998, wa'adin da ya ƙare a shekara ta 2002. An zabi Mafe a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ogun a shekarar 2011 kuma ya zama Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ilimi, Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2015. Ya wakilci mazabar Sagamu 1 ta Jihar Ogun a Majalisar Dokoki. Shi ne [[Shugaban masu rinjaye|Shugaba mafi rinjaye]]. A lokacin babban zaben 2019, Mafe ya fice daga All Progressives Congress (APC) kuma ya gudu don wakiltar mazabar Tarayya ta Remo a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] a karkashin dandalin Allied Peoples Movement (APM) kuma ya ɓace. Ya koma All Progressives Congress (APC) a watan Afrilun 2019<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2015 |title=Full list of Ogun House of Assembly members &#124; Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/182390-full-list-of-ogun-house-of-assembly-members.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] qctgklxgacbg51381zewwce3onq1do5 859230 859228 2026-06-17T09:48:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asiwaju Yinka Mafe''' an haife shi (4 ga Fabrairu 1974 ya mutu eranar 4 ga Fabrairun 2020)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-04 |title=BREAKING: Former Ogun Assembly leader, Yinka Mafe, dies after celebrating 46th birthday |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-former-ogun-assembly-leader-yinka-mafe-dies-after-celebrating-46th-birthday/ |access-date=2020-02-05 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> lauya ne na Najeriya, kuma Shugaban Mafi rinjaye na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ogun.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Legislature {{!}} Official Website of the Ogun State Government, Nigeria |url=http://ogunstate.gov.ng/legislature/ |access-date=2017-09-25 |work=Official Website of the Ogun State Government, Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar shi == Yinka Mafe ya sami karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Igudu, Warri, jihar Delta. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Nana, kuma a Warri, jihar Delta. Don karatun sakandare, ya halarci [[Kwalejin Hussey Warri]], daga inda ya koma kwalejin Dom-Domingos, kuma a Warri, don kammala karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1993, ya sami izinin karatun shari'a a [[Jami'ar Benin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Benin |url=https://www.uniben.edu/}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == An kira Mafe zuwa Kotun Shari'a ta Najeriya a matsayin Mai Shari'a na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] bayan ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a a Najeriya Victoria Island, Legas a shekara ta 2001. Mafe ya koma Burtaniya a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar kasuwanci ta duniya daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekara ta 2006. Ya ɗauki kuma ya wuce gwajin canjin lauyoyi a Kwalejin Shari'a ta London, inda ya sami cancantarsa don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Kotun Koli ta Ingila a Burtaniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a kamfanonin lauyoyi daban-daban, kuma daga baya ya mallaki masu ba da shawara na MIB a Burtaniya, bayan haka ya rushe kamfanin kuma ya koma Najeriya a 2010 don ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Mafe a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Ward Three a Majalisar Dokokin Karamar Hukumar [[Sagamu]] a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1998, wa'adin da ya ƙare a shekara ta 2002. An zabi Mafe a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ogun a shekarar 2011 kuma ya zama Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ilimi, Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma an sake zabarsa a shekarar 2015. Ya wakilci mazabar Sagamu 1 ta Jihar Ogun a Majalisar Dokoki. Shi ne [[Shugaban masu rinjaye|Shugaba mafi rinjaye]]. A lokacin babban zaben 2019, Mafe ya fice daga All Progressives Congress (APC) kuma ya gudu don wakiltar mazabar Tarayya ta Remo a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] a karkashin dandalin Allied Peoples Movement (APM) kuma ya ɓace. Ya koma All Progressives Congress (APC) a watan Afrilun 2019<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2015 |title=Full list of Ogun House of Assembly members &#124; Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/182390-full-list-of-ogun-house-of-assembly-members.html |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] rxuvrjpevnse1p5hzzwqj8bmfyeg4ne 0 158161 859233 2026-06-17T09:55:06Z Mustysummy 21281 ssabuwar mukala 859233 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin haifuwa mata na ɗan adam ya ƙunshi gabobin jima'i na taki da na waje waɗanda ke aiki a ciki haihuwa sabon zuriya. Tsarin haihuwa ba shi da girma a lokacin haihuwa kuma yana tasowa a lokacin balaga don ya sami damar sakin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga ovaries, ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar su tare da maniyyi, kuma ya haifar da yanayin kariya ga tayin mai tasowa yayin daukar ciki. Yankin haihuwar mace an yi shi ne da gabobin ciki da yawa da aka haɗa - farji, mahaifa, da bututun fallopian - kuma yana iya kamuwa da cuta.<ref>https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/3/20-1783_article</ref> An kare takardar ta hanyar karkace da ake kira labia majora da kuma flap da ake kira labi minora. Jinin yana ba da damar yin jima'i da haihuwa, kuma yana da alaƙa da mahaifa a cikin mahaifa. Uterus (ko mahaifa) yana karɓar tayin ta hanyar haɓaka lining na mahaifa. Ƙananan ɓangaren waje na clitoris, a ƙasa da Mons Venus, yana taimakawa tare da farkawa da orgasm. Har ila yau, mahaifa tana samar da ɓoye-ɓoye wanda ke taimakawa jigilar maniyyi zuwa bututun fallopian, inda ɗaya daga cikinsu zai iya shayar da kwai. A lokacin sake zagayowar haila, wani ovary ya saki kwai, wanda ke wucewa ta hanyar bututun fallopian zuwa cikin mahaifa. Idan kwayar halitta ta haɗu da maniyyi a kan hanyarsa zuwa mahaifar, kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya shiga kuma ta haɗu tare da ita, ta haifar da zygote. Idan babu wani takin da ya faru, dole ne a zubar da lining na mahaifa a matsayin jini, mucus, da nama, tsari da aka sani da haila. Fertilization yawanci yana faruwa a ciki bututun fallopian kuma yana nuna farkon embryogenesis. Zygote zai raba kan isasshen ƙirji na sel don samar da blastocyst, wanda ke sanya kansa a cikin bango na mahaifa. Wannan ya fara lokacin daukar ciki kuma tayin zai ci gaba da bunkasa har zuwa cikakken lokaci. Lokacin da tayin ya bunkasa ya isa ya tsira a waje da mahaifa, cervix ya fadada, kuma raguwar mahaifa yana motsa shi ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa (farin jiki), inda ya zama jariri. Mafarki suna daga cikin tsarin haihuwa <ref>https://www.universityobgynassoc.com/2021/04/23/gynecology-what-you-need-to-know-about-your-lady-parts/</ref> kodayake zuwan zamani na Tsarin jariri ya sa glandun nono ba su da mahimmanci ga ciyar da jarirai. ==Manzarta== n5cw2uq3k18b92tsckpch1f881118ad 859234 859233 2026-06-17T09:56:25Z Mustysummy 21281 saka data box 859234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Tsarin haifuwa mata na ɗan adam ya ƙunshi gabobin jima'i na taki da na waje waɗanda ke aiki a ciki haihuwa sabon zuriya. Tsarin haihuwa ba shi da girma a lokacin haihuwa kuma yana tasowa a lokacin balaga don ya sami damar sakin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga ovaries, ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar su tare da maniyyi, kuma ya haifar da yanayin kariya ga tayin mai tasowa yayin daukar ciki. Yankin haihuwar mace an yi shi ne da gabobin ciki da yawa da aka haɗa - farji, mahaifa, da bututun fallopian - kuma yana iya kamuwa da cuta.<ref>https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/3/20-1783_article</ref> An kare takardar ta hanyar karkace da ake kira labia majora da kuma flap da ake kira labi minora. Jinin yana ba da damar yin jima'i da haihuwa, kuma yana da alaƙa da mahaifa a cikin mahaifa. Uterus (ko mahaifa) yana karɓar tayin ta hanyar haɓaka lining na mahaifa. Ƙananan ɓangaren waje na clitoris, a ƙasa da Mons Venus, yana taimakawa tare da farkawa da orgasm. Har ila yau, mahaifa tana samar da ɓoye-ɓoye wanda ke taimakawa jigilar maniyyi zuwa bututun fallopian, inda ɗaya daga cikinsu zai iya shayar da kwai. A lokacin sake zagayowar haila, wani ovary ya saki kwai, wanda ke wucewa ta hanyar bututun fallopian zuwa cikin mahaifa. Idan kwayar halitta ta haɗu da maniyyi a kan hanyarsa zuwa mahaifar, kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya shiga kuma ta haɗu tare da ita, ta haifar da zygote. Idan babu wani takin da ya faru, dole ne a zubar da lining na mahaifa a matsayin jini, mucus, da nama, tsari da aka sani da haila. Fertilization yawanci yana faruwa a ciki bututun fallopian kuma yana nuna farkon embryogenesis. Zygote zai raba kan isasshen ƙirji na sel don samar da blastocyst, wanda ke sanya kansa a cikin bango na mahaifa. Wannan ya fara lokacin daukar ciki kuma tayin zai ci gaba da bunkasa har zuwa cikakken lokaci. Lokacin da tayin ya bunkasa ya isa ya tsira a waje da mahaifa, cervix ya fadada, kuma raguwar mahaifa yana motsa shi ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa (farin jiki), inda ya zama jariri. Mafarki suna daga cikin tsarin haihuwa <ref>https://www.universityobgynassoc.com/2021/04/23/gynecology-what-you-need-to-know-about-your-lady-parts/</ref> kodayake zuwan zamani na Tsarin jariri ya sa glandun nono ba su da mahimmanci ga ciyar da jarirai. ==Manzarta== 9ao092b4dbfnubqwn9zexhgz8kmiz89 0 158162 859239 2026-06-17T10:12:07Z Sadiq maikano 45961 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359224532|Cade Smith]]" 859239 wikitext text/x-wiki Cade '''Jared Benjamin Smith''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kwando na Cleveland Guardians na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya fara bugawa MLB a shekarar 2024. == Ayyuka == Smith ya halarci Cibiyar Ilimi ta Mennonite a Abbotsford, British Columbia, Kanada . Minnesota Twins ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na 16 na shirin Baseball na 2017 Major League, amma bai sanya hannu ba kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Hawaii a Manoa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-02 |title=Rainbow Warriors look for ‘Twin’ career out of Cade Smith |url=https://www.khon2.com/news/rainbow-warriors-look-for-twin-career-out-of-cade-smith/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=KHON2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Abbotsford’s Cade Smith picked by Minnesota Twins |url=https://www.abbynews.com/home2/abbotsfords-cade-smith-picked-by-minnesota-twins-1765045 |website=The Abbotsford News}}</ref> Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Shirin MLB na 2020, wanda aka taƙaita saboda annobar COVID-19, Smith ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Indians . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsai |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2020 |title=University of Hawaii pitcher Cade Smith signs with Indians |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/06/16/sports/sports-breaking/university-of-hawaii-pitcher-cade-smith-signs-with-indians/ |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Former ‘Bows Pitcher, Cade Smith, ready for chance with Cleveland Indians |url=https://www.khon2.com/sports/former-bows-pitcher-cade-smith-ready-for-chance-with-cleveland-indians/}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2021, yana buga wa Lynchburg Hillcats da Lake County Captains. A shekara ta 2022, ya buga wa Lake County da Akron RubberDucks wasa. Bayan kakar, ya buga wasan a cikin [[Arizona Fall League]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Callis |first=Jim |date=2022-10-19 |title=Guardians Arizona Fall League overview 2022 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/guardians-arizona-fall-league-overview-2022 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an zaɓi Smith don buga wa tawagar kwallon kwando ta ƙasar Kanada wasa a cikin World Baseball Classic na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Abbotsford’s Cade Smith named to Team Canada for World Baseball Classic |url=https://www.hopestandard.com/sports/abbotsfords-cade-smith-named-to-team-canada-for-world-baseball-classic-2087920 |website=Hope Standard}}</ref> Masu kula sun zaɓi kwangilar Smith a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2023, suna ƙara shi zuwa jerin sunayen mutane 40. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2024, Smith ya fara bugawa MLB, inda ya buga wa 'yan wasan Oakland Athletics biyar a wasanni biyu. Ayyukansa sun kafa rikodin Cleveland don mafi yawan strikeouts a farkon innings biyu da aka buga ko žasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith reunites with family, sets club record in MLB debut |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/guardians-top-prospect-cade-smith-makes-debut |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> Smith ya gama kakar wasa ta farko tare da 1.91 ERA da 103 strikeouts a cikin innings.  Smith ya fara wasan farko a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, inda ya buga dukkan 'yan wasan Detroit Tigers hudu da ya fuskanta a nasarar Cleveland 7-0 a Wasan 1 na American League Division Series . Smith ya kori 12 daga cikin 22 da ya fuskanta a cikin ALDS, ya kafa babban rikodin league don raguwa ta hanyar mai sauyawa a cikin Division Series. A cikin kakar 2025, Smith ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu rufewa biyu na maye gurbin Guardians bayan an sanya Emmanuel Class a kan hutun da ba a biya ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincike game da caca ta wasanni ta ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2025. A wannan lokacin, Smith ya zama firamare na Cleveland kusa yayin da ya tafi rikodin 6-2 tare da 2.79 ERA da 39 strikeouts a wasanni 30. A kakar 2025, ya ƙare tare da rikodin 8-5 tare da 2.93 ERA da 104 strikeouts a wasanni 76. Ya kuma zama American League Reliever of the Month na watan Satumba yayin da ya ceci wasanni bakwai, wanda ya fi dacewa a AL, gami da ceto a wasanni shida a jere daga Satumba 6-14. Ya ƙare watan tare da 2.77 ERA da 22 strikeouts a cikin 13 innings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeRosa |first=Theo |date=2025-09-30 |title=MLB monthly award winners for September 2025 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-monthly-award-winners-for-september-2025 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Smith sananne ne saboda yawan saurin sa. Da farko ya jefa kwallon sauri guda huɗu wanda ke da matsakaicin kusan 96 mph. Babban filin sa na biyu shine mai raba, kuma yana haɗuwa a cikin mai sharewa a wani lokaci. Har ila yau, an san shi da tsawo mai daraja, daga cikin mafi girma a cikin Major League Baseball, wanda ke ba shi damar sakin kwallon kusa da farantin gida, yana sa sa saurinsa ya bayyana da sauri ga masu bugawa. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka saki shi ya fi ƙasa da matsakaicin league, yana haifar da kusurwar yaudara wanda ke sa sa saurin sa ya tashi fiye da yadda ake tsammani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clemens |first=Ben |date=June 27, 2024 |title=Cade Smith's Fastball, Examined |url=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/cade-smiths-fastball-examined/ |access-date= |website=FanGraphs Baseball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith Stats: Statcast, Visuals & Advanced Metrics |url=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/savant-player/cade-smith-671922?stats=statcast-r-pitching-mlb |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=baseballsavant.com |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; Smith ya auri Elizabeth, Ba'amurke. Shi Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shushkewich |first=Tyson |date=January 16, 2025 |title=Reliever Cade Smith takes home Special Achievement Award from Baseball Canada |url=https://bluejaysnation.com/news/reliever-cade-smith-takes-home-special-achievement-award-from-baseball-canada |access-date= |website=BlueJaysNation |language=en}}</ref> Ya girma a matsayin mai sha'awar Toronto Blue Jays . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News |url=https://www.mlb.com/guardians/player/cade-smith-671922 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 3gam6ndu3idf8k4txxku3bb47r38ysm 859240 859239 2026-06-17T10:14:21Z Sadiq maikano 45961 859240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cade '''Jared Benjamin Smith''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon gora|Kwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kwando na Cleveland Guardians na Major League Baseball (MLB). Ya fara bugawa MLB a shekarar 2024. == Ayyuka == Smith ya halarci Cibiyar Ilimi ta Mennonite a Abbotsford, British Columbia, Kanada . Minnesota Twins ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na 16 na shirin Baseball na 2017 Major League, amma bai sanya hannu ba kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Hawaii a Manoa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-02 |title=Rainbow Warriors look for ‘Twin’ career out of Cade Smith |url=https://www.khon2.com/news/rainbow-warriors-look-for-twin-career-out-of-cade-smith/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=KHON2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Abbotsford’s Cade Smith picked by Minnesota Twins |url=https://www.abbynews.com/home2/abbotsfords-cade-smith-picked-by-minnesota-twins-1765045 |website=The Abbotsford News}}</ref> Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Shirin MLB na 2020, wanda aka taƙaita saboda annobar COVID-19, Smith ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Indians . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsai |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2020 |title=University of Hawaii pitcher Cade Smith signs with Indians |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/06/16/sports/sports-breaking/university-of-hawaii-pitcher-cade-smith-signs-with-indians/ |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Former ‘Bows Pitcher, Cade Smith, ready for chance with Cleveland Indians |url=https://www.khon2.com/sports/former-bows-pitcher-cade-smith-ready-for-chance-with-cleveland-indians/}}</ref> Ya shafe kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2021, yana buga wa Lynchburg Hillcats da Lake County Captains. A shekara ta 2022, ya buga wa Lake County da Akron RubberDucks wasa. Bayan kakar, ya buga wasan a cikin [[Arizona Fall League]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Callis |first=Jim |date=2022-10-19 |title=Guardians Arizona Fall League overview 2022 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/guardians-arizona-fall-league-overview-2022 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an zaɓi Smith don buga wa tawagar kwallon kwando ta ƙasar Kanada wasa a cikin World Baseball Classic na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Abbotsford’s Cade Smith named to Team Canada for World Baseball Classic |url=https://www.hopestandard.com/sports/abbotsfords-cade-smith-named-to-team-canada-for-world-baseball-classic-2087920 |website=Hope Standard}}</ref> Masu kula sun zaɓi kwangilar Smith a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2023, suna ƙara shi zuwa jerin sunayen mutane 40. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2024, Smith ya fara bugawa MLB, inda ya buga wa 'yan wasan Oakland Athletics biyar a wasanni biyu. Ayyukansa sun kafa rikodin Cleveland don mafi yawan strikeouts a farkon innings biyu da aka buga ko žasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith reunites with family, sets club record in MLB debut |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/guardians-top-prospect-cade-smith-makes-debut |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> Smith ya gama kakar wasa ta farko tare da 1.91 ERA da 103 strikeouts a cikin innings.  Smith ya fara wasan farko a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, inda ya buga dukkan 'yan wasan Detroit Tigers hudu da ya fuskanta a nasarar Cleveland 7-0 a Wasan 1 na American League Division Series . Smith ya kori 12 daga cikin 22 da ya fuskanta a cikin ALDS, ya kafa babban rikodin league don raguwa ta hanyar mai sauyawa a cikin Division Series. A cikin kakar 2025, Smith ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu rufewa biyu na maye gurbin Guardians bayan an sanya Emmanuel Class a kan hutun da ba a biya ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincike game da caca ta wasanni ta ƙungiyar a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2025. A wannan lokacin, Smith ya zama firamare na Cleveland kusa yayin da ya tafi rikodin 6-2 tare da 2.79 ERA da 39 strikeouts a wasanni 30. A kakar 2025, ya ƙare tare da rikodin 8-5 tare da 2.93 ERA da 104 strikeouts a wasanni 76. Ya kuma zama American League Reliever of the Month na watan Satumba yayin da ya ceci wasanni bakwai, wanda ya fi dacewa a AL, gami da ceto a wasanni shida a jere daga Satumba 6-14. Ya ƙare watan tare da 2.77 ERA da 22 strikeouts a cikin 13 innings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeRosa |first=Theo |date=2025-09-30 |title=MLB monthly award winners for September 2025 |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-monthly-award-winners-for-september-2025 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> Smith sananne ne saboda yawan saurin sa. Da farko ya jefa kwallon sauri guda huɗu wanda ke da matsakaicin kusan 96 mph. Babban filin sa na biyu shine mai raba, kuma yana haɗuwa a cikin mai sharewa a wani lokaci. Har ila yau, an san shi da tsawo mai daraja, daga cikin mafi girma a cikin Major League Baseball, wanda ke ba shi damar sakin kwallon kusa da farantin gida, yana sa sa saurinsa ya bayyana da sauri ga masu bugawa. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka saki shi ya fi ƙasa da matsakaicin league, yana haifar da kusurwar yaudara wanda ke sa sa saurin sa ya tashi fiye da yadda ake tsammani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clemens |first=Ben |date=June 27, 2024 |title=Cade Smith's Fastball, Examined |url=https://blogs.fangraphs.com/cade-smiths-fastball-examined/ |access-date= |website=FanGraphs Baseball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith Stats: Statcast, Visuals & Advanced Metrics |url=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/savant-player/cade-smith-671922?stats=statcast-r-pitching-mlb |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=baseballsavant.com |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; Smith ya auri Elizabeth, Ba'amurke. Shi Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shushkewich |first=Tyson |date=January 16, 2025 |title=Reliever Cade Smith takes home Special Achievement Award from Baseball Canada |url=https://bluejaysnation.com/news/reliever-cade-smith-takes-home-special-achievement-award-from-baseball-canada |access-date= |website=BlueJaysNation |language=en}}</ref> Ya girma a matsayin mai sha'awar Toronto Blue Jays . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Smith Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News |url=https://www.mlb.com/guardians/player/cade-smith-671922 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] la6qkkxw5baeipl3bgxjkmn5thi6u16 0 158163 859242 2026-06-17T10:17:48Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346660312|AIDS service organization]]" 859242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau''' ƙungiyoyi ne da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma waɗanda ke ba da tallafi ga mutanen da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] ta shafa. Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau a Amurka kawai. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi makamantan haka a wasu ƙasashe, kamar Kanada, suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin rikicin cutar kanjamau kuma suna raba abubuwan da suka faru da ƙalubale da yawa. Akwai nau'ikan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi iri-iri domin samar da nau'ikan buƙatu iri-iri na marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS da iyalansu. Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, suna ba da taimako wajen gwaji, magani, magungunan rigakafi kamar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar (PrEP), musayar allura da sirinji <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) for HIV prevention |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/needle-syringe-programmes}}</ref> da ƙari. Wani sanannen nau'in ƙungiyar agajin cutar AIDS shine wanda ya dogara da ilimi, yana aiki don wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar batutuwa kamar [[Kanjamau|yaɗuwar cutar HIV]], [[jima'i mai aminci]], albarkatun magani, da kuma kawar da rashin fahimta game da cutar HIV/AIDS . Sauran ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka kamar shawarwari na shari'a da/ko fafutuka, ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ba da shawara, da kuma tara kuɗi da kuma wayar da kan al'umma. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun marasa lafiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Dawn K. |last2=Maier |first2=Emily |last3=Betts |first3=Joshua |last4=Gray |first4=Simone |last5=Kolodziejski |first5=Brian |last6=Hoover |first6=Karen W. |year=2016 |title=What Community-Based HIV Prevention Organizations Say About Their Role in Biomedical HIV Prevention |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=426–439 |doi=10.1521/aeap.2016.28.5.426 |pmid=27710082}}</ref> da kuma rage tasirin tattalin arziki na HIV/AIDS, <ref name="aj">{{Cite journal |last=Arno |first=P. S. |year=1986 |title=The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1325–1330 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325 |pmc=1646723 |pmid=3766829}}</ref> ƙarfafa lafiyar duniya, da kuma magance rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke shafar marasa lafiya da cutar HIV/AIDS. == Ci gaba == Gano masu cutar kanjamau a Amurka a shekarun 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=History of HIV and AIDS overview |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview}}</ref> ya haifar da buƙatar samar da albarkatu ga marasa lafiya da sauran waɗanda cutar ta shafa. Wannan ba wai kawai game da cutar kanjamau/AIDS ba ne, akwai ƙungiyoyi da ke ba da irin wannan sabis ga wasu cututtuka kamar ƙungiyoyin ciwon daji da ƙungiyoyin ciwon suga . Yawancin ƙungiyoyin HIV/AIDS faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ da suka riga suka wanzu, waɗanda ke cikin jihohi 32 <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}</ref> kuma sun ci gaba da bunƙasa a kan lokaci don biyan buƙatun al'ummar LGBTQ masu canzawa. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Martos |first=Alexander J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Patrick A. |last3=Meyer |first3=Ilan H. |year=2017 |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280544M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180544 |pmc=5503273 |pmid=28692659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ne don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiyar mutanen LGBTQ na musamman <ref name="nc">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S |year=2008 |title=Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 |pmc=2377288 |pmid=18445789}}</ref> da kuma magance [[Lafiyar LGBTQ|tasirin]] abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi, ƙyama, da son zuciya. Sun daidaita cikin sauƙi don magance annobar HIV/AIDS. Misali ɗaya shine Cibiyar LGBT ta Los Angeles, babbar ƙungiyar sabis ta LGBT a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Los Angeles LGBT Center |url=https://lalgbtcenter.org}}</ref> Amma ba duk ƙungiyoyin sabis na AIDS ba ne cibiyoyin LGBT na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin farko da suka fi shahara a kan AIDS shine/ita ce Rikicin Lafiyar Maza Masu Jinya a New York. Kungiyoyin AIDS masu tushen al'umma sun kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya da na zamantakewa, amincewa, da daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why We Fight: Remembering AIDS Activism |url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/why-we-fight/more |website=nypl.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka iri-iri don dacewa da buƙatu iri-iri, wanda ya danganta da haɗin kan kiwon lafiya da [[talauci]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Facts Poverty and Poor Health |url=https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/info-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/key-facts/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Poverty and health |url=https://www.who.int/hdp/poverty/en/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mercado S, Havemann K, Sami M, Ueda H |year=2007 |title=Urban poverty: an urgent public health issue |journal=J Urban Health |volume=84 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=i7–15 |doi=10.1007/s11524-007-9191-5 |pmc=1891652 |pmid=17464567}}</ref> da matsalolin zamantakewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 17. Analyzing Community Problems and Solutions &#124; Section 5. Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Development &#124; Main Section &#124; Community Tool Box |url=https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/analyze-community-problems-and-solutions/social-determinants-of-health/main}}</ref> Ayyukan likita su ne fifikon yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, saboda abubuwan da ke hana yawancin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS samun isasshen kulawa daga manyan masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da wariya ta gaske ko ta hanyar da ake gani a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Health Care Isn't Caring |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/when-health-care-isnt-caring}}</ref> da kamfanonin inshora, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-02 |title=Widespread Discrimination Continues to Shape LGBT People's Lives in Both Subtle and Significant Ways |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widespread-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/}}</ref> rashin ƙwarewar al'adu tsakanin masu samar da kiwon lafiya game da batutuwan LGBT, <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video Emphasizes Need for LGBT Cultural Competency Trainings for Healthcare Providers |url=https://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612211839/http://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-date=2016-06-12 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> da marasa lafiya da ba sa son a danganta su da AIDS, da/ko, a wasu lokuta, al'ummar LBGT. Wannan har yanzu yana faruwa a yau amma ya fi yawa a lokacin rikicin HIV/AIDS. "Ingantaccen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya da rigakafi ga tsirarun jinsi da mata yana buƙatar masu samar da ayyuka su kasance masu la'akari da wariya ta tarihi, a sanar da su game da ci gaba da shinge ga kulawa da bambancin yawan takamaiman abubuwan haɗari da yanayin lafiya a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, da kuma sanin al'adun hulɗarsu da marasa lafiya na LGBT." <ref name="nc">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S |year=2008 |title=Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 |pmc=2377288 |pmid=18445789}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMayerBradfordMakadonStall2008">Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377288 "Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done"]. ''Am J Public Health''. '''98''' (6): <span class="nowrap">989–</span>95. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811|10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377288 2377288]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445789 18445789].</cite></ref> Musamman a lokacin rikicin AIDS, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne kuma an tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin kula da cutar AIDS su cike gibin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Close the LGBT Health Disparities Gap |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2009/12/21/7048/how-to-close-the-lgbt-health-disparities-gap/}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin AIDS suna ba da gwaji, magani, kula da alamun cutar, ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da ƙari. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna ba da albarkatu fiye da ayyukan likita. Rashin ilimi game da cutar AIDS da firgici da bayanai marasa tushe da suka haifar su ne suka sa ƙungiyoyin agajin al'umma da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=History - AIDS Services of Austin |url=http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110703/http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> suka yi aiki don samar da ilimi da kuma kawar da tatsuniyoyi game da cutar. Wannan ya ci gaba da zama babban batu a yau <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=U.S. Teen Survey Headline Highlights |url=https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/assets/4856758/MAC_AIDS_Fund_US_Teen_Survey_-_Headline_Highlights.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Kelton}}</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka da ƙungiyoyin AIDS ke bayarwa. Hakanan suna iya ba da ilimin [[Lafiyar al'umma|lafiya da walwala na al'umma]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities |url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000389/p0000389.asp}}</ref> shawarwari na kai da na iyali, <ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS and Mental Health |url=https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/psychotherapy-for-hiv-infection}}</ref> wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar jima'i da rigakafin [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i]], [[Jima'i mai aminci|kayan jima'i masu aminci]], da shawarwari da ayyuka na shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambda Legal |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org}}</ref> == Matsaloli == Kungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna fuskantar irin waɗannan matsaloli da duk ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na zamantakewa ke fuskanta: gwagwarmayar neman kuɗi, aiki, da albarkatu, da kuma yaƙin da ake yi da wata mummunar cuta. Amma akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin AIDS musamman. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chillag |first=Kata |last2=Bartholow |first2=Kelly |last3=Cordeiro |first3=Janna |last4=Swanson |first4=Sue |last5=Patterson |first5=Jocelyn |last6=Stebbins |first6=Selby |last7=Woodside |first7=Carol |last8=Sy |first8=Francisco |year=2002 |title=Factors Affecting the Delivery of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs by Community-Based Organizations |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=14 |issue=3_supplement |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1521/aeap.14.4.27.23886 |pmid=12092934}}</ref> HIV/AIDS "yana addabar mutanen da suka fi rauni a duniya" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forstein Marshall |year=2013 |title=AIDS: A History |journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health |volume=17 |pages=40–63 |doi=10.1080/19359705.2013.740212 |s2cid=70364983}}</ref> kuma suna dogara sosai ga ƙungiyoyin hidima saboda wariya, ƙyama, da tsoron ɗaukar fansa a zamantakewa da shari'a, duka a halin yanzu amma musamman a lokacin da rikicin AIDS ya yi tsanani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=Challenges in HIV Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/challenges-508.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> "Bambance-bambancen lafiya a bayyane yake" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holtgrave |first=David R. |year=2014 |title=Achieving and Advancing the Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=211–213 |doi=10.1007/s10461-014-0903-z |pmid=25239154 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamar yadda marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS MSM ne, mata masu canza jinsi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Transgender People &#124; Gender &#124; HIV by Group &#124; HIV/AIDS &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/transgender/index.html}}</ref> [[Talauci|masu ƙarancin kuɗi]], da/ko mutanen da ba su da launin fata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is at Risk for HIV Infection and Which Populations Are Most Affected? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/who-risk-hiv-infection-which-populations-are-most-affected}}</ref> HIV/AIDS kuma yana shafar mutanen da ke fama da jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta IV <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Does Drug Abuse Affect the HIV Epidemic? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053925/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> da/ko rashin matsuguni . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coalition for the Homeless |url=http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hiv.html}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka dogara da cibiyoyin al'umma da ƙungiyoyin hidima. <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf "2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''lgbtmap.org''. June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Rikicin AIDS ya shagaltu da siyasa akai-akai wanda ya ƙara faɗaɗa gwagwarmayar marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS, da kuma cikas ga bincike da neman [[Kanjamau|magani]] da/ko magani. Ba a gano cewa ƙwayar cutar HIV ita ce sanadin cutar AIDS ba sai a shekarar 1984, <ref name="aids">{{Cite web |title=HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#124; Lowcountry AIDS Services |url=http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> kuma ba a amince da maganin farko ba, AZT, sai a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2017 |title=The Story Behind the First AIDS Drug, Approved 30 Years Ago |url=https://time.com/4705809/first-aids-drug-azt/}}</ref> Don haka akwai tsawon lokaci bayan bullar cutar HIV/AIDS wanda babu magani, kuma ƙungiyoyin al'umma za su iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan kula da alamun cutar da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman magani. Da zarar an gano maganin kuma aka amince da shi, an sayar da shi kan farashi mai ban mamaki. A shekarar 1989, AZT ita ce maganin da ya fi tsada a tarihi. Marasa lafiya kaɗan ne za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ko su ci gaba da shan magani don shirin dogon lokaci wanda ya zama dole don rage yawan ƙwayoyin cutar ga marasa lafiya . Kungiyoyin AIDS da dama sun fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummomin yankin saboda tsoron GRID ko cutar kansar 'yan luwadi ya yi yawa, tare da nuna wariya ta siyasa, shari'a, da zamantakewa da kuma kyamar 'yan luwadi . <ref name="aids">{{Cite web |title=HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#124; Lowcountry AIDS Services |url=http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ "HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#x7C; Lowcountry AIDS Services"]. Archived from [http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ the original] on 2017-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Shari'ar Ryan White ta sami karbuwa sosai daga kafofin watsa labarai saboda gogewarsa da keta al'umma. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin albarkatu dangane da yanayin ƙasa a cikin Amurka. Ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga cibiyoyin LGBT da suka riga suka wanzu an keɓe su ga wuraren bakin teku na birane. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Martos |first=Alexander J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Patrick A. |last3=Meyer |first3=Ilan H. |year=2017 |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280544M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180544 |pmc=5503273 |pmid=28692659 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMartosWilsonMeyer2017">Martos, Alexander J.; Wilson, Patrick A.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5503273 "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''12''' (7) e0180544. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1280544M 2017PLoSO..1280544M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180544|10.1371/journal.pone.0180544]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5503273 5503273]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28692659 28692659].</cite></ref> Kungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, musamman kungiyoyin HIV/AIDS, sun dogara sosai kan ayyukan sa-kai. <ref name="aj">{{Cite journal |last=Arno |first=P. S. |year=1986 |title=The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1325–1330 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325 |pmc=1646723 |pmid=3766829}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArno1986">Arno, P. S. (1986). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646723 "The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco"]. ''American Journal of Public Health''. '''76''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1325–</span>1330. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325|10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646723 1646723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3766829 3766829].</cite></ref> Kashi 21% na kungiyoyin al'umma na LGBT sun dogara gaba ɗaya kan ayyukan sa-kai, kuma kashi 57% suna da ƙasa da ma'aikata biyar da ake biyan albashi. <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf "2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''lgbtmap.org''. June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Wani cikas kuma shine gaggawar buƙatar magani. HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] cuta ce mai yaɗuwa, don haka magani ya zama dole ga lafiyar marasa lafiya da kuma walwalarsu, har ma da hana yaɗuwar cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The importance of HIV care and support services |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2016/december/20161202_HIV-care}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qjcpe0s1afac9vtds84d89n9gw6pnmh 859243 859242 2026-06-17T10:18:31Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau''' ƙungiyoyi ne da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma waɗanda ke ba da tallafi ga mutanen da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] ta shafa. Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau a Amurka kawai. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi makamantan haka a wasu ƙasashe, kamar Kanada, suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin rikicin cutar kanjamau kuma suna raba abubuwan da suka faru da ƙalubale da yawa. Akwai nau'ikan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi iri-iri domin samar da nau'ikan buƙatu iri-iri na marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS da iyalansu. Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, suna ba da taimako wajen gwaji, magani, magungunan rigakafi kamar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar (PrEP), musayar allura da sirinji <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) for HIV prevention |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/needle-syringe-programmes}}</ref> da ƙari. Wani sanannen nau'in ƙungiyar agajin cutar AIDS shine wanda ya dogara da ilimi, yana aiki don wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar batutuwa kamar [[Kanjamau|yaɗuwar cutar HIV]], [[jima'i mai aminci]], albarkatun magani, da kuma kawar da rashin fahimta game da cutar HIV/AIDS . Sauran ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka kamar shawarwari na shari'a da/ko fafutuka, ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ba da shawara, da kuma tara kuɗi da kuma wayar da kan al'umma. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun marasa lafiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Dawn K. |last2=Maier |first2=Emily |last3=Betts |first3=Joshua |last4=Gray |first4=Simone |last5=Kolodziejski |first5=Brian |last6=Hoover |first6=Karen W. |year=2016 |title=What Community-Based HIV Prevention Organizations Say About Their Role in Biomedical HIV Prevention |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=426–439 |doi=10.1521/aeap.2016.28.5.426 |pmid=27710082}}</ref> da kuma rage tasirin tattalin arziki na HIV/AIDS, <ref name="aj">{{Cite journal |last=Arno |first=P. S. |year=1986 |title=The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1325–1330 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325 |pmc=1646723 |pmid=3766829}}</ref> ƙarfafa lafiyar duniya, da kuma magance rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke shafar marasa lafiya da cutar HIV/AIDS. == Ci gaba == Gano masu cutar kanjamau a Amurka a shekarun 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=History of HIV and AIDS overview |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview}}</ref> ya haifar da buƙatar samar da albarkatu ga marasa lafiya da sauran waɗanda cutar ta shafa. Wannan ba wai kawai game da cutar kanjamau/AIDS ba ne, akwai ƙungiyoyi da ke ba da irin wannan sabis ga wasu cututtuka kamar ƙungiyoyin ciwon daji da ƙungiyoyin ciwon suga . Yawancin ƙungiyoyin HIV/AIDS faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ da suka riga suka wanzu, waɗanda ke cikin jihohi 32 <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}</ref> kuma sun ci gaba da bunƙasa a kan lokaci don biyan buƙatun al'ummar LGBTQ masu canzawa. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Martos |first=Alexander J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Patrick A. |last3=Meyer |first3=Ilan H. |year=2017 |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280544M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180544 |pmc=5503273 |pmid=28692659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ne don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiyar mutanen LGBTQ na musamman <ref name="nc">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S |year=2008 |title=Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 |pmc=2377288 |pmid=18445789}}</ref> da kuma magance [[Lafiyar LGBTQ|tasirin]] abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi, ƙyama, da son zuciya. Sun daidaita cikin sauƙi don magance annobar HIV/AIDS. Misali ɗaya shine Cibiyar LGBT ta Los Angeles, babbar ƙungiyar sabis ta LGBT a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Los Angeles LGBT Center |url=https://lalgbtcenter.org}}</ref> Amma ba duk ƙungiyoyin sabis na AIDS ba ne cibiyoyin LGBT na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin farko da suka fi shahara a kan AIDS shine/ita ce Rikicin Lafiyar Maza Masu Jinya a New York. Kungiyoyin AIDS masu tushen al'umma sun kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya da na zamantakewa, amincewa, da daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why We Fight: Remembering AIDS Activism |url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/why-we-fight/more |website=nypl.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka iri-iri don dacewa da buƙatu iri-iri, wanda ya danganta da haɗin kan kiwon lafiya da [[talauci]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Facts Poverty and Poor Health |url=https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/info-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/key-facts/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Poverty and health |url=https://www.who.int/hdp/poverty/en/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mercado S, Havemann K, Sami M, Ueda H |year=2007 |title=Urban poverty: an urgent public health issue |journal=J Urban Health |volume=84 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=i7–15 |doi=10.1007/s11524-007-9191-5 |pmc=1891652 |pmid=17464567}}</ref> da matsalolin zamantakewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 17. Analyzing Community Problems and Solutions &#124; Section 5. Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Development &#124; Main Section &#124; Community Tool Box |url=https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/analyze-community-problems-and-solutions/social-determinants-of-health/main}}</ref> Ayyukan likita su ne fifikon yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, saboda abubuwan da ke hana yawancin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS samun isasshen kulawa daga manyan masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da wariya ta gaske ko ta hanyar da ake gani a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Health Care Isn't Caring |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/when-health-care-isnt-caring}}</ref> da kamfanonin inshora, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-02 |title=Widespread Discrimination Continues to Shape LGBT People's Lives in Both Subtle and Significant Ways |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widespread-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/}}</ref> rashin ƙwarewar al'adu tsakanin masu samar da kiwon lafiya game da batutuwan LGBT, <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video Emphasizes Need for LGBT Cultural Competency Trainings for Healthcare Providers |url=https://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612211839/http://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-date=2016-06-12 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> da marasa lafiya da ba sa son a danganta su da AIDS, da/ko, a wasu lokuta, al'ummar LBGT. Wannan har yanzu yana faruwa a yau amma ya fi yawa a lokacin rikicin HIV/AIDS. "Ingantaccen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya da rigakafi ga tsirarun jinsi da mata yana buƙatar masu samar da ayyuka su kasance masu la'akari da wariya ta tarihi, a sanar da su game da ci gaba da shinge ga kulawa da bambancin yawan takamaiman abubuwan haɗari da yanayin lafiya a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, da kuma sanin al'adun hulɗarsu da marasa lafiya na LGBT." <ref name="nc">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S |year=2008 |title=Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 |pmc=2377288 |pmid=18445789}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMayerBradfordMakadonStall2008">Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377288 "Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done"]. ''Am J Public Health''. '''98''' (6): <span class="nowrap">989–</span>95. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811|10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2377288 2377288]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18445789 18445789].</cite></ref> Musamman a lokacin rikicin AIDS, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne kuma an tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin kula da cutar AIDS su cike gibin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Close the LGBT Health Disparities Gap |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2009/12/21/7048/how-to-close-the-lgbt-health-disparities-gap/}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin AIDS suna ba da gwaji, magani, kula da alamun cutar, ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da ƙari. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna ba da albarkatu fiye da ayyukan likita. Rashin ilimi game da cutar AIDS da firgici da bayanai marasa tushe da suka haifar su ne suka sa ƙungiyoyin agajin al'umma da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=History - AIDS Services of Austin |url=http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110703/http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> suka yi aiki don samar da ilimi da kuma kawar da tatsuniyoyi game da cutar. Wannan ya ci gaba da zama babban batu a yau <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=U.S. Teen Survey Headline Highlights |url=https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/assets/4856758/MAC_AIDS_Fund_US_Teen_Survey_-_Headline_Highlights.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Kelton}}</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka da ƙungiyoyin AIDS ke bayarwa. Hakanan suna iya ba da ilimin [[Lafiyar al'umma|lafiya da walwala na al'umma]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities |url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000389/p0000389.asp}}</ref> shawarwari na kai da na iyali, <ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS and Mental Health |url=https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/psychotherapy-for-hiv-infection}}</ref> wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar jima'i da rigakafin [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i]], [[Jima'i mai aminci|kayan jima'i masu aminci]], da shawarwari da ayyuka na shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambda Legal |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org}}</ref> == Matsaloli == Kungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna fuskantar irin waɗannan matsaloli da duk ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na zamantakewa ke fuskanta: gwagwarmayar neman kuɗi, aiki, da albarkatu, da kuma yaƙin da ake yi da wata mummunar cuta. Amma akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin AIDS musamman. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chillag |first=Kata |last2=Bartholow |first2=Kelly |last3=Cordeiro |first3=Janna |last4=Swanson |first4=Sue |last5=Patterson |first5=Jocelyn |last6=Stebbins |first6=Selby |last7=Woodside |first7=Carol |last8=Sy |first8=Francisco |year=2002 |title=Factors Affecting the Delivery of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs by Community-Based Organizations |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=14 |issue=3_supplement |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1521/aeap.14.4.27.23886 |pmid=12092934}}</ref> HIV/AIDS "yana addabar mutanen da suka fi rauni a duniya" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forstein Marshall |year=2013 |title=AIDS: A History |journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health |volume=17 |pages=40–63 |doi=10.1080/19359705.2013.740212 |s2cid=70364983}}</ref> kuma suna dogara sosai ga ƙungiyoyin hidima saboda wariya, ƙyama, da tsoron ɗaukar fansa a zamantakewa da shari'a, duka a halin yanzu amma musamman a lokacin da rikicin AIDS ya yi tsanani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=Challenges in HIV Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/challenges-508.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> "Bambance-bambancen lafiya a bayyane yake" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holtgrave |first=David R. |year=2014 |title=Achieving and Advancing the Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=211–213 |doi=10.1007/s10461-014-0903-z |pmid=25239154 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamar yadda marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS MSM ne, mata masu canza jinsi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Transgender People &#124; Gender &#124; HIV by Group &#124; HIV/AIDS &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/transgender/index.html}}</ref> [[Talauci|masu ƙarancin kuɗi]], da/ko mutanen da ba su da launin fata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is at Risk for HIV Infection and Which Populations Are Most Affected? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/who-risk-hiv-infection-which-populations-are-most-affected}}</ref> HIV/AIDS kuma yana shafar mutanen da ke fama da jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta IV <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Does Drug Abuse Affect the HIV Epidemic? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053925/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> da/ko rashin matsuguni . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coalition for the Homeless |url=http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hiv.html}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka dogara da cibiyoyin al'umma da ƙungiyoyin hidima. <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf "2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''lgbtmap.org''. June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Rikicin AIDS ya shagaltu da siyasa akai-akai wanda ya ƙara faɗaɗa gwagwarmayar marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS, da kuma cikas ga bincike da neman [[Kanjamau|magani]] da/ko magani. Ba a gano cewa ƙwayar cutar HIV ita ce sanadin cutar AIDS ba sai a shekarar 1984, <ref name="aids">{{Cite web |title=HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#124; Lowcountry AIDS Services |url=http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> kuma ba a amince da maganin farko ba, AZT, sai a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2017 |title=The Story Behind the First AIDS Drug, Approved 30 Years Ago |url=https://time.com/4705809/first-aids-drug-azt/}}</ref> Don haka akwai tsawon lokaci bayan bullar cutar HIV/AIDS wanda babu magani, kuma ƙungiyoyin al'umma za su iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan kula da alamun cutar da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman magani. Da zarar an gano maganin kuma aka amince da shi, an sayar da shi kan farashi mai ban mamaki. A shekarar 1989, AZT ita ce maganin da ya fi tsada a tarihi. Marasa lafiya kaɗan ne za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ko su ci gaba da shan magani don shirin dogon lokaci wanda ya zama dole don rage yawan ƙwayoyin cutar ga marasa lafiya . Kungiyoyin AIDS da dama sun fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummomin yankin saboda tsoron GRID ko cutar kansar 'yan luwadi ya yi yawa, tare da nuna wariya ta siyasa, shari'a, da zamantakewa da kuma kyamar 'yan luwadi . <ref name="aids">{{Cite web |title=HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#124; Lowcountry AIDS Services |url=http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ "HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#x7C; Lowcountry AIDS Services"]. Archived from [http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ the original] on 2017-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Shari'ar Ryan White ta sami karbuwa sosai daga kafofin watsa labarai saboda gogewarsa da keta al'umma. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin albarkatu dangane da yanayin ƙasa a cikin Amurka. Ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga cibiyoyin LGBT da suka riga suka wanzu an keɓe su ga wuraren bakin teku na birane. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Martos |first=Alexander J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Patrick A. |last3=Meyer |first3=Ilan H. |year=2017 |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280544M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180544 |pmc=5503273 |pmid=28692659 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMartosWilsonMeyer2017">Martos, Alexander J.; Wilson, Patrick A.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5503273 "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''12''' (7) e0180544. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1280544M 2017PLoSO..1280544M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180544|10.1371/journal.pone.0180544]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5503273 5503273]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28692659 28692659].</cite></ref> Kungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, musamman kungiyoyin HIV/AIDS, sun dogara sosai kan ayyukan sa-kai. <ref name="aj">{{Cite journal |last=Arno |first=P. S. |year=1986 |title=The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1325–1330 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325 |pmc=1646723 |pmid=3766829}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArno1986">Arno, P. S. (1986). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646723 "The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco"]. ''American Journal of Public Health''. '''76''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1325–</span>1330. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325|10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646723 1646723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3766829 3766829].</cite></ref> Kashi 21% na kungiyoyin al'umma na LGBT sun dogara gaba ɗaya kan ayyukan sa-kai, kuma kashi 57% suna da ƙasa da ma'aikata biyar da ake biyan albashi. <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf "2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''lgbtmap.org''. June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Wani cikas kuma shine gaggawar buƙatar magani. HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] cuta ce mai yaɗuwa, don haka magani ya zama dole ga lafiyar marasa lafiya da kuma walwalarsu, har ma da hana yaɗuwar cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The importance of HIV care and support services |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2016/december/20161202_HIV-care}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iw9am9v6m4oucluzh18nv1d56b1d1px 0 158164 859244 2026-06-17T10:23:34Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357894085|One Health Model]]" 859244 wikitext text/x-wiki A shekarar 2017, Gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana lafiya ɗaya a matsayin "hanyar haɗin gwiwa, mai sassa daban-daban, da kuma hanyar da ta shafi fannoni daban-daban --- aiki a matakin gida, yanki, ƙasa, da duniya baki ɗaya -- da manufar cimma sakamako mafi kyau na kiwon lafiya tare da fahimtar haɗin kai tsakanin mutane, dabbobi, shuke-shuke, da muhallin da suka haɗu" (CDC, 2025). <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-07-03 |title=About One Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/index.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=One Health |language=en-us}}</ref> Manufar '''''Lafiya Ɗaya''''' ita ce haɗin kai na ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke aiki tare a gida, ƙasa, da duniya baki ɗaya don taimakawa wajen cimma ingantaccen lafiya ga mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli. Lokacin da aka haɗa mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli, sai su zama '''Gidauniyar Lafiya Ɗaya ''.''''' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=One Health - It's all connected |url=https://www.avma.org/ |access-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=avma.org}}</ref> '''Gidauniyar Lafiya Ɗaya''' tana nuna yadda lafiyar mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli ke da alaƙa da juna. <ref name=":1" /> Kowane abu yana shafar kuma yana shafar wasu. Misali, cututtukan da ake samu daga dabbobi na iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam, yayin da abubuwan muhalli kamar gurɓatawa ko sauyin yanayi na iya shafar lafiyar dabbobi da ta ɗan adam. Ganin cewa Gidauniya Ɗaya ita ce manufa ta duniya baki ɗaya, yana sauƙaƙa ci gaba da kula da lafiya a ƙarni na 21. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About the One Health Initiative |url=http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/ |access-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=onehealthinitiative.com}}</ref> Idan aka yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi, kuma aka yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata, zai iya taimakawa wajen kare mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli a cikin tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba. <ref name=":2" /> == Bayani == Asalin Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1821, inda Rudolf Virchow ya gane alaƙar farko tsakanin cututtukan ɗan adam da na dabbobi. Virchow ya lura da alaƙa tsakanin cututtukan ɗan adam da na dabbobi, wanda ya haifar da kalmar " [[zoonosis]] ." Babban haɗin da Virchow ya yi shine tsakanin Trichinella spiralis a cikin cututtukan alade da na mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schultz |first=Myron |year=2008 |title=Rudolf Virchow |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1480–1481 |doi=10.3201/eid1409.086672 |pmc=2603088}}</ref> Sama da ƙarni ɗaya bayan haka, ra'ayoyin da Virchow ya gabatar sun haɗa su cikin samfurin lafiya guda ɗaya da ke haɗa lafiyar ɗan adam da lafiyar dabbobi. A shekarar 1964, Calvin Schwabe, tsohon memba na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) kuma shugaban kafa Sashen Cututtuka da Magungunan Rigakafi a Makarantar Dabbobi ta Jami'ar California Davis, ya yi kira da a samar da samfurin "Magani Daya" wanda ke jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin masana cututtukan dan adam da na namun daji a matsayin hanyar magancewa da kuma hana yaduwar cututtuka. <ref name="History of One Health">{{Cite web |title=History of One Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/people-events.html |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Cdc.gov}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya nemi cike gibin da ke tsakanin lafiyar dan adam da lafiyar dabbobi, yana mai fafutukar samar da wata hanyar da ta fi dacewa don hanawa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka da ke shafar mutane da dabbobi." Zai ɗauki wasu shekaru arba'in kafin Lafiya Daya ta zama gaskiya tare da Ka'idoji 12 na Manhattan, inda masana cututtukan dan adam da dabbobi suka yi kira da "Lafiya Daya, Duniya Daya." <ref name="History of One Health" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Manhattan Principles As defined during the meeting titled Building Interdisciplinary Bridges to Health in a "Globalized World" held in 2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/pdf/manhattan/twelve_manhattan_principles.pdf |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Cdc.gov}}</ref> Kungiyar Tattaunawar Dabbobi ce ta kirkire wannan a shekarar 2004 inda aka gudanar da wani taro tare da kwararru da kungiyoyi a Jami'ar Rockefeller. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mackenzie |first=John S. |last2=Jeggo |first2=Martyn |date=2019-05-31 |title=The One Health Approach-Why Is It So Important? |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=88 |bibcode=2019TMID....4...88M |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020088 |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630404 |pmid=31159338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya ya samu ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Kiyasin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa cututtukan zoonotic sune tushen kashi 60% na jimillar ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam, da kuma kashi 75% na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam da ke tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoonotic Disease: When Humans and Animals Intersect |url=https://www.cdc.gov/24-7/cdcfastfacts/zoonotic.html |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Cdc.gov}}</ref> Ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da damuwar lafiyar abinci shi ma ya haifar da ƙarin goyon bayan Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya. Fiye da kashi 60 cikin 100 na ƙwayoyin cuta a duniya suna fitowa ne daga muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Kate E. |last2=Patel |first2=Nikkita G. |last3=Levy |first3=Marc A. |last4=Storeygard |first4=Adam |last5=Balk |first5=Deborah |last6=Gittleman |first6=John L. |last7=Daszak |first7=Peter |date=2008-02-21 |title=Global trends in emerging infectious diseases |journal=Nature |volume=451 |issue=7181 |pages=990–993 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..990J |doi=10.1038/nature06536 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=5960580 |pmid=18288193}}</ref> A Kanada, sama da cututtuka miliyan 10 a kowace shekara ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar abinci. Ana sa ran wannan zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arziki a ƙasar, wanda ke kashe dala biliyan 3.7 a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=M. K. |last2=Majowicz |first2=S. E. |last3=Pollari |first3=F. |last4=Sockett |first4=P. N. |date=May 2008 |title=Burden of acute gastrointestinal illness in Canada, 1999-2007: interim summary of NSAGI activities |journal=Canada Communicable Disease Report |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=8–15 |issn=1481-8531 |pmid=18800412}}</ref> Waɗannan cututtukan suna nuna buƙatar tsarin 'Lafiya Ɗaya' wanda ke magance matsalolin lafiyar jama'a da rage farashin tattalin arziki da ke tattare da barkewar cututtuka. Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya zai iya rage waɗannan kuɗaɗen sosai da inganta sakamakon lafiya ta hanyar haɓaka shiga tsakani da haɗin gwiwa a sassa daban-daban. An gabatar da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa shiga tsakani da wuri-wuri, wanda a da aka yi watsi da shi amma har yanzu yana da tasiri ga tattalin arziki da yawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya ga annobar COVID-19 ta duniya. Annobar COVID-19 ta duniya ta ƙunshi tasirin ɗan adam, dabbobi, da muhalli da hanyoyin yaɗa cutar. Wannan ya ƙara darajar tsarin Lafiya [[Lafiyar muhalli|Ɗaya]] yayin da aka ƙalubalanci likitoci, likitocin dabbobi, da masu bincike su yi aiki tare don inganta sakamakon lafiyar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohia |first=C. M. D. |last2=Uwalaka |first2=E. C. |date=June 2021 |title=Covid 19: A Call to One Health Action |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |volume=19 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S31–S37 |issn=1597-1627 |pmc=8791397 |pmid=35095366}}</ref> == Aiwatar da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya == Ana iya amfani da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a kowane lokaci tare da hulɗar ɗan adam da dabbobi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yanayi inda za a iya amfani da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya shine tare da kiba a cikin karnuka da kuliyoyi da aka haɗa su da masu su da kuma kibansu. <ref name=":0" /> ] Kiba a cikin karnuka da kuliyoyi ba ta da kyau a gare su kuma ba ta da kyau ga mutane. Kiba a cikin mutane da dabbobinsu na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da yawa kamar ciwon suga, [[osteoarthritis]], da sauransu da yawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sandoe |first=Peter |date=December 20, 2014 |title=Canine and feline obesity: a One Health perspective |url=http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/175/24/610.full.pdf |journal=Veterinary Record |volume=175 |issue=24 |pages=610–616 |doi=10.1136/vr.g7521 |pmid=25523996 |s2cid=27828358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402083617/http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/175/24/610.full.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2017}}</ref> Mafita ɗaya tilo ga wannan batu ita ce a ƙarfafa masu su yi rayuwa mai kyau ga su da dabbobinsu. <ref name=":0" /> Cututtukan Zoonotic wani yanayi ne da za a iya amfani da tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a kai. Ana magana game da wannan a cikin sashen Cututtukan Zoonotic. == Lafiya ɗaya da Juriyar Magungunan Kwayoyi == A shekarar 2013, sun gano cewa kusan kashi 29% na naman turkeys, kashi 18% na alade, kashi 17% na naman sa, da kashi 9% na kaza suna da juriya ga magunguna da yawa, ma'ana suna da juriya ga nau'ikan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 3 ko fiye. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=About Antibiotic Resistance and One Health Antibiotic Stewardship |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/onehealthabx/about.html |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=Minnesota Department of Health}}</ref> Samun wannan juriya ga dabbobi da mutane yana sauƙaƙa wa cututtukan [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] yaduwa a tsakaninsu kuma yana sauƙaƙa juriyar waɗannan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Da wannan aka faɗi, akwai zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafa haɗari da yawa da za a iya ɗauka don taimakawa rage wannan yuwuwar. Yawancin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafa haɗari na iya faruwa a gona ko a gidan yanka dabbobi. <ref name=":6" /> Idan ana maganar mutane, sarrafa haɗari yana kan alhakin mutum, dangane da tsafta, allurar rigakafi ta zamani, da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevention of antibiotic resistance |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/antibiotic-antimicrobial-resistance/prevention-antibiotic-resistance.html |access-date=2017-04-04 |website=www.canada.ca |language=en}}</ref> Da wannan aka ce, ana buƙatar a ɗauki irin wannan kulawa a gonaki don amfani da maganin rigakafi yadda ya kamata kuma a yi amfani da su ne kawai lokacin da ya zama dole da kuma inganta tsaftar gabaɗaya a duk matakai na samarwa. <ref name=":6" /> Tare da ƙarin waɗannan abubuwan kulawa tare da bincike da ilimi kan adadin juriya a cikin muhallinmu, juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama da tasiri wajen rage yawan cututtukan [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] da ake yaɗawa tsakanin dabbobi da mutane. <ref name=":6" /> == Cututtukan Zoonotic da Lafiya ɗaya == Ana iya bayyana cutar Zoonosis ko cutar zoonotic a matsayin cuta mai yaɗuwa wadda za a iya yaɗawa tsakanin dabbobi da mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoonotic Diseases: Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans - Minnesota Dept. of Health |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/zoo/ |access-date=2017-04-05 |website=www.health.state.mn.us |language=en}}</ref> One Health tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa wajen hana da kuma shawo kan cututtukan zoonotic. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Bidaisee |first=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |author-link2=Calum N. L. Macpherson |date=2014-01-01 |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345 |issn=2090-0023 |pmc=3928857 |pmid=24634782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 75% na sabbin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da ke tasowa a cikin mutane ana bayyana su a matsayin zoonotic. <ref name=":7" /> Cututtukan Zoonotic ana iya yaɗuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Zoonotic Diseases One Health CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html |access-date=2017-04-05 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka fi sani da yaɗuwa su ne ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, hulɗa kai tsaye, kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma kamuwa da abinci. <ref name=":8" /> A ƙasa a cikin (Tebur 1) zaku iya ganin jerin cututtukan zoonotic daban-daban, manyan wuraren ajiyar su, da kuma hanyar yaɗuwar su. == Matsalolin Muhalli da Lafiyar Hankali a Tsarin Lafiya Guda Daya == Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a al'ada yana mai da hankali kan cututtukan zoonotic da juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, amma ana ƙara mai da hankali kan mahadar masu damuwa da muhalli da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Masu damuwa da muhalli suna nufin abubuwa kamar canjin yanayi, gurɓatawa, [[Rashin mazaunin|lalata muhalli]], da asarar bambancin halittu waɗanda za su iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jiki da ta tunani na mutane da dabbobi da waɗannan masu damuwa ke fuskanta, waɗanda ke shafar yanayin halittu gaba ɗaya. Akwai ƙalubalen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar damuwa ta muhalli, baƙin ciki, da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD) dangane da canje-canjen muhalli ko bala'o'in halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENTAL HEALTH AND OUR CHANGING CLIMATE |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/mental-health-climate.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cianconi |first=P |date=2020 |title=The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074 |pmc=7068211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Sauyin Yanayi da Lafiyar Hankali == Illar sauyin yanayi kai tsaye ta haɗa da mummunan yanayi kamar gobarar daji, guguwa, da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma matsalolin da ke addabar mutane kamar zafi da fari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walinski |first=Annika |last2=Sander |first2=Julia |last3=Gerlinger |first3=Gabriel |last4=Clemens |first4=Vera |last5=Meyer-Lindenberg |first5=Andreas |last6=Heinz |first6=Andreas |date=2023-02-24 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Mental Health |journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=10154789 |pmid=36647584}}</ref> Illolin sauyin yanayi kai tsaye sun haɗa da ƙaura, ƙaura, rashin abinci, rashin gidaje, da rashin isassun albarkatun kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walinski |first=Annika |last2=Sander |first2=Julia |last3=Gerlinger |first3=Gabriel |last4=Clemens |first4=Vera |last5=Meyer-Lindenberg |first5=Andreas |last6=Heinz |first6=Andreas |date=2023-02-24 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Mental Health |journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=10154789 |pmid=36647584}}</ref> An danganta sauyin yanayi da ƙaruwar damuwa ta tunani, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin da ke fuskantar mummunan yanayi kamar guguwa, gobarar daji, da fari mai tsawo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Obradovich |first=N |date=2018 |title=Climate Change May Increase Suicide Rates |journal=Nature Climate Change}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa hauhawar yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar kashe kai, ƙaruwar tashin hankali, da kuma alamun cututtukan tabin hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goines |first=L |title=Toxicology of Air Pollution: A Brief Review |journal=American Journal of Health Sciences}}</ref> A cikin 2023, wani bincike ya nuna cewa mummunan yanayi yana haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na rauni waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin damuwa da kuma matsalar damuwa bayan rauni. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa zafi yana ƙara mace-mace da rashin lafiya ga cututtukan kwakwalwa sosai (Walinski, Annika., et al, 2023) <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Walinski |first=Annika |last2=Sander |first2=Julia |last3=Gerlinger |first3=Gabriel |last4=Clemens |first4=Vera |last5=Meyer-Lindenberg |first5=Andreas |last6=Heinz |first6=Andreas |date=2023-02-24 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Mental Health |journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=10154789 |pmid=36647584}}</ref> A cikin dabbobi, damuwa da yanayi ke haifarwa yana kawo cikas ga halaye, yanayin ƙaura, da lafiyar haihuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin daidaito a yanayin halittu wanda ke shafar namun daji da kuma mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McEwen |first=B.S. |date=2012 |title=Brain on Stress: How the Social Environment Gets Under the Skin |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 Suppl 2 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=17180–17185 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10917180M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1121254109 |pmc=3477378 |pmid=23045648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar tabin hankali a baya, yara, matasa, da tsofaffi (Walinski, Annika., et al, 2023) <ref name=":9" /> . Waɗannan tasirin ɗan adam, dabbobi da muhalli suna nuna mahimmancin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai haɗaka, kamar hanyar Lafiya Ɗaya, wajen magance, illolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da muhalli na sauyin yanayi. Ana iya amfani da hanyar Lafiya Ɗaya don kimantawa da tantance yiwuwar shiga tsakani, manufofi, da hanyoyin da za a bi ko rage tasirin sauyin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Katie |last2=Blashki |first2=G. |last3=Wiseman |first3=J. |last4=Burke |first4=S. |last5=Reifels |first5=L. |date=2018-06-01 |title=Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/s13033-018-0210-6 |issn=1752-4458 |pmc=5984805 |pmid=29881451 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gurɓatawa da Matsalolin Ci gaban Jijiyoyi == Gurɓatar iska, musamman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (PM2.5), an danganta ta da raguwar fahimta, kumburin jijiyoyi, da kuma haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki ga mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambient Air Pollution and Mental Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa fallasa ga ƙarfe masu nauyi da magungunan kashe ƙwari yana shafar lafiyar jijiyoyi a cikin dabbobi da namun daji, yana iya canza halayen dabbobi ta hanyoyin da ke shafar hulɗar ɗan adam da dabbobi, wadatar abinci, da yaɗuwar cututtuka. == Satar Dazuzzuka da Barazanar Dabbobin Daji Masu Tasowa == Sashen gandun daji yana rage yanayin ƙasa yayin da ake share su don haɓaka katako da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, namun daji suna tilasta raba muhalli da albarkatu waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi mai wahala. Wannan yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar dabbobi gaba ɗaya, yana sa su yada cututtuka a cikin yanayin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Lalacewar wuraren zama na halitta yana taimakawa wajen ƙaura da namun daji, yana ƙara yiwuwar rikici tsakanin mutane da namun daji da kuma bullar sabbin cututtukan dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daszak |first=P |date=2000 |title=Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife–Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health |journal=Science |volume=287 |issue=5452 |pages=443–449 |bibcode=2000Sci...287..443D |doi=10.1126/science.287.5452.443 |pmid=10642539}}</ref> Damuwar tunani tsakanin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa, musamman al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar asarar bambancin halittu da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya. Rushewar muhalli, musamman rarrabuwar muhalli, yana raba muhalli zuwa ƙananan wurare da ke keɓewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruffell |first=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2012 |title=Habitat Fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Research Gate}}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da ƙaura daga namun daji, yana ƙara yiwuwar hulɗar ɗan adam da dabba. Saboda haka, wannan na iya haifar da cututtukan zoonotic, waɗanda cututtuka ne da ke canzawa daga dabbobi zuwa mutane. Wannan yanayin yana nuna alaƙar lafiyar dabbobi, lafiyar ɗan adam, da lafiyar muhalli kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin samfurin Lafiya ɗaya. == Matsayin Lafiya Ɗaya Wajen Magance Kalubalen Lafiyar Hankali na Muhalli == Haɗa la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin tsarin Lafiya ɗaya na iya inganta shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a da juriya. Maganganu sun haɗa da: Tsarin birane don rage damuwar tunani da ke da alaƙa da zafi da kuma inganta damar shiga wuraren kore. Kokarin kiyaye namun daji wanda ke haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na muhalli da rage rikicin ɗan adam da dabba. Binciken fannoni daban-daban da ke haɗa ilimin cututtuka, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kimiyyar muhalli don nazarin tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horton |first=R |date=2015 |title=Planetary Health: A New Science for Exceptional Action |journal=The Lancet |volume=386 |issue=10007 |page=1921 |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1921H |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61038-8}}</ref> Ta hanyar faɗaɗa Lafiya ɗaya fiye da sarrafa cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa don haɗawa da abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli na lafiyar kwakwalwa, tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya zai iya haɓaka mafita mafi kyau da dorewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=S |date=2015 |title=Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch |journal=The Lancet}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hgzngq0k2gtfta1ykt3335ztyzjch23 859245 859244 2026-06-17T10:24:05Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2017, Gwamnatin Amurka ta bayyana lafiya ɗaya a matsayin "hanyar haɗin gwiwa, mai sassa daban-daban, da kuma hanyar da ta shafi fannoni daban-daban --- aiki a matakin gida, yanki, ƙasa, da duniya baki ɗaya -- da manufar cimma sakamako mafi kyau na kiwon lafiya tare da fahimtar haɗin kai tsakanin mutane, dabbobi, shuke-shuke, da muhallin da suka haɗu" (CDC, 2025). <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-07-03 |title=About One Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/index.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=One Health |language=en-us}}</ref> Manufar '''''Lafiya Ɗaya''''' ita ce haɗin kai na ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke aiki tare a gida, ƙasa, da duniya baki ɗaya don taimakawa wajen cimma ingantaccen lafiya ga mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli. Lokacin da aka haɗa mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli, sai su zama '''Gidauniyar Lafiya Ɗaya ''.''''' <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=One Health - It's all connected |url=https://www.avma.org/ |access-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=avma.org}}</ref> '''Gidauniyar Lafiya Ɗaya''' tana nuna yadda lafiyar mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli ke da alaƙa da juna. <ref name=":1" /> Kowane abu yana shafar kuma yana shafar wasu. Misali, cututtukan da ake samu daga dabbobi na iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam, yayin da abubuwan muhalli kamar gurɓatawa ko sauyin yanayi na iya shafar lafiyar dabbobi da ta ɗan adam. Ganin cewa Gidauniya Ɗaya ita ce manufa ta duniya baki ɗaya, yana sauƙaƙa ci gaba da kula da lafiya a ƙarni na 21. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About the One Health Initiative |url=http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/ |access-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=onehealthinitiative.com}}</ref> Idan aka yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi, kuma aka yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata, zai iya taimakawa wajen kare mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli a cikin tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba. <ref name=":2" /> == Bayani == Asalin Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1821, inda Rudolf Virchow ya gane alaƙar farko tsakanin cututtukan ɗan adam da na dabbobi. Virchow ya lura da alaƙa tsakanin cututtukan ɗan adam da na dabbobi, wanda ya haifar da kalmar " [[zoonosis]] ." Babban haɗin da Virchow ya yi shine tsakanin Trichinella spiralis a cikin cututtukan alade da na mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schultz |first=Myron |year=2008 |title=Rudolf Virchow |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1480–1481 |doi=10.3201/eid1409.086672 |pmc=2603088}}</ref> Sama da ƙarni ɗaya bayan haka, ra'ayoyin da Virchow ya gabatar sun haɗa su cikin samfurin lafiya guda ɗaya da ke haɗa lafiyar ɗan adam da lafiyar dabbobi. A shekarar 1964, Calvin Schwabe, tsohon memba na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) kuma shugaban kafa Sashen Cututtuka da Magungunan Rigakafi a Makarantar Dabbobi ta Jami'ar California Davis, ya yi kira da a samar da samfurin "Magani Daya" wanda ke jaddada bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin masana cututtukan dan adam da na namun daji a matsayin hanyar magancewa da kuma hana yaduwar cututtuka. <ref name="History of One Health">{{Cite web |title=History of One Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/people-events.html |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Cdc.gov}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya nemi cike gibin da ke tsakanin lafiyar dan adam da lafiyar dabbobi, yana mai fafutukar samar da wata hanyar da ta fi dacewa don hanawa da kuma shawo kan cututtuka da ke shafar mutane da dabbobi." Zai ɗauki wasu shekaru arba'in kafin Lafiya Daya ta zama gaskiya tare da Ka'idoji 12 na Manhattan, inda masana cututtukan dan adam da dabbobi suka yi kira da "Lafiya Daya, Duniya Daya." <ref name="History of One Health" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Manhattan Principles As defined during the meeting titled Building Interdisciplinary Bridges to Health in a "Globalized World" held in 2004 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/pdf/manhattan/twelve_manhattan_principles.pdf |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Cdc.gov}}</ref> Kungiyar Tattaunawar Dabbobi ce ta kirkire wannan a shekarar 2004 inda aka gudanar da wani taro tare da kwararru da kungiyoyi a Jami'ar Rockefeller. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mackenzie |first=John S. |last2=Jeggo |first2=Martyn |date=2019-05-31 |title=The One Health Approach-Why Is It So Important? |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=88 |bibcode=2019TMID....4...88M |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4020088 |issn=2414-6366 |pmc=6630404 |pmid=31159338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya ya samu ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin cututtukan dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Kiyasin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa cututtukan zoonotic sune tushen kashi 60% na jimillar ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam, da kuma kashi 75% na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam da ke tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoonotic Disease: When Humans and Animals Intersect |url=https://www.cdc.gov/24-7/cdcfastfacts/zoonotic.html |access-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=Cdc.gov}}</ref> Ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da damuwar lafiyar abinci shi ma ya haifar da ƙarin goyon bayan Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya. Fiye da kashi 60 cikin 100 na ƙwayoyin cuta a duniya suna fitowa ne daga muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Kate E. |last2=Patel |first2=Nikkita G. |last3=Levy |first3=Marc A. |last4=Storeygard |first4=Adam |last5=Balk |first5=Deborah |last6=Gittleman |first6=John L. |last7=Daszak |first7=Peter |date=2008-02-21 |title=Global trends in emerging infectious diseases |journal=Nature |volume=451 |issue=7181 |pages=990–993 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..990J |doi=10.1038/nature06536 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=5960580 |pmid=18288193}}</ref> A Kanada, sama da cututtuka miliyan 10 a kowace shekara ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar abinci. Ana sa ran wannan zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arziki a ƙasar, wanda ke kashe dala biliyan 3.7 a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=M. K. |last2=Majowicz |first2=S. E. |last3=Pollari |first3=F. |last4=Sockett |first4=P. N. |date=May 2008 |title=Burden of acute gastrointestinal illness in Canada, 1999-2007: interim summary of NSAGI activities |journal=Canada Communicable Disease Report |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=8–15 |issn=1481-8531 |pmid=18800412}}</ref> Waɗannan cututtukan suna nuna buƙatar tsarin 'Lafiya Ɗaya' wanda ke magance matsalolin lafiyar jama'a da rage farashin tattalin arziki da ke tattare da barkewar cututtuka. Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya zai iya rage waɗannan kuɗaɗen sosai da inganta sakamakon lafiya ta hanyar haɓaka shiga tsakani da haɗin gwiwa a sassa daban-daban. An gabatar da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa shiga tsakani da wuri-wuri, wanda a da aka yi watsi da shi amma har yanzu yana da tasiri ga tattalin arziki da yawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya ga annobar COVID-19 ta duniya. Annobar COVID-19 ta duniya ta ƙunshi tasirin ɗan adam, dabbobi, da muhalli da hanyoyin yaɗa cutar. Wannan ya ƙara darajar tsarin Lafiya [[Lafiyar muhalli|Ɗaya]] yayin da aka ƙalubalanci likitoci, likitocin dabbobi, da masu bincike su yi aiki tare don inganta sakamakon lafiyar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohia |first=C. M. D. |last2=Uwalaka |first2=E. C. |date=June 2021 |title=Covid 19: A Call to One Health Action |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |volume=19 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S31–S37 |issn=1597-1627 |pmc=8791397 |pmid=35095366}}</ref> == Aiwatar da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya == Ana iya amfani da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a kowane lokaci tare da hulɗar ɗan adam da dabbobi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yanayi inda za a iya amfani da Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya shine tare da kiba a cikin karnuka da kuliyoyi da aka haɗa su da masu su da kuma kibansu. <ref name=":0" /> ] Kiba a cikin karnuka da kuliyoyi ba ta da kyau a gare su kuma ba ta da kyau ga mutane. Kiba a cikin mutane da dabbobinsu na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da yawa kamar ciwon suga, [[osteoarthritis]], da sauransu da yawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sandoe |first=Peter |date=December 20, 2014 |title=Canine and feline obesity: a One Health perspective |url=http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/175/24/610.full.pdf |journal=Veterinary Record |volume=175 |issue=24 |pages=610–616 |doi=10.1136/vr.g7521 |pmid=25523996 |s2cid=27828358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402083617/http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/vetrec/175/24/610.full.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2017}}</ref> Mafita ɗaya tilo ga wannan batu ita ce a ƙarfafa masu su yi rayuwa mai kyau ga su da dabbobinsu. <ref name=":0" /> Cututtukan Zoonotic wani yanayi ne da za a iya amfani da tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a kai. Ana magana game da wannan a cikin sashen Cututtukan Zoonotic. == Lafiya ɗaya da Juriyar Magungunan Kwayoyi == A shekarar 2013, sun gano cewa kusan kashi 29% na naman turkeys, kashi 18% na alade, kashi 17% na naman sa, da kashi 9% na kaza suna da juriya ga magunguna da yawa, ma'ana suna da juriya ga nau'ikan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 3 ko fiye. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=About Antibiotic Resistance and One Health Antibiotic Stewardship |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/onehealthabx/about.html |access-date=3 April 2017 |website=Minnesota Department of Health}}</ref> Samun wannan juriya ga dabbobi da mutane yana sauƙaƙa wa cututtukan [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] yaduwa a tsakaninsu kuma yana sauƙaƙa juriyar waɗannan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Da wannan aka faɗi, akwai zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafa haɗari da yawa da za a iya ɗauka don taimakawa rage wannan yuwuwar. Yawancin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafa haɗari na iya faruwa a gona ko a gidan yanka dabbobi. <ref name=":6" /> Idan ana maganar mutane, sarrafa haɗari yana kan alhakin mutum, dangane da tsafta, allurar rigakafi ta zamani, da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevention of antibiotic resistance |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/antibiotic-antimicrobial-resistance/prevention-antibiotic-resistance.html |access-date=2017-04-04 |website=www.canada.ca |language=en}}</ref> Da wannan aka ce, ana buƙatar a ɗauki irin wannan kulawa a gonaki don amfani da maganin rigakafi yadda ya kamata kuma a yi amfani da su ne kawai lokacin da ya zama dole da kuma inganta tsaftar gabaɗaya a duk matakai na samarwa. <ref name=":6" /> Tare da ƙarin waɗannan abubuwan kulawa tare da bincike da ilimi kan adadin juriya a cikin muhallinmu, juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama da tasiri wajen rage yawan cututtukan [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] da ake yaɗawa tsakanin dabbobi da mutane. <ref name=":6" /> == Cututtukan Zoonotic da Lafiya ɗaya == Ana iya bayyana cutar Zoonosis ko cutar zoonotic a matsayin cuta mai yaɗuwa wadda za a iya yaɗawa tsakanin dabbobi da mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoonotic Diseases: Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans - Minnesota Dept. of Health |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/zoo/ |access-date=2017-04-05 |website=www.health.state.mn.us |language=en}}</ref> One Health tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa wajen hana da kuma shawo kan cututtukan zoonotic. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Bidaisee |first=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |author-link2=Calum N. L. Macpherson |date=2014-01-01 |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |volume=2014 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345 |issn=2090-0023 |pmc=3928857 |pmid=24634782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 75% na sabbin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da ke tasowa a cikin mutane ana bayyana su a matsayin zoonotic. <ref name=":7" /> Cututtukan Zoonotic ana iya yaɗuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Zoonotic Diseases One Health CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html |access-date=2017-04-05 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka fi sani da yaɗuwa su ne ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, hulɗa kai tsaye, kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma kamuwa da abinci. <ref name=":8" /> A ƙasa a cikin (Tebur 1) zaku iya ganin jerin cututtukan zoonotic daban-daban, manyan wuraren ajiyar su, da kuma hanyar yaɗuwar su. == Matsalolin Muhalli da Lafiyar Hankali a Tsarin Lafiya Guda Daya == Tsarin Lafiya Ɗaya a al'ada yana mai da hankali kan cututtukan zoonotic da juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, amma ana ƙara mai da hankali kan mahadar masu damuwa da muhalli da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Masu damuwa da muhalli suna nufin abubuwa kamar canjin yanayi, gurɓatawa, [[Rashin mazaunin|lalata muhalli]], da asarar bambancin halittu waɗanda za su iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jiki da ta tunani na mutane da dabbobi da waɗannan masu damuwa ke fuskanta, waɗanda ke shafar yanayin halittu gaba ɗaya. Akwai ƙalubalen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar damuwa ta muhalli, baƙin ciki, da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali]] (PTSD) dangane da canje-canjen muhalli ko bala'o'in halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENTAL HEALTH AND OUR CHANGING CLIMATE |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/mental-health-climate.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cianconi |first=P |date=2020 |title=The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074 |pmc=7068211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Sauyin Yanayi da Lafiyar Hankali == Illar sauyin yanayi kai tsaye ta haɗa da mummunan yanayi kamar gobarar daji, guguwa, da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma matsalolin da ke addabar mutane kamar zafi da fari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walinski |first=Annika |last2=Sander |first2=Julia |last3=Gerlinger |first3=Gabriel |last4=Clemens |first4=Vera |last5=Meyer-Lindenberg |first5=Andreas |last6=Heinz |first6=Andreas |date=2023-02-24 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Mental Health |journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=10154789 |pmid=36647584}}</ref> Illolin sauyin yanayi kai tsaye sun haɗa da ƙaura, ƙaura, rashin abinci, rashin gidaje, da rashin isassun albarkatun kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walinski |first=Annika |last2=Sander |first2=Julia |last3=Gerlinger |first3=Gabriel |last4=Clemens |first4=Vera |last5=Meyer-Lindenberg |first5=Andreas |last6=Heinz |first6=Andreas |date=2023-02-24 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Mental Health |journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=10154789 |pmid=36647584}}</ref> An danganta sauyin yanayi da ƙaruwar damuwa ta tunani, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin da ke fuskantar mummunan yanayi kamar guguwa, gobarar daji, da fari mai tsawo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Obradovich |first=N |date=2018 |title=Climate Change May Increase Suicide Rates |journal=Nature Climate Change}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa hauhawar yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar kashe kai, ƙaruwar tashin hankali, da kuma alamun cututtukan tabin hankali. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goines |first=L |title=Toxicology of Air Pollution: A Brief Review |journal=American Journal of Health Sciences}}</ref> A cikin 2023, wani bincike ya nuna cewa mummunan yanayi yana haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na rauni waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin damuwa da kuma matsalar damuwa bayan rauni. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa zafi yana ƙara mace-mace da rashin lafiya ga cututtukan kwakwalwa sosai (Walinski, Annika., et al, 2023) <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Walinski |first=Annika |last2=Sander |first2=Julia |last3=Gerlinger |first3=Gabriel |last4=Clemens |first4=Vera |last5=Meyer-Lindenberg |first5=Andreas |last6=Heinz |first6=Andreas |date=2023-02-24 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Mental Health |journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International |volume=120 |issue=8 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=10154789 |pmid=36647584}}</ref> A cikin dabbobi, damuwa da yanayi ke haifarwa yana kawo cikas ga halaye, yanayin ƙaura, da lafiyar haihuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin daidaito a yanayin halittu wanda ke shafar namun daji da kuma mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McEwen |first=B.S. |date=2012 |title=Brain on Stress: How the Social Environment Gets Under the Skin |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 Suppl 2 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=17180–17185 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10917180M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1121254109 |pmc=3477378 |pmid=23045648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar tabin hankali a baya, yara, matasa, da tsofaffi (Walinski, Annika., et al, 2023) <ref name=":9" /> . Waɗannan tasirin ɗan adam, dabbobi da muhalli suna nuna mahimmancin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai haɗaka, kamar hanyar Lafiya Ɗaya, wajen magance, illolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da muhalli na sauyin yanayi. Ana iya amfani da hanyar Lafiya Ɗaya don kimantawa da tantance yiwuwar shiga tsakani, manufofi, da hanyoyin da za a bi ko rage tasirin sauyin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Katie |last2=Blashki |first2=G. |last3=Wiseman |first3=J. |last4=Burke |first4=S. |last5=Reifels |first5=L. |date=2018-06-01 |title=Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/s13033-018-0210-6 |issn=1752-4458 |pmc=5984805 |pmid=29881451 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gurɓatawa da Matsalolin Ci gaban Jijiyoyi == Gurɓatar iska, musamman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (PM2.5), an danganta ta da raguwar fahimta, kumburin jijiyoyi, da kuma haɗarin damuwa da baƙin ciki ga mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambient Air Pollution and Mental Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa fallasa ga ƙarfe masu nauyi da magungunan kashe ƙwari yana shafar lafiyar jijiyoyi a cikin dabbobi da namun daji, yana iya canza halayen dabbobi ta hanyoyin da ke shafar hulɗar ɗan adam da dabbobi, wadatar abinci, da yaɗuwar cututtuka. == Satar Dazuzzuka da Barazanar Dabbobin Daji Masu Tasowa == Sashen gandun daji yana rage yanayin ƙasa yayin da ake share su don haɓaka katako da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, namun daji suna tilasta raba muhalli da albarkatu waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi mai wahala. Wannan yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar dabbobi gaba ɗaya, yana sa su yada cututtuka a cikin yanayin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Lalacewar wuraren zama na halitta yana taimakawa wajen ƙaura da namun daji, yana ƙara yiwuwar rikici tsakanin mutane da namun daji da kuma bullar sabbin cututtukan dabbobi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daszak |first=P |date=2000 |title=Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife–Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health |journal=Science |volume=287 |issue=5452 |pages=443–449 |bibcode=2000Sci...287..443D |doi=10.1126/science.287.5452.443 |pmid=10642539}}</ref> Damuwar tunani tsakanin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa, musamman al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar asarar bambancin halittu da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya. Rushewar muhalli, musamman rarrabuwar muhalli, yana raba muhalli zuwa ƙananan wurare da ke keɓewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruffell |first=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2012 |title=Habitat Fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Research Gate}}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da ƙaura daga namun daji, yana ƙara yiwuwar hulɗar ɗan adam da dabba. Saboda haka, wannan na iya haifar da cututtukan zoonotic, waɗanda cututtuka ne da ke canzawa daga dabbobi zuwa mutane. Wannan yanayin yana nuna alaƙar lafiyar dabbobi, lafiyar ɗan adam, da lafiyar muhalli kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin samfurin Lafiya ɗaya. == Matsayin Lafiya Ɗaya Wajen Magance Kalubalen Lafiyar Hankali na Muhalli == Haɗa la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin tsarin Lafiya ɗaya na iya inganta shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a da juriya. Maganganu sun haɗa da: Tsarin birane don rage damuwar tunani da ke da alaƙa da zafi da kuma inganta damar shiga wuraren kore. Kokarin kiyaye namun daji wanda ke haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na muhalli da rage rikicin ɗan adam da dabba. Binciken fannoni daban-daban da ke haɗa ilimin cututtuka, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kimiyyar muhalli don nazarin tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na dogon lokaci na sauyin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horton |first=R |date=2015 |title=Planetary Health: A New Science for Exceptional Action |journal=The Lancet |volume=386 |issue=10007 |page=1921 |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1921H |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61038-8}}</ref> Ta hanyar faɗaɗa Lafiya ɗaya fiye da sarrafa cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa don haɗawa da abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli na lafiyar kwakwalwa, tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya zai iya haɓaka mafita mafi kyau da dorewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=S |date=2015 |title=Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch |journal=The Lancet}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lkuy5ed8pbinztoot3sv798qh90xy4d 0 158165 859246 2026-06-17T10:24:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347793327|Asue Ighodalo]]" 859246 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asuerinme Ighodalo''' [[lauya]] ce kuma '[[ɗan siyasa]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Ighodalo resigns from corporate positions |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ighodalo-resigns-from-corporate-positions/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga Okaigben, [[Ewohimi]], [[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas|Esan Kudu maso Gabas]] LGA, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Najeriya. Ya kasance dan takara a zaben gwamna na Jihar Edo na shekarar 2024.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |title=Edo PDP Candidate, Asue Ighodalo Engages Diaspora Community in Europe |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/26/edo-pdp-candidate-asue-ighodalo-engages-diaspora-community-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Lawal |first=Kayode |date=2024-06-26 |title=Edo Guber: Court strikes out suit seeking to disqualify Asue Ighodalo as PDP candidate |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/26/edo-guber-court-strikes-out-suit-seeking-to-disqualify-asue-ighodalo-as-pdp-candidate/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Shi abokin haɗin gwiwar kamfanin lauya ne na Banwo & Ighodalo, tare da Femi Olubanwo, wani aiki na shari'a da kasuwanci a Najeriya, ƙwararre a ba da shawara ga manyan kamfanoni kan kudaden kamfanoni, kasuwannin jari, makamashi da albarkatun kasa, haɗuwa da saye-saye, banki da tsaro da kudaden aikin.<ref name="dangote">{{Cite web |title=Our Management |url=http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Dangote Group}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban [[Sterling Bank (Nigeria)|Bankin Sterling]], darektan Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Najeriya (NSIA), kuma shugaban [[Taron Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya|Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya]] (NESG).<ref name=":33">{{Cite news |last=Ayeni |first=Victor |date=2023-12-30 |title=Sterling Bank appoints new chairman |url=https://punchng.com/sterling-bank-appoints-new-chairman/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Economic Summit Group {{!}} Asue Ighodalo Steps down as NESG Chairman |url=https://nesgroup.org/blog/Asue-Ighodalo-Steps-down-as-NESG-Chairman |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=nesgroup.org}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ighodalo ya halarci [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya sami Digiri na B.Sc a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a 1981, LL. B daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London a 1984 da kuma B.L daga [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], Legas a 1985 <ref name="dangote">{{Cite web |title=Our Management |url=http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Dangote Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx "Our Management"]. Dangote Group. Archived from [http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="banwo">{{Cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}</ref> ((((((((((corporate and commercial law practice in Nigeria, specializing in advising major corporations on corporate finance, [[:en:Capital_Markets|capital markets]], energy and natural resources, mergers and acquisitions, banking and securitization and project finance. He was the chairman of [[:en:Sterling_Bank_(Nigeria)|Sterling Bank]], a director at the [[:en:Nigeria_Sovereign_Investment_Authority|Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority]] (NSIA), and == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya, Legas, Ighodalo ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauya na Chris Ogunbanjo & Co. tsakanin 1985 da 1991.<ref name="dangote">{{Cite web |title=Our Management |url=http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Dangote Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx "Our Management"]. Dangote Group. Archived from [http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1991, ya kafa Banwo & Ighodalo, tare da haɗin gwiwar Femi Olubanwo . <ref name="dangote" /><ref name="banwo">{{Cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo "Our Partners"]. Banwo & Ighodalo. Archived from [http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo the original] on 21 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Kamfanin yana cikin manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi na Najeriya a kasuwannin jari, tsaro, da haɗuwa da saye.<ref name="biz2">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2004 |title=Banwo & Ighodalo turns 23 |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/02/banwo-ighodalo-turns-23/#.VG26PTTF-y4 |accessdate=November 8, 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Media Ltd}}</ref>Babban fannoni na Ighodalo sun hada da kudaden kamfanoni, kasuwannin jari, makamashi da albarkatun kasa, haɗuwa da saye-saye, banki, tsaro da kudaden aikin.<ref name="nba">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law Welcomes New Chairman |url=http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923023120/http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=NBA-SBL}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Ighodalo ya shawarci Zenith Bank Plc kan fitar da Euro $ 500 miliyan da Diamond Bank Plc akan fitar da Euro 200 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banking, finance and capital markets in Nigeria {{!}} Law firm and lawyer rankings from The Legal 500 Europe, Middle East & Africa guide |url=https://www.legal500.com/c/nigeria/banking-finance-and-capital-markets/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.legal500.com}}</ref> Ya yi murabus daga dukkan mukaman kamfanoni da ya rike don neman zama gwamnan Jihar Edo.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Ighodalo resigns from corporate positions |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ighodalo-resigns-from-corporate-positions/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Ighodalo ya fito a matsayin dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP) a [[Zaben gwamna na Jihar Edo na 2024]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Edo PDP Candidate, Asue Ighodalo Engages Diaspora Community in Europe |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/26/edo-pdp-candidate-asue-ighodalo-engages-diaspora-community-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Lawal |first=Kayode |date=2024-06-26 |title=Edo Guber: Court strikes out suit seeking to disqualify Asue Ighodalo as PDP candidate |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/26/edo-guber-court-strikes-out-suit-seeking-to-disqualify-asue-ighodalo-as-pdp-candidate/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Koyaya, Babban Kotun Tarayya da ke zaune a [[Abuja]] ta soke zaben a kan dalilin da ya sa aka hana wakilai 378 da za su jefa kuri'a a lokacin zaben fidda gwani.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2024-07-04 |title=Court nullifies Edo PDP governorship Primary |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/709557-court-nullifies-edo-pdp-governorship-primary.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Babban Kotun Tarayya a Abuja ta amince da takararsa, wanda ya tabbatar da Ighodalo a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na PDP a Jihar Edo kuma ya watsar da karar da ke kalubalantar zabensa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporters |first=Our |date=2024-07-17 |title=PDP hails judgment affirming Ighodalo's candidacy |url=https://punchng.com/pdp-hails-judgment-affirming-ighodalos-candidacy/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]], [[Monday Okpebholo|Litinin Okpebholo]], kuma ya kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotu bisa ga rashin bin Dokar Zabe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Musa |first=Deborah |date=2025-02-03 |title=Edo tribunal: Ighodalo closes case against Okpebholo |url=https://punchng.com/edo-tribunal-ighodalo-closes-case-against-okpebholo/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ukwu |first=Jerrywright |date=2025-04-03 |title=Asue Ighodalo rejects tribunal verdict on Edo guber, heads to appeal court |url=https://www.thecable.ng/asue-ighodalo-rejects-tribunal-verdict-on-edo-guber-heads-to-appeal-court/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2025, Kotun ta yanke hukunci tare da watsi da karar a kan dalilin cewa Ighodalo ya kasa samar da isasshen shaida game da rashin bin doka ko rashin bin Dokar Zabe.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Edo Governorship Tribunal to Deliver Judgment Wednesday - 3 PM News 1st April 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kai77ELvb0Q|date=2025-04-01|access-date=2026-02-01|via=YouTube|last=News Central TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Edo Tribunal Upholds Okpebholo’s Victory, Dismisses PDP Petition|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2eNonn3zeU|date=2025-04-03|access-date=2026-02-01|via=YouTube|last=News Central TV}}</ref> Ighodalo daga baya ya ki amincewa da hukuncin, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rashin adalci," kuma ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli, wanda ya tabbatar da zaben Okpebholo a watan Yulin 2025. == Littattafai da ayyukanta == Ighodalo ya gabatar da takardu a kan kasuwannin jari a ciki da wajen Najeriya kuma ya rubuta labarai a cikin wallafe-wallafen doka. Ya kuma ba da lacca game da shugabancin kamfanoni, ayyukan daraktoci da alhakin, da kuma kasuwanci a Cibiyar Daraktoci, [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] da kuma FATE Foundation, bi da bi.<ref name="whoiswho">{{Cite web |title=Asue Ighodalo |url=http://whoswholegal.com/profiles/22200/0/ighodalo/asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=WhoisWho Legal}}</ref> == Kwamitoci da membobin == Ighodalo ya kasance shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Sterling Bank Plc, Dangote Flour Mills Plc da kuma kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NESG)Ya kuma yi aiki a kan allon wasu kamfanoni na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da kuma wata kungiya ta doka, gami da Okomu Oil Palm Company Plc, Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Najeriya (NSIA) da kuma Gidauniyar FATE (wani NGO da ya himmatu ga ci gaban 'yan kasuwa a Najeriya).<ref name=":54">{{Cite news |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=2023-08-21 |title=The rise and rise of Asue Ighodalo |url=https://businessday.ng/personality/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> Ighodalo ya zama shugaban Bankin Sterling a watan Agustan 2014. Shi memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) kuma tsohon shugaban NBA - Sashe na Dokar Kasuwanci (NBA SBL). <ref name="nba">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law Welcomes New Chairman |url=http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923023120/http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=NBA-SBL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923023120/http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 "Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law Welcomes New Chairman"]. NBA-SBL. Archived from [http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 the original] on 23 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Tattaunawar Man Fetur ta Duniya (AIPN), Amurka, Ƙungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya, [[Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bar ta Duniya]] (IBA), Ƙungiyar Shari'ar Ruwa ta Najeriya, Kwamitin Shari'ar Kasuwanci da Haraji na Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Legas, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta London kuma memba ne na Cibiyar Haraji.<ref name="banwo2">{{cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |accessdate=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite news |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=2023-08-21 |title=The rise and rise of Asue Ighodalo |url=https://businessday.ng/personality/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> == Iyali == Ighodalo ta auri Ifeyinwa, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Omoehi da Ayomide.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=2023-08-21 |title=The rise and rise of Asue Ighodalo |url=https://businessday.ng/personality/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Ituah Ighodalo, babban fasto na Trinity House, Legas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyediji |first=Tayo |date=2020-06-29 |title=Meet Pastor ITUAH IGHODALO's Super Rich Brother |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-pastor-ituah-ighodalos-super-rich-brother/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eqt2n8570qki3al6eyh5ujznuskzlsw 859248 859246 2026-06-17T10:32:00Z Saad Nuhu 43323 #1Lib1RefNG 859248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Asuerinme Ighodalo''' [[lauya]] ce kuma '[[ɗan siyasa]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Ighodalo resigns from corporate positions |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ighodalo-resigns-from-corporate-positions/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga Okaigben, [[Ewohimi]], [[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas|Esan Kudu maso Gabas]] LGA, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Najeriya. Ya kasance dan takara a zaben gwamna na Jihar Edo na shekarar 2024.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |title=Edo PDP Candidate, Asue Ighodalo Engages Diaspora Community in Europe |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/26/edo-pdp-candidate-asue-ighodalo-engages-diaspora-community-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Lawal |first=Kayode |date=2024-06-26 |title=Edo Guber: Court strikes out suit seeking to disqualify Asue Ighodalo as PDP candidate |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/26/edo-guber-court-strikes-out-suit-seeking-to-disqualify-asue-ighodalo-as-pdp-candidate/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Shi abokin haɗin gwiwar kamfanin lauya ne na Banwo & Ighodalo, tare da Femi Olubanwo, wani aiki na shari'a da kasuwanci a Najeriya, ƙwararre a ba da shawara ga manyan kamfanoni kan kudaden kamfanoni, kasuwannin jari, makamashi da albarkatun kasa, haɗuwa da saye-saye, banki da tsaro da kudaden aikin.<ref name="dangote">{{Cite web |title=Our Management |url=http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Dangote Group}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban [[Sterling Bank (Nigeria)|Bankin Sterling]], darektan Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Najeriya (NSIA), kuma shugaban [[Taron Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya|Kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya]] (NESG).<ref name=":33">{{Cite news |last=Ayeni |first=Victor |date=2023-12-30 |title=Sterling Bank appoints new chairman |url=https://punchng.com/sterling-bank-appoints-new-chairman/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Economic Summit Group {{!}} Asue Ighodalo Steps down as NESG Chairman |url=https://nesgroup.org/blog/Asue-Ighodalo-Steps-down-as-NESG-Chairman |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=nesgroup.org}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ighodalo ya halarci [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya sami Digiri na B.Sc a fannin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a 1981, LL. B daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London a 1984 da kuma B.L daga [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], Legas a 1985 <ref name="dangote">{{Cite web |title=Our Management |url=http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Dangote Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx "Our Management"]. Dangote Group. Archived from [http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="banwo">{{Cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya, Legas, Ighodalo ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauya na Chris Ogunbanjo & Co. tsakanin 1985 da 1991.<ref name="dangote">{{Cite web |title=Our Management |url=http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Dangote Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082504/http://dangote.com/Investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx "Our Management"]. Dangote Group. Archived from [http://dangote.com/investorrelations/quotedcompanies/mgtdangoteflour.aspx the original] on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1991, ya kafa Banwo & Ighodalo, tare da haɗin gwiwar Femi Olubanwo . <ref name="dangote" /><ref name="banwo">{{Cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo "Our Partners"]. Banwo & Ighodalo. Archived from [http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo the original] on 21 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Kamfanin yana cikin manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi na Najeriya a kasuwannin jari, tsaro, da haɗuwa da saye.<ref name="biz2">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2004 |title=Banwo & Ighodalo turns 23 |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/02/banwo-ighodalo-turns-23/#.VG26PTTF-y4 |accessdate=November 8, 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Media Ltd}}</ref>Babban fannoni na Ighodalo sun hada da kudaden kamfanoni, kasuwannin jari, makamashi da albarkatun kasa, haɗuwa da saye-saye, banki, tsaro da kudaden aikin.<ref name="nba">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law Welcomes New Chairman |url=http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923023120/http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=NBA-SBL}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Ighodalo ya shawarci Zenith Bank Plc kan fitar da Euro $ 500 miliyan da Diamond Bank Plc akan fitar da Euro 200 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banking, finance and capital markets in Nigeria {{!}} Law firm and lawyer rankings from The Legal 500 Europe, Middle East & Africa guide |url=https://www.legal500.com/c/nigeria/banking-finance-and-capital-markets/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.legal500.com}}</ref> Ya yi murabus daga dukkan mukaman kamfanoni da ya rike don neman zama gwamnan Jihar Edo.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Ighodalo resigns from corporate positions |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ighodalo-resigns-from-corporate-positions/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Ighodalo ya fito a matsayin dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP) a [[Zaben gwamna na Jihar Edo na 2024]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Edo PDP Candidate, Asue Ighodalo Engages Diaspora Community in Europe |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/26/edo-pdp-candidate-asue-ighodalo-engages-diaspora-community-in-europe/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Lawal |first=Kayode |date=2024-06-26 |title=Edo Guber: Court strikes out suit seeking to disqualify Asue Ighodalo as PDP candidate |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/26/edo-guber-court-strikes-out-suit-seeking-to-disqualify-asue-ighodalo-as-pdp-candidate/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Koyaya, Babban Kotun Tarayya da ke zaune a [[Abuja]] ta soke zaben a kan dalilin da ya sa aka hana wakilai 378 da za su jefa kuri'a a lokacin zaben fidda gwani.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Report |first=Agency |date=2024-07-04 |title=Court nullifies Edo PDP governorship Primary |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/709557-court-nullifies-edo-pdp-governorship-primary.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Babban Kotun Tarayya a Abuja ta amince da takararsa, wanda ya tabbatar da Ighodalo a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na PDP a Jihar Edo kuma ya watsar da karar da ke kalubalantar zabensa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporters |first=Our |date=2024-07-17 |title=PDP hails judgment affirming Ighodalo's candidacy |url=https://punchng.com/pdp-hails-judgment-affirming-ighodalos-candidacy/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Ya rasa zaben ga dan takarar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]], [[Monday Okpebholo|Litinin Okpebholo]], kuma ya kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotu bisa ga rashin bin Dokar Zabe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Musa |first=Deborah |date=2025-02-03 |title=Edo tribunal: Ighodalo closes case against Okpebholo |url=https://punchng.com/edo-tribunal-ighodalo-closes-case-against-okpebholo/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ukwu |first=Jerrywright |date=2025-04-03 |title=Asue Ighodalo rejects tribunal verdict on Edo guber, heads to appeal court |url=https://www.thecable.ng/asue-ighodalo-rejects-tribunal-verdict-on-edo-guber-heads-to-appeal-court/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2025, Kotun ta yanke hukunci tare da watsi da karar a kan dalilin cewa Ighodalo ya kasa samar da isasshen shaida game da rashin bin doka ko rashin bin Dokar Zabe.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Edo Governorship Tribunal to Deliver Judgment Wednesday - 3 PM News 1st April 2025|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kai77ELvb0Q|date=2025-04-01|access-date=2026-02-01|via=YouTube|last=News Central TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Edo Tribunal Upholds Okpebholo’s Victory, Dismisses PDP Petition|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2eNonn3zeU|date=2025-04-03|access-date=2026-02-01|via=YouTube|last=News Central TV}}</ref> Ighodalo daga baya ya ki amincewa da hukuncin, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rashin adalci," kuma ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli, wanda ya tabbatar da zaben Okpebholo a watan Yulin 2025. == Littattafai da ayyukanta == Ighodalo ya gabatar da takardu a kan kasuwannin jari a ciki da wajen Najeriya kuma ya rubuta labarai a cikin wallafe-wallafen doka. Ya kuma ba da lacca game da shugabancin kamfanoni, ayyukan daraktoci da alhakin, da kuma kasuwanci a Cibiyar Daraktoci, [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] da kuma FATE Foundation, bi da bi.<ref name="whoiswho">{{Cite web |title=Asue Ighodalo |url=http://whoswholegal.com/profiles/22200/0/ighodalo/asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=WhoisWho Legal}}</ref> == Kwamitoci da membobin == Ighodalo ya kasance shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Sterling Bank Plc, Dangote Flour Mills Plc da kuma kungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (NESG). Ya kuma yi aiki a kan allon wasu kamfanoni na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da kuma wata kungiya ta doka, gami da Okomu Oil Palm Company Plc, Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Najeriya (NSIA) da kuma Gidauniyar FATE (wani NGO da ya himmatu ga ci gaban 'yan kasuwa a Najeriya).<ref name=":54">{{Cite news |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=2023-08-21 |title=The rise and rise of Asue Ighodalo |url=https://businessday.ng/personality/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> Ighodalo ya zama shugaban Bankin Sterling a watan Agustan 2014. Shi memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) kuma tsohon shugaban NBA - Sashe na Dokar Kasuwanci (NBA SBL). <ref name="nba">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law Welcomes New Chairman |url=http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923023120/http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=NBA-SBL}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140923023120/http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 "Nigerian Bar Association Section on Business Law Welcomes New Chairman"]. NBA-SBL. Archived from [http://nba-sbl.org/?p=4085 the original] on 23 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Tattaunawar Man Fetur ta Duniya (AIPN), Amurka, Ƙungiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya, [[Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bar ta Duniya]] (IBA), Ƙungiyar Shari'ar Ruwa ta Najeriya, Kwamitin Shari'ar Kasuwanci da Haraji na Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Legas, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta London kuma memba ne na Cibiyar Haraji.<ref name="banwo2">{{cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011614/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/asue-ighodalo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |accessdate=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite news |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=2023-08-21 |title=The rise and rise of Asue Ighodalo |url=https://businessday.ng/personality/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> == Iyali == Ighodalo ta auri Ifeyinwa, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Omoehi da Ayomide.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Ajumobi |first=Kemi |date=2023-08-21 |title=The rise and rise of Asue Ighodalo |url=https://businessday.ng/personality/article/the-rise-and-rise-of-asue-ighodalo/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Ituah Ighodalo, babban fasto na Trinity House, Legas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyediji |first=Tayo |date=2020-06-29 |title=Meet Pastor ITUAH IGHODALO's Super Rich Brother |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-pastor-ituah-ighodalos-super-rich-brother/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c7744dlk4aibg3bgymw5xp2udsnjpoi 0 158166 859251 2026-06-17T10:35:47Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358350137|Postpartum depression]]" 859251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damuwa bayan haihuwa''' ( '''PPD''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''baƙin ciki''' '''bayan haihuwa''', cuta ce ta yanayi wadda mata masu juna biyu ko bayan haihuwa za su iya fuskanta. <ref name="Paulson_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y |date=2010 |title=Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=27 |via=Gale Academic Onefile}}</ref> Alamomin sun haɗa da baƙin ciki mai yawa, [[Rashin karfi|ƙarancin kuzari]], [[Anxiety|damuwa]], lokutan kuka, rashin jin daɗi, da canje-canje masu yawa a yanayin barci ko cin abinci. <ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621200731/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=NIMH}}</ref> PPD kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jariri. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE |date=November 2003 |title=The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=263–274 |doi=10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 |pmid=14628179 |s2cid=20966469}}</ref> <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}</ref> Ko da yake ba a san ainihin dalilin PPD ba, ana kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwan jiki, motsin rai, kwayoyin halitta, da zamantakewa kamar rashin daidaiton hormones da [[rashin barci]] . <ref name="NIH2017" /> <ref name="Ste2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stewart DE, Vigod SN |date=January 2019 |title=Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=183–196 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106 |pmid=30691372 |s2cid=59341428}}</ref> <ref name="Soa2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares CN, Zitek B |date=July 2008 |title=Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0831 |pmc=2440795 |pmid=18592034}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a baya na baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]], tarihin [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] na iyali, [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa ta hankali]], [[Rikitarwa na ciki|rikice-rikicen haihuwa]], rashin tallafi, ko [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] . <ref name="NIH2017" /> Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan alamun mutum. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Duk da cewa yawancin mata suna fuskantar ɗan gajeren lokaci na damuwa ko rashin jin daɗi bayan haihuwa, ya kamata a yi zargin baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa lokacin da alamun suka yi tsanani kuma suka wuce makonni biyu. <ref name="NIH2017" /> Daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, samar da tallafin zamantakewa na iya zama kariya wajen hana PPD. <ref name="AHRQ">{{Cite web |title=Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes |url=http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111225343/http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm |archive-date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Agency for Health Care Research and Quality}}</ref> Wannan na iya haɗawa da tallafin al'umma kamar abinci, ayyukan gida, kula da uwa, da kuma abota. <ref name="Dennis_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L |date=July 2007 |title=Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review |journal=Women's Health |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=487–502 |doi=10.2217/17455057.3.4.487 |pmid=19804024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin PPD na iya haɗawa da ba da shawara ko magunguna. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Nau'ikan shawarwari masu tasiri sun haɗa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (IPT), maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), da maganin psychodynamic . <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Shaida mai ƙarfi tana goyan bayan amfani da magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin (SSRIs) masu zaɓi . <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Damuwa tana faruwa a kusan kashi 10 zuwa 20% na mata bayan haihuwa. Damuwa bayan haihuwa galibi tana shafar uwaye waɗanda suka fuskanci haihuwar da ba a haifa ba, uwaye da ke zaune a birane, da kuma uwaye matasa. Bugu da ƙari, an kiyasta cewa wannan matsalar yanayi tana shafar kashi 1 zuwa 26% na sabbin ubaye. <ref name="Paulson_2010" /> Wani nau'in matsalar yanayi daban-daban bayan haihuwa shine tabin hankali bayan haihuwa, wanda ya fi tsanani kuma yana faruwa a kusan mata 1 zuwa 2 cikin 1,000 bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Sey2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Seyfried LS, Marcus SM |date=August 2003 |title=Postpartum mood disorders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=231–242 |doi=10.1080/09540260305196 |pmid=15276962}}</ref> Damuwa bayan haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da [[Kashe jarirai|kisan yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara ɗaya]], wanda ke faruwa a kusan 8 cikin 100,000 na haihuwa a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spinelli MG |date=September 2004 |title=Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=9 |pages=1548–1557 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548 |pmid=15337641 |s2cid=35255623}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Alamomin PPD na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekarar farko ta haihuwa bayan haihuwa. Yawanci, ana la'akari da ganewar cutar damuwa bayan haihuwa bayan an ci gaba da alamun har na tsawon akalla makonni biyu. <ref name="WebMD">WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression {{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref> === Motsin Rai === * Baƙin ciki mai ɗorewa, damuwa, ko yanayi "babu komai" * Canjin yanayi mai tsanani <ref name="WebMD">WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression {{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics "The Basics of Postpartum Depression"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics Archived] from the original on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Bacin rai, fushi, rashin natsuwa, fushi <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Depression Among Women {{!}} Depression {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130236/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |archive-date=2017-04-16 |access-date=2017-04-15 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> * Jin rashin bege ko rashin taimako <ref name="OBOS" /> * Laifi, kunya, rashin amfani <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> * Ƙarfin kai <ref name="OBOS" /> * Jin kasala, rashin komai <ref name="OBOS" /> * Gajiya <ref name="OBOS" /> * Rashin samun kwanciyar hankali <ref name="OBOS" /> * Matsalar haɗuwa da jariri <ref name="WebMD" /> * Jin rashin isasshen kulawa da jaririn <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> * Tunanin cutar da kai ko kashe kanka <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wisner KL, Sit DK, McShea MC, Rizzo DM, Zoretich RA, Hughes CL, Eng HF, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, Costantino ML, Confer AL, Moses-Kolko EL, Famy CS, Hanusa BH |date=May 2013 |title=Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=490–498 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87 |pmc=4440326 |pmid=23487258}}</ref> * Rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Depression Among Women {{!}} Depression {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130236/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |archive-date=2017-04-16 |access-date=2017-04-15 |website=www.cdc.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ "Depression Among Women | Depression | Reproductive Health | CDC"]. ''www.cdc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130236/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ Archived] from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="WebMD">WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression {{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics "The Basics of Postpartum Depression"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics Archived] from the original on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I |date=December 2003 |title=Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=1318–1325 |doi=10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.020 |pmid=14662221 |s2cid=39467608}}</ref> * Canje-canje a cikin sha'awar abinci <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> * Gajiya, raguwar kuzari <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> da kuma kwarin gwiwa <ref name="CDC" /> * Rashin kula da kai <ref name="WebMD" /> * Janyewar zamantakewa <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="WebMD" /> * Rashin barci ko yawan barci <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="WebMD" /> * Damuwa game da cutar da kai, jariri, ko abokin tarayya <ref name="WebMD" /> <ref name="CDC" /> === Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi === Nazarin fMRI ya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin aikin kwakwalwa tsakanin uwaye masu fama da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da waɗanda ba su da shi. Iyaye mata da aka gano suna da PPD galibi ba sa samun aiki sosai a gefen hagu na gaba da kuma ƙaruwar aiki a gefen dama na gaba idan aka kwatanta da masu kula da lafiya. Hakanan suna nuna raguwar haɗin kai tsakanin mahimman tsarin kwakwalwa, gami da gaban cingulate cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, da hippocampus . Bambance-bambancen kunna kwakwalwa tsakanin uwaye masu baƙin ciki da waɗanda ba sa baƙin ciki sun fi bayyana lokacin da alamun motsin rai na waɗanda ba jarirai ba suka motsa su. Iyaye mata masu baƙin ciki suna nuna ƙarin aikin jijiyoyi a cikin amygdala ta dama zuwa ga alamun motsin rai na waɗanda ba jarirai ba da kuma raguwar haɗin kai tsakanin amygdala da gefen dama na tsakiya. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya kuma gano cewa aiki mai rauni a cikin gaban cingulate cortex, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, da insula a cikin uwaye masu PPD lokacin kallon hotunan jariransu. <ref name="Pawluski_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS |date=February 2017 |title=The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression |url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452985/file/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Postpartum-Tins%20Manscript%20REVISED%20clean%201.pdf |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=106–120 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009 |pmid=28129895 |s2cid=28613743}}</ref> An gudanar da bincike mai ƙarfi kan kunna jijiyoyi game da PPD tare da beraye fiye da mutane. Waɗannan nazarin sun ba da damar ware takamaiman sassan kwakwalwa, masu ba da neurotransmitters, hormones, da [[Steroid|steroids]] . <ref name="Pawluski_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS |date=February 2017 |title=The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression |url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452985/file/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Postpartum-Tins%20Manscript%20REVISED%20clean%201.pdf |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=106–120 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009 |pmid=28129895 |s2cid=28613743}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPawluskiLonsteinFleming2017">Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS (February 2017). [https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452985/file/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Postpartum-Tins%20Manscript%20REVISED%20clean%201.pdf "The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Trends in Neurosciences''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009|10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28129895 28129895]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28613743 28613743].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Workman JL, Barha CK, Galea LA |date=February 2012 |title=Endocrine substrates of cognitive and affective changes during pregnancy and postpartum |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=54–72 |doi=10.1037/a0025538 |pmid=21967374 |s2cid=207642327 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Farawa da tsawon lokaci == Farawar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa yawanci yana farawa ne tsakanin makonni biyu zuwa wata guda bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000118.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225024657/http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000118.htm |archive-date=2012-02-25 |access-date=22 October 2008 |website=Pregnancy Guide |publisher=Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a wani asibitin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na cikin gari ya nuna cewa kashi 50% na ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa sun fara ne kafin haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, Heartwell SF, Leveno KJ |date=November 2001 |title=Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=1856–1863 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1856 |pmid=11691692}}</ref> A cikin Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali ( DSM-5 ) PPD ba a gane shi a matsayin wani yanayi na musamman ba, sai dai wani nau'in babban ɓacin rai ne. A cikin DSM-5, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin "wanda ya fara bayan haihuwa" ga babban ɓacin rai idan farkon ya faru ko dai a lokacin ciki ko cikin makonni huɗu bayan haihuwa. Yaɗuwar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa ya bambanta a cikin watanni daban-daban bayan [[Jego|haihuwa]] . Nazarin da aka yi kan ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa tsakanin mata a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ya nuna cewa yaɗuwar cutar a cikin watanni uku na farko na haihuwa ya kai kashi 31%, yayin da yaɗuwar cutar daga watanni huɗu zuwa goma sha biyu na haihuwa ya kai kashi 19%. <ref name="Alshikh_Ahmad_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J |date=August 2021 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9 |pmc=8343347 |pmid=34362325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PPD na iya ɗaukar watanni da yawa ko ma shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Mental Health Association > Post Partum Depression |url=http://www.cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=3-86-87-88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021133909/http://cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=3-86-87-88 |archive-date=2010-10-21 |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref> == Sakamakon da ke tattare da lafiyar uwa da yara == Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa na iya tsoma baki ga haɗin kai tsakanin uwa da jariri na yau da kullun kuma yana shafar ci gaban jariri mai tsanani da na dogon lokaci. Jariran uwaye masu fama da PPD suna da yawan kuka mai yawa, alamun yanayi, da wahalar barci. Matsalolin barci a jarirai na iya ƙara ta'azzara ko kuma su ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar PPD a lokaci guda a cikin uwaye. Sakamakon uwaye na PPD sun haɗa da janyewa, rabuwa, da ƙiyayya. Ƙarin alamu da aka lura a cikin uwaye masu fama da PPD sun haɗa da ƙarancin lokacin farawa da kula da shayarwa. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlsteinHowardSalisburyZlotnick2009">Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 "Postpartum depression"]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''200''' (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033|10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 3918890]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318144 19318144].</cite></ref> Yara da jarirai waɗanda uwayensu da PPD ta shafa suna fuskantar mummunan tasiri na dogon lokaci akan aikinsu na fahimta, sarrafa hana su, da kuma daidaita motsin rai. A cikin yanayin PPD da ba a yi magani ba, an lura da halaye masu tayar da hankali da yanayin tabin hankali da na lafiya a lokacin samartaka. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlsteinHowardSalisburyZlotnick2009">Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 "Postpartum depression"]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''200''' (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033|10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 3918890]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318144 19318144].</cite></ref> Yawan kashe kai na mata masu fama da cutar PPD ya yi ƙasa da na waɗanda ba sa cikin lokacin haihuwa. Mutuwar jariri ko jarirai a shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa yana da alaƙa da haɗarin yunƙurin kashe kansa da kuma yawan shigar da marasa lafiya a asibiti. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlsteinHowardSalisburyZlotnick2009">Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 "Postpartum depression"]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''200''' (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033|10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 3918890]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318144 19318144].</cite></ref> == Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa ga ubanni == Baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa na uba ra'ayi ne da ba a fahimta sosai ba tare da wata hujja mai iyaka ba. Duk da haka, baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa yana shafar kashi 8 zuwa 10% na uba. <ref name="Scarff-2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scarff JR |date=May 2019 |title=Postpartum Depression in Men |journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=5–6 |pages=11–14 |pmc=6659987 |pmid=31440396}}</ref> Babu wasu ƙa'idodi da aka tsara don maza su sami baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> Dalilin na iya bambanta a cikin maza. <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> <ref name="Goodman_2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman JH |date=January 2004 |title=Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=26–35 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02857.x |pmid=14675298 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da ke haifar da baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa na uba sun haɗa da canje-canjen hormonal yayin daukar ciki, wanda zai iya nuna alaƙar uba da ɗa. [ <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> Misali, alamun baƙin cikin maza suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin matakan testosterone a cikin maza. [1] Ƙarancin matakan prolactin, estrogen, da vasopressin an danganta su da gwagwarmaya da haɗin kai tsakanin uba da jariri, wanda zai iya haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin uba na farko. <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> Alamomin baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa a cikin maza sune baƙin ciki mai tsanani, gajiya, damuwa, fushi, da tunanin kashe kansa. Damuwar bayan haihuwa a cikin maza galibi tana faruwa watanni 3-6 bayan haihuwa kuma tana da alaƙa da baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa, ma'ana idan uwa tana fuskantar baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa, to uba yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="Paulson_Bazemore_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paulson JF, Bazemore SD |date=May 2010 |title=Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=19 |pages=1961–1969 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.605 |pmid=20483973 |s2cid=27189811}}</ref> Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa a cikin maza yana haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin kashe kansa, yayin da kuma iyakance haɗin kai mai kyau tsakanin jarirai da uba. Mazan da ke fuskantar PPD na iya nuna halayen iyaye marasa kyau, da damuwa, da kuma rage hulɗar jarirai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Suto M, Isogai E, Mizutani F, Kakee N, Misago C, Takehara K |date=August 2016 |title=Prevalence and Factors Associated With Postpartum Depression in Fathers: A Regional, Longitudinal Study in Japan |journal=Research in Nursing & Health |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1002/nur.21728 |pmid=27209152}}</ref> Rage hulɗar uba da iyaye na iya haifar da matsalolin fahimta da ɗabi'a a cikin yara daga baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=November 2018 |title=NewsCAP: Study finds postpartum depression also affects fathers |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=118 |issue=11 |page=12 |doi=10.1097/01.naj.0000547646.08156.11 |pmid=30358579 |s2cid=53025016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 3.5 na iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da ɗabi'un ciki da waje, wanda ke nuna cewa baƙin cikin bayan uba na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci. <ref name="Paulson_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y |date=2010 |title=Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=27 |via=Gale Academic Onefile}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarlsonMughalAzhar2010">Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y (2010). "Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to". ''Psychiatric Times''. '''27''' &#x2013; via Gale Academic Onefile.</cite></ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da uba suka rene su suna fuskantar baƙin ciki ko wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da kusan kashi 33% zuwa 70% mafi girma na haɗarin kamuwa da matsalolin motsin rai ko ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarff |first=Jonathan R. |date=2019-05-01 |title=Postpartum Depression in Men |journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=5–6 |pages=11–14 |issn=2158-8333 |pmc=6659987 |pmid=31440396}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, idan ba a yawan karanta wa yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyu ba, wannan mummunan hulɗar iyaye da yara na iya cutar da kalmomin da suke furtawa. <ref name="Paulson_2010" /> Wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan ubaye masu ƙarancin kuɗi ya gano cewa ƙaruwar shiga cikin shekarar farko ta ɗansu yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Dads Who Take a More Hands-on Role Their Kid's First Year Have Better Mental Health |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/fathers-who-are-more-involved-in-the-first-year-show-better-mental-health |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}</ref> == Iyaye masu riƙon yara == Iyaye waɗanda ba su da ilimin halittar jiki na iya fuskantar baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Duk da cewa ba a yi bincike mai yawa ba game da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, matsalolin da ke tattare da iyaye bayan haihuwa iri ɗaya ne tsakanin iyaye na halitta da waɗanda suka ɗauki yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foli KJ, South SC, Lim E, Jarnecke AM |date=August 2016 |title=Post-adoption depression: Parental classes of depressive symptoms across time |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=200 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.049 |pmc=4887416 |pmid=27155072}}</ref> Matan da suka ɗauki yara suna fuskantar damuwa mai yawa da canje-canje a rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kamar uwaye na halitta. Wannan na iya ƙara musu damar kamuwa da alamun baƙin ciki da kuma yanayin damuwa. <ref name="Mott_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mott SL, Schiller CE, Richards JG, O'Hara MW, Stuart S |date=August 2011 |title=Depression and anxiety among postpartum and adoptive mothers |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1007/s00737-011-0227-1 |pmc=3433270 |pmid=21725836}}</ref> Damuwa bayan haihuwa tana faruwa a cikin uwaye masu ɗaukar yara ta hanyar rashin barci kamar uwaye masu haihuwa, amma iyaye masu ɗaukar yara na iya samun ƙarin abubuwan haɗari kamar tarihin rashin haihuwa. <ref name="Mott_2011" /> == Matsaloli ga mutanen LGBTQ == Bugu da ƙari, bincike na farko ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke ɗaukar yara waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ]] na iya zama mafi saurin kamuwa da baƙin ciki da damuwa a lokacin daukar ciki fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya da kuma maza da mata. <ref name="Kirubarajan_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, Abramovich A, Yudin MH, Lam JS |date=September 2022 |title=LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review |journal=BJOG |volume=129 |issue=10 |pages=1630–1643 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.17103 |pmid=35048502 |s2cid=246064324}}</ref> A cewar wasu bincike guda biyu, an hana mutanen LGBTQ shiga ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa saboda kyamar da al'umma ke nunawa, wanda hakan ke kara wani shinge na zamantakewa wanda uwaye masu rashin daidaito ba su da shi. Mahalarta 'yan madigo sun bayyana fargaba game da samun ganewar lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda damuwa game da kyamar zamantakewa da damar aiki. An kuma nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar cire yara da kuma gano iyaye, ciki har da cutar tabin hankali. <ref name="Kirubarajan_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, Abramovich A, Yudin MH, Lam JS |date=September 2022 |title=LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review |journal=BJOG |volume=129 |issue=10 |pages=1630–1643 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.17103 |pmid=35048502 |s2cid=246064324}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKirubarajanBarkerLeungRoss2022">Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, et&nbsp;al. (September 2022). "LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review". ''BJOG''. '''129''' (10): <span class="nowrap">1630–</span>1643. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17103|10.1111/1471-0528.17103]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35048502 35048502]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246064324 246064324].</cite></ref> Daga binciken da aka gudanar zuwa yanzu, kodayake yana da iyaka, a bayyane yake cewa akwai yawan jama'a da ke fuskantar baƙin ciki da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa fiye da uwaye masu haihuwa kawai. == Dalilai == Ba a san musabbabin PPD ba. Canje-canjen hormonal da na jiki, tarihin baƙin ciki na mutum da na iyali, da kuma damuwar kula da jariri duk na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression |url=https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIMH" Perinatal Depression |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> Shaida ta nuna cewa canje-canjen hormones na iya taka rawa. <ref name="Schiller_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR |date=February 2015 |title=The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1017/S1092852914000480 |pmc=4363269 |pmid=25263255}}</ref> Fahimtar halayyar neuroendocrinology na PPD ya tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙalubale musamman idan aka yi la'akari da canje-canje marasa daidaituwa ga kwakwalwa da tsarin halittu yayin daukar ciki da kuma bayan haihuwa. Wani bita na nazarin bincike a cikin PPD ya lura cewa mata masu PPD suna da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin aikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|HPA axis]], duk da haka, yanayin karkacewar takamaiman hormone yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa har yanzu yana gauraye. <ref name="Kim_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim S, Soeken TA, Cromer SJ, Martinez SR, Hardy LR, Strathearn L |date=September 2014 |title=Oxytocin and postpartum depression: delivering on what's known and what's not |journal=Brain Research |series=Oxytocin in Human Social Behavior and Psychopathology |volume=1580 |pages=219–232 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.009 |pmc=4156558 |pmid=24239932}}</ref> Hormones da aka yi nazari a kansu sun haɗa da estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone, [[testosterone]], corticotropin release hormone, endorphins, da [[cortisol]] . <ref name="Soa2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares CN, Zitek B |date=July 2008 |title=Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0831 |pmc=2440795 |pmid=18592034}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoaresZitek2008">Soares CN, Zitek B (July 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440795 "Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?"]. ''Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience''. '''33''' (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>343. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1139/jpn.0831|10.1139/jpn.0831]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440795 2440795]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18592034 18592034].</cite></ref> Matakan Estrogen da progesterone suna raguwa zuwa matakan kafin daukar ciki cikin awanni 24 da haihuwa, kuma wannan canjin kwatsam na iya haifar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=Postpartum depression |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}</ref> Tsarin steroid mai dogaro da hormone wanda ke dogara da sinadarin calcium na neuronal ta hanyar sunadaran extracellular matrix da masu karɓar membrane waɗanda ke da hannu wajen mayar da martani ga yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta na iya zama mahimmanci wajen haifar da haɗarin halittu. <ref name="-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thippeswamy H, Davies W |date=June 2021 |title=A new molecular risk pathway for postpartum mood disorders: clues from steroid sulfatase-deficient individuals |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=391–401 |doi=10.1007/s00737-020-01093-1 |pmc=8116278 |pmid=33219387 |s2cid=227076500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amfani da oxytocin roba, maganin da ke haifar da haihuwa, an danganta shi da ƙaruwar baƙin ciki da damuwa bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Kroll-Desrosiers _2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM |date=February 2017 |title=Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1002/da.22599 |pmc=5310833 |pmid=28133901}}</ref> An danganta Allopregnanolone, wani abu da aka samo daga progesterone, da cutar PPD saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen daidaita masu karɓar GABA . Matakan allopregnanolone suna raguwa sosai bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinna |first=Graziano |last2=Almeida |first2=Felipe B. |last3=Davis |first3=John M. |date=2022-04-26 |title=Allopregnanolone in Postpartum Depression |journal=Frontiers in Global Women's Health |language=English |volume=3 |doi=10.3389/fgwh.2022.823616 |issn=2673-5059 |pmc=9088875 |pmid=35558166 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An danganta raguwar allopregnanolone da alamun baƙin ciki kamar na beraye. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Deligiannidis |first=Kristina M. |last2=Meltzer-Brody |first2=Samantha |last3=Maximos |first3=Bassem |last4=Peeper |first4=E. Quinn |last5=Freeman |first5=Marlene |last6=Lasser |first6=Robert |last7=Bullock |first7=Amy |last8=Kotecha |first8=Mona |last9=Li |first9=Sigui |last10=Forrestal |first10=Fiona |last11=Rana |first11=Nilanjana |last12=Garcia |first12=Manny |last13=Leclair |first13=Bridgette |last14=Doherty |first14=James |date=September 2023 |title=Zuranolone for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220785 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=180 |issue=9 |pages=668–675 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.20220785 |pmid=37491938 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa Estradiol, wanda ke taimaka wa mahaifa ta yi kauri da girma, yana taimakawa wajen samar da PPD. <ref name="Schiller_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR |date=February 2015 |title=The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1017/S1092852914000480 |pmc=4363269 |pmid=25263255}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchillerMeltzer-BrodyRubinow2015">Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR (February 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363269 "The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression"]. ''CNS Spectrums''. '''20''' (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>59. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S1092852914000480|10.1017/S1092852914000480]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363269 4363269]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25263255 25263255].</cite></ref> Wannan ya faru ne saboda dangantakarsa da serotonin . Matakan Estradiol suna ƙaruwa yayin daukar ciki, sannan su ragu sosai bayan haihuwa. Lokacin da matakan estradiol suka ragu bayan haihuwa, matakan serotonin suma suna raguwa. Serotonin wani sinadari ne mai taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayi. Ƙananan matakan serotonin suna haifar da jin baƙin ciki da damuwa. Don haka, lokacin da matakan estradiol suka yi ƙasa, serotonin na iya zama ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa estradiol yana taka rawa wajen haɓaka PPD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trifu S, Vladuti A, Popescu A |date=2019 |title=Neuroendocrine Aspects of Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=410–415 |doi=10.4183/aeb.2019.410 |pmc=6992410 |pmid=32010366}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana hasashen cewa canje-canje masu zurfi a salon rayuwa da ake samu ta hanyar kula da [[jariri]] suna haifar da PPD. Duk da haka, ƙaramin shaida yana goyon bayan wannan hasashe. Iyaye mata waɗanda suka haifi 'ya'ya da yawa a baya ba tare da fuskantar PPD ba duk da haka za su iya fuskantar hakan tare da sabon ɗansu. <ref name="-2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen Forman D, Videbech P, Hedegaard M, Dalby Salvig J, Secher NJ |date=October 2000 |title=Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk |journal=BJOG |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=1210–1217 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x |pmid=11028570 |s2cid=23118990}}</ref> Duk da canje-canjen halitta da na zamantakewa waɗanda ka iya biyo bayan ciki da lokacin haihuwa, yawancin mata ba a gano suna da PPD ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paschetta E, Berrisford G, Coccia F, Whitmore J, Wood AG, Pretlove S, Ismail KM |date=June 2014 |title=Perinatal psychiatric disorders: an overview |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20746819 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=210 |issue=6 |pages=501–509.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2013.10.009 |pmid=24113256}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J |date=November 2014 |title=Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1775–1788 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61276-9 |pmid=25455248 |s2cid=11378573}}</ref> Iyaye mata da yawa ba sa iya samun sauran da suke buƙata don murmurewa gaba ɗaya daga haihuwa. Rashin barci na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da gajiya ta jiki, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen haifar da alamun baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Postpartum Depression Facts">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> === Abubuwan Haɗari === Duk da cewa ba a fahimci dalilan PPD ba, an yi nuni da cewa akwai dalilai da dama da ke ƙara haɗarin. Ana iya raba waɗannan haɗarin zuwa rukuni biyu, na halitta da na zamantakewa: ==== Halitta ==== * Ba da maganin oxytocin na roba wanda ke haifar da naƙuda <ref name="Kroll-Desrosiers _2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM |date=February 2017 |title=Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1002/da.22599 |pmc=5310833 |pmid=28133901}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKroll-DesrosiersNephewBabbGuilarte-Walker2017">Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM (February 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310833 "Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year"]. ''Depression and Anxiety''. '''34''' (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>146. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/da.22599|10.1002/da.22599]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310833 5310833]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28133901 28133901].</cite></ref> * Cututtuka masu tsanani da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin daidaituwar tsarin jijiyoyi <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}</ref> * Tarihin kwayoyin halitta na PPD <ref name="McCoy_20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH |date=April 2006 |title=Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=193–198 |pmid=16627773}}</ref> * Rashin daidaituwar hormones <ref name="Ross_2009" /> * Cututtukan kumburi ( ciwon hanji mai saurin fushi, fibromyalgia ) <ref name="Ross_2009" /> * Shan taba sigari <ref name="McCoy_20062" /> * Kwayoyin halittar hanji <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCurry MD, D'Agostino GD, Walsh JT, Bisanz JE, Zalosnik I, Dong X, Morris DJ, Korzenik JR, Edlow AG, Balskus EP, Turnbaugh PJ, Huh JR, Devlin AS |date=June 2024 |title=Gut bacteria convert glucocorticoids into progestins in the presence of hydrogen gas |journal=Cell |volume=187 |issue=12 |pages=2952–2968.e13 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.005 |pmc=11179439 |pmid=38795705}}</ref> Za a iya raba abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa zuwa rukuni biyu kamar yadda aka lissafa a sama, na halitta da na psychosocial. <ref name="Yim_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C |date=2015-03-28 |title=Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=99–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 |pmc=5659274 |pmid=25822344}}</ref> Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin halitta sun haɗa da shan oxytocin don haifar da naƙuda. Cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar ciwon suga, ko cutar Addison, da kuma matsalolin da ke tattare da [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|rashin daidaituwar hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal]] (wanda ke sarrafa martanin hormonal), <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossDennis2009">Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review". ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''18''' (4): <span class="nowrap">475–</span>486. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953|10.1089/jwh.2008.0953]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361314 19361314].</cite></ref> hanyoyin kumburi kamar [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] ko cutar celiac, da raunin kwayoyin halitta kamar tarihin damuwa na iyali ko PPD. Cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin daidaituwar neuroendocrine, gami da ciwon hanji mai haushi da fibromyalgia yawanci suna sanya mutane cikin haɗarin ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Duk da haka, an gano cewa waɗannan cututtukan ba sa ƙara haɗarin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, an san waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da PPD. <ref name="Ross_2009" /> Wannan alaƙar ba yana nufin waɗannan abubuwan suna da sanadi ba. An san shan taba sigari yana da tasirin ƙari. <ref name="McCoy_20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH |date=April 2006 |title=Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=193–198 |pmid=16627773}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCoyBealShipmanPayton2006">McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH (April 2006). "Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature". ''The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association''. '''106''' (4): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>198. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627773 16627773].</cite></ref> Wasu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin PPD da ƙarancin matakan DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) a cikin uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hibbeln JR |date=May 2002 |title=Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=69 |issue=1–3 |pages=15–29 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00374-3 |pmid=12103448}}</ref> An gabatar da alaƙa tsakanin thyroiditis bayan haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa amma har yanzu ana jayayya. Haka kuma akwai alaƙa tsakanin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da kuma ƙwayoyin rigakafi na thyroid. ==== Ilimin zamantakewa ==== * Damuwa ko damuwa kafin haihuwa <ref name="Beck-2001099">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beck CT |year=1996 |title=A meta-analysis of the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament |journal=Nursing Research |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=225–230 |doi=10.1097/00006199-199607000-00006 |pmid=8700656}}</ref> * Tarihin baƙin ciki na mutum ko na iyali <ref name="McCoy_20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH |date=April 2006 |title=Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=193–198 |pmid=16627773}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCoyBealShipmanPayton2006">McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH (April 2006). "Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature". ''The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association''. '''106''' (4): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>198. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627773 16627773].</cite></ref> * Alamomin da suka shafi matsakaicin lokaci zuwa tsanani <ref name="Stuart-Parrigon_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S |date=September 2014 |title=Perinatal depression: an update and overview |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=9 |doi=10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6 |pmc=4920261 |pmid=25034859}}</ref> * Abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu wahala a lokacin daukar ciki <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ |date=January 2017 |title=Stressful Life Event Experiences of Pregnant Women in the United States: A Latent Class Analysis |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.007 |pmid=27810166}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ |date=March 2017 |title=Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in the United States: The Role of Women's Socioeconomic Status Indices at the State Level |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=276–285 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2016.5872 |pmid=27875058}}</ref> * Shuɗin bayan haihuwa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * [[Cutar damuwa ta bayan haihuwa|Raunin hankali da ya shafi haihuwa]] * Raunin jiki da ya shafi haihuwa * Tarihin cin zarafin mata <ref name="Robertson-Blackmore_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robertson-Blackmore E, Putnam FW, Rubinow DR, Matthieu M, Hunn JE, Putnam KT, Moynihan JA, O'Connor TG |date=October 2013 |title=Antecedent trauma exposure and risk of depression in the perinatal period |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=e942–e948 |doi=10.4088/JCP.13m08364 |pmid=24229763}}</ref> <ref name="Benedict_1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Benedict MI, Paine LL, Paine LA, Brandt D, Stallings R |date=July 1999 |title=The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=659–670 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00040-X |pmid=10442831 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rauni a lokacin ƙuruciya <ref name="Robertson-Blackmore_2013" /> <ref name="Benedict_1999" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lev-Wiesel R, Chen R, Daphna-Tekoah S, Hod M |date=January 2009 |title=Past traumatic events: are they a risk factor for high-risk pregnancy, delivery complications, and postpartum posttraumatic symptoms? |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=119–125 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0774 |pmid=19132883}}</ref> * Haihuwar da ta gabata a cikin mamaci ko kuma zubar da ciki <ref name="Stuart-Parrigon_2014" /> * Shayar da madara maimakon [[shayarwa]] <ref name="McCoy_20062" /> * Ƙarfin kai <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Kula da yara ko damuwa ta rayuwa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Rashin tallafin zamantakewa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Mummunan dangantaka ta aure ko kuma rashin aure <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Ƙarfin matsayin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> <ref name="Howell2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howell EA, Mora P, Leventhal H |date=March 2006 |title=Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms |journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=149–157 |doi=10.1007/s10995-005-0048-9 |pmc=1592250 |pmid=16341910}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarfin goyon bayan motsin rai daga abokiyar zama, abokin tarayya, iyali, ko abokai <ref name="Postpartum Depression Facts2">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> * Matsalolin yanayin jarirai/ ciwon ciki <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Ciki mara shiri/ba a so <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Matsalolin shayarwa <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Figueiredo B, Dias CC, Brandão S, Canário C, Nunes-Costa R |date=2013 |title=Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review |journal=Jornal de Pediatria |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=332–338 |doi=10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002 |pmid=23791236 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * Shekarun uwa, rashin isasshen abinci a iyali, da kuma cin zarafin mata <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hossain SJ, Roy BR, Hossain AT, Mehrin F, Tipu SM, Tofail F, Arifeen SE, Tran T, Fisher J, Hamadani J |date=July 2020 |title=Prevalence of Maternal Postpartum Depression, Health-Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Payment for Physical Illness and Cost Coping Mechanism of the Poor Families in Bangladesh: A Rural Community-Based Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=13 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17134727 |pmc=7370050 |pmid=32630173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin damuwa a lokacin haihuwa bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da mummunan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, wasu nau'ikan damuwa na yau da kullun, ingancin dangantaka, da tallafi daga abokin tarayya da uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brummelte S, Galea LA |date=January 2016 |title=Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=77 |pages=153–166 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008 |pmid=26319224 |s2cid=15205497}}</ref> Akwai buƙatar ƙarin bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zamantakewa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zamantakewa na zamantakewa na iya dangantawa da [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiya a cikin zamantakewa]] . <ref name="Yim_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C |date=2015-03-28 |title=Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=99–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 |pmc=5659274 |pmid=25822344}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYimTanner_StapletonGuardinoHahn-Holbrook2015">Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C (28 March 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 "Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration"]. ''Annual Review of Clinical Psychology''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>137. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 5659274]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822344 25822344].</cite></ref> Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu suna nuna babban matakin baƙin ciki da damuwa bayan haihuwa fiye da matan da ke da albarkatu masu yawa, kamar kuɗi. <ref name="Segre2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME |year=2006 |title=Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=99–106 |doi=10.1080/02646830600643908 |s2cid=144993416}}</ref> An nuna cewa yawan PPD yana raguwa yayin da kudin shiga ke ƙaruwa. Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu na iya samun ciki ba tare da niyya ba ko kuma wanda ba a so, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da PPD. Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu kuma na iya haɗawa da uwaye marasa aure waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi. Iyaye mata marasa aure waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi na iya samun ƙarancin damar samun albarkatu yayin da suke canzawa zuwa uwa. Waɗannan mata sun riga sun sami ƙarancin zaɓuɓɓukan kashe kuɗi, kuma samun ɗa na iya yaɗa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan. <ref name="Segre-2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Arndt S, Stuart S |date=April 2007 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression: the relative significance of three social status indices |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=316–321 |doi=10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1 |pmid=17370048 |s2cid=20586114}}</ref> Mata masu ƙarancin kuɗi galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali na talauci, ba za su iya ci gaba ba, wanda ke shafar ikonsu na samun ingantaccen kiwon lafiya don gano da magance baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Segre-2007" /> Bincike a Amurka ya kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin launin fata na uwa da kuma baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. An nuna cewa uwaye 'yan Afirka-Amurka suna da mafi girman haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD da kashi 25%, yayin da uwaye 'yan Asiya ke da mafi ƙanƙanta da kashi 11.5%, bayan sun shawo kan al'amuran zamantakewa kamar shekaru, kuɗin shiga, ilimi, matsayin aure, da lafiyar jariri. Adadin PPD ga mata 'yan ƙasa na farko, 'yan Caucasian, da Hispanic ya faɗi tsakanin. <ref name="Segre2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME |year=2006 |title=Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=99–106 |doi=10.1080/02646830600643908 |s2cid=144993416}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSegreO'HaraLosch2006">Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME (2006). "Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood". ''Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology''. '''24''' (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>106. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02646830600643908|10.1080/02646830600643908]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144993416 144993416].</cite></ref> Kaura daga al'ummar da ke da goyon baya ta al'adu na iya zama wani abu da ke haifar da PPD. Al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya suna ba da fifiko ga tallafin da aka tsara yayin kula da bayan haihuwa don tabbatar da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki, walwala, da murmurewa ta uwa. <ref name="Dennis_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L |date=July 2007 |title=Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review |journal=Women's Health |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=487–502 |doi=10.2217/17455057.3.4.487 |pmid=19804024 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDennisFungGrigoriadisRobinson2007">Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L (July 2007). [[doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487|"Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review"]]. ''Women's Health''. '''3''' (4): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>502. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487|10.2217/17455057.3.4.487]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19804024 19804024].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke hasashen yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar PPD ta uba shine samun abokin tarayya wanda ke da cutar PPD, inda iyaye maza ke kamuwa da cutar PPD kashi 50% na lokacin da abokin tarayyarsu mace ke da cutar PPD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singley DB, Edwards LM |date=2015 |title=Men's Perinatal Mental Health in the Transition to Fatherhood |url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1488&context=edu_fac |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=309–319 |doi=10.1037/pro0000032 |s2cid=21726189}}</ref> An kuma yi nazarin yanayin jima'i <ref name="Ross22">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Steele L, Goldfinger C, Strike C |year=2007 |title=Perinatal depressive symptomatology among lesbian and bisexual women |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1007/s00737-007-0168-x |pmid=17262172 |s2cid=44227469}}</ref> a matsayin abin da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD. A cikin wani bincike da Ross da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2007, an gwada uwayen 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi don samun cutar PPD sannan aka kwatanta su da ƙungiyar samfurin maza da mata. An gano cewa uwayen 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi sun sami maki mafi girma a cikin Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale fiye da mata masu luwaɗi a cikin samfurin. <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossDennis2009">Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review". ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''18''' (4): <span class="nowrap">475–</span>486. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953|10.1089/jwh.2008.0953]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361314 19361314].</cite></ref> Damuwa bayan haihuwa ta fi yawa a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo fiye da mata masu luwaɗi, wanda za a iya danganta shi da yawan mace-mace da ke fama da cutar ta hanyar jima'i. <ref name="Maccio-2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maccio EM, Pangburn JA |date=2011-05-01 |title=The case for investigating postpartum depression in lesbians and bisexual women |journal=Women's Health Issues |language=English |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=187–190 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.007 |pmid=21521621}}</ref> Matan 'yan madigo suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i saboda suna da yuwuwar an yi musu magani don baƙin ciki kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin ko tunanin kashe kansu fiye da mata masu luwaɗi. <ref name="Maccio-2011" /> Waɗannan ƙaruwar PPD a cikin uwayen 'yan madigo/masu luwaɗi na iya nuna ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa, musamman daga danginsu na asali, da ƙarin damuwa saboda wariyar ƙabilanci a cikin al'umma. <ref name="Ross32">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE |year=2005 |title=Perinatal mental health in lesbian mothers: a review of potential risk and protective factors |journal=Women & Health |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=113–128 |doi=10.1300/J013v41n03_07 |pmid=15970579 |s2cid=38024879}}</ref> Bambancin haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa (PPD) tsakanin matan Larabawa sun jaddada tasirin yanki. <ref name="Qandil_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qandil S, Jabr S, Wagler S, Collin SM |date=November 2016 |title=Postpartum depression in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: a longitudinal study in Bethlehem |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-1155-x |pmc=5124263 |pmid=27887649 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp;Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da aka gano sun haɗa da jinsin jariri da kuma [[Auren mata da yawa|auren mata fiye]] da ɗaya. <ref name="Qandil_2016" /> A cewar bincike uku da aka gudanar a [[Misra|Masar]] da kuma ɗaya a [[Jodan|Jordan]], uwayen jarirai mata suna da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon damuwa bayan haihuwa (PPD) sau biyu zuwa huɗu idan aka kwatanta da uwayen jarirai maza. <ref name="Qandil_2016" /> Nazari huɗu sun gano cewa rikice-rikice da suruka suna da alaƙa da PPD, tare da rabon haɗarin 1.8 da 2.7. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa a cikin iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ake fama da rikice-rikice, rikice-rikice, da yaƙe-yaƙe a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] . <ref name="Alshikh_Ahmad_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J |date=August 2021 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9 |pmc=8343347 |pmid=34362325 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlshikh_AhmadAlkhatibLuo2021">Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J (August 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8343347 "Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth''. '''21''' (1) 542. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9|10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8343347 8343347]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362325 34362325].</cite></ref> Nazarin da aka yi a [[Qatar]] ya gano alaƙa tsakanin ƙananan matakan ilimi da yawan PPD. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Lebanon]], zaman zama a yankunan karkara yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin. An gano cewa matan Lebanon da ke karkara waɗanda aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa suna da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD. A gefe guda kuma, matan Lebanon a birane sun nuna akasin haka. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> Binciken da aka gudanar a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD da uwaye waɗanda ba a sanar da su ba kuma waɗanda ba a ba su kulawa ta musamman lokacin da aka yanke shawara a lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> Akwai kira da a haɗa duka la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin PPD na halitta da na zamantakewa yayin magani da bincike kan cutar. <ref name="Yim_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C |date=2015-03-28 |title=Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=99–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 |pmc=5659274 |pmid=25822344}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYimTanner_StapletonGuardinoHahn-Holbrook2015">Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C (28 March 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 "Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration"]. ''Annual Review of Clinical Psychology''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>137. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 5659274]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822344 25822344].</cite></ref> Nazarin da aka yi kan kwatanta yawan alamun damuwa bayan haihuwa tsakanin uwaye masu karɓar kulawar bayan haihuwa a asibiti da waɗanda ke karɓar kulawar bayan haihuwa a gida ko ta hanyar telehealth bai nuna manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin bayar da kulawar lafiya ba. Kalmar 'haɗakar kulawa' ta bayyana wata hanya a fannin kiwon lafiya inda masu ba da sabis da yawa daga fannoni daban-daban ke haɗa kai don kula da lafiyar majiyyaci. Haɗakar kulawa a cikin marasa lafiya bayan haihuwa ya nuna irin wannan yawan baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda ba a haɗa shi ba. Wannan binciken ya ambaci cewa ba zai iya shafar yawan shan ƙwayoyi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ga mata masu karɓar tallafin shayarwa, wurin da aka ba da ilimi shi ma bai yi wani tasiri mai mahimmanci ga baƙin ciki ko damuwa ba. === Tashin hankali === Wani bincike da aka yi kan alaƙar tashin hankali da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa ya nuna cewa cin zarafin mata yana ƙara yawan ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Wu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wu Q, Chen HL, Xu XJ |date=April 2012 |title=Violence as a risk factor for postpartum depression in mothers: a meta-analysis |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1007/s00737-011-0248-9 |pmid=22382278 |s2cid=33870094}}</ref> Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mata a duk faɗin duniya za su fuskanci cin zarafin jiki ko na jima'i a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Cin zarafin mata yana faruwa ne a yankunan rikici, bayan rikici, da kuma waɗanda ba na rikici ba. <ref name="Western" /> Binciken da aka yi nazari a kai ya duba ne kawai kan tashin hankalin da mata suka fuskanta daga mazan da suka aikata laifin. Nazarin da aka yi daga [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fuskanci tashin hankalin iyali sun fi saurin kamuwa da cutar PPD sau 2.5. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, an bayyana cin zarafin mata a matsayin "duk wani aiki na tashin hankali bisa ga jinsi wanda ke haifar da, ko kuma zai iya haifar da, cutarwa ta jiki, jima'i, ko ta hankali ga mata". <ref name="Wu" /> Abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki na iyali, abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin balaga ko ciki, damuwa ko baƙin ciki yayin ciki, da ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa. <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossDennis2009">Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review". ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''18''' (4): <span class="nowrap">475–</span>486. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953|10.1089/jwh.2008.0953]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361314 19361314].</cite></ref> <ref name="Wu" /> Cin zarafin mata abu ne mai ɗorewa, don haka baƙin ciki na iya faruwa lokacin da wani bai sake iya mayar da martani ga tashin hankalin ba. <ref name="Wu" /> == Ganewar Ganewa == === Sharuɗɗa === Bacin rai bayan haihuwa a cikin DSM-5 an san shi da "rashin damuwa tare da farawar peripartum". Ana bayyana farawar peripartum a matsayin farawa a kowane lokaci yayin daukar ciki ko cikin makonni huɗu bayan haihuwa. Babu wani bambanci da aka samu tsakanin abubuwan damuwa da ke faruwa yayin daukar ciki ko waɗanda ke faruwa bayan haihuwa. Duk da haka, yawancin kwararru suna ci gaba da gano bacin rai bayan haihuwa a matsayin bacin rai wanda ke farawa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Stuart-Parrigon_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S |date=September 2014 |title=Perinatal depression: an update and overview |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=9 |doi=10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6 |pmc=4920261 |pmid=25034859}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStuart-ParrigonStuart2014">Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S (September 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920261 "Perinatal depression: an update and overview"]. ''Current Psychiatry Reports''. '''16''' (9) 468. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6|10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920261 4920261]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25034859 25034859].</cite></ref> Sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata don gano ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda ake buƙata don yin ganewar asali na [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban ɓacin rai]] wanda ba ya da alaƙa da haihuwa ko ƙaramin ɓacin rai . Sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da aƙalla alamomi guda biyar daga cikin waɗannan guda tara, cikin makonni biyu: * Jin baƙin ciki, rashin komai, ko rashin bege, kusan kowace rana, a mafi yawan lokutan yini, ko kuma lura da yanayin baƙin ciki da wasu ke yi. * Rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyuka * Rage nauyi ko rage cin abinci * Canje-canje a cikin yanayin barci * Jin rashin natsuwa * Asarar kuzari * Jin rashin amfani ko laifi * Rashin maida hankali ko ƙaruwar rashin yanke shawara * Tunanin mutuwa akai-akai, tare da shirin kashe kansa ko ba tare da shi ba === Ganewar bambance-bambance === ==== blues bayan haihuwa ==== Ciwon mara bayan haihuwa, wanda aka fi sani da "baby blues," cuta ce ta yanayi ta wucin gadi bayan haihuwa wadda ke da alamun damuwa mai sauƙi fiye da ciwon mara bayan haihuwa. Wannan nau'in ciwon mara na iya faruwa a cikin kusan kashi 80% na dukkan uwaye bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna ɓacewa cikin makonni biyu. Alamomin da suka wuce makonni biyu alama ce ta wani nau'in ciwon mara mai tsanani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wisner KL, Parry BL, Piontek CM |date=July 2002 |title=Clinical practice. Postpartum depression |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=347 |issue=3 |pages=194–199 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp011542 |pmid=12124409}}</ref> Matan da ke fuskantar "baby blues" na iya samun babban haɗarin fuskantar wani mummunan yanayin baƙin ciki daga baya. ==== tabin hankali ==== Ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa ba cuta ce ta yau da kullun ba, amma ana amfani da ita sosai don bayyana [[Magungunan gaggawa|gaggawar tabin hankali]] wanda ke faruwa a cikin kusan 1 cikin 1000 na ciki, inda alamun tsananin yanayi da tunanin tsere ( mania ), baƙin ciki, rikicewa mai tsanani, rashin hana mutum, tashin hankali, mafarki, da ruɗani suka fara ba zato ba tsammani a cikin makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa; alamun sun bambanta kuma suna iya canzawa da sauri. <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}</ref> Ya bambanta da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da baƙin ciki na haihuwa . <ref name="RoyColl2014">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Postpartum Psychosis |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/postpartumpsychosis.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024152200/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/postpartumpsychosis.aspx |archive-date=24 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists}}</ref> Yana iya zama nau'in [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiya na bipolar]] . <ref name="WesselooRev2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, Pop VJ, Kushner SA, Bergink V |date=February 2016 |title=Risk of Postpartum Relapse in Bipolar Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15010124 |pmid=26514657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci kada a rikitar da tabin hankali da wasu alamomin da za su iya faruwa bayan haihuwa, kamar delirium. Delirium yawanci ya haɗa da rashin sani ko rashin iya kula. Kimanin rabin matan da ke fama da tabin hankali bayan haihuwa ba su da wani abin da ke haifar da haɗari; amma tarihin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a baya, musamman matsalar bipolar, tarihin aukuwar tabin hankali bayan haihuwa a baya, ko tarihin iyali ya sanya wasu cikin haɗari mafi girma. <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJonesChandraDazzanHoward2014">Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period". ''Lancet''. '''384''' (9956): <span class="nowrap">1789–</span>1799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2|10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455249 25455249]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44481055 44481055].</cite></ref> Sau da yawa matsalar tabin hankali bayan haihuwa tana buƙatar a kwantar da ita a asibiti, inda magani ya ƙunshi magungunan rage radadi, abubuwan da ke daidaita yanayi, da kuma idan akwai haɗarin kashe kai, a yi amfani da maganin electroconvulsive . <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJonesChandraDazzanHoward2014">Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period". ''Lancet''. '''384''' (9956): <span class="nowrap">1789–</span>1799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2|10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455249 25455249]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44481055 44481055].</cite></ref> Alamomin da suka fi tsanani suna ɗaukar makonni 2 zuwa 12, kuma murmurewa yana ɗaukar watanni 6 zuwa shekara guda. <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJonesChandraDazzanHoward2014">Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period". ''Lancet''. '''384''' (9956): <span class="nowrap">1789–</span>1799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2|10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455249 25455249]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44481055 44481055].</cite></ref> Matan da aka kwantar da su a asibiti saboda wata matsala ta tabin hankali nan da nan bayan haihuwa suna cikin haɗarin kashe kansu a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa. <ref name="OrsoliniRev2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Orsolini L, Valchera A, Vecchiotti R, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F, Fornaro M, De Berardis D, Perna G, Pompili M, Bellantuono C |date=12 August 2016 |title=Suicide during Perinatal Period: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Correlates |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |page=138 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00138 |pmc=4981602 |pmid=27570512 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Matsalar Damuwa Mai Alaƙa da Haihuwa/Bayan Haihuwa''' Iyaye na iya fama da matsalar damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD), ko kuma su fuskanci alamun matsalar damuwa bayan rauni, bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L |date=January 2017 |title=The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=208 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 |pmid=27865585}}</ref> Duk da cewa an yi muhawara a cikin al'ummar likitoci game da ko ya kamata a ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin abin da ya faru na rauni, ra'ayin da ake da shi a yanzu shi ne haihuwa na iya zama abin da ya faru na rauni. <ref name="Heyne-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, Horsch A, Oosterman M, Dikmen-Yildiz P, Garthus-Niegel S |date=June 2022 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=94 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157 |pmid=35584590 |s2cid=248337797 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> DSM-IV da DSM-5 (rabe-raben daidaitattun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ƙwararrun likitoci ke amfani da su) ba su gane PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa a fili ba, amma duka suna ba da damar a ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin sanadin PTSD. <ref name="Heyne-2022" /> PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa yana da alaƙa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa iyaye mata waɗanda ke da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa suma suna da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017" /> <ref name="Dekel-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G |date=2017 |title=Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=560 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560 |pmc=5387093 |pmid=28443054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa suna da wasu alamu gama gari. Duk da cewa duka alamun cutar sun haɗu a cikin alamunsu, wasu alamun da suka shafi PTSD bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da firgita cikin sauƙi, mafarkai masu maimaitawa da tunawa, guje wa jariri ko duk wani abu da ke tunatar da mutum haihuwa, tashin hankali, fushi, da hare-haren firgici. <ref name="Ayers-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A |date=2018-09-18 |title=Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409 |pmc=6153962 |pmid=30279664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Raunin gaske ko wanda aka gani kafin, lokacin, ko bayan haihuwa muhimmin abu ne wajen gano PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grekin R, O'Hara MW |date=July 2014 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=389–401 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003 |pmid=24952134}}</ref> A halin yanzu, babu wani kimantawa da aka sani sosai wanda ke auna matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa a wuraren kiwon lafiya. An yi amfani da kimantawar PTSD da ke akwai (kamar DSM-IV) don auna PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L |date=January 2017 |title=The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=208 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 |pmid=27865585}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYildizAyersPhillips2017">Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L (January 2017). [https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf "The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Affective Disorders''. '''208''': <span class="nowrap">634–</span>645. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009|10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27865585 27865585].</cite></ref> Akwai wasu bincike don auna PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa musamman, duk da haka, ba a amfani da su sosai a wajen wuraren bincike. <ref name="Ayers-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A |date=2018-09-18 |title=Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409 |pmc=6153962 |pmid=30279664 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyersWrightThornton2018">Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A (18 September 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153962 "Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''9''' 409. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409|10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153962 6153962]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279664 30279664].</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 3-6% na iyaye mata a lokacin haihuwa suna da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L |date=January 2017 |title=The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=208 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 |pmid=27865585}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYildizAyersPhillips2017">Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L (January 2017). [https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf "The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Affective Disorders''. '''208''': <span class="nowrap">634–</span>645. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009|10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27865585 27865585].</cite></ref> <ref name="Heyne-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, Horsch A, Oosterman M, Dikmen-Yildiz P, Garthus-Niegel S |date=June 2022 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=94 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157 |pmid=35584590 |s2cid=248337797 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHeyneKazmierczakSoudayHoresh2022">Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, et&nbsp;al. (June 2022). [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc "Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''Clinical Psychology Review''. '''94''' 102157. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157|10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:1871.1/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc|1871.1/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584590 35584590]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248337797 248337797].</cite></ref> <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP |date=November 2022 |title=Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review |journal=Early Human Development |volume=174 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667 |pmid=36152399 |s2cid=252342586}}</ref> <ref name="Cook-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A |date=January 2018 |title=Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=225 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045 |pmid=28777972 |s2cid=5007700 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi na mutanen da ke da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa ya kai kusan kashi 15-18% a cikin samfuran da ke da haɗari sosai (mata waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani na haihuwa, suna da tarihin cin zarafin jima'i/jiki, ko kuma suna da wasu abubuwan haɗari). <ref name="Yildiz-2017" /> <ref name="Cook-2018" /> Bincike ya gano abubuwa da yawa da ke ƙara damar kamuwa da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mummunan ƙwarewar haihuwa, lafiyar kwakwalwa ta uwa (baƙin ciki kafin haihuwa, damuwa ta haihuwa, matsanancin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, da tarihin matsalolin tunani), tarihin rauni, rikitarwa yayin haihuwa da jariri (misali tiyatar tiyata ta gaggawa ko shigar NICU), da ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa. <ref name="Dekel-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G |date=2017 |title=Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=560 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560 |pmc=5387093 |pmid=28443054 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDekelStuebeDishy2017">Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387093 "Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors"]. ''Frontiers in Psychology''. '''8''': 560. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560|10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387093 5387093]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443054 28443054].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai X, Chen J, Li H, Zhou L, Huang Q, Liao Y, Krewski D, Wen SW, Zhang L, Xie RH |date=July 2023 |title=The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=211–221 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.14643 |pmid=36571476 |s2cid=255181351}}</ref> PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa yana da illoli da dama na lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga alaƙar motsin rai tsakanin uwa da ɗa. <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP |date=November 2022 |title=Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review |journal=Early Human Development |volume=174 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667 |pmid=36152399 |s2cid=252342586}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_SieleghemDanckaertsRiekenOkkerse2022">Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, et&nbsp;al. (November 2022). "Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review". ''Early Human Development''. '''174''' 105667. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667|10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152399 36152399]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252342586 252342586].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, baƙin ciki na uwa ko wasu dalilai na iya bayyana wannan mummunan tasirin. <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022" /> PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da ci gaban zamantakewa da motsin rai na yaron. <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022" /> Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa yana haifar da ƙarancin yawan shayarwa kuma yana iya hana iyaye shan nono na tsawon lokacin da ake so. <ref name="Cook-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A |date=January 2018 |title=Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=225 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045 |pmid=28777972 |s2cid=5007700 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCookAyersHorsch2018">Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A (January 2018). [[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045|"Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review"]]. ''Journal of Affective Disorders''. '''225''': <span class="nowrap">18–</span>31. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045|10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777972 28777972]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5007700 5007700].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d9wqn5avv55wusqpzt4slvlr73hjguy 859253 859251 2026-06-17T10:36:22Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damuwa bayan haihuwa''' ( '''PPD''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''baƙin ciki''' '''bayan haihuwa''', cuta ce ta yanayi wadda mata masu juna biyu ko bayan haihuwa za su iya fuskanta. <ref name="Paulson_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y |date=2010 |title=Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=27 |via=Gale Academic Onefile}}</ref> Alamomin sun haɗa da baƙin ciki mai yawa, [[Rashin karfi|ƙarancin kuzari]], [[Anxiety|damuwa]], lokutan kuka, rashin jin daɗi, da canje-canje masu yawa a yanayin barci ko cin abinci. <ref name="NIH2017">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621200731/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=NIMH}}</ref> PPD kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jariri. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE |date=November 2003 |title=The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=263–274 |doi=10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 |pmid=14628179 |s2cid=20966469}}</ref> <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}</ref> Ko da yake ba a san ainihin dalilin PPD ba, ana kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwan jiki, motsin rai, kwayoyin halitta, da zamantakewa kamar rashin daidaiton hormones da [[rashin barci]] . <ref name="NIH2017" /> <ref name="Ste2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stewart DE, Vigod SN |date=January 2019 |title=Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=183–196 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106 |pmid=30691372 |s2cid=59341428}}</ref> <ref name="Soa2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares CN, Zitek B |date=July 2008 |title=Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0831 |pmc=2440795 |pmid=18592034}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a baya na baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]], tarihin [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] na iyali, [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa ta hankali]], [[Rikitarwa na ciki|rikice-rikicen haihuwa]], rashin tallafi, ko [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi]] . <ref name="NIH2017" /> Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan alamun mutum. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Duk da cewa yawancin mata suna fuskantar ɗan gajeren lokaci na damuwa ko rashin jin daɗi bayan haihuwa, ya kamata a yi zargin baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa lokacin da alamun suka yi tsanani kuma suka wuce makonni biyu. <ref name="NIH2017" /> Daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari, samar da tallafin zamantakewa na iya zama kariya wajen hana PPD. <ref name="AHRQ">{{Cite web |title=Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes |url=http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111225343/http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm |archive-date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Agency for Health Care Research and Quality}}</ref> Wannan na iya haɗawa da tallafin al'umma kamar abinci, ayyukan gida, kula da uwa, da kuma abota. <ref name="Dennis_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L |date=July 2007 |title=Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review |journal=Women's Health |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=487–502 |doi=10.2217/17455057.3.4.487 |pmid=19804024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin PPD na iya haɗawa da ba da shawara ko magunguna. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Nau'ikan shawarwari masu tasiri sun haɗa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (IPT), maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT), da maganin psychodynamic . <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Shaida mai ƙarfi tana goyan bayan amfani da magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin (SSRIs) masu zaɓi . <ref name="Pearlstein_2009" /> Damuwa tana faruwa a kusan kashi 10 zuwa 20% na mata bayan haihuwa. Damuwa bayan haihuwa galibi tana shafar uwaye waɗanda suka fuskanci haihuwar da ba a haifa ba, uwaye da ke zaune a birane, da kuma uwaye matasa. Bugu da ƙari, an kiyasta cewa wannan matsalar yanayi tana shafar kashi 1 zuwa 26% na sabbin ubaye. <ref name="Paulson_2010" /> Wani nau'in matsalar yanayi daban-daban bayan haihuwa shine tabin hankali bayan haihuwa, wanda ya fi tsanani kuma yana faruwa a kusan mata 1 zuwa 2 cikin 1,000 bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Sey2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Seyfried LS, Marcus SM |date=August 2003 |title=Postpartum mood disorders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=231–242 |doi=10.1080/09540260305196 |pmid=15276962}}</ref> Damuwa bayan haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da [[Kashe jarirai|kisan yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara ɗaya]], wanda ke faruwa a kusan 8 cikin 100,000 na haihuwa a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spinelli MG |date=September 2004 |title=Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=9 |pages=1548–1557 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548 |pmid=15337641 |s2cid=35255623}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Alamomin PPD na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekarar farko ta haihuwa bayan haihuwa. Yawanci, ana la'akari da ganewar cutar damuwa bayan haihuwa bayan an ci gaba da alamun har na tsawon akalla makonni biyu. <ref name="WebMD">WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression {{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref> === Motsin Rai === * Baƙin ciki mai ɗorewa, damuwa, ko yanayi "babu komai" * Canjin yanayi mai tsanani <ref name="WebMD">WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression {{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics "The Basics of Postpartum Depression"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics Archived] from the original on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Bacin rai, fushi, rashin natsuwa, fushi <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Depression Among Women {{!}} Depression {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130236/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |archive-date=2017-04-16 |access-date=2017-04-15 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> * Jin rashin bege ko rashin taimako <ref name="OBOS" /> * Laifi, kunya, rashin amfani <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> * Ƙarfin kai <ref name="OBOS" /> * Jin kasala, rashin komai <ref name="OBOS" /> * Gajiya <ref name="OBOS" /> * Rashin samun kwanciyar hankali <ref name="OBOS" /> * Matsalar haɗuwa da jariri <ref name="WebMD" /> * Jin rashin isasshen kulawa da jaririn <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> * Tunanin cutar da kai ko kashe kanka <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wisner KL, Sit DK, McShea MC, Rizzo DM, Zoretich RA, Hughes CL, Eng HF, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, Costantino ML, Confer AL, Moses-Kolko EL, Famy CS, Hanusa BH |date=May 2013 |title=Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=490–498 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87 |pmc=4440326 |pmid=23487258}}</ref> * Rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun <ref name="CDC">{{Cite web |title=Depression Among Women {{!}} Depression {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130236/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ |archive-date=2017-04-16 |access-date=2017-04-15 |website=www.cdc.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ "Depression Among Women | Depression | Reproductive Health | CDC"]. ''www.cdc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130236/https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/ Archived] from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="WebMD">WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression {{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics "The Basics of Postpartum Depression"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics Archived] from the original on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Ƙarancin sha'awar jima'i <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I |date=December 2003 |title=Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=1318–1325 |doi=10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.020 |pmid=14662221 |s2cid=39467608}}</ref> * Canje-canje a cikin sha'awar abinci <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> * Gajiya, raguwar kuzari <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="CDC" /> da kuma kwarin gwiwa <ref name="CDC" /> * Rashin kula da kai <ref name="WebMD" /> * Janyewar zamantakewa <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="WebMD" /> * Rashin barci ko yawan barci <ref name="OBOS" /> <ref name="WebMD" /> * Damuwa game da cutar da kai, jariri, ko abokin tarayya <ref name="WebMD" /> <ref name="CDC" /> === Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jijiyoyi === Nazarin fMRI ya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin aikin kwakwalwa tsakanin uwaye masu fama da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da waɗanda ba su da shi. Iyaye mata da aka gano suna da PPD galibi ba sa samun aiki sosai a gefen hagu na gaba da kuma ƙaruwar aiki a gefen dama na gaba idan aka kwatanta da masu kula da lafiya. Hakanan suna nuna raguwar haɗin kai tsakanin mahimman tsarin kwakwalwa, gami da gaban cingulate cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, da hippocampus . Bambance-bambancen kunna kwakwalwa tsakanin uwaye masu baƙin ciki da waɗanda ba sa baƙin ciki sun fi bayyana lokacin da alamun motsin rai na waɗanda ba jarirai ba suka motsa su. Iyaye mata masu baƙin ciki suna nuna ƙarin aikin jijiyoyi a cikin amygdala ta dama zuwa ga alamun motsin rai na waɗanda ba jarirai ba da kuma raguwar haɗin kai tsakanin amygdala da gefen dama na tsakiya. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya kuma gano cewa aiki mai rauni a cikin gaban cingulate cortex, striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, da insula a cikin uwaye masu PPD lokacin kallon hotunan jariransu. <ref name="Pawluski_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS |date=February 2017 |title=The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression |url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452985/file/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Postpartum-Tins%20Manscript%20REVISED%20clean%201.pdf |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=106–120 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009 |pmid=28129895 |s2cid=28613743}}</ref> An gudanar da bincike mai ƙarfi kan kunna jijiyoyi game da PPD tare da beraye fiye da mutane. Waɗannan nazarin sun ba da damar ware takamaiman sassan kwakwalwa, masu ba da neurotransmitters, hormones, da [[Steroid|steroids]] . <ref name="Pawluski_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS |date=February 2017 |title=The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression |url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452985/file/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Postpartum-Tins%20Manscript%20REVISED%20clean%201.pdf |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=106–120 |doi=10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009 |pmid=28129895 |s2cid=28613743}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPawluskiLonsteinFleming2017">Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS (February 2017). [https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452985/file/The%20Neurobiology%20of%20Postpartum-Tins%20Manscript%20REVISED%20clean%201.pdf "The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Trends in Neurosciences''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009|10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28129895 28129895]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28613743 28613743].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Workman JL, Barha CK, Galea LA |date=February 2012 |title=Endocrine substrates of cognitive and affective changes during pregnancy and postpartum |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=54–72 |doi=10.1037/a0025538 |pmid=21967374 |s2cid=207642327 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Farawa da tsawon lokaci == Farawar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa yawanci yana farawa ne tsakanin makonni biyu zuwa wata guda bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000118.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225024657/http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000118.htm |archive-date=2012-02-25 |access-date=22 October 2008 |website=Pregnancy Guide |publisher=Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a wani asibitin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na cikin gari ya nuna cewa kashi 50% na ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa sun fara ne kafin haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, Heartwell SF, Leveno KJ |date=November 2001 |title=Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=1856–1863 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1856 |pmid=11691692}}</ref> A cikin Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali ( DSM-5 ) PPD ba a gane shi a matsayin wani yanayi na musamman ba, sai dai wani nau'in babban ɓacin rai ne. A cikin DSM-5, ana iya amfani da ma'aunin "wanda ya fara bayan haihuwa" ga babban ɓacin rai idan farkon ya faru ko dai a lokacin ciki ko cikin makonni huɗu bayan haihuwa. Yaɗuwar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa ya bambanta a cikin watanni daban-daban bayan [[Jego|haihuwa]] . Nazarin da aka yi kan ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa tsakanin mata a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ya nuna cewa yaɗuwar cutar a cikin watanni uku na farko na haihuwa ya kai kashi 31%, yayin da yaɗuwar cutar daga watanni huɗu zuwa goma sha biyu na haihuwa ya kai kashi 19%. <ref name="Alshikh_Ahmad_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J |date=August 2021 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9 |pmc=8343347 |pmid=34362325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PPD na iya ɗaukar watanni da yawa ko ma shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Mental Health Association > Post Partum Depression |url=http://www.cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=3-86-87-88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021133909/http://cmha.ca/bins/content_page.asp?cid=3-86-87-88 |archive-date=2010-10-21 |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref> == Sakamakon da ke tattare da lafiyar uwa da yara == Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa na iya tsoma baki ga haɗin kai tsakanin uwa da jariri na yau da kullun kuma yana shafar ci gaban jariri mai tsanani da na dogon lokaci. Jariran uwaye masu fama da PPD suna da yawan kuka mai yawa, alamun yanayi, da wahalar barci. Matsalolin barci a jarirai na iya ƙara ta'azzara ko kuma su ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar PPD a lokaci guda a cikin uwaye. Sakamakon uwaye na PPD sun haɗa da janyewa, rabuwa, da ƙiyayya. Ƙarin alamu da aka lura a cikin uwaye masu fama da PPD sun haɗa da ƙarancin lokacin farawa da kula da shayarwa. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlsteinHowardSalisburyZlotnick2009">Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 "Postpartum depression"]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''200''' (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033|10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 3918890]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318144 19318144].</cite></ref> Yara da jarirai waɗanda uwayensu da PPD ta shafa suna fuskantar mummunan tasiri na dogon lokaci akan aikinsu na fahimta, sarrafa hana su, da kuma daidaita motsin rai. A cikin yanayin PPD da ba a yi magani ba, an lura da halaye masu tayar da hankali da yanayin tabin hankali da na lafiya a lokacin samartaka. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlsteinHowardSalisburyZlotnick2009">Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 "Postpartum depression"]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''200''' (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033|10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 3918890]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318144 19318144].</cite></ref> Yawan kashe kai na mata masu fama da cutar PPD ya yi ƙasa da na waɗanda ba sa cikin lokacin haihuwa. Mutuwar jariri ko jarirai a shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa yana da alaƙa da haɗarin yunƙurin kashe kansa da kuma yawan shigar da marasa lafiya a asibiti. <ref name="Pearlstein_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C |date=April 2009 |title=Postpartum depression |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=200 |issue=4 |pages=357–364 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 |pmc=3918890 |pmid=19318144}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlsteinHowardSalisburyZlotnick2009">Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 "Postpartum depression"]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''200''' (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>364. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033|10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918890 3918890]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19318144 19318144].</cite></ref> == Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa ga ubanni == Baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa na uba ra'ayi ne da ba a fahimta sosai ba tare da wata hujja mai iyaka ba. Duk da haka, baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa yana shafar kashi 8 zuwa 10% na uba. <ref name="Scarff-2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scarff JR |date=May 2019 |title=Postpartum Depression in Men |journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=5–6 |pages=11–14 |pmc=6659987 |pmid=31440396}}</ref> Babu wasu ƙa'idodi da aka tsara don maza su sami baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> Dalilin na iya bambanta a cikin maza. <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> <ref name="Goodman_2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goodman JH |date=January 2004 |title=Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=26–35 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02857.x |pmid=14675298 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da ke haifar da baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa na uba sun haɗa da canje-canjen hormonal yayin daukar ciki, wanda zai iya nuna alaƙar uba da ɗa. [ <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> Misali, alamun baƙin cikin maza suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin matakan testosterone a cikin maza. [1] Ƙarancin matakan prolactin, estrogen, da vasopressin an danganta su da gwagwarmaya da haɗin kai tsakanin uba da jariri, wanda zai iya haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin uba na farko. <ref name="Scarff-2019" /> Alamomin baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa a cikin maza sune baƙin ciki mai tsanani, gajiya, damuwa, fushi, da tunanin kashe kansa. Damuwar bayan haihuwa a cikin maza galibi tana faruwa watanni 3-6 bayan haihuwa kuma tana da alaƙa da baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa, ma'ana idan uwa tana fuskantar baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa, to uba yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="Paulson_Bazemore_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paulson JF, Bazemore SD |date=May 2010 |title=Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=19 |pages=1961–1969 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.605 |pmid=20483973 |s2cid=27189811}}</ref> Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa a cikin maza yana haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin kashe kansa, yayin da kuma iyakance haɗin kai mai kyau tsakanin jarirai da uba. Mazan da ke fuskantar PPD na iya nuna halayen iyaye marasa kyau, da damuwa, da kuma rage hulɗar jarirai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Suto M, Isogai E, Mizutani F, Kakee N, Misago C, Takehara K |date=August 2016 |title=Prevalence and Factors Associated With Postpartum Depression in Fathers: A Regional, Longitudinal Study in Japan |journal=Research in Nursing & Health |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1002/nur.21728 |pmid=27209152}}</ref> Rage hulɗar uba da iyaye na iya haifar da matsalolin fahimta da ɗabi'a a cikin yara daga baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=November 2018 |title=NewsCAP: Study finds postpartum depression also affects fathers |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=118 |issue=11 |page=12 |doi=10.1097/01.naj.0000547646.08156.11 |pmid=30358579 |s2cid=53025016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 3.5 na iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da ɗabi'un ciki da waje, wanda ke nuna cewa baƙin cikin bayan uba na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci. <ref name="Paulson_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y |date=2010 |title=Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=27 |via=Gale Academic Onefile}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCarlsonMughalAzhar2010">Carlson K, Mughal S, Azhar Y (2010). "Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to". ''Psychiatric Times''. '''27''' &#x2013; via Gale Academic Onefile.</cite></ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da uba suka rene su suna fuskantar baƙin ciki ko wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa suna da kusan kashi 33% zuwa 70% mafi girma na haɗarin kamuwa da matsalolin motsin rai ko ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarff |first=Jonathan R. |date=2019-05-01 |title=Postpartum Depression in Men |journal=Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=5–6 |pages=11–14 |issn=2158-8333 |pmc=6659987 |pmid=31440396}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, idan ba a yawan karanta wa yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyu ba, wannan mummunan hulɗar iyaye da yara na iya cutar da kalmomin da suke furtawa. <ref name="Paulson_2010" /> Wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan ubaye masu ƙarancin kuɗi ya gano cewa ƙaruwar shiga cikin shekarar farko ta ɗansu yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Dads Who Take a More Hands-on Role Their Kid's First Year Have Better Mental Health |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/fathers-who-are-more-involved-in-the-first-year-show-better-mental-health |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ScienceAlert |language=en-US}}</ref> == Iyaye masu riƙon yara == Iyaye waɗanda ba su da ilimin halittar jiki na iya fuskantar baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Duk da cewa ba a yi bincike mai yawa ba game da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, matsalolin da ke tattare da iyaye bayan haihuwa iri ɗaya ne tsakanin iyaye na halitta da waɗanda suka ɗauki yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Foli KJ, South SC, Lim E, Jarnecke AM |date=August 2016 |title=Post-adoption depression: Parental classes of depressive symptoms across time |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=200 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.049 |pmc=4887416 |pmid=27155072}}</ref> Matan da suka ɗauki yara suna fuskantar damuwa mai yawa da canje-canje a rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kamar uwaye na halitta. Wannan na iya ƙara musu damar kamuwa da alamun baƙin ciki da kuma yanayin damuwa. <ref name="Mott_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mott SL, Schiller CE, Richards JG, O'Hara MW, Stuart S |date=August 2011 |title=Depression and anxiety among postpartum and adoptive mothers |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1007/s00737-011-0227-1 |pmc=3433270 |pmid=21725836}}</ref> Damuwa bayan haihuwa tana faruwa a cikin uwaye masu ɗaukar yara ta hanyar rashin barci kamar uwaye masu haihuwa, amma iyaye masu ɗaukar yara na iya samun ƙarin abubuwan haɗari kamar tarihin rashin haihuwa. <ref name="Mott_2011" /> == Matsaloli ga mutanen LGBTQ == Bugu da ƙari, bincike na farko ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke ɗaukar yara waɗanda ke cikin al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ]] na iya zama mafi saurin kamuwa da baƙin ciki da damuwa a lokacin daukar ciki fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya da kuma maza da mata. <ref name="Kirubarajan_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, Abramovich A, Yudin MH, Lam JS |date=September 2022 |title=LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review |journal=BJOG |volume=129 |issue=10 |pages=1630–1643 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.17103 |pmid=35048502 |s2cid=246064324}}</ref> A cewar wasu bincike guda biyu, an hana mutanen LGBTQ shiga ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa saboda kyamar da al'umma ke nunawa, wanda hakan ke kara wani shinge na zamantakewa wanda uwaye masu rashin daidaito ba su da shi. Mahalarta 'yan madigo sun bayyana fargaba game da samun ganewar lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda damuwa game da kyamar zamantakewa da damar aiki. An kuma nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar cire yara da kuma gano iyaye, ciki har da cutar tabin hankali. <ref name="Kirubarajan_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, Abramovich A, Yudin MH, Lam JS |date=September 2022 |title=LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review |journal=BJOG |volume=129 |issue=10 |pages=1630–1643 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.17103 |pmid=35048502 |s2cid=246064324}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKirubarajanBarkerLeungRoss2022">Kirubarajan A, Barker LC, Leung S, Ross LE, Zaheer J, Park B, et&nbsp;al. (September 2022). "LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review". ''BJOG''. '''129''' (10): <span class="nowrap">1630–</span>1643. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17103|10.1111/1471-0528.17103]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35048502 35048502]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246064324 246064324].</cite></ref> Daga binciken da aka gudanar zuwa yanzu, kodayake yana da iyaka, a bayyane yake cewa akwai yawan jama'a da ke fuskantar baƙin ciki da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa fiye da uwaye masu haihuwa kawai. == Dalilai == Ba a san musabbabin PPD ba. Canje-canjen hormonal da na jiki, tarihin baƙin ciki na mutum da na iyali, da kuma damuwar kula da jariri duk na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression |url=https://medlineplus.gov/postpartumdepression.html |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIMH" Perinatal Depression |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> Shaida ta nuna cewa canje-canjen hormones na iya taka rawa. <ref name="Schiller_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR |date=February 2015 |title=The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1017/S1092852914000480 |pmc=4363269 |pmid=25263255}}</ref> Fahimtar halayyar neuroendocrinology na PPD ya tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙalubale musamman idan aka yi la'akari da canje-canje marasa daidaituwa ga kwakwalwa da tsarin halittu yayin daukar ciki da kuma bayan haihuwa. Wani bita na nazarin bincike a cikin PPD ya lura cewa mata masu PPD suna da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin aikin [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|HPA axis]], duk da haka, yanayin karkacewar takamaiman hormone yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa har yanzu yana gauraye. <ref name="Kim_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kim S, Soeken TA, Cromer SJ, Martinez SR, Hardy LR, Strathearn L |date=September 2014 |title=Oxytocin and postpartum depression: delivering on what's known and what's not |journal=Brain Research |series=Oxytocin in Human Social Behavior and Psychopathology |volume=1580 |pages=219–232 |doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.009 |pmc=4156558 |pmid=24239932}}</ref> Hormones da aka yi nazari a kansu sun haɗa da estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone, [[testosterone]], corticotropin release hormone, endorphins, da [[cortisol]] . <ref name="Soa2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares CN, Zitek B |date=July 2008 |title=Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0831 |pmc=2440795 |pmid=18592034}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSoaresZitek2008">Soares CN, Zitek B (July 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440795 "Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?"]. ''Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience''. '''33''' (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>343. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1139/jpn.0831|10.1139/jpn.0831]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440795 2440795]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18592034 18592034].</cite></ref> Matakan Estrogen da progesterone suna raguwa zuwa matakan kafin daukar ciki cikin awanni 24 da haihuwa, kuma wannan canjin kwatsam na iya haifar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=Postpartum depression |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}</ref> Tsarin steroid mai dogaro da hormone wanda ke dogara da sinadarin calcium na neuronal ta hanyar sunadaran extracellular matrix da masu karɓar membrane waɗanda ke da hannu wajen mayar da martani ga yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta na iya zama mahimmanci wajen haifar da haɗarin halittu. <ref name="-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thippeswamy H, Davies W |date=June 2021 |title=A new molecular risk pathway for postpartum mood disorders: clues from steroid sulfatase-deficient individuals |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=391–401 |doi=10.1007/s00737-020-01093-1 |pmc=8116278 |pmid=33219387 |s2cid=227076500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amfani da oxytocin roba, maganin da ke haifar da haihuwa, an danganta shi da ƙaruwar baƙin ciki da damuwa bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Kroll-Desrosiers _2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM |date=February 2017 |title=Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1002/da.22599 |pmc=5310833 |pmid=28133901}}</ref> An danganta Allopregnanolone, wani abu da aka samo daga progesterone, da cutar PPD saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen daidaita masu karɓar GABA . Matakan allopregnanolone suna raguwa sosai bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinna |first=Graziano |last2=Almeida |first2=Felipe B. |last3=Davis |first3=John M. |date=2022-04-26 |title=Allopregnanolone in Postpartum Depression |journal=Frontiers in Global Women's Health |language=English |volume=3 |doi=10.3389/fgwh.2022.823616 |issn=2673-5059 |pmc=9088875 |pmid=35558166 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An danganta raguwar allopregnanolone da alamun baƙin ciki kamar na beraye. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Deligiannidis |first=Kristina M. |last2=Meltzer-Brody |first2=Samantha |last3=Maximos |first3=Bassem |last4=Peeper |first4=E. Quinn |last5=Freeman |first5=Marlene |last6=Lasser |first6=Robert |last7=Bullock |first7=Amy |last8=Kotecha |first8=Mona |last9=Li |first9=Sigui |last10=Forrestal |first10=Fiona |last11=Rana |first11=Nilanjana |last12=Garcia |first12=Manny |last13=Leclair |first13=Bridgette |last14=Doherty |first14=James |date=September 2023 |title=Zuranolone for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220785 |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=180 |issue=9 |pages=668–675 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.20220785 |pmid=37491938 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa Estradiol, wanda ke taimaka wa mahaifa ta yi kauri da girma, yana taimakawa wajen samar da PPD. <ref name="Schiller_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR |date=February 2015 |title=The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression |journal=CNS Spectrums |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1017/S1092852914000480 |pmc=4363269 |pmid=25263255}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchillerMeltzer-BrodyRubinow2015">Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR (February 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363269 "The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression"]. ''CNS Spectrums''. '''20''' (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>59. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S1092852914000480|10.1017/S1092852914000480]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363269 4363269]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25263255 25263255].</cite></ref> Wannan ya faru ne saboda dangantakarsa da serotonin . Matakan Estradiol suna ƙaruwa yayin daukar ciki, sannan su ragu sosai bayan haihuwa. Lokacin da matakan estradiol suka ragu bayan haihuwa, matakan serotonin suma suna raguwa. Serotonin wani sinadari ne mai taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayi. Ƙananan matakan serotonin suna haifar da jin baƙin ciki da damuwa. Don haka, lokacin da matakan estradiol suka yi ƙasa, serotonin na iya zama ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa estradiol yana taka rawa wajen haɓaka PPD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trifu S, Vladuti A, Popescu A |date=2019 |title=Neuroendocrine Aspects of Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression |journal=Acta Endocrinologica |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=410–415 |doi=10.4183/aeb.2019.410 |pmc=6992410 |pmid=32010366}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana hasashen cewa canje-canje masu zurfi a salon rayuwa da ake samu ta hanyar kula da [[jariri]] suna haifar da PPD. Duk da haka, ƙaramin shaida yana goyon bayan wannan hasashe. Iyaye mata waɗanda suka haifi 'ya'ya da yawa a baya ba tare da fuskantar PPD ba duk da haka za su iya fuskantar hakan tare da sabon ɗansu. <ref name="-2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen Forman D, Videbech P, Hedegaard M, Dalby Salvig J, Secher NJ |date=October 2000 |title=Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk |journal=BJOG |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=1210–1217 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x |pmid=11028570 |s2cid=23118990}}</ref> Duk da canje-canjen halitta da na zamantakewa waɗanda ka iya biyo bayan ciki da lokacin haihuwa, yawancin mata ba a gano suna da PPD ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paschetta E, Berrisford G, Coccia F, Whitmore J, Wood AG, Pretlove S, Ismail KM |date=June 2014 |title=Perinatal psychiatric disorders: an overview |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20746819 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=210 |issue=6 |pages=501–509.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2013.10.009 |pmid=24113256}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J |date=November 2014 |title=Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1775–1788 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61276-9 |pmid=25455248 |s2cid=11378573}}</ref> Iyaye mata da yawa ba sa iya samun sauran da suke buƙata don murmurewa gaba ɗaya daga haihuwa. Rashin barci na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da gajiya ta jiki, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen haifar da alamun baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Postpartum Depression Facts">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> === Abubuwan Haɗari === Duk da cewa ba a fahimci dalilan PPD ba, an yi nuni da cewa akwai dalilai da dama da ke ƙara haɗarin. Ana iya raba waɗannan haɗarin zuwa rukuni biyu, na halitta da na zamantakewa: ==== Halitta ==== * Ba da maganin oxytocin na roba wanda ke haifar da naƙuda <ref name="Kroll-Desrosiers _2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM |date=February 2017 |title=Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1002/da.22599 |pmc=5310833 |pmid=28133901}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKroll-DesrosiersNephewBabbGuilarte-Walker2017">Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM (February 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310833 "Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year"]. ''Depression and Anxiety''. '''34''' (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>146. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/da.22599|10.1002/da.22599]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310833 5310833]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28133901 28133901].</cite></ref> * Cututtuka masu tsanani da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin daidaituwar tsarin jijiyoyi <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}</ref> * Tarihin kwayoyin halitta na PPD <ref name="McCoy_20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH |date=April 2006 |title=Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=193–198 |pmid=16627773}}</ref> * Rashin daidaituwar hormones <ref name="Ross_2009" /> * Cututtukan kumburi ( ciwon hanji mai saurin fushi, fibromyalgia ) <ref name="Ross_2009" /> * Shan taba sigari <ref name="McCoy_20062" /> * Kwayoyin halittar hanji <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCurry MD, D'Agostino GD, Walsh JT, Bisanz JE, Zalosnik I, Dong X, Morris DJ, Korzenik JR, Edlow AG, Balskus EP, Turnbaugh PJ, Huh JR, Devlin AS |date=June 2024 |title=Gut bacteria convert glucocorticoids into progestins in the presence of hydrogen gas |journal=Cell |volume=187 |issue=12 |pages=2952–2968.e13 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.005 |pmc=11179439 |pmid=38795705}}</ref> Za a iya raba abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa zuwa rukuni biyu kamar yadda aka lissafa a sama, na halitta da na psychosocial. <ref name="Yim_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C |date=2015-03-28 |title=Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=99–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 |pmc=5659274 |pmid=25822344}}</ref> Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin halitta sun haɗa da shan oxytocin don haifar da naƙuda. Cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar ciwon suga, ko cutar Addison, da kuma matsalolin da ke tattare da [[Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis|rashin daidaituwar hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal]] (wanda ke sarrafa martanin hormonal), <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossDennis2009">Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review". ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''18''' (4): <span class="nowrap">475–</span>486. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953|10.1089/jwh.2008.0953]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361314 19361314].</cite></ref> hanyoyin kumburi kamar [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] ko cutar celiac, da raunin kwayoyin halitta kamar tarihin damuwa na iyali ko PPD. Cututtuka na yau da kullun da ke faruwa sakamakon rashin daidaituwar neuroendocrine, gami da ciwon hanji mai haushi da fibromyalgia yawanci suna sanya mutane cikin haɗarin ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Duk da haka, an gano cewa waɗannan cututtukan ba sa ƙara haɗarin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, an san waɗannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da PPD. <ref name="Ross_2009" /> Wannan alaƙar ba yana nufin waɗannan abubuwan suna da sanadi ba. An san shan taba sigari yana da tasirin ƙari. <ref name="McCoy_20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH |date=April 2006 |title=Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=193–198 |pmid=16627773}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCoyBealShipmanPayton2006">McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH (April 2006). "Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature". ''The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association''. '''106''' (4): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>198. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627773 16627773].</cite></ref> Wasu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin PPD da ƙarancin matakan DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) a cikin uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hibbeln JR |date=May 2002 |title=Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=69 |issue=1–3 |pages=15–29 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00374-3 |pmid=12103448}}</ref> An gabatar da alaƙa tsakanin thyroiditis bayan haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa amma har yanzu ana jayayya. Haka kuma akwai alaƙa tsakanin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da kuma ƙwayoyin rigakafi na thyroid. ==== Ilimin zamantakewa ==== * Damuwa ko damuwa kafin haihuwa <ref name="Beck-2001099">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beck CT |year=1996 |title=A meta-analysis of the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament |journal=Nursing Research |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=225–230 |doi=10.1097/00006199-199607000-00006 |pmid=8700656}}</ref> * Tarihin baƙin ciki na mutum ko na iyali <ref name="McCoy_20062">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH |date=April 2006 |title=Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=193–198 |pmid=16627773}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCoyBealShipmanPayton2006">McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH (April 2006). "Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature". ''The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association''. '''106''' (4): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>198. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627773 16627773].</cite></ref> * Alamomin da suka shafi matsakaicin lokaci zuwa tsanani <ref name="Stuart-Parrigon_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S |date=September 2014 |title=Perinatal depression: an update and overview |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=9 |doi=10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6 |pmc=4920261 |pmid=25034859}}</ref> * Abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa masu wahala a lokacin daukar ciki <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ |date=January 2017 |title=Stressful Life Event Experiences of Pregnant Women in the United States: A Latent Class Analysis |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.007 |pmid=27810166}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ |date=March 2017 |title=Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in the United States: The Role of Women's Socioeconomic Status Indices at the State Level |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=276–285 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2016.5872 |pmid=27875058}}</ref> * Shuɗin bayan haihuwa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * [[Cutar damuwa ta bayan haihuwa|Raunin hankali da ya shafi haihuwa]] * Raunin jiki da ya shafi haihuwa * Tarihin cin zarafin mata <ref name="Robertson-Blackmore_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Robertson-Blackmore E, Putnam FW, Rubinow DR, Matthieu M, Hunn JE, Putnam KT, Moynihan JA, O'Connor TG |date=October 2013 |title=Antecedent trauma exposure and risk of depression in the perinatal period |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=e942–e948 |doi=10.4088/JCP.13m08364 |pmid=24229763}}</ref> <ref name="Benedict_1999">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Benedict MI, Paine LL, Paine LA, Brandt D, Stallings R |date=July 1999 |title=The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=659–670 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00040-X |pmid=10442831 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rauni a lokacin ƙuruciya <ref name="Robertson-Blackmore_2013" /> <ref name="Benedict_1999" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lev-Wiesel R, Chen R, Daphna-Tekoah S, Hod M |date=January 2009 |title=Past traumatic events: are they a risk factor for high-risk pregnancy, delivery complications, and postpartum posttraumatic symptoms? |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=119–125 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0774 |pmid=19132883}}</ref> * Haihuwar da ta gabata a cikin mamaci ko kuma zubar da ciki <ref name="Stuart-Parrigon_2014" /> * Shayar da madara maimakon [[shayarwa]] <ref name="McCoy_20062" /> * Ƙarfin kai <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Kula da yara ko damuwa ta rayuwa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Rashin tallafin zamantakewa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Mummunan dangantaka ta aure ko kuma rashin aure <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Ƙarfin matsayin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> <ref name="Howell2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howell EA, Mora P, Leventhal H |date=March 2006 |title=Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms |journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=149–157 |doi=10.1007/s10995-005-0048-9 |pmc=1592250 |pmid=16341910}}</ref> * Rashin ƙarfin goyon bayan motsin rai daga abokiyar zama, abokin tarayya, iyali, ko abokai <ref name="Postpartum Depression Facts2">{{Cite web |title=Postpartum Depression Facts |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=www.nimh.nih.gov}}</ref> * Matsalolin yanayin jarirai/ ciwon ciki <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Ciki mara shiri/ba a so <ref name="Beck-2001099" /> * Matsalolin shayarwa <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Figueiredo B, Dias CC, Brandão S, Canário C, Nunes-Costa R |date=2013 |title=Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review |journal=Jornal de Pediatria |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=332–338 |doi=10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002 |pmid=23791236 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * Shekarun uwa, rashin isasshen abinci a iyali, da kuma cin zarafin mata <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hossain SJ, Roy BR, Hossain AT, Mehrin F, Tipu SM, Tofail F, Arifeen SE, Tran T, Fisher J, Hamadani J |date=July 2020 |title=Prevalence of Maternal Postpartum Depression, Health-Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Payment for Physical Illness and Cost Coping Mechanism of the Poor Families in Bangladesh: A Rural Community-Based Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=13 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17134727 |pmc=7370050 |pmid=32630173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin damuwa a lokacin haihuwa bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da mummunan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, wasu nau'ikan damuwa na yau da kullun, ingancin dangantaka, da tallafi daga abokin tarayya da uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brummelte S, Galea LA |date=January 2016 |title=Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care |journal=Hormones and Behavior |volume=77 |pages=153–166 |doi=10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008 |pmid=26319224 |s2cid=15205497}}</ref> Akwai buƙatar ƙarin bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zamantakewa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zamantakewa na zamantakewa na iya dangantawa da [[Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a|abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiya a cikin zamantakewa]] . <ref name="Yim_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C |date=2015-03-28 |title=Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=99–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 |pmc=5659274 |pmid=25822344}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYimTanner_StapletonGuardinoHahn-Holbrook2015">Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C (28 March 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 "Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration"]. ''Annual Review of Clinical Psychology''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>137. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 5659274]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822344 25822344].</cite></ref> Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu suna nuna babban matakin baƙin ciki da damuwa bayan haihuwa fiye da matan da ke da albarkatu masu yawa, kamar kuɗi. <ref name="Segre2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME |year=2006 |title=Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=99–106 |doi=10.1080/02646830600643908 |s2cid=144993416}}</ref> An nuna cewa yawan PPD yana raguwa yayin da kudin shiga ke ƙaruwa. Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu na iya samun ciki ba tare da niyya ba ko kuma wanda ba a so, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da PPD. Mata masu ƙarancin albarkatu kuma na iya haɗawa da uwaye marasa aure waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi. Iyaye mata marasa aure waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi na iya samun ƙarancin damar samun albarkatu yayin da suke canzawa zuwa uwa. Waɗannan mata sun riga sun sami ƙarancin zaɓuɓɓukan kashe kuɗi, kuma samun ɗa na iya yaɗa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan. <ref name="Segre-2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Arndt S, Stuart S |date=April 2007 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression: the relative significance of three social status indices |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=316–321 |doi=10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1 |pmid=17370048 |s2cid=20586114}}</ref> Mata masu ƙarancin kuɗi galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali na talauci, ba za su iya ci gaba ba, wanda ke shafar ikonsu na samun ingantaccen kiwon lafiya don gano da magance baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Segre-2007" /> Bincike a Amurka ya kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin launin fata na uwa da kuma baƙin cikin bayan haihuwa. An nuna cewa uwaye 'yan Afirka-Amurka suna da mafi girman haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD da kashi 25%, yayin da uwaye 'yan Asiya ke da mafi ƙanƙanta da kashi 11.5%, bayan sun shawo kan al'amuran zamantakewa kamar shekaru, kuɗin shiga, ilimi, matsayin aure, da lafiyar jariri. Adadin PPD ga mata 'yan ƙasa na farko, 'yan Caucasian, da Hispanic ya faɗi tsakanin. <ref name="Segre2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME |year=2006 |title=Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=99–106 |doi=10.1080/02646830600643908 |s2cid=144993416}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSegreO'HaraLosch2006">Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME (2006). "Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood". ''Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology''. '''24''' (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>106. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02646830600643908|10.1080/02646830600643908]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144993416 144993416].</cite></ref> Kaura daga al'ummar da ke da goyon baya ta al'adu na iya zama wani abu da ke haifar da PPD. Al'adun gargajiya a duk faɗin duniya suna ba da fifiko ga tallafin da aka tsara yayin kula da bayan haihuwa don tabbatar da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki, walwala, da murmurewa ta uwa. <ref name="Dennis_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L |date=July 2007 |title=Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review |journal=Women's Health |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=487–502 |doi=10.2217/17455057.3.4.487 |pmid=19804024 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDennisFungGrigoriadisRobinson2007">Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L (July 2007). [[doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487|"Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review"]]. ''Women's Health''. '''3''' (4): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>502. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487|10.2217/17455057.3.4.487]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19804024 19804024].</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke hasashen yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar PPD ta uba shine samun abokin tarayya wanda ke da cutar PPD, inda iyaye maza ke kamuwa da cutar PPD kashi 50% na lokacin da abokin tarayyarsu mace ke da cutar PPD. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singley DB, Edwards LM |date=2015 |title=Men's Perinatal Mental Health in the Transition to Fatherhood |url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1488&context=edu_fac |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=309–319 |doi=10.1037/pro0000032 |s2cid=21726189}}</ref> An kuma yi nazarin yanayin jima'i <ref name="Ross22">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Steele L, Goldfinger C, Strike C |year=2007 |title=Perinatal depressive symptomatology among lesbian and bisexual women |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1007/s00737-007-0168-x |pmid=17262172 |s2cid=44227469}}</ref> a matsayin abin da ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD. A cikin wani bincike da Ross da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2007, an gwada uwayen 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi don samun cutar PPD sannan aka kwatanta su da ƙungiyar samfurin maza da mata. An gano cewa uwayen 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi sun sami maki mafi girma a cikin Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale fiye da mata masu luwaɗi a cikin samfurin. <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossDennis2009">Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review". ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''18''' (4): <span class="nowrap">475–</span>486. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953|10.1089/jwh.2008.0953]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361314 19361314].</cite></ref> Damuwa bayan haihuwa ta fi yawa a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo fiye da mata masu luwaɗi, wanda za a iya danganta shi da yawan mace-mace da ke fama da cutar ta hanyar jima'i. <ref name="Maccio-2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maccio EM, Pangburn JA |date=2011-05-01 |title=The case for investigating postpartum depression in lesbians and bisexual women |journal=Women's Health Issues |language=English |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=187–190 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.007 |pmid=21521621}}</ref> Matan 'yan madigo suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i saboda suna da yuwuwar an yi musu magani don baƙin ciki kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin ko tunanin kashe kansu fiye da mata masu luwaɗi. <ref name="Maccio-2011" /> Waɗannan ƙaruwar PPD a cikin uwayen 'yan madigo/masu luwaɗi na iya nuna ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa, musamman daga danginsu na asali, da ƙarin damuwa saboda wariyar ƙabilanci a cikin al'umma. <ref name="Ross32">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE |year=2005 |title=Perinatal mental health in lesbian mothers: a review of potential risk and protective factors |journal=Women & Health |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=113–128 |doi=10.1300/J013v41n03_07 |pmid=15970579 |s2cid=38024879}}</ref> Bambancin haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa (PPD) tsakanin matan Larabawa sun jaddada tasirin yanki. <ref name="Qandil_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qandil S, Jabr S, Wagler S, Collin SM |date=November 2016 |title=Postpartum depression in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: a longitudinal study in Bethlehem |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-1155-x |pmc=5124263 |pmid=27887649 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp;Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da aka gano sun haɗa da jinsin jariri da kuma [[Auren mata da yawa|auren mata fiye]] da ɗaya. <ref name="Qandil_2016" /> A cewar bincike uku da aka gudanar a [[Misra|Masar]] da kuma ɗaya a [[Jodan|Jordan]], uwayen jarirai mata suna da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon damuwa bayan haihuwa (PPD) sau biyu zuwa huɗu idan aka kwatanta da uwayen jarirai maza. <ref name="Qandil_2016" /> Nazari huɗu sun gano cewa rikice-rikice da suruka suna da alaƙa da PPD, tare da rabon haɗarin 1.8 da 2.7. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa a cikin iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ake fama da rikice-rikice, rikice-rikice, da yaƙe-yaƙe a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] . <ref name="Alshikh_Ahmad_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J |date=August 2021 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9 |pmc=8343347 |pmid=34362325 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlshikh_AhmadAlkhatibLuo2021">Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J (August 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8343347 "Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth''. '''21''' (1) 542. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9|10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8343347 8343347]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362325 34362325].</cite></ref> Nazarin da aka yi a [[Qatar]] ya gano alaƙa tsakanin ƙananan matakan ilimi da yawan PPD. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Lebanon]], zaman zama a yankunan karkara yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin. An gano cewa matan Lebanon da ke karkara waɗanda aka haifa a lokacin haihuwa suna da ƙaruwar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD. A gefe guda kuma, matan Lebanon a birane sun nuna akasin haka. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> Binciken da aka gudanar a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar PPD da uwaye waɗanda ba a sanar da su ba kuma waɗanda ba a ba su kulawa ta musamman lokacin da aka yanke shawara a lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> Akwai kira da a haɗa duka la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin PPD na halitta da na zamantakewa yayin magani da bincike kan cutar. <ref name="Yim_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C |date=2015-03-28 |title=Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=99–137 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 |pmc=5659274 |pmid=25822344}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYimTanner_StapletonGuardinoHahn-Holbrook2015">Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C (28 March 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 "Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration"]. ''Annual Review of Clinical Psychology''. '''11''' (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>137. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426|10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659274 5659274]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822344 25822344].</cite></ref> Nazarin da aka yi kan kwatanta yawan alamun damuwa bayan haihuwa tsakanin uwaye masu karɓar kulawar bayan haihuwa a asibiti da waɗanda ke karɓar kulawar bayan haihuwa a gida ko ta hanyar telehealth bai nuna manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin bayar da kulawar lafiya ba. Kalmar 'haɗakar kulawa' ta bayyana wata hanya a fannin kiwon lafiya inda masu ba da sabis da yawa daga fannoni daban-daban ke haɗa kai don kula da lafiyar majiyyaci. Haɗakar kulawa a cikin marasa lafiya bayan haihuwa ya nuna irin wannan yawan baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda ba a haɗa shi ba. Wannan binciken ya ambaci cewa ba zai iya shafar yawan shan ƙwayoyi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ga mata masu karɓar tallafin shayarwa, wurin da aka ba da ilimi shi ma bai yi wani tasiri mai mahimmanci ga baƙin ciki ko damuwa ba. === Tashin hankali === Wani bincike da aka yi kan alaƙar tashin hankali da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa ya nuna cewa cin zarafin mata yana ƙara yawan ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Wu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wu Q, Chen HL, Xu XJ |date=April 2012 |title=Violence as a risk factor for postpartum depression in mothers: a meta-analysis |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1007/s00737-011-0248-9 |pmid=22382278 |s2cid=33870094}}</ref> Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mata a duk faɗin duniya za su fuskanci cin zarafin jiki ko na jima'i a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Cin zarafin mata yana faruwa ne a yankunan rikici, bayan rikici, da kuma waɗanda ba na rikici ba. <ref name="Western" /> Binciken da aka yi nazari a kai ya duba ne kawai kan tashin hankalin da mata suka fuskanta daga mazan da suka aikata laifin. Nazarin da aka yi daga [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fuskanci tashin hankalin iyali sun fi saurin kamuwa da cutar PPD sau 2.5. <ref name="Ayoub_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S |date=2020-07-30 |title=Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=Suppl-1 |pages=142–155 |doi=10.2174/1745017902016010142 |pmc=7536723 |pmid=33029191 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyoubShaheenHajat2020">Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 "Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"]. ''Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health''. '''16''' (Suppl-1): <span class="nowrap">142–</span>155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2174/1745017902016010142|10.2174/1745017902016010142]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536723 7536723]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33029191 33029191].</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, an bayyana cin zarafin mata a matsayin "duk wani aiki na tashin hankali bisa ga jinsi wanda ke haifar da, ko kuma zai iya haifar da, cutarwa ta jiki, jima'i, ko ta hankali ga mata". <ref name="Wu" /> Abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki na iyali, abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin balaga ko ciki, damuwa ko baƙin ciki yayin ciki, da ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa. <ref name="Ross_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ross LE, Dennis CL |date=April 2009 |title=The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 |pmid=19361314}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossDennis2009">Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review". ''Journal of Women's Health''. '''18''' (4): <span class="nowrap">475–</span>486. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953|10.1089/jwh.2008.0953]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19361314 19361314].</cite></ref> <ref name="Wu" /> Cin zarafin mata abu ne mai ɗorewa, don haka baƙin ciki na iya faruwa lokacin da wani bai sake iya mayar da martani ga tashin hankalin ba. <ref name="Wu" /> == Ganewar Ganewa == === Sharuɗɗa === Bacin rai bayan haihuwa a cikin DSM-5 an san shi da "rashin damuwa tare da farawar peripartum". Ana bayyana farawar peripartum a matsayin farawa a kowane lokaci yayin daukar ciki ko cikin makonni huɗu bayan haihuwa. Babu wani bambanci da aka samu tsakanin abubuwan damuwa da ke faruwa yayin daukar ciki ko waɗanda ke faruwa bayan haihuwa. Duk da haka, yawancin kwararru suna ci gaba da gano bacin rai bayan haihuwa a matsayin bacin rai wanda ke farawa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Stuart-Parrigon_2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S |date=September 2014 |title=Perinatal depression: an update and overview |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=16 |issue=9 |doi=10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6 |pmc=4920261 |pmid=25034859}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStuart-ParrigonStuart2014">Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S (September 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920261 "Perinatal depression: an update and overview"]. ''Current Psychiatry Reports''. '''16''' (9) 468. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6|10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920261 4920261]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25034859 25034859].</cite></ref> Sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata don gano ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda ake buƙata don yin ganewar asali na [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban ɓacin rai]] wanda ba ya da alaƙa da haihuwa ko ƙaramin ɓacin rai . Sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da aƙalla alamomi guda biyar daga cikin waɗannan guda tara, cikin makonni biyu: * Jin baƙin ciki, rashin komai, ko rashin bege, kusan kowace rana, a mafi yawan lokutan yini, ko kuma lura da yanayin baƙin ciki da wasu ke yi. * Rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyuka * Rage nauyi ko rage cin abinci * Canje-canje a cikin yanayin barci * Jin rashin natsuwa * Asarar kuzari * Jin rashin amfani ko laifi * Rashin maida hankali ko ƙaruwar rashin yanke shawara * Tunanin mutuwa akai-akai, tare da shirin kashe kansa ko ba tare da shi ba === Ganewar bambance-bambance === ==== blues bayan haihuwa ==== Ciwon mara bayan haihuwa, wanda aka fi sani da "baby blues," cuta ce ta yanayi ta wucin gadi bayan haihuwa wadda ke da alamun damuwa mai sauƙi fiye da ciwon mara bayan haihuwa. Wannan nau'in ciwon mara na iya faruwa a cikin kusan kashi 80% na dukkan uwaye bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics of Postpartum Depression |url=http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415013254/http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-basics |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2015-04-09}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna ɓacewa cikin makonni biyu. Alamomin da suka wuce makonni biyu alama ce ta wani nau'in ciwon mara mai tsanani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wisner KL, Parry BL, Piontek CM |date=July 2002 |title=Clinical practice. Postpartum depression |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=347 |issue=3 |pages=194–199 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp011542 |pmid=12124409}}</ref> Matan da ke fuskantar "baby blues" na iya samun babban haɗarin fuskantar wani mummunan yanayin baƙin ciki daga baya. ==== tabin hankali ==== Ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa ba cuta ce ta yau da kullun ba, amma ana amfani da ita sosai don bayyana [[Magungunan gaggawa|gaggawar tabin hankali]] wanda ke faruwa a cikin kusan 1 cikin 1000 na ciki, inda alamun tsananin yanayi da tunanin tsere ( mania ), baƙin ciki, rikicewa mai tsanani, rashin hana mutum, tashin hankali, mafarki, da ruɗani suka fara ba zato ba tsammani a cikin makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa; alamun sun bambanta kuma suna iya canzawa da sauri. <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}</ref> Ya bambanta da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa da baƙin ciki na haihuwa . <ref name="RoyColl2014">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Postpartum Psychosis |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/postpartumpsychosis.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024152200/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/postpartumpsychosis.aspx |archive-date=24 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists}}</ref> Yana iya zama nau'in [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiya na bipolar]] . <ref name="WesselooRev2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, Pop VJ, Kushner SA, Bergink V |date=February 2016 |title=Risk of Postpartum Relapse in Bipolar Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=173 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15010124 |pmid=26514657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana da mahimmanci kada a rikitar da tabin hankali da wasu alamomin da za su iya faruwa bayan haihuwa, kamar delirium. Delirium yawanci ya haɗa da rashin sani ko rashin iya kula. Kimanin rabin matan da ke fama da tabin hankali bayan haihuwa ba su da wani abin da ke haifar da haɗari; amma tarihin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a baya, musamman matsalar bipolar, tarihin aukuwar tabin hankali bayan haihuwa a baya, ko tarihin iyali ya sanya wasu cikin haɗari mafi girma. <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJonesChandraDazzanHoward2014">Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period". ''Lancet''. '''384''' (9956): <span class="nowrap">1789–</span>1799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2|10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455249 25455249]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44481055 44481055].</cite></ref> Sau da yawa matsalar tabin hankali bayan haihuwa tana buƙatar a kwantar da ita a asibiti, inda magani ya ƙunshi magungunan rage radadi, abubuwan da ke daidaita yanayi, da kuma idan akwai haɗarin kashe kai, a yi amfani da maganin electroconvulsive . <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJonesChandraDazzanHoward2014">Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period". ''Lancet''. '''384''' (9956): <span class="nowrap">1789–</span>1799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2|10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455249 25455249]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44481055 44481055].</cite></ref> Alamomin da suka fi tsanani suna ɗaukar makonni 2 zuwa 12, kuma murmurewa yana ɗaukar watanni 6 zuwa shekara guda. <ref name="LancetRev2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM |date=November 2014 |title=Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9956 |pages=1789–1799 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2 |pmid=25455249 |s2cid=44481055}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJonesChandraDazzanHoward2014">Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period". ''Lancet''. '''384''' (9956): <span class="nowrap">1789–</span>1799. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2|10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455249 25455249]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44481055 44481055].</cite></ref> Matan da aka kwantar da su a asibiti saboda wata matsala ta tabin hankali nan da nan bayan haihuwa suna cikin haɗarin kashe kansu a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haihuwa. <ref name="OrsoliniRev2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Orsolini L, Valchera A, Vecchiotti R, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F, Fornaro M, De Berardis D, Perna G, Pompili M, Bellantuono C |date=12 August 2016 |title=Suicide during Perinatal Period: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Correlates |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=7 |page=138 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00138 |pmc=4981602 |pmid=27570512 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Matsalar Damuwa Mai Alaƙa da Haihuwa/Bayan Haihuwa''' Iyaye na iya fama da matsalar damuwa bayan rauni (PTSD), ko kuma su fuskanci alamun matsalar damuwa bayan rauni, bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L |date=January 2017 |title=The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=208 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 |pmid=27865585}}</ref> Duk da cewa an yi muhawara a cikin al'ummar likitoci game da ko ya kamata a ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin abin da ya faru na rauni, ra'ayin da ake da shi a yanzu shi ne haihuwa na iya zama abin da ya faru na rauni. <ref name="Heyne-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, Horsch A, Oosterman M, Dikmen-Yildiz P, Garthus-Niegel S |date=June 2022 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=94 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157 |pmid=35584590 |s2cid=248337797 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> DSM-IV da DSM-5 (rabe-raben daidaitattun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ƙwararrun likitoci ke amfani da su) ba su gane PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa a fili ba, amma duka suna ba da damar a ɗauki haihuwa a matsayin sanadin PTSD. <ref name="Heyne-2022" /> PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa yana da alaƙa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa iyaye mata waɗanda ke da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa suma suna da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017" /> <ref name="Dekel-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G |date=2017 |title=Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=560 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560 |pmc=5387093 |pmid=28443054 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa suna da wasu alamu gama gari. Duk da cewa duka alamun cutar sun haɗu a cikin alamunsu, wasu alamun da suka shafi PTSD bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da firgita cikin sauƙi, mafarkai masu maimaitawa da tunawa, guje wa jariri ko duk wani abu da ke tunatar da mutum haihuwa, tashin hankali, fushi, da hare-haren firgici. <ref name="Ayers-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A |date=2018-09-18 |title=Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409 |pmc=6153962 |pmid=30279664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Raunin gaske ko wanda aka gani kafin, lokacin, ko bayan haihuwa muhimmin abu ne wajen gano PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grekin R, O'Hara MW |date=July 2014 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=389–401 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003 |pmid=24952134}}</ref> A halin yanzu, babu wani kimantawa da aka sani sosai wanda ke auna matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa a wuraren kiwon lafiya. An yi amfani da kimantawar PTSD da ke akwai (kamar DSM-IV) don auna PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L |date=January 2017 |title=The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=208 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 |pmid=27865585}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYildizAyersPhillips2017">Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L (January 2017). [https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf "The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Affective Disorders''. '''208''': <span class="nowrap">634–</span>645. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009|10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27865585 27865585].</cite></ref> Akwai wasu bincike don auna PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa musamman, duk da haka, ba a amfani da su sosai a wajen wuraren bincike. <ref name="Ayers-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A |date=2018-09-18 |title=Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409 |pmc=6153962 |pmid=30279664 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAyersWrightThornton2018">Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A (18 September 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153962 "Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale"]. ''Frontiers in Psychiatry''. '''9''' 409. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409|10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153962 6153962]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279664 30279664].</cite></ref> Kimanin kashi 3-6% na iyaye mata a lokacin haihuwa suna da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. <ref name="Yildiz-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L |date=January 2017 |title=The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=208 |pages=634–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 |pmid=27865585}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYildizAyersPhillips2017">Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L (January 2017). [https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11415/1/s13063-021-05545-6.pdf "The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of Affective Disorders''. '''208''': <span class="nowrap">634–</span>645. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009|10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27865585 27865585].</cite></ref> <ref name="Heyne-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, Horsch A, Oosterman M, Dikmen-Yildiz P, Garthus-Niegel S |date=June 2022 |title=Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=94 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157 |pmid=35584590 |s2cid=248337797 |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHeyneKazmierczakSoudayHoresh2022">Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, et&nbsp;al. (June 2022). [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc "Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''Clinical Psychology Review''. '''94''' 102157. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157|10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:1871.1/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc|1871.1/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584590 35584590]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248337797 248337797].</cite></ref> <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP |date=November 2022 |title=Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review |journal=Early Human Development |volume=174 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667 |pmid=36152399 |s2cid=252342586}}</ref> <ref name="Cook-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A |date=January 2018 |title=Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=225 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045 |pmid=28777972 |s2cid=5007700 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kashi na mutanen da ke da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa ya kai kusan kashi 15-18% a cikin samfuran da ke da haɗari sosai (mata waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani na haihuwa, suna da tarihin cin zarafin jima'i/jiki, ko kuma suna da wasu abubuwan haɗari). <ref name="Yildiz-2017" /> <ref name="Cook-2018" /> Bincike ya gano abubuwa da yawa da ke ƙara damar kamuwa da PTSD da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mummunan ƙwarewar haihuwa, lafiyar kwakwalwa ta uwa (baƙin ciki kafin haihuwa, damuwa ta haihuwa, matsanancin baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa, da tarihin matsalolin tunani), tarihin rauni, rikitarwa yayin haihuwa da jariri (misali tiyatar tiyata ta gaggawa ko shigar NICU), da ƙarancin tallafin zamantakewa. <ref name="Dekel-2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G |date=2017 |title=Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=560 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560 |pmc=5387093 |pmid=28443054 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDekelStuebeDishy2017">Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387093 "Childbirth Induced Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Risk Factors"]. ''Frontiers in Psychology''. '''8''': 560. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560|10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387093 5387093]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443054 28443054].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lai X, Chen J, Li H, Zhou L, Huang Q, Liao Y, Krewski D, Wen SW, Zhang L, Xie RH |date=July 2023 |title=The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=211–221 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.14643 |pmid=36571476 |s2cid=255181351}}</ref> PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa yana da illoli da dama na lafiya. Bincike ya nuna cewa PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga alaƙar motsin rai tsakanin uwa da ɗa. <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP |date=November 2022 |title=Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review |journal=Early Human Development |volume=174 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667 |pmid=36152399 |s2cid=252342586}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVan_SieleghemDanckaertsRiekenOkkerse2022">Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, et&nbsp;al. (November 2022). "Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review". ''Early Human Development''. '''174''' 105667. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667|10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152399 36152399]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252342586 252342586].</cite></ref> Duk da haka, baƙin ciki na uwa ko wasu dalilai na iya bayyana wannan mummunan tasirin. <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022" /> PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da ci gaban zamantakewa da motsin rai na yaron. <ref name="Van Sieleghem-2022" /> Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa PTSD mai alaƙa da haihuwa yana haifar da ƙarancin yawan shayarwa kuma yana iya hana iyaye shan nono na tsawon lokacin da ake so. <ref name="Cook-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A |date=January 2018 |title=Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=225 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045 |pmid=28777972 |s2cid=5007700 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCookAyersHorsch2018">Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A (January 2018). [[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045|"Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review"]]. ''Journal of Affective Disorders''. '''225''': <span class="nowrap">18–</span>31. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045|10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777972 28777972]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5007700 5007700].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6sk23yni73hbpsrkgzff4vpi9efk50y 0 158167 859258 2026-06-17T10:40:47Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352853282|Healthcare in Pakistan]]" 859258 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin bayar da [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] na [[Pakistan]] yana da sarkakiya, domin ya haɗa da tsarin kula da lafiya na gwamnatocin tarayya, gwamnatocin larduna, da kuma [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu . <ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last=Kurji |first=Zohra |date=2016 |title=Analysis of the Health Care System of Pakistan: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward |journal=Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=601–604 |pmid=28712245}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Javed |first=Saad Ahmed |last2=Liu |first2=Sifeng |last3=Mahmoudi |first3=Amin |last4=Nawaz |first4=Muhammad |date=2018-08-30 |title=Patients' satisfaction and public and private sectors' health care service quality in Pakistan: Application of grey decision analysis approaches |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=e168–e182 |doi=10.1002/hpm.2629 |issn=0749-6753 |pmid=30160783 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ba da kulawar lafiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da suka shafi cututtuka. Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya daban-daban da ke da alhakin wannan sun haɗa da: sassan kiwon lafiya na larduna da gundumomi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, cibiyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Akbari |first=Ather |date=Summer 2009 |title=Demand for Public Health Care in Pakistan. |journal=The Pakistan Development Review |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.30541/v48i2pp.141-153 |jstor=41260917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bangaren kiwon lafiya na ƙasar kuma yana da alaƙa da bambancin birane da karkara a fannin kula da lafiya da rashin daidaito a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, tare da rashin isassun manajojin lafiya, ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan jinya da ƙwararrun masu kula da haihuwa a yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Akram |first=Muhammad |date=2007 |title=Health Care Services and Government Spending in Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad |pages=1–25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategies and Briefs |url=https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_pak_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213111536/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_pak_en.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}</ref> Jimlar kuɗin shigar ƙasar Pakistan ga kowane mutum a shekarar 2021 ya kai dala 1,506. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PK}}</ref> A cikin kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe ga kowane mutum a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 2021 ya kai biliyan 28.3 kacal, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 1.4% na GDP na ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Pakistan |url=https://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/ |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=WHO}}</ref> Tsarin kula da lafiya a Pakistan ya ƙunshi sassa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki, kiwon lafiya babban alhakin gwamnatin lardi ne, sai dai a yankunan da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa. A al'ada, gwamnatocin tarayya da larduna ne ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya tare da gundumomi waɗanda galibi ke da alhakin aiwatarwa. Ana tsara ayyukan ta hanyar ayyukan rigakafi, haɓakawa, warkarwa da gyaran fuska. Ana ba da ayyukan warkarwa da gyaran fuska galibi a cibiyoyin kula da tsofaffi da na sakandare. A gefe guda kuma, ayyukan rigakafi da haɓakawa galibi ana bayar da su ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban na ƙasa; da kuma hulɗar ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma da al'ummomi ta hanyar cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na farko da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a. Jihar tana ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin kula da lafiya mai matakai uku da kuma hanyoyin magance matsalolin lafiyar jama'a. Wasu ƙungiyoyi na gwamnati/ƙasa da gwamnati kamar sojoji, Sui Gas, WAPDA, Railways, Fauji Foundation, Ma'aikatan Tsaron Jama'a da NUST suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatansu da waɗanda ke dogara da su ta hanyar tsarinsu, duk da haka, waɗannan duka suna rufe kusan kashi 10% na yawan jama'a. Sashen kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, masu harhada magunguna, masu warkar da gargajiya, masu sayar da magunguna, da kuma masu fasaha a dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu shaguna da kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa a fannin aiki. Duk da ƙaruwar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, [[ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]] a Pakistan ya haifar da buƙatar kula da lafiya ba tare da an biya ba. <ref name=":63">{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Babar |date=2015 |title=Private Sector in Health Care Delivery: A Reality and Challenge in Pakistan |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=496–498 |pmid=26411151}}</ref> Cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar jama'a waɗanda ke magance matsalolin lafiya masu mahimmanci galibi suna cikin manyan birane da birane ne kawai. Saboda rashin waɗannan cibiyoyi da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da sufuri, talakawa da ke zaune a yankunan karkara da na nesa suna yawan tuntuɓar likitoci masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":123" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Pakistan yana yin fiye da tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a dangane da ingancin sabis da gamsuwar marasa lafiya, inda kashi 70% na yawan jama'a ke samun hidima daga ɓangaren kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":23" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's healthcare system {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/01/08/pakistans-healthcare-system/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200613/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/01/08/pakistans-healthcare-system/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=archive.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> Sashen kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu yana aiki ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi na asibitoci marasa tsari, likitocin likita, likitocin homeopathic, hakeems, da sauran masu warkarwa na ruhaniya . <ref name=":63" /> A yankunan birane, akwai wasu haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don samar da lasisi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma ba da gudummawa ga isar da sabis gabaɗaya. <ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Babar |date=2005 |title=Health Seeking Behaviour and Health Service Utilization in Pakistan: Challenging the Policy Makers. |journal=Journal of Public Health |volume=27 |pages=49–54 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdh207 |pmid=15590705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi kaɗan da ake da su don daidaita inganci, ƙa'idodi, yarjejeniyoyi, ɗabi'a, ko farashi a cikin ɓangaren kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a ayyukan kiwon lafiya. <ref name=":63" /> Duk da cewa ma'aikatan jinya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kiwon lafiya na kowace ƙasa, Pakistan tana da ma'aikatan jinya 105,950 kacal don kula da yawan jama'a miliyan 241.49, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Population |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Press%20Release.pdf}}</ref> wanda ya bar ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-23 |title=Pakistan needs 'a million more nurses' |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2039989/pakistan-needs-million-nurses |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda binciken tattalin arziki na Pakistan (2020–21) ya nuna, ƙasar tana kashe kashi 1.2% na GDP akan kiwon lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Health expenditure: 1.2pc of GDP against WHO-recommended 5pc |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/847694-health-expenditure-1-2pc-of-gdp-against-who-recommended-5pc |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya yi ƙasa da kuɗin kula da lafiya da WHO ta ba da shawara wato kashi 5% na GDP. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=How Much Should Countries Spend on Health? |url=https://www.who.int/health_financing/en/how_much_should_dp_03_2.pdf |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Kula da cutar kansa == Bayanin cutar kansa game da Pakistan Kimanin mace ɗaya cikin kowace mata 9 'yan Pakistan za ta iya kamuwa da cutar kansar mama, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar a Asiya. Manyan cibiyoyin cutar kansa a Pakistan sun haɗa da Asibitin tunawa da Ciwon daji na Shaukat Khanum da ke Karachi, Lahore da Peshawar, Asibitin Jami'ar Aga Khan da ke Karachi da Cibiyar Cututtukan Jini ta Ƙasa (NIBD) da ke Karachi. Asibitin Shifa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ke Islamabad, Cibiyar Magungunan Nukiliya da Radiotherapy, Gujranwala, Multan, Quetta da Faisalabad. == Kiba == Kiba a Pakistan matsala ce ta lafiya da ta shafi damuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Birane da rashin abinci mai gina jiki (yawan mai da mai a cikin girkin Pakistan ), da kuma canjin salon rayuwa, suna daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da [[kiba]] a ƙasar. A cewar jerin "ƙasashe mafi kiba" a duniya da aka buga a ''Forbes'', [[Pakistan]] tana matsayi na 99 <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Obesity |url=http://www.worldobesity.org/rankings/}}</ref> (daga cikin ƙasashe 194) dangane da yawan mutanen da ke da kiba, tare da kashi 22.2% na mutanen da suka haura shekaru 15 suna ketare iyakar kiba. Wannan rabon ya yi daidai da wasu bincike, wanda ya nuna cewa ɗaya cikin huɗu daga cikin manya 'yan Pakistan suna da kiba. A cewar takardar bincike da aka buga a PubMed, a Pakistan, kashi 25% na mutane ko dai suna da kiba ko kuma suna da kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asif |first=Muhammad |last2=Aslam |first2=Muhammad |last3=Altaf |first3=Saima |last4=Atif |first4=Saima |last5=Majid |first5=Abdul |date=2020-03-30 |title=Prevalence and Sociodemographic Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Pakistani Adults |journal=Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.7570/jomes19039 |issn=2508-7576 |pmc=7118000 |pmid=32045513}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga kididdigar 2016 ta WHO, kashi 3.3% na maza da kashi 6.4% na mata a Pakistan suna fama da kiba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=World Health Organization – Diabetes country profiles |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/pak_en.pdf |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke zaune a manyan birane a Pakistan sun fi fuskantar barazanar kiba idan aka kwatanta da na karkara. Mata kuma suna da yawan kiba idan aka kwatanta da maza. Pakistan kuma tana da mafi yawan kaso na mutanen da ke fama da [[ciwon suga]] a Kudancin Asiya . A cewar wani bincike, kitse ya fi hatsari ga 'yan Kudancin Asiya fiye da na Caucasians saboda kitsen yana manne wa gabobin jiki kamar hanta maimakon fata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki == [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a a Pakistan, musamman a tsakanin yara . A cewar [[UNICEF]], kusan rabin yara suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na tsawon lokaci. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna cewa tsawon kusan shekaru talatin, ƙimar [[Girman da ya ragu|rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyar ya kasance ba ya nan, a kashi 45 cikin ɗari da kuma kashi 16 cikin ɗari, bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Pakistan {{!}} Hunger Relief in Asia {{!}} Action Against Hunger |url=http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/asia/pakistan |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=actionagainsthunger.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a matakin ƙasa kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na waɗannan yaran ba su da nauyi... kuma kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari [suna shafar] ɓarna ", cututtuka inda tsokoki da kitse ke lalacewa sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nutrition country profiles: Pakistan summary |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409232737/http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm |archive-date=2020-04-09 |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Hakazalika, kusan kashi 42 cikin ɗari na mata a Pakistan a shekarun haihuwa suna fama [[Rashin jini|da rashin]] abinci mai gina jiki kamar yadda aka yi a cikin Binciken Abinci na Ƙasa-2018, tare da ɗan ƙaramin kashi a ƙauyuka fiye da yankunan birane. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarancin ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=Malnutrition in Pakistan severest in region: report |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/29240-malnutrition-in-%20pakistan-severest-in-region-report |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=thenews.com.pk}}</ref> Babban abin da ke ƙara wa wannan batu muhimmanci shi ne rashin isasshen abinci; Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kusan ɗaya cikin biyu na 'yan Pakistan na fuskantar barazanar rashin isasshen abinci. Wannan kuma za a iya danganta shi da saurin karuwar birane da kuma ƙaura mai yawa da Babban Raba Tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ya haifar, da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi ababen more rayuwa da gwamnati, da kuma wasu dalilai. Misali, gurɓatar hanyoyin ruwa yana shafar ruwa da tsaron abinci, kuma a tsawon lokaci yana taimakawa wajen rage kiba da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ke haifarwa, asarar su ta hanyar gudawa, [[Kashin jini|gudawa]], da sauran cututtukan da suka samo asali daga ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Azizullah |first=Azizullah |last2=Khattak |first2=Muhammad Nasir Khan |last3=Richter |first3=Peter |last4=Häder |first4=Donat-Peter |year=2011 |title=Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health — A review |journal=Environment International |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=479–497 |bibcode=2011EnInt..37..479A |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007 |pmid=21087795}}</ref> Wasu ƙuntatawa ga shiga tsakani da taimako sun faru ne saboda ƙuntatawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi nazari a kansu kan wannan takamaiman batu. A cewar darektan shirin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar Dow ta Kimiyyar Lafiya (DUHS) ta Pakistan, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai gina jiki ta Pakistan (PNDS), Dr. Safdar, "an buga takardu 99 kawai na binciken abinci mai gina jiki a Pakistan tsakanin 1965 da 2003". == Shan taba == Shan taba a Pakistan halal ne, amma a wasu yanayi an haramta ta. Idan aka ƙididdige ta kowace rana, an sha taba miliyan 177 a kowace rana a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 14-14. A cewar binciken lafiyar alƙaluma na Pakistan, kashi 46 cikin 100 na maza da kashi 5.7 cikin 100 na mata suna shan taba. Wannan dabi'a galibi ana samunta ne a tsakanin matasan Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Rashid |last2=Rizwan-ur-Rashid |first2=null |last3=McDonald |first3=Paul W. |last4=Ahmed |first4=S. Wajid |date=November 2008 |title=Prevalence of cigarette smoking among young adults in Pakistan |journal=The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=597–601 |issn=0030-9982 |pmid=19024129}}</ref> da kuma manoma, kuma ana kyautata zaton ita ce ke haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na lafiya da mace-mace a ƙasar. Shan taba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya da yawa a cikin masu shan taba. Pakistan ita ce ƙasar da ta fi shan taba a Kudancin Asiya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Shan miyagun ƙwayoyi == A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙaru sosai a Pakistan. Yawancin miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka haramta sun fito ne daga maƙwabciyar [[Afghanistan]] . A cewar kiyasin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mutane miliyan 8.9 a ƙasar suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wiwi ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi. Yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka yi ta allurar riga-kafi ya karu sosai a Pakistan, wanda hakan ya haifar da fargabar barkewar cutar HIV. Duk da cewa karuwar matsalar ta kasance abin tsoro, martanin gwamnati bai yi yawa ba a mafi kyawun lokaci. Shirye-shirye kaɗan ne ke aiki a ƙasar don taimakawa masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma fasa-kwauri da kuma samuwar magungunan a ƙasar ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa. Rundunar Yaƙi da Miyagun Kwayoyi ita ce hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin magance safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma amfani da su a cikin Pakistan. Matsalar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ke ƙaruwa a Pakistan abin damuwa ne, tare da karuwar yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ake samarwa a cikin gida da kuma waɗanda ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashen waje. Wannan yanayi mai tayar da hankali za a iya danganta shi da haɗakar abubuwa daban-daban na zamantakewa, al'adu, da tattalin arziki. Domin hana ƙaruwar wannan matsala, ya zama dole. don aiwatar da matakan kariya da nufin magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan da kuma dakile ci gaba da yaduwar shan miyagun kwayoyi a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-04 |title=Drug Abuse: Unstated Challenge to the Progress of Pakistan |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/850262/drug-abuse-unstated-challenge-to-the-progress-of-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kashe kai == Adadin kashe kai a Pakistan ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya. Adadin kashe kai a duniya na shekarar 2015 ya kai 9.5 cikin mutane 100,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5}}</ref> (a shekarar 2008, 11.6). Kashe kai ya kai kusan kashi 0.9% na dukkan mace-macen. Adadin mace-macen Pakistan, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya bayar, shine 7.28 ga kowace mutum 1000 a shekarar 2016 (mafi ƙarancin adadin a tsakanin 2006-2018). A shekarar 2015, adadin mace-macen da aka samu a Pakistan ya kai kimanin mace-mace 1.4 ga kowace mace 100,000, wato kashi ɗaya bisa bakwai na matsakaicin duniya. Hakazalika, kashe kai ya kai kusan kashi 1.2% ne kawai na dukkan mace-macen. == Ciwon daji == A cikin ƙasashen Asiya, Pakistan tana da mafi yawan adadin cutar kansar [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|ta mahaifa]] . Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa maye gurbin BRCA ( BRCA1 da BRCA2 ) yana haifar da babban kaso na ciwon nono/kwayar mahaifa da kuma kamuwa da cutar kansar [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|ta mahaifa]] tun da wuri a Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rashid MU, Zaidi A, Torres D, Sultan F, Benner A, Naqvi B, Shakoori AR, Seidel-Renkert A, Farooq H, Narod S, Amin A, Hamann U |year=2006 |title=Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Pakistani breast and ovarian cancer patients |journal=Int J Cancer |volume=119 |issue=12 |pages=2832–9 |doi=10.1002/ijc.22269 |pmid=16998791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Sankaran Nono|Ciwon nono]] shine ciwon daji mafi yawa a Pakistan saboda bincike daban-daban ya nuna yana kashe kusan mata 40,000 kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=Pakistan tops deaths from breast cancer in Asia |url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Oct-2018/pakistan-tops-deaths-from-breast-cancer-in-asia |access-date=2019-07-02 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> A cewar WHO, yawan ciwon nono yana ƙaruwa kuma baya ceton ko da ƙananan yara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Pakistan has highest incidence of breast cancer in Asia |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1140264}}</ref> == Lafiyar Haihuwa da Haƙƙoƙinta == === Gabatarwa === Ana wulakanta [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|lafiyar haihuwa]] ta hanyar al'adun zamantakewa har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi rashin ci gaba a [[Health system in Pakistan|tsarin kiwon lafiya a Pakistan]] . A cewar Asusun Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, rashin samun damar yin amfani da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yana hana mata 'yancin yin muhimman zaɓɓuka game da jikinsu da makomarsu, kuma yana shafar jin daɗin iyali. Rashin lafiyar haihuwa ga [[Samartaka|matasa]] yana haifar da haihuwa da iyaye tun suna ƙanana, matsalolin ciki, mutuwar mata da nakasa. A cewar wani bincike na [[Population Council, Pakistan|Majalisar Yawan Jama'a, Pakistan]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Iram |last2=Niazi |first2=Rehan |last3=Khan |first3=Kiren |last4=Abbas |first4=Faisal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Situation analysis of reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan |url=https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1019/ |journal=Reproductive Health |page=1 |doi=10.31899/rh11.1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> matasa da matasa a Pakistan suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan lafiyar haihuwa, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga matasa da matasa, da kuma ga al'umma baki ɗaya. === Sanin Lafiyar Haihuwa da Haƙƙoƙinta === [[Pakistan]] ba ta da shirye-shiryen koyar da lafiyar haihuwa na musamman da aka yi niyya ga matasa. Yara maza da mata sun fi sanin hakkokinsu a matsayin matasa amma ba su da masaniya sosai game da [[Reproductive Health Rights|'yancinsu na Lafiyar Haihuwa]] . Matasa da matasa suna fuskantar cikas wajen samun ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa kamar buƙatar wani dattijon dangi ya raka su. Ƙarin yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na ƙasar yana hana tattaunawa game da lafiyar haihuwa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a samar da ilimin jima'i da wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i]] . A cewar sabon [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf binciken Pakistan na 2017–18,] adadin matasa maza da mata da suka yi aure waɗanda suka ji labarin HIV/AIDS ko kuma suna da cikakken ilimi game da shi ya yi ƙasa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun fi mai da hankali kan magani maimakon hanyar rigakafi. === Lafiyar Iyaye Mata Masu Matasa da 'Ya'yansu === Idan aka kwatanta da iyaye mata da suka tsufa, uwaye matasa a [[Pakistan]] sun fi fuskantar rashin isasshen jini sau uku kuma suna da ƙarancin ma'aunin nauyin jikinsu kafin su yi juna biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mubeen |first=Kiran |last2=Baig |first2=Marina |date=2016 |title=Adolescent Pregnancies: The case of Pakistan |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=jam |journal=Journal of Asian Midwives |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=71}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, jarirai da suka haifa sun fi fuskantar haɗarin [[Preterm Birth|haihuwa kafin su haihu]] da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa kuma suna da haɗarin mutuwa a jarirai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Rina |last2=Wynter |first2=Karen |last3=Fisher |first3=Jane |date=1 September 2015 |title=Factors associated with pregnancy among adolescents in low-income and lower middle-income countries: a systematic review |url=https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/9/918.short |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |language=en |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=918–924 |doi=10.1136/jech-2014-205128 |issn=0143-005X |pmid=26034047 |s2cid=28168041 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana samun rukunin kula da yara masu fama da rashin lafiya a manyan birane ne kawai inda "kudin kulawa mai tsanani yake da yawa kuma araha ne kawai ga ƙungiyoyin masu matsakaicin kuɗi." <ref name="PMC_4366912" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, babu wani bayani game da yaran Pakistan masu fama da rashin lafiya a PICU. <ref name="PMC_4366912">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Naveed-ur-Rehman |last2=Ashraf |first2=Zohaib |last3=Jurair |first3=Humaira |last4=Haque |first4=Anwarul |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Mortality patterns among critically ill children in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a developing country |journal=Indian J Crit Care Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=147–150 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.152756 |issn=0972-5229 |oclc=5831007146 |pmc=4366912 |pmid=25810609 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Iyali === Duk da cewa amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa da sauran hanyoyin hana haihuwa na zamani yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu [[Pakistan]] tana da yawan haihuwa. Ilimin Tsarin Iyali yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da shekaru, daga kusan kashi 91 cikin 100 na mata a cikin ƙungiyar shekaru 15 zuwa 19 zuwa kusan kashi 99 cikin 100 tsakanin mata 'yan shekara 25 zuwa 29. Amma matakin ilimi ya bambanta sosai a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar inda Balochistan da Sindh ke da mafi ƙarancin kaso na mata masu ilimin [[Contraceptive methods|hanyoyin hana haihuwa]], kuma abin mamaki a [[Federally administered tribal areas|yankunan ƙabilu da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da su,]] yawan mata ya fi na Punjab da [[Islamabad]] sanin aƙalla hanyar hana haihuwa ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Iram |last2=Niazi |first2=Rehan |last3=Khan |first3=Kiren |last4=Abbas |first4=Faisal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Situation analysis of reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan |url=https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1019/ |journal=Reproductive Health |page=15 |doi=10.31899/rh11.1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lafiyar Kwakwalwa == === Gabatarwa === Ana yin watsi da [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] a Pakistan, inda kashi 10-16% na al'umma, sama da miliyan 14, ke fama da [[Psychological or psychiatric illness|rashin lafiya]] mai sauƙi ko matsakaici. Alkaluman ba su haɗa da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ba su taɓa ganin likitan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba kuma waɗanda suka musanta buƙatar tuntuɓar masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam saboda kyamar zamantakewa a Pakistan, irin waɗannan mutanen suna nufin shugabannin addinai na addini. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bashir |first=Aliya |date=June 1, 2018 |title=The state of mental health care in Pakistan |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30191-3/fulltext |journal=The Lancet. Psychologist |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=471 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30191-3 |pmid=29857845 |s2cid=46921627 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lwk07h0sjxwt3kphu4b6r84se34aoff 859260 859258 2026-06-17T10:41:22Z Rahama Buhari Sani 45571 859260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsarin bayar da [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] na [[Pakistan]] yana da sarkakiya, domin ya haɗa da tsarin kula da lafiya na gwamnatocin tarayya, gwamnatocin larduna, da kuma [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|tsarin kula da lafiya]] na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu . <ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last=Kurji |first=Zohra |date=2016 |title=Analysis of the Health Care System of Pakistan: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward |journal=Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=601–604 |pmid=28712245}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Javed |first=Saad Ahmed |last2=Liu |first2=Sifeng |last3=Mahmoudi |first3=Amin |last4=Nawaz |first4=Muhammad |date=2018-08-30 |title=Patients' satisfaction and public and private sectors' health care service quality in Pakistan: Application of grey decision analysis approaches |journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=e168–e182 |doi=10.1002/hpm.2629 |issn=0749-6753 |pmid=30160783 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ba da kulawar lafiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da suka shafi cututtuka. Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya daban-daban da ke da alhakin wannan sun haɗa da: sassan kiwon lafiya na larduna da gundumomi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, cibiyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Akbari |first=Ather |date=Summer 2009 |title=Demand for Public Health Care in Pakistan. |journal=The Pakistan Development Review |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.30541/v48i2pp.141-153 |jstor=41260917 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bangaren kiwon lafiya na ƙasar kuma yana da alaƙa da bambancin birane da karkara a fannin kula da lafiya da rashin daidaito a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, tare da rashin isassun manajojin lafiya, ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan jinya da ƙwararrun masu kula da haihuwa a yankunan da ke kewaye. <ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Akram |first=Muhammad |date=2007 |title=Health Care Services and Government Spending in Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad |pages=1–25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategies and Briefs |url=https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_pak_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213111536/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_pak_en.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}</ref> Jimlar kuɗin shigar ƙasar Pakistan ga kowane mutum a shekarar 2021 ya kai dala 1,506. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PK}}</ref> A cikin kasafin kuɗin kiwon lafiya, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe ga kowane mutum a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 2021 ya kai biliyan 28.3 kacal, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 1.4% na GDP na ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Pakistan |url=https://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/ |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=WHO}}</ref> Tsarin kula da lafiya a Pakistan ya ƙunshi sassa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki, kiwon lafiya babban alhakin gwamnatin lardi ne, sai dai a yankunan da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa. A al'ada, gwamnatocin tarayya da larduna ne ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya tare da gundumomi waɗanda galibi ke da alhakin aiwatarwa. Ana tsara ayyukan ta hanyar ayyukan rigakafi, haɓakawa, warkarwa da gyaran fuska. Ana ba da ayyukan warkarwa da gyaran fuska galibi a cibiyoyin kula da tsofaffi da na sakandare. A gefe guda kuma, ayyukan rigakafi da haɓakawa galibi ana bayar da su ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban na ƙasa; da kuma hulɗar ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma da al'ummomi ta hanyar cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na farko da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a. Jihar tana ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar tsarin kula da lafiya mai matakai uku da kuma hanyoyin magance matsalolin lafiyar jama'a. Wasu ƙungiyoyi na gwamnati/ƙasa da gwamnati kamar sojoji, Sui Gas, WAPDA, Railways, Fauji Foundation, Ma'aikatan Tsaron Jama'a da NUST suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga ma'aikatansu da waɗanda ke dogara da su ta hanyar tsarinsu, duk da haka, waɗannan duka suna rufe kusan kashi 10% na yawan jama'a. Sashen kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, masu harhada magunguna, masu warkar da gargajiya, masu sayar da magunguna, da kuma masu fasaha a dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu shaguna da kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa a fannin aiki. Duk da ƙaruwar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, [[ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]] a Pakistan ya haifar da buƙatar kula da lafiya ba tare da an biya ba. <ref name=":63">{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Babar |date=2015 |title=Private Sector in Health Care Delivery: A Reality and Challenge in Pakistan |journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=496–498 |pmid=26411151}}</ref> Cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar jama'a waɗanda ke magance matsalolin lafiya masu mahimmanci galibi suna cikin manyan birane da birane ne kawai. Saboda rashin waɗannan cibiyoyi da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da sufuri, talakawa da ke zaune a yankunan karkara da na nesa suna yawan tuntuɓar likitoci masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":123" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Pakistan yana yin fiye da tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a dangane da ingancin sabis da gamsuwar marasa lafiya, inda kashi 70% na yawan jama'a ke samun hidima daga ɓangaren kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":23" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's healthcare system {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/01/08/pakistans-healthcare-system/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200613/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/01/08/pakistans-healthcare-system/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=archive.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> Sashen kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu yana aiki ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi na asibitoci marasa tsari, likitocin likita, likitocin homeopathic, hakeems, da sauran masu warkarwa na ruhaniya . <ref name=":63" /> A yankunan birane, akwai wasu haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don samar da lasisi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma ba da gudummawa ga isar da sabis gabaɗaya. <ref name=":73">{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Babar |date=2005 |title=Health Seeking Behaviour and Health Service Utilization in Pakistan: Challenging the Policy Makers. |journal=Journal of Public Health |volume=27 |pages=49–54 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdh207 |pmid=15590705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi kaɗan da ake da su don daidaita inganci, ƙa'idodi, yarjejeniyoyi, ɗabi'a, ko farashi a cikin ɓangaren kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a ayyukan kiwon lafiya. <ref name=":63" /> Duk da cewa ma'aikatan jinya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kiwon lafiya na kowace ƙasa, Pakistan tana da ma'aikatan jinya 105,950 kacal don kula da yawan jama'a miliyan 241.49, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Population |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Press%20Release.pdf}}</ref> wanda ya bar ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta kiyasta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-23 |title=Pakistan needs 'a million more nurses' |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2039989/pakistan-needs-million-nurses |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda binciken tattalin arziki na Pakistan (2020–21) ya nuna, ƙasar tana kashe kashi 1.2% na GDP akan kiwon lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Health expenditure: 1.2pc of GDP against WHO-recommended 5pc |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/847694-health-expenditure-1-2pc-of-gdp-against-who-recommended-5pc |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya yi ƙasa da kuɗin kula da lafiya da WHO ta ba da shawara wato kashi 5% na GDP. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=How Much Should Countries Spend on Health? |url=https://www.who.int/health_financing/en/how_much_should_dp_03_2.pdf |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Kula da cutar kansa == Bayanin cutar kansa game da Pakistan Kimanin mace ɗaya cikin kowace mata 9 'yan Pakistan za ta iya kamuwa da cutar kansar mama, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar a Asiya. Manyan cibiyoyin cutar kansa a Pakistan sun haɗa da Asibitin tunawa da Ciwon daji na Shaukat Khanum da ke Karachi, Lahore da Peshawar, Asibitin Jami'ar Aga Khan da ke Karachi da Cibiyar Cututtukan Jini ta Ƙasa (NIBD) da ke Karachi. Asibitin Shifa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ke Islamabad, Cibiyar Magungunan Nukiliya da Radiotherapy, Gujranwala, Multan, Quetta da Faisalabad. == Kiba == Kiba a Pakistan matsala ce ta lafiya da ta shafi damuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Birane da rashin abinci mai gina jiki (yawan mai da mai a cikin girkin Pakistan ), da kuma canjin salon rayuwa, suna daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da [[kiba]] a ƙasar. A cewar jerin "ƙasashe mafi kiba" a duniya da aka buga a ''Forbes'', [[Pakistan]] tana matsayi na 99 <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Obesity |url=http://www.worldobesity.org/rankings/}}</ref> (daga cikin ƙasashe 194) dangane da yawan mutanen da ke da kiba, tare da kashi 22.2% na mutanen da suka haura shekaru 15 suna ketare iyakar kiba. Wannan rabon ya yi daidai da wasu bincike, wanda ya nuna cewa ɗaya cikin huɗu daga cikin manya 'yan Pakistan suna da kiba. A cewar takardar bincike da aka buga a PubMed, a Pakistan, kashi 25% na mutane ko dai suna da kiba ko kuma suna da kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asif |first=Muhammad |last2=Aslam |first2=Muhammad |last3=Altaf |first3=Saima |last4=Atif |first4=Saima |last5=Majid |first5=Abdul |date=2020-03-30 |title=Prevalence and Sociodemographic Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Pakistani Adults |journal=Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.7570/jomes19039 |issn=2508-7576 |pmc=7118000 |pmid=32045513}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga kididdigar 2016 ta WHO, kashi 3.3% na maza da kashi 6.4% na mata a Pakistan suna fama da kiba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=World Health Organization – Diabetes country profiles |url=https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/pak_en.pdf |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke zaune a manyan birane a Pakistan sun fi fuskantar barazanar kiba idan aka kwatanta da na karkara. Mata kuma suna da yawan kiba idan aka kwatanta da maza. Pakistan kuma tana da mafi yawan kaso na mutanen da ke fama da [[ciwon suga]] a Kudancin Asiya . A cewar wani bincike, kitse ya fi hatsari ga 'yan Kudancin Asiya fiye da na Caucasians saboda kitsen yana manne wa gabobin jiki kamar hanta maimakon fata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki == [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a a Pakistan, musamman a tsakanin yara . A cewar [[UNICEF]], kusan rabin yara suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na tsawon lokaci. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna cewa tsawon kusan shekaru talatin, ƙimar [[Girman da ya ragu|rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani ga yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyar ya kasance ba ya nan, a kashi 45 cikin ɗari da kuma kashi 16 cikin ɗari, bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Pakistan {{!}} Hunger Relief in Asia {{!}} Action Against Hunger |url=http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/asia/pakistan |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=actionagainsthunger.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a matakin ƙasa kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na waɗannan yaran ba su da nauyi... kuma kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari [suna shafar] ɓarna ", cututtuka inda tsokoki da kitse ke lalacewa sakamakon rashin abinci mai gina jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nutrition country profiles: Pakistan summary |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409232737/http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm |archive-date=2020-04-09 |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=fao.org}}</ref> Hakazalika, kusan kashi 42 cikin ɗari na mata a Pakistan a shekarun haihuwa suna fama [[Rashin jini|da rashin]] abinci mai gina jiki kamar yadda aka yi a cikin Binciken Abinci na Ƙasa-2018, tare da ɗan ƙaramin kashi a ƙauyuka fiye da yankunan birane. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarancin ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=Malnutrition in Pakistan severest in region: report |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/29240-malnutrition-in-%20pakistan-severest-in-region-report |access-date=2018-03-14 |website=thenews.com.pk}}</ref> Babban abin da ke ƙara wa wannan batu muhimmanci shi ne rashin isasshen abinci; Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kusan ɗaya cikin biyu na 'yan Pakistan na fuskantar barazanar rashin isasshen abinci. Wannan kuma za a iya danganta shi da saurin karuwar birane da kuma ƙaura mai yawa da Babban Raba Tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ya haifar, da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi ababen more rayuwa da gwamnati, da kuma wasu dalilai. Misali, gurɓatar hanyoyin ruwa yana shafar ruwa da tsaron abinci, kuma a tsawon lokaci yana taimakawa wajen rage kiba da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ke haifarwa, asarar su ta hanyar gudawa, [[Kashin jini|gudawa]], da sauran cututtukan da suka samo asali daga ruwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Azizullah |first=Azizullah |last2=Khattak |first2=Muhammad Nasir Khan |last3=Richter |first3=Peter |last4=Häder |first4=Donat-Peter |year=2011 |title=Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health — A review |journal=Environment International |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=479–497 |bibcode=2011EnInt..37..479A |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007 |pmid=21087795}}</ref> Wasu ƙuntatawa ga shiga tsakani da taimako sun faru ne saboda ƙuntatawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi nazari a kansu kan wannan takamaiman batu. A cewar darektan shirin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a Jami'ar Dow ta Kimiyyar Lafiya (DUHS) ta Pakistan, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai gina jiki ta Pakistan (PNDS), Dr. Safdar, "an buga takardu 99 kawai na binciken abinci mai gina jiki a Pakistan tsakanin 1965 da 2003". == Shan taba == Shan taba a Pakistan halal ne, amma a wasu yanayi an haramta ta. Idan aka ƙididdige ta kowace rana, an sha taba miliyan 177 a kowace rana a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 14-14. A cewar binciken lafiyar alƙaluma na Pakistan, kashi 46 cikin 100 na maza da kashi 5.7 cikin 100 na mata suna shan taba. Wannan dabi'a galibi ana samunta ne a tsakanin matasan Pakistan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Rashid |last2=Rizwan-ur-Rashid |first2=null |last3=McDonald |first3=Paul W. |last4=Ahmed |first4=S. Wajid |date=November 2008 |title=Prevalence of cigarette smoking among young adults in Pakistan |journal=The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association |volume=58 |issue=11 |pages=597–601 |issn=0030-9982 |pmid=19024129}}</ref> da kuma manoma, kuma ana kyautata zaton ita ce ke haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na lafiya da mace-mace a ƙasar. Shan taba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya da yawa a cikin masu shan taba. Pakistan ita ce ƙasar da ta fi shan taba a Kudancin Asiya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Shan miyagun ƙwayoyi == A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙaru sosai a Pakistan. Yawancin miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka haramta sun fito ne daga maƙwabciyar [[Afghanistan]] . A cewar kiyasin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mutane miliyan 8.9 a ƙasar suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wiwi ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi. Yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka yi ta allurar riga-kafi ya karu sosai a Pakistan, wanda hakan ya haifar da fargabar barkewar cutar HIV. Duk da cewa karuwar matsalar ta kasance abin tsoro, martanin gwamnati bai yi yawa ba a mafi kyawun lokaci. Shirye-shirye kaɗan ne ke aiki a ƙasar don taimakawa masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma fasa-kwauri da kuma samuwar magungunan a ƙasar ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa. Rundunar Yaƙi da Miyagun Kwayoyi ita ce hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin magance safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma amfani da su a cikin Pakistan. Matsalar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ke ƙaruwa a Pakistan abin damuwa ne, tare da karuwar yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ake samarwa a cikin gida da kuma waɗanda ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashen waje. Wannan yanayi mai tayar da hankali za a iya danganta shi da haɗakar abubuwa daban-daban na zamantakewa, al'adu, da tattalin arziki. Domin hana ƙaruwar wannan matsala, ya zama dole. don aiwatar da matakan kariya da nufin magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan da kuma dakile ci gaba da yaduwar shan miyagun kwayoyi a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-04 |title=Drug Abuse: Unstated Challenge to the Progress of Pakistan |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/850262/drug-abuse-unstated-challenge-to-the-progress-of-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kashe kai == Adadin kashe kai a Pakistan ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya. Adadin kashe kai a duniya na shekarar 2015 ya kai 9.5 cikin mutane 100,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5}}</ref> (a shekarar 2008, 11.6). Kashe kai ya kai kusan kashi 0.9% na dukkan mace-macen. Adadin mace-macen Pakistan, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya bayar, shine 7.28 ga kowace mutum 1000 a shekarar 2016 (mafi ƙarancin adadin a tsakanin 2006-2018). A shekarar 2015, adadin mace-macen da aka samu a Pakistan ya kai kimanin mace-mace 1.4 ga kowace mace 100,000, wato kashi ɗaya bisa bakwai na matsakaicin duniya. Hakazalika, kashe kai ya kai kusan kashi 1.2% ne kawai na dukkan mace-macen. == Ciwon daji == A cikin ƙasashen Asiya, Pakistan tana da mafi yawan adadin cutar kansar [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|ta mahaifa]] . Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa maye gurbin BRCA ( BRCA1 da BRCA2 ) yana haifar da babban kaso na ciwon nono/kwayar mahaifa da kuma kamuwa da cutar kansar [[Sankaran Nono|nono]] da [[Ciwon Daji Na Mahaifa|ta mahaifa]] tun da wuri a Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rashid MU, Zaidi A, Torres D, Sultan F, Benner A, Naqvi B, Shakoori AR, Seidel-Renkert A, Farooq H, Narod S, Amin A, Hamann U |year=2006 |title=Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Pakistani breast and ovarian cancer patients |journal=Int J Cancer |volume=119 |issue=12 |pages=2832–9 |doi=10.1002/ijc.22269 |pmid=16998791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Sankaran Nono|Ciwon nono]] shine ciwon daji mafi yawa a Pakistan saboda bincike daban-daban ya nuna yana kashe kusan mata 40,000 kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=Pakistan tops deaths from breast cancer in Asia |url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Oct-2018/pakistan-tops-deaths-from-breast-cancer-in-asia |access-date=2019-07-02 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> A cewar WHO, yawan ciwon nono yana ƙaruwa kuma baya ceton ko da ƙananan yara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Pakistan has highest incidence of breast cancer in Asia |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1140264}}</ref> == Lafiyar Haihuwa da Haƙƙoƙinta == === Gabatarwa === Ana wulakanta [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|lafiyar haihuwa]] ta hanyar al'adun zamantakewa har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi rashin ci gaba a [[Health system in Pakistan|tsarin kiwon lafiya a Pakistan]] . A cewar Asusun Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, rashin samun damar yin amfani da lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yana hana mata 'yancin yin muhimman zaɓɓuka game da jikinsu da makomarsu, kuma yana shafar jin daɗin iyali. Rashin lafiyar haihuwa ga [[Samartaka|matasa]] yana haifar da haihuwa da iyaye tun suna ƙanana, matsalolin ciki, mutuwar mata da nakasa. A cewar wani bincike na [[Population Council, Pakistan|Majalisar Yawan Jama'a, Pakistan]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Iram |last2=Niazi |first2=Rehan |last3=Khan |first3=Kiren |last4=Abbas |first4=Faisal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Situation analysis of reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan |url=https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1019/ |journal=Reproductive Health |page=1 |doi=10.31899/rh11.1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> matasa da matasa a Pakistan suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan lafiyar haihuwa, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga matasa da matasa, da kuma ga al'umma baki ɗaya. === Sanin Lafiyar Haihuwa da Haƙƙoƙinta === [[Pakistan]] ba ta da shirye-shiryen koyar da lafiyar haihuwa na musamman da aka yi niyya ga matasa. Yara maza da mata sun fi sanin hakkokinsu a matsayin matasa amma ba su da masaniya sosai game da [[Reproductive Health Rights|'yancinsu na Lafiyar Haihuwa]] . Matasa da matasa suna fuskantar cikas wajen samun ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa kamar buƙatar wani dattijon dangi ya raka su. Ƙarin yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na ƙasar yana hana tattaunawa game da lafiyar haihuwa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a samar da ilimin jima'i da wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i]] . A cewar sabon [https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf binciken Pakistan na 2017–18,] adadin matasa maza da mata da suka yi aure waɗanda suka ji labarin HIV/AIDS ko kuma suna da cikakken ilimi game da shi ya yi ƙasa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun fi mai da hankali kan magani maimakon hanyar rigakafi. === Lafiyar Iyaye Mata Masu Matasa da 'Ya'yansu === Idan aka kwatanta da iyaye mata da suka tsufa, uwaye matasa a [[Pakistan]] sun fi fuskantar rashin isasshen jini sau uku kuma suna da ƙarancin ma'aunin nauyin jikinsu kafin su yi juna biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mubeen |first=Kiran |last2=Baig |first2=Marina |date=2016 |title=Adolescent Pregnancies: The case of Pakistan |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=jam |journal=Journal of Asian Midwives |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=71}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, jarirai da suka haifa sun fi fuskantar haɗarin [[Preterm Birth|haihuwa kafin su haihu]] da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa kuma suna da haɗarin mutuwa a jarirai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Rina |last2=Wynter |first2=Karen |last3=Fisher |first3=Jane |date=1 September 2015 |title=Factors associated with pregnancy among adolescents in low-income and lower middle-income countries: a systematic review |url=https://jech.bmj.com/content/69/9/918.short |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |language=en |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=918–924 |doi=10.1136/jech-2014-205128 |issn=0143-005X |pmid=26034047 |s2cid=28168041 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana samun rukunin kula da yara masu fama da rashin lafiya a manyan birane ne kawai inda "kudin kulawa mai tsanani yake da yawa kuma araha ne kawai ga ƙungiyoyin masu matsakaicin kuɗi." <ref name="PMC_4366912" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, babu wani bayani game da yaran Pakistan masu fama da rashin lafiya a PICU. <ref name="PMC_4366912">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Naveed-ur-Rehman |last2=Ashraf |first2=Zohaib |last3=Jurair |first3=Humaira |last4=Haque |first4=Anwarul |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Mortality patterns among critically ill children in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a developing country |journal=Indian J Crit Care Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=147–150 |doi=10.4103/0972-5229.152756 |issn=0972-5229 |oclc=5831007146 |pmc=4366912 |pmid=25810609 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin Iyali === Duk da cewa amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa da sauran hanyoyin hana haihuwa na zamani yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu [[Pakistan]] tana da yawan haihuwa. Ilimin Tsarin Iyali yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da shekaru, daga kusan kashi 91 cikin 100 na mata a cikin ƙungiyar shekaru 15 zuwa 19 zuwa kusan kashi 99 cikin 100 tsakanin mata 'yan shekara 25 zuwa 29. Amma matakin ilimi ya bambanta sosai a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar inda Balochistan da Sindh ke da mafi ƙarancin kaso na mata masu ilimin [[Contraceptive methods|hanyoyin hana haihuwa]], kuma abin mamaki a [[Federally administered tribal areas|yankunan ƙabilu da gwamnatin tarayya ke kula da su,]] yawan mata ya fi na Punjab da [[Islamabad]] sanin aƙalla hanyar hana haihuwa ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamran |first=Iram |last2=Niazi |first2=Rehan |last3=Khan |first3=Kiren |last4=Abbas |first4=Faisal |date=1 January 2019 |title=Situation analysis of reproductive health of adolescents and youth in Pakistan |url=https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1019/ |journal=Reproductive Health |page=15 |doi=10.31899/rh11.1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lafiyar Kwakwalwa == === Gabatarwa === Ana yin watsi da [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] a Pakistan, inda kashi 10-16% na al'umma, sama da miliyan 14, ke fama da [[Psychological or psychiatric illness|rashin lafiya]] mai sauƙi ko matsakaici. Alkaluman ba su haɗa da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ba su taɓa ganin likitan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba kuma waɗanda suka musanta buƙatar tuntuɓar masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam saboda kyamar zamantakewa a Pakistan, irin waɗannan mutanen suna nufin shugabannin addinai na addini. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bashir |first=Aliya |date=June 1, 2018 |title=The state of mental health care in Pakistan |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30191-3/fulltext |journal=The Lancet. Psychologist |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=471 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30191-3 |pmid=29857845 |s2cid=46921627 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g3heoofsb7j1shl2b52f0ujlvw6stqo 0 158168 859274 2026-06-17T11:15:40Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 859274 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin haila jerin canje-canje ne na halitta a ciki samar da hormone da kuma tsarin mahaifa da ovaries na tsarin haihuwa na mata wanda ke sa ciki ya yiwu. Tsarin ovarian yana sarrafa samarwa da sakin ƙwai da kuma sakin Estrogen da progesterone. Tsarin mahaifa yana sarrafa shirye-shirye da kiyaye lining na mahaifa (haifiyar) don karɓar tayin. Wadannan zagayen suna tare kuma suna daidaitawa, yawanci suna tsakanin kwanaki 21 zuwa 35, tare da matsakaici tsawon kwanaki 28. Menarche (farkon lokacin farko) yawanci yana faruwa a kusa da shekaru 12; sake zagayowar haila yana ci gaba da kimanin shekaru 30-45. Kwayoyin hormones na halitta suna motsa zagaye; hauhawar cyclical da faduwar hormone mai motsawa na follicle yana haifar da samarwa da girma na oocytes (kwayoyin kwai marasa girma). Hormone estrogen yana motsa lining na mahaifa (endometrium) don kauri don karɓar tayin idan an sami taki. Jinin da ke cikin rufin yana ba da Abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin da aka samu nasarar dasa. Idan ba an dasa shi ba, an cire layin kuma an saki jini. An haifar da faduwar matakan progesterone, haila (wanda aka fi sani da "lokaci") shine zubar da lining, kuma alama ce ta cewa ciki bai faru ba. Kowane sake zagayowar yana faruwa a matakai bisa ga abubuwan da suka faru ko dai a cikin ovary (tsarin ovarian) ko a cikin mahaifa (tsarin mahaifa). Tsarin ovarian ya ƙunshi ɓangaren follicular, ovulation, da ɓangaren luteal; tsarin mahaifa ya ƙunshi matakan haila, yaduwa da ɓoyewa. Rana daya na sake zagayowar haila shine ranar farko ta lokacin, wanda ke ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 5. A rana goma sha huɗu, ana yawan sakin kwai daga ovary. Tsarin haila na iya sa wasu mata su fuskanci ciwon pre-hawan tare da alamun da zasu iya haɗawa da nono mai laushi, da gajiya. Alamomin da suka fi tsanani da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun ana sanya su a matsayin cututtukan dysphoric pre-menstrual, kuma suna fuskantar kashi 3-8% na mata. A cikin 'yan kwanakin farko na haila wasu mata suna fuskantar Ciwo na lokaci wanda zai iya yaduwa daga ciki zuwa baya da cinya na sama. Za'a iya canza sake zagayowar haila ta hanyar kula da haihuwa ta hormonal. ==Hanyoyi da Matakai== Tsarin haila ya ƙunshi tsarin ovarian da uterine. Tsarin ovarian yana bayyana canje-canje da ke faruwa a cikin follicles na Ovary, <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29544627</ref> yayin da sake zagayowar mahaifa ke bayyana canje-canjen da ke cikin Endometrial lining na mahaifa. Ana iya raba duka zagaye biyu zuwa matakai. Tsarin ovarian ya ƙunshi sauyawa na follicular da luteal, kuma tsarin mahaifa ya ƙunshi Lokacin haila, matakin yaduwa, da kuma matakin sakatare.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle#CITEREFTortora2017</ref> Tsarin haila yana sarrafawa ta hanyar hypothalamus a cikin kwakwalwa, da kuma glandar pituitary ta baya a gindin kwakwalwa. Hypothalamus ya saki gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), wanda ke haifar da pituitary na gaba da ke kusa da shi don saki follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) da luteinizing hormone (LH). Kafin balaga, ana saki GnRH a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma a cikin daidaitattun adadi. Bayan balaga, ana saki GnRH a cikin manyan bugun jini, kuma mitar da girman waɗannan suna ƙayyade yawan FSH da LH da pituitary ke samarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle#CITEREFPrior2020</ref> ==Manazarta== 7h3syfgjgoboru99nka3vpf8pp1mzbh 859275 859274 2026-06-17T11:16:53Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Tsarin haila jerin canje-canje ne na halitta a ciki samar da hormone da kuma tsarin mahaifa da ovaries na tsarin haihuwa na mata wanda ke sa ciki ya yiwu. Tsarin ovarian yana sarrafa samarwa da sakin ƙwai da kuma sakin Estrogen da progesterone. Tsarin mahaifa yana sarrafa shirye-shirye da kiyaye lining na mahaifa (haifiyar) don karɓar tayin. Wadannan zagayen suna tare kuma suna daidaitawa, yawanci suna tsakanin kwanaki 21 zuwa 35, tare da matsakaici tsawon kwanaki 28. Menarche (farkon lokacin farko) yawanci yana faruwa a kusa da shekaru 12; sake zagayowar haila yana ci gaba da kimanin shekaru 30-45. Kwayoyin hormones na halitta suna motsa zagaye; hauhawar cyclical da faduwar hormone mai motsawa na follicle yana haifar da samarwa da girma na oocytes (kwayoyin kwai marasa girma). Hormone estrogen yana motsa lining na mahaifa (endometrium) don kauri don karɓar tayin idan an sami taki. Jinin da ke cikin rufin yana ba da Abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin da aka samu nasarar dasa. Idan ba an dasa shi ba, an cire layin kuma an saki jini. An haifar da faduwar matakan progesterone, haila (wanda aka fi sani da "lokaci") shine zubar da lining, kuma alama ce ta cewa ciki bai faru ba. Kowane sake zagayowar yana faruwa a matakai bisa ga abubuwan da suka faru ko dai a cikin ovary (tsarin ovarian) ko a cikin mahaifa (tsarin mahaifa). Tsarin ovarian ya ƙunshi ɓangaren follicular, ovulation, da ɓangaren luteal; tsarin mahaifa ya ƙunshi matakan haila, yaduwa da ɓoyewa. Rana daya na sake zagayowar haila shine ranar farko ta lokacin, wanda ke ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 5. A rana goma sha huɗu, ana yawan sakin kwai daga ovary. Tsarin haila na iya sa wasu mata su fuskanci ciwon pre-hawan tare da alamun da zasu iya haɗawa da nono mai laushi, da gajiya. Alamomin da suka fi tsanani da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun ana sanya su a matsayin cututtukan dysphoric pre-menstrual, kuma suna fuskantar kashi 3-8% na mata. A cikin 'yan kwanakin farko na haila wasu mata suna fuskantar Ciwo na lokaci wanda zai iya yaduwa daga ciki zuwa baya da cinya na sama. Za'a iya canza sake zagayowar haila ta hanyar kula da haihuwa ta hormonal. ==Hanyoyi da Matakai== Tsarin haila ya ƙunshi tsarin ovarian da uterine. Tsarin ovarian yana bayyana canje-canje da ke faruwa a cikin follicles na Ovary, <ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29544627</ref> yayin da sake zagayowar mahaifa ke bayyana canje-canjen da ke cikin Endometrial lining na mahaifa. Ana iya raba duka zagaye biyu zuwa matakai. Tsarin ovarian ya ƙunshi sauyawa na follicular da luteal, kuma tsarin mahaifa ya ƙunshi Lokacin haila, matakin yaduwa, da kuma matakin sakatare.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle#CITEREFTortora2017</ref> Tsarin haila yana sarrafawa ta hanyar hypothalamus a cikin kwakwalwa, da kuma glandar pituitary ta baya a gindin kwakwalwa. Hypothalamus ya saki gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), wanda ke haifar da pituitary na gaba da ke kusa da shi don saki follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) da luteinizing hormone (LH). Kafin balaga, ana saki GnRH a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma a cikin daidaitattun adadi. Bayan balaga, ana saki GnRH a cikin manyan bugun jini, kuma mitar da girman waɗannan suna ƙayyade yawan FSH da LH da pituitary ke samarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle#CITEREFPrior2020</ref> ==Manazarta== h9ggvi0zxdkdzsc6c2r6ket6hq9a8fm 0 158169 859280 2026-06-17T11:21:42Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 859280 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun ɗan adam shine haɗin kwai da maniyyi, wanda ke faruwa da farko a cikin ampulla na bututun fallopian.[1] Sakamakon wannan haɗin yana haifar da samar da kwai mai ni'ima da ake kira zygote, wanda ke fara ci gaban embryonic. Masana kimiyya sun gano tasirin takin dan adam a karni na 19. [2] Tsarin taki mai ciki ya haɗa da maniyyi tare da kwai wanda aka fi sani da kwai. Tsarin da aka fi sani da shi yana farawa tare da ejaculation yayin jima'i, ya biyo baya tare da ovulation, kuma ya ƙare tare da taki. Bambance-bambance daban-daban ga wannan jerin suna yiwuwa, gami da Insemination na wucin gadi, in vitro fertilization, ejaculation na waje ba tare da jima'i ba, ko jima'i jim kadan bayan ovulation.[1][2] Bayan ya haɗu da oocyte na biyu, acrosome na maniyyi yana samar da enzymes wanda ke ba shi damar tonowa ta cikin harsashi na waje da ake kira zona pellucida na kwai. Plasma na maniyyi sai ya haɗu da membrane na plasma na kwai kuma ƙwayoyin su sun haɗu, suna sa kan maniyyi ya rabu da flagellum yayin da kwai ke tafiya a cikin bututun fallopian don isa cikin mahaifa. ==Tarihi== Ba a fahimci fashewa a zamanin d ̄ a ba. Hippocrates ya yi imanin cewa tayin shine samfurin maniyyi na namiji da kuma mace. Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa maniyyi na namiji ne kawai ya haifar da tayin, yayin da mace kawai ta ba da wuri ga tayin don bunkasa, [1] ra'ayi da ya samu daga preformationist Pythagoras. Aristotle ya yi jayayya game da tsari da aiki da ke fitowa a hankali, a cikin yanayin da ya kira shi epigenetic.[2] A shekara ta 1651, William Harvey ya karyata ra'ayin Aristotle cewa Jinin haila na iya shiga cikin samar da tayin, yana mai da hankali cewa ƙwai daga mace ta wata hanya an sa su zama tayin sakamakon jima'i.[3] 5q47rdfm02yu7twicnjzv9g0e6s4wpu 859283 859280 2026-06-17T11:25:15Z Mustysummy 21281 saka maanzarta 859283 wikitext text/x-wiki Samun ɗan adam shine haɗin kwai da maniyyi, wanda ke faruwa da farko a cikin ampulla na bututun fallopian.<ref>https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783662028179</ref> Sakamakon wannan haɗin yana haifar da samar da kwai mai ni'ima da ake kira zygote, wanda ke fara ci gaban embryonic. Masana kimiyya sun gano tasirin takin dan adam a karni na 19. <ref>https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont02garrgoog/page/n571</ref> Tsarin taki mai ciki ya haɗa da maniyyi tare da kwai wanda aka fi sani da kwai. Tsarin da aka fi sani da shi yana farawa tare da ejaculation yayin jima'i, ya biyo baya tare da ovulation, kuma ya ƙare tare da taki. Bambance-bambance daban-daban ga wannan jerin suna yiwuwa, gami da Insemination na wucin gadi, in vitro fertilization, ejaculation na waje ba tare da jima'i ba, ko jima'i jim kadan bayan ovulation.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111222043503/http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/0116.html</ref> Bayan ya haɗu da oocyte na biyu, acrosome na maniyyi yana samar da enzymes wanda ke ba shi damar tonowa ta cikin harsashi na waje da ake kira zona pellucida na kwai. Plasma na maniyyi sai ya haɗu da membrane na plasma na kwai kuma ƙwayoyin su sun haɗu, suna sa kan maniyyi ya rabu da flagellum yayin da kwai ke tafiya a cikin bututun fallopian don isa cikin mahaifa. ==Tarihi== Ba a fahimci fashewa a zamanin d ̄ a ba. Hippocrates ya yi imanin cewa tayin shine samfurin maniyyi na namiji da kuma mace. Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa maniyyi na namiji ne kawai ya haifar da tayin, yayin da mace kawai ta ba da wuri ga tayin don bunkasa, [1] ra'ayi da ya samu daga preformationist Pythagoras. Aristotle ya yi jayayya game da tsari da aiki da ke fitowa a hankali, a cikin yanayin da ya kira shi epigenetic.<ref>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/her_har.html</ref> A shekara ta 1651, William Harvey ya karyata ra'ayin Aristotle cewa Jinin haila na iya shiga cikin samar da tayin, yana mai da hankali cewa ƙwai daga mace ta wata hanya an sa su zama tayin sakamakon jima'i. ==Manazarta== n6183gc6cypcr1tcbigenhmz065dtrm 859286 859283 2026-06-17T11:26:29Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Samun ɗan adam shine haɗin kwai da maniyyi, wanda ke faruwa da farko a cikin ampulla na bututun fallopian.<ref>https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783662028179</ref> Sakamakon wannan haɗin yana haifar da samar da kwai mai ni'ima da ake kira zygote, wanda ke fara ci gaban embryonic. Masana kimiyya sun gano tasirin takin dan adam a karni na 19. <ref>https://archive.org/details/anintroductiont02garrgoog/page/n571</ref> Tsarin taki mai ciki ya haɗa da maniyyi tare da kwai wanda aka fi sani da kwai. Tsarin da aka fi sani da shi yana farawa tare da ejaculation yayin jima'i, ya biyo baya tare da ovulation, kuma ya ƙare tare da taki. Bambance-bambance daban-daban ga wannan jerin suna yiwuwa, gami da Insemination na wucin gadi, in vitro fertilization, ejaculation na waje ba tare da jima'i ba, ko jima'i jim kadan bayan ovulation.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111222043503/http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/0116.html</ref> Bayan ya haɗu da oocyte na biyu, acrosome na maniyyi yana samar da enzymes wanda ke ba shi damar tonowa ta cikin harsashi na waje da ake kira zona pellucida na kwai. Plasma na maniyyi sai ya haɗu da membrane na plasma na kwai kuma ƙwayoyin su sun haɗu, suna sa kan maniyyi ya rabu da flagellum yayin da kwai ke tafiya a cikin bututun fallopian don isa cikin mahaifa. ==Tarihi== Ba a fahimci fashewa a zamanin d ̄ a ba. Hippocrates ya yi imanin cewa tayin shine samfurin maniyyi na namiji da kuma mace. Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa maniyyi na namiji ne kawai ya haifar da tayin, yayin da mace kawai ta ba da wuri ga tayin don bunkasa, [1] ra'ayi da ya samu daga preformationist Pythagoras. Aristotle ya yi jayayya game da tsari da aiki da ke fitowa a hankali, a cikin yanayin da ya kira shi epigenetic.<ref>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/her_har.html</ref> A shekara ta 1651, William Harvey ya karyata ra'ayin Aristotle cewa Jinin haila na iya shiga cikin samar da tayin, yana mai da hankali cewa ƙwai daga mace ta wata hanya an sa su zama tayin sakamakon jima'i. ==Manazarta== cwyxegor8oto993ykgypjcytypkv9t9 0 158170 859293 2026-06-17T11:34:09Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 859293 wikitext text/x-wiki The egg cell or ovum (pl.: ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete,<ref>https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ovum</ref> in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. <ref>https://www.yourdictionary.com/oosphere</ref> When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore Lokacin da kwai da maniyyi suka haɗu taki yayin da aka shayar, an kafa kwayar halitta (zygote), wanda ke girma cikin sauri a cikin sabon kwayoyin halitta. ==Tarihi== Duk da yake kwai na dabba wanda ba dabba ba a bayyane yake, koyarwar ex ovo omne vivum ("kowane dabba mai rai ya fito ne daga] kwai"), wanda ke da alaƙa da William Harvey (1578-1657), ƙin ƙarni na kai tsaye ne da preformationism da kuma zaton cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suma sun haifa ta hanyar ƙwai. Karl Ernst von Baer ya gano kwai na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin 1827. Oskar Hertwig ya lura da haɗuwa da maniyyi tare da ƙwai (na tauraron kifi) a cikin 1876.[3][4] 76kej0u8b1zod57ig9zc4rtdvix9auu 859294 859293 2026-06-17T11:36:47Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 859294 wikitext text/x-wiki The egg cell or ovum (pl.: ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete,<ref>https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ovum</ref> in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. <ref>https://www.yourdictionary.com/oosphere</ref> When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore Lokacin da kwai da maniyyi suka haɗu taki yayin da aka shayar, an kafa kwayar halitta (zygote), wanda ke girma cikin sauri a cikin sabon kwayoyin halitta. ==Tarihi== Duk da yake kwai na dabba wanda ba dabba ba a bayyane yake, koyarwar ex ovo omne vivum ("kowane dabba mai rai ya fito ne daga] kwai"), wanda ke da alaƙa da William Harvey (1578-1657), ƙin ƙarni na kai tsaye ne da preformationism da kuma zaton cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suma sun haifa ta hanyar ƙwai. Karl Ernst von Baer ya gano kwai na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin 1827. Oskar Hertwig ya lura da haɗuwa da maniyyi tare da ƙwai (na tauraron kifi) a cikin 1876.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1274%2Fjmor.26.2</ref> ==Manazarta== kli8ho3iak9h04eholg7p2xntjy75rc 859295 859294 2026-06-17T11:38:32Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}The egg cell or ovum (pl.: ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete,<ref>https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ovum</ref> in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. <ref>https://www.yourdictionary.com/oosphere</ref> When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore Lokacin da kwai da maniyyi suka haɗu taki yayin da aka shayar, an kafa kwayar halitta (zygote), wanda ke girma cikin sauri a cikin sabon kwayoyin halitta. ==Tarihi== Duk da yake kwai na dabba wanda ba dabba ba a bayyane yake, koyarwar ex ovo omne vivum ("kowane dabba mai rai ya fito ne daga] kwai"), wanda ke da alaƙa da William Harvey (1578-1657), ƙin ƙarni na kai tsaye ne da preformationism da kuma zaton cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suma sun haifa ta hanyar ƙwai. Karl Ernst von Baer ya gano kwai na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin 1827. Oskar Hertwig ya lura da haɗuwa da maniyyi tare da ƙwai (na tauraron kifi) a cikin 1876.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1274%2Fjmor.26.2</ref> ==Manazarta== my2al03y5nvt4lrasm1s3zy5c2e592d 859296 859295 2026-06-17T11:40:31Z Mustysummy 21281 859296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Egg cell fertilization - Zygote.png|thumb|Kwayar kwan mace na dan adam ]] The egg cell or ovum (pl.: ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete,<ref>https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ovum</ref> in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. <ref>https://www.yourdictionary.com/oosphere</ref> When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore Lokacin da kwai da maniyyi suka haɗu taki yayin da aka shayar, an kafa kwayar halitta (zygote), wanda ke girma cikin sauri a cikin sabon kwayoyin halitta. ==Tarihi== Duk da yake kwai na dabba wanda ba dabba ba a bayyane yake, koyarwar ex ovo omne vivum ("kowane dabba mai rai ya fito ne daga] kwai"), wanda ke da alaƙa da William Harvey (1578-1657), ƙin ƙarni na kai tsaye ne da preformationism da kuma zaton cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suma sun haifa ta hanyar ƙwai. Karl Ernst von Baer ya gano kwai na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin 1827. Oskar Hertwig ya lura da haɗuwa da maniyyi tare da ƙwai (na tauraron kifi) a cikin 1876.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1274%2Fjmor.26.2</ref> ==Manazarta== nxh2xewo3qqounpmyndgcqx2jnjbok4 859297 859296 2026-06-17T11:43:59Z Mustysummy 21281 sanya hoto 859297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Egg cell fertilization - Zygote.png|thumb|Kwayar kwan mace na dan adam ]] [[Fayil:Human egg cell.svg|thumb|zanen kwayar kwan mace na dan Adam]] The egg cell or ovum (pl.: ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete,<ref>https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ovum</ref> in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. <ref>https://www.yourdictionary.com/oosphere</ref> When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore Lokacin da kwai da maniyyi suka haɗu taki yayin da aka shayar, an kafa kwayar halitta (zygote), wanda ke girma cikin sauri a cikin sabon kwayoyin halitta. ==Tarihi== Duk da yake kwai na dabba wanda ba dabba ba a bayyane yake, koyarwar ex ovo omne vivum ("kowane dabba mai rai ya fito ne daga] kwai"), wanda ke da alaƙa da William Harvey (1578-1657), ƙin ƙarni na kai tsaye ne da preformationism da kuma zaton cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa suma sun haifa ta hanyar ƙwai. Karl Ernst von Baer ya gano kwai na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin 1827. Oskar Hertwig ya lura da haɗuwa da maniyyi tare da ƙwai (na tauraron kifi) a cikin 1876.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1274%2Fjmor.26.2</ref> ==Manazarta== 6ssj9pwh09dvnlceqy1d79bzhzdmmy4 0 158171 859299 2026-06-17T11:49:36Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 859299 wikitext text/x-wiki Pollination shine canja wurin pollen daga wani shuka zuwa Stigma na shuka, daga baya yana ba da damar taki da samar da tsaba.[1] Masu shuka shuke-shuke na iya zama dabbobi kamar kwari, misali ƙudan zuma, kwari ko malam buɗe ido; tsuntsaye, da jemagu; ruwa; iska; har ma da tsire-tsire da kansu. Dabbobi masu shuka suna tafiya daga shuka zuwa shuka dauke da pollen a jikin su a cikin muhimmiyar hulɗa wacce ke ba da damar canja wurin kayan kwayar halitta masu mahimmanci ga tsarin haihuwa na yawancin shuke-shuke masu fure.[2] Tsayar da kansa yana faruwa a cikin fure mai rufewa. Pollination sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin jinsin. Lokacin da pollination ke faruwa tsakanin jinsuna, yana iya samar da 'ya'yan hybrid a cikin yanayi da kuma aikin kiwo na shuka. A cikin angiosperms, bayan hatsi na pollen (gametophyte) ya sauka a kan Stigma, yana tsiro kuma yana haɓaka bututun pollen wanda ke girma a cikin salon har sai ya kai ga Ovary. gametes dinsa guda biyu suna tafiya a cikin bututun zuwa inda ake gudanar da gametophyte (s) dauke da gametes mata a cikin carpel. Bayan shigar da kwai ta hanyar micropyle, ɗayan namiji ya haɗu da Jikin polar don samar da ƙwayoyin endosperm, yayin da ɗayan ya haɗu tare da kwai don samar da tayin.[1][2] Saboda haka kalmar: "shinkafa biyu". Wannan tsari zai haifar da samar da iri, wanda aka yi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu gina jiki da tayin A cikin gymnosperms, kwayar ba ta ƙunshe a cikin carpel ba, amma an fallasa ta a saman wani kayan tallafi na sadaukarwa, kamar sikelin ƙuƙwalwa, don haka shiga cikin ƙwayoyin carpel ba dole ba ne. Bayanai game da tsari sun bambanta bisa ga rarrabuwa gymnosperms da ake tambaya. Ana samun manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na takin mai a cikin gymnosperms: cycads da Ginkgo suna da maniyyi mai motsi wanda ke iyo kai tsaye zuwa kwai a cikin kwai, yayin da conifers da gnetophytes suna da maniyi wanda ba zai iya iyo ba amma ana isar da su zuwa kwai tare da bututun pollen.[1] i46rdt54z3xpp7krjb8r04g0uoaiu8d 859303 859299 2026-06-17T11:52:33Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 859303 wikitext text/x-wiki Pollination shine canja wurin pollen daga wani shuka zuwa Stigma na shuka, daga baya yana ba da damar taki da samar da tsaba. Masu shuka shuke-shuke na iya zama dabbobi kamar kwari, misali ƙudan zuma, kwari ko malam buɗe ido; tsuntsaye, da jemagu; ruwa; iska; har ma da tsire-tsire da kansu. Dabbobi masu shuka suna tafiya daga shuka zuwa shuka dauke da pollen a jikin su a cikin muhimmiyar hulɗa wacce ke ba da damar canja wurin kayan kwayar halitta masu mahimmanci ga tsarin haihuwa na yawancin shuke-shuke masu fure.<ref>https://www.pollinator.org/pollinators</ref> Tsayar da kansa yana faruwa a cikin fure mai rufewa. Pollination sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin jinsin. Lokacin da pollination ke faruwa tsakanin jinsuna, yana iya samar da 'ya'yan hybrid a cikin yanayi da kuma aikin kiwo na shuka. A cikin angiosperms, bayan hatsi na pollen (gametophyte) ya sauka a kan Stigma, yana tsiro kuma yana haɓaka bututun pollen wanda ke girma a cikin salon har sai ya kai ga Ovary. gametes dinsa guda biyu suna tafiya a cikin bututun zuwa inda ake gudanar da gametophyte (s) dauke da gametes mata a cikin carpel. Bayan shigar da kwai ta hanyar micropyle, ɗayan namiji ya haɗu da Jikin polar don samar da ƙwayoyin endosperm, yayin da ɗayan ya haɗu tare da kwai don samar da tayin.<ref>https://archive.org/details/cu31924001698905</ref> <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482432</ref> Saboda haka kalmar: "shinkafa biyu". Wannan tsari zai haifar da samar da iri, wanda aka yi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu gina jiki da tayin A cikin gymnosperms, kwayar ba ta ƙunshe a cikin carpel ba, amma an fallasa ta a saman wani kayan tallafi na sadaukarwa, kamar sikelin ƙuƙwalwa, don haka shiga cikin ƙwayoyin carpel ba dole ba ne. Bayanai game da tsari sun bambanta bisa ga rarrabuwa gymnosperms da ake tambaya. Ana samun manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na takin mai a cikin gymnosperms: cycads da Ginkgo suna da maniyyi mai motsi wanda ke iyo kai tsaye zuwa kwai a cikin kwai, yayin da conifers da gnetophytes suna da maniyi wanda ba zai iya iyo ba amma ana isar da su zuwa kwai tare da bututun pollen. ==Manazarta== ryg967qoamjhw2hun1uv7xagvguvpf0 859304 859303 2026-06-17T11:53:50Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 859304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Pollination shine canja wurin pollen daga wani shuka zuwa Stigma na shuka, daga baya yana ba da damar taki da samar da tsaba. Masu shuka shuke-shuke na iya zama dabbobi kamar kwari, misali ƙudan zuma, kwari ko malam buɗe ido; tsuntsaye, da jemagu; ruwa; iska; har ma da tsire-tsire da kansu. Dabbobi masu shuka suna tafiya daga shuka zuwa shuka dauke da pollen a jikin su a cikin muhimmiyar hulɗa wacce ke ba da damar canja wurin kayan kwayar halitta masu mahimmanci ga tsarin haihuwa na yawancin shuke-shuke masu fure.<ref>https://www.pollinator.org/pollinators</ref> Tsayar da kansa yana faruwa a cikin fure mai rufewa. Pollination sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin jinsin. Lokacin da pollination ke faruwa tsakanin jinsuna, yana iya samar da 'ya'yan hybrid a cikin yanayi da kuma aikin kiwo na shuka. A cikin angiosperms, bayan hatsi na pollen (gametophyte) ya sauka a kan Stigma, yana tsiro kuma yana haɓaka bututun pollen wanda ke girma a cikin salon har sai ya kai ga Ovary. gametes dinsa guda biyu suna tafiya a cikin bututun zuwa inda ake gudanar da gametophyte (s) dauke da gametes mata a cikin carpel. Bayan shigar da kwai ta hanyar micropyle, ɗayan namiji ya haɗu da Jikin polar don samar da ƙwayoyin endosperm, yayin da ɗayan ya haɗu tare da kwai don samar da tayin.<ref>https://archive.org/details/cu31924001698905</ref> <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6482432</ref> Saboda haka kalmar: "shinkafa biyu". Wannan tsari zai haifar da samar da iri, wanda aka yi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu gina jiki da tayin A cikin gymnosperms, kwayar ba ta ƙunshe a cikin carpel ba, amma an fallasa ta a saman wani kayan tallafi na sadaukarwa, kamar sikelin ƙuƙwalwa, don haka shiga cikin ƙwayoyin carpel ba dole ba ne. Bayanai game da tsari sun bambanta bisa ga rarrabuwa gymnosperms da ake tambaya. Ana samun manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na takin mai a cikin gymnosperms: cycads da Ginkgo suna da maniyyi mai motsi wanda ke iyo kai tsaye zuwa kwai a cikin kwai, yayin da conifers da gnetophytes suna da maniyi wanda ba zai iya iyo ba amma ana isar da su zuwa kwai tare da bututun pollen. ==Manazarta== c7wqao9ceroofel6w12v9rwv23rkwdh